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3. COVID-19 disease: monitoring of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 virus in serum of a vitamin D sufficient male.

Author

Osredkar, J., Rus, K. Resman, Korva, M., Kotar, T., Fabjan, K. T., Jerin, A., Siuka, D., and Avšič Županc, T.

Subjects
COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, VITAMIN D
Abstract

Background: COVID-19 presents with a range of symptoms from mild to severe, and some individuals remain asymptomatic. The appearance and decline of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 varies with disease severity, age, and underlying health conditions. The time course of antibody decline also differs among individuals. Variants of the virus can evade neutralizing antibodies, which can affect vaccine efficacy. SARS-CoV-2 affects biochemical processes, resulting in an overactive immune response, increased risk of blood clots, impaired glucose metabolism, decreased insulin sensitivity, oxidative stress, and neurologic effects. Case presentation: This study followed antibody levels after SARS-CoV-2 infection and assessed the effects of vaccination on antibody levels over time. A 65-year-old COVID-19 patient was examined and diagnosed by a positive PCR test. The patient was not taking regular medications other than self-administered cholecalciferol. Regular follow-up, including telemetric monitoring and symptom assessment, was performed for one year. Conclusions: The results showed that antibody levels to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and neutralizing antibodies were highest after vaccination and booster doses and gradually decreased over time. Of the biochemical parameters studied, only d-dimer and ferritin transiently exceeded reference values. Vitamin D consumption before infection may have had a positive influence on a milder course of the disease, as observed in other viral infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024

6. 2022 taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales

Author

Kuhn, J, Adkins, S, Alkhovsky, S, Avšič-Županc, T, Ayllón, M, Bahl, J, Balkema-Buschmann, A, Ballinger, M, Bandte, M, Beer, M, Bejerman, N, Bergeron, É, Biedenkopf, N, Bigarré, L, Blair, C, Blasdell, K, Bradfute, S, Briese, T, Brown, P, Bruggmann, R, Buchholz, U, Buchmeier, M, Bukreyev, A, Burt, F, Büttner, C, Calisher, C, Candresse, T, Carson, J, Casas, I, Chandran, K, Charrel, R, Chiaki, Y, Crane, A, Crane, M, Dacheux, L, Bó, E, de la Torre, J, de Lamballerie, X, de Souza, W, de Swart, R, Dheilly, N, Di Paola, N, Di Serio, F, Dietzgen, R, Digiaro, M, Drexler, J, Duprex, W, Dürrwald, R, Easton, A, Elbeaino, T, Ergünay, K, Feng, G, Feuvrier, C, Firth, A, Fooks, A, Formenty, P, Freitas-Astúa, J, Gago-Zachert, S, García, M, García-Sastre, A, Garrison, A, Godwin, S, Gonzalez, J, de Bellocq, J, Griffiths, A, Groschup, M, Günther, S, Hammond, J, Hepojoki, J, Hierweger, M, Hongō, S, Horie, M, Horikawa, H, Hughes, H, Hume, A, Hyndman, T, Jiāng, D, Jonson, G, Junglen, S, Kadono, F, Karlin, D, Klempa, B, Klingström, J, Koch, M, Kondō, H, Koonin, E, Krásová, J, Krupovic, M, Kubota, K, Kuzmin, I, Laenen, L, Lambert, A, Lǐ, J, Li, J, Lieffrig, F, Lukashevich, I, Luo, D, Maes, P, Marklewitz, M, Marshall, S, Marzano, S, Mccauley, J, Mirazimi, A, Mohr, P, Moody, N, Morita, Y, Morrison, R, Mühlberger, E, Naidu, R, Natsuaki, T, Navarro, J, Neriya, Y, Netesov, S, Neumann, G, Nowotny, N, Ochoa-Corona, F, Palacios, G, Pallandre, L, Pallás, V, Papa, A, Paraskevopoulou, S, Parrish, C, Pauvolid-Corrêa, A, Pawęska, J, Pérez, D, Pfaff, F, Plemper, R, Postler, T, Pozet, F, Radoshitzky, S, Ramos-González, P, Rehanek, M, Resende, R, Reyes, C, Romanowski, V, Rubbenstroth, D, Rubino, L, Rumbou, A, Runstadler, J, Rupp, M, Sabanadzovic, S, Sasaya, T, Schmidt-Posthaus, H, Schwemmle, M, Seuberlich, T, Sharpe, S, Shi, M, Sironi, M, Smither, S, Song, J, Spann, K, Spengler, J, Stenglein, M, Takada, A, Tesh, R, Těšíková, J, Thornburg, N, Tischler, N, Tomitaka, Y, Tomonaga, K, Tordo, N, Tsunekawa, K, Turina, M, Tzanetakis, I, Vaira, A, van den Hoogen, B, Vanmechelen, B, Vasilakis, N, Verbeek, M, von Bargen, S, Wada, J, Wahl, V, Walker, P, Whitfield, A, Williams, J, Wolf, Y, Yamasaki, J, Yanagisawa, H, Ye, G, Zhang, Y, Økland, A, Kuhn JH, Adkins S, Alkhovsky SV, Avšič-Županc T, Ayllón MA, Bahl J, Balkema-Buschmann A, Ballinger MJ, Bandte M, Beer M, Bejerman N, Bergeron É, Biedenkopf N, Bigarré L, Blair CD, Blasdell KR, Bradfute SB, Briese T, Brown PA, Bruggmann R, Buchholz UJ, Buchmeier MJ, Bukreyev A, Burt F, Büttner C, Calisher CH, Candresse T, Carson J, Casas I, Chandran K, Charrel RN, Chiaki Y, Crane A, Crane M, Dacheux L, Bó ED, de la Torre JC, de Lamballerie X, de Souza WM, de Swart RL, Dheilly NM, Di Paola N, Di Serio F, Dietzgen RG, Digiaro M, Drexler JF, Duprex WP, Dürrwald R, Easton AJ, Elbeaino T, Ergünay K, Feng G, Feuvrier C, Firth AE, Fooks AR, Formenty PBH, Freitas-Astúa J, Gago-Zachert S, García ML, García-Sastre A, Garrison AR, Godwin SE, Gonzalez JJ, de Bellocq JG, Griffiths A, Groschup MH, Günther S, Hammond J, Hepojoki J, Hierweger MM, Hongō S, Horie M, Horikawa H, Hughes HR, Hume AJ, Hyndman TH, Jiāng D, Jonson GB, Junglen S, Kadono F, Karlin DG, Klempa B, Klingström J, Koch MC, Kondō H, Koonin EV, Krásová J, Krupovic M, Kubota K, Kuzmin IV, Laenen L, Lambert AJ, Lǐ J, Li JM, Lieffrig F, Lukashevich IS, Luo D, Maes P, Marklewitz M, Marshall SH, Marzano SL, McCauley JW, Mirazimi A, Mohr PG, Moody NJG, Morita Y, Morrison RN, Mühlberger E, Naidu R, Natsuaki T, Navarro JA, Neriya Y, Netesov SV, Neumann G, Nowotny N, Ochoa-Corona FM, Palacios G, Pallandre L, Pallás V, Papa A, Paraskevopoulou S, Parrish CR, Pauvolid-Corrêa A, Pawęska JT, Pérez DR, Pfaff F, Plemper RK, Postler TS, Pozet F, Radoshitzky SR, Ramos-González PL, Rehanek M, Resende RO, Reyes CA, Romanowski V, Rubbenstroth D, Rubino L, Rumbou A, Runstadler JA, Rupp M, Sabanadzovic S, Sasaya T, Schmidt-Posthaus H, Schwemmle M, Seuberlich T, Sharpe SR, Shi M, Sironi M, Smither S, Song JW, Spann KM, Spengler JR, Stenglein MD, Takada A, Tesh RB, Těšíková J, Thornburg NJ, Tischler ND, Tomitaka Y, Tomonaga K, Tordo N, Tsunekawa K, Turina M, Tzanetakis IE, Vaira AM, van den Hoogen B, Vanmechelen B, Vasilakis N, Verbeek M, von Bargen S, Wada J, Wahl V, Walker PJ, Whitfield AE, Williams JV, Wolf YI, Yamasaki J, Yanagisawa H, Ye G, Zhang YZ, Økland AL., Kuhn, J, Adkins, S, Alkhovsky, S, Avšič-Županc, T, Ayllón, M, Bahl, J, Balkema-Buschmann, A, Ballinger, M, Bandte, M, Beer, M, Bejerman, N, Bergeron, É, Biedenkopf, N, Bigarré, L, Blair, C, Blasdell, K, Bradfute, S, Briese, T, Brown, P, Bruggmann, R, Buchholz, U, Buchmeier, M, Bukreyev, A, Burt, F, Büttner, C, Calisher, C, Candresse, T, Carson, J, Casas, I, Chandran, K, Charrel, R, Chiaki, Y, Crane, A, Crane, M, Dacheux, L, Bó, E, de la Torre, J, de Lamballerie, X, de Souza, W, de Swart, R, Dheilly, N, Di Paola, N, Di Serio, F, Dietzgen, R, Digiaro, M, Drexler, J, Duprex, W, Dürrwald, R, Easton, A, Elbeaino, T, Ergünay, K, Feng, G, Feuvrier, C, Firth, A, Fooks, A, Formenty, P, Freitas-Astúa, J, Gago-Zachert, S, García, M, García-Sastre, A, Garrison, A, Godwin, S, Gonzalez, J, de Bellocq, J, Griffiths, A, Groschup, M, Günther, S, Hammond, J, Hepojoki, J, Hierweger, M, Hongō, S, Horie, M, Horikawa, H, Hughes, H, Hume, A, Hyndman, T, Jiāng, D, Jonson, G, Junglen, S, Kadono, F, Karlin, D, Klempa, B, Klingström, J, Koch, M, Kondō, H, Koonin, E, Krásová, J, Krupovic, M, Kubota, K, Kuzmin, I, Laenen, L, Lambert, A, Lǐ, J, Li, J, Lieffrig, F, Lukashevich, I, Luo, D, Maes, P, Marklewitz, M, Marshall, S, Marzano, S, Mccauley, J, Mirazimi, A, Mohr, P, Moody, N, Morita, Y, Morrison, R, Mühlberger, E, Naidu, R, Natsuaki, T, Navarro, J, Neriya, Y, Netesov, S, Neumann, G, Nowotny, N, Ochoa-Corona, F, Palacios, G, Pallandre, L, Pallás, V, Papa, A, Paraskevopoulou, S, Parrish, C, Pauvolid-Corrêa, A, Pawęska, J, Pérez, D, Pfaff, F, Plemper, R, Postler, T, Pozet, F, Radoshitzky, S, Ramos-González, P, Rehanek, M, Resende, R, Reyes, C, Romanowski, V, Rubbenstroth, D, Rubino, L, Rumbou, A, Runstadler, J, Rupp, M, Sabanadzovic, S, Sasaya, T, Schmidt-Posthaus, H, Schwemmle, M, Seuberlich, T, Sharpe, S, Shi, M, Sironi, M, Smither, S, Song, J, Spann, K, Spengler, J, Stenglein, M, Takada, A, Tesh, R, Těšíková, J, Thornburg, N, Tischler, N, Tomitaka, Y, Tomonaga, K, Tordo, N, Tsunekawa, K, Turina, M, Tzanetakis, I, Vaira, A, van den Hoogen, B, Vanmechelen, B, Vasilakis, N, Verbeek, M, von Bargen, S, Wada, J, Wahl, V, Walker, P, Whitfield, A, Williams, J, Wolf, Y, Yamasaki, J, Yanagisawa, H, Ye, G, Zhang, Y, Økland, A, Kuhn JH, Adkins S, Alkhovsky SV, Avšič-Županc T, Ayllón MA, Bahl J, Balkema-Buschmann A, Ballinger MJ, Bandte M, Beer M, Bejerman N, Bergeron É, Biedenkopf N, Bigarré L, Blair CD, Blasdell KR, Bradfute SB, Briese T, Brown PA, Bruggmann R, Buchholz UJ, Buchmeier MJ, Bukreyev A, Burt F, Büttner C, Calisher CH, Candresse T, Carson J, Casas I, Chandran K, Charrel RN, Chiaki Y, Crane A, Crane M, Dacheux L, Bó ED, de la Torre JC, de Lamballerie X, de Souza WM, de Swart RL, Dheilly NM, Di Paola N, Di Serio F, Dietzgen RG, Digiaro M, Drexler JF, Duprex WP, Dürrwald R, Easton AJ, Elbeaino T, Ergünay K, Feng G, Feuvrier C, Firth AE, Fooks AR, Formenty PBH, Freitas-Astúa J, Gago-Zachert S, García ML, García-Sastre A, Garrison AR, Godwin SE, Gonzalez JJ, de Bellocq JG, Griffiths A, Groschup MH, Günther S, Hammond J, Hepojoki J, Hierweger MM, Hongō S, Horie M, Horikawa H, Hughes HR, Hume AJ, Hyndman TH, Jiāng D, Jonson GB, Junglen S, Kadono F, Karlin DG, Klempa B, Klingström J, Koch MC, Kondō H, Koonin EV, Krásová J, Krupovic M, Kubota K, Kuzmin IV, Laenen L, Lambert AJ, Lǐ J, Li JM, Lieffrig F, Lukashevich IS, Luo D, Maes P, Marklewitz M, Marshall SH, Marzano SL, McCauley JW, Mirazimi A, Mohr PG, Moody NJG, Morita Y, Morrison RN, Mühlberger E, Naidu R, Natsuaki T, Navarro JA, Neriya Y, Netesov SV, Neumann G, Nowotny N, Ochoa-Corona FM, Palacios G, Pallandre L, Pallás V, Papa A, Paraskevopoulou S, Parrish CR, Pauvolid-Corrêa A, Pawęska JT, Pérez DR, Pfaff F, Plemper RK, Postler TS, Pozet F, Radoshitzky SR, Ramos-González PL, Rehanek M, Resende RO, Reyes CA, Romanowski V, Rubbenstroth D, Rubino L, Rumbou A, Runstadler JA, Rupp M, Sabanadzovic S, Sasaya T, Schmidt-Posthaus H, Schwemmle M, Seuberlich T, Sharpe SR, Shi M, Sironi M, Smither S, Song JW, Spann KM, Spengler JR, Stenglein MD, Takada A, Tesh RB, Těšíková J, Thornburg NJ, Tischler ND, Tomitaka Y, Tomonaga K, Tordo N, Tsunekawa K, Turina M, Tzanetakis IE, Vaira AM, van den Hoogen B, Vanmechelen B, Vasilakis N, Verbeek M, von Bargen S, Wada J, Wahl V, Walker PJ, Whitfield AE, Williams JV, Wolf YI, Yamasaki J, Yanagisawa H, Ye G, Zhang YZ, and Økland AL.

Abstract

In March 2022, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by two new families (bunyaviral Discoviridae and Tulasviridae), 41 new genera, and 98 new species. Three hundred forty-nine species were renamed and/or moved. The accidentally misspelled names of seven species were corrected. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV.

Published
2022

10. The European Virus Archive: A new resource for virology research

Author

Gould, E.A., de Lamballerie, X., Coutard, B., Fooks, A.R., Outlaw, M., Drosten, C., Guenther, S., Klempa, B., Pinschewer, D., Avsic-Zupanc, T., Sabeta, C., Lukashev, A., Eropkin, M., Koslov, A., Zverev, V., Lvov, D., Zhebrun, A., Shipulin, G., Niedrig, M., Gao Fu, G., Dong Liang, G., Ippolito, G., Koray, E., and Romette, J.L.

Published
2012
Full Text
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12. 2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales

Author

Kuhn, J.H., Adkins, S., Agwanda, B.R., Al Kubrusli, R., Alkhovsky, S.V., Amarasinghe, G.K., Avšič-Županc, T., Ayllón, M.A., Bahl, J., Balkema-Buschmann, A., Ballinger, M.J., Basler, C.F., Bavari, S., Beer, M., Bejerman, N., Bennett, A.J., Bente, D.A., Bergeron, É., Bird, B.H., Blair, C.D., Blasdell, K.R., Blystad, D-R, Bojko, J., Borth, W.B., Bradfute, S., Breyta, R., Briese, T., Brown, P.A., Brown, J.K., Buchholz, U.J., Buchmeier, M.J., Bukreyev, A., Burt, F., Büttner, C., Calisher, C.H., Cao, M., Casas, I., Chandran, K., Charrel, R.N., Cheng, Q., Chiaki, Y., Chiapello, M., Choi, I-R, Ciuffo, M., Clegg, J.C.S., Crozier, I., Dal Bó, E., de la Torre, J.C., de Lamballerie, X., de Swart, R.L., Debat, H., Dheilly, N.M., Di Cicco, E., Di Paola, N., Di Serio, F., Dietzgen, R.G., Digiaro, M., Dolnik, O., Drebot, M.A., Drexler, J.F., Dundon, W.G., Duprex, W.P., Dürrwald, R., Dye, J.M., Easton, A.J., Ebihara, H., Elbeaino, T., Ergünay, K., Ferguson, H.W., Fooks, A.R., Forgia, M., Formenty, P.B.H., Fránová, J., Freitas-Astúa, J., Fu, J., Fürl, S., Gago-Zachert, S., Gāo, G.F., García, M.L., García-Sastre, A., Garrison, A.R., Gaskin, T., Gonzalez, J-P.J., Griffiths, A., Goldberg, T.L., Groschup, M.H., Günther, S., Hall, R.A., Hammond, J., Han, T., Hepojoki, J., Hewson, R., Hong, J., Hong, N., Hongo, S., Horie, M., Hu, J.S., Hu, T., Hughes, H.R., Hüttner, F., Hyndman, T.H., Ilyas, M., Jalkanen, R., Jiāng, D., Jonson, G.B., Junglen, S., Kadono, F., Kaukinen, K.H., Kawate, M., Klempa, B., Klingström, J., Kobinger, G., Koloniuk, I., Kondo, H., Koonin, E.V., Krupovic, M., Kubota, K., Kurath, G., Laenen, L., Lambert, A.J., Langevin, S.L., Lee, B., Lefkowitz, E.J., Leroy, E.M., Li, S., Li, L., Lǐ, J., Liu, H., Lukashevich, I.S., Maes, P., de Souza, W.M., Marklewitz, M., Marshall, S.H., Marzano, S-Y.L., Massart, S., McCauley, J.W., Melzer, M., Mielke-Ehret, N., Miller, K.M., Ming, T.J., Mirazimi, A., Mordecai, G.J., Mühlbach, H-P, Mühlberger, E., Naidu, R., Natsuaki, T., Navarro, J.A., Netesov, S.V., Neumann, G., Nowotny, N., Nunes, M.R.T., Olmedo-Velarde, A., Palacios, G., Pallas, V., Pályi, B., Papa, A., Paraskevopoulou, S., Park, A.C., Parrish, C.R., Patterson, D.A., Pauvolid-Corrêa, A., Pawęska, J.T., Payne, S., Peracchio, C., Pérez, D.R., Postler, T.S., Qi, L., Radoshitzky, S.R., Resende, R.O., Reyes, C.A., Rima, B.K., Luna, G.R., Romanowski, V., Rota, P., Rubbenstroth, D., Rubino, L., Runstadler, J.A., Sabanadzovic, S., Sall, A.A., Salvato, M.S., Sang, R., Sasaya, T., Schulze, A.D., Schwemmle, M., Shi, M., Shi, X., Shí, Z., Shimomoto, Y., Shirako, Y., Siddell, S.G., Simmonds, P., Sironi, M., Smagghe, G., Smither, S., Song, J-W, Spann, K., Spengler, J.R., Stenglein, M.D., Stone, D.M., Sugano, J., Suttle, C.A., Tabata, A., Takada, A., Takeuchi, S., Tchouassi, D.P., Teffer, A., Tesh, R.B., Thornburg, N.J., Tomitaka, Y., Tomonaga, K., Tordo, N., Torto, B., Towner, J.S., Tsuda, S., Tu, C., Turina, M., Tzanetakis, I.E., Uchida, J., Usugi, T., Vaira, A.M., Vallino, M., van den Hoogen, B., Varsani, A., Vasilakis, N., Verbeek, M., von Bargen, S., Wada, J., Wahl, V., Walker, P.J., Wang, L-F, Wang, G., Wang, Y., Waqas, M., Wèi, T., Wen, S., Whitfield, A.E., Williams, J.V., Wolf, Y.I., Wu, J., Xu, L., Yanagisawa, H., Yang, C., Yang, Z., Zerbini, F.M., Zhai, L., Zhang, Y-Z, Zhang, S., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., Zhou, X., Kuhn, J.H., Adkins, S., Agwanda, B.R., Al Kubrusli, R., Alkhovsky, S.V., Amarasinghe, G.K., Avšič-Županc, T., Ayllón, M.A., Bahl, J., Balkema-Buschmann, A., Ballinger, M.J., Basler, C.F., Bavari, S., Beer, M., Bejerman, N., Bennett, A.J., Bente, D.A., Bergeron, É., Bird, B.H., Blair, C.D., Blasdell, K.R., Blystad, D-R, Bojko, J., Borth, W.B., Bradfute, S., Breyta, R., Briese, T., Brown, P.A., Brown, J.K., Buchholz, U.J., Buchmeier, M.J., Bukreyev, A., Burt, F., Büttner, C., Calisher, C.H., Cao, M., Casas, I., Chandran, K., Charrel, R.N., Cheng, Q., Chiaki, Y., Chiapello, M., Choi, I-R, Ciuffo, M., Clegg, J.C.S., Crozier, I., Dal Bó, E., de la Torre, J.C., de Lamballerie, X., de Swart, R.L., Debat, H., Dheilly, N.M., Di Cicco, E., Di Paola, N., Di Serio, F., Dietzgen, R.G., Digiaro, M., Dolnik, O., Drebot, M.A., Drexler, J.F., Dundon, W.G., Duprex, W.P., Dürrwald, R., Dye, J.M., Easton, A.J., Ebihara, H., Elbeaino, T., Ergünay, K., Ferguson, H.W., Fooks, A.R., Forgia, M., Formenty, P.B.H., Fránová, J., Freitas-Astúa, J., Fu, J., Fürl, S., Gago-Zachert, S., Gāo, G.F., García, M.L., García-Sastre, A., Garrison, A.R., Gaskin, T., Gonzalez, J-P.J., Griffiths, A., Goldberg, T.L., Groschup, M.H., Günther, S., Hall, R.A., Hammond, J., Han, T., Hepojoki, J., Hewson, R., Hong, J., Hong, N., Hongo, S., Horie, M., Hu, J.S., Hu, T., Hughes, H.R., Hüttner, F., Hyndman, T.H., Ilyas, M., Jalkanen, R., Jiāng, D., Jonson, G.B., Junglen, S., Kadono, F., Kaukinen, K.H., Kawate, M., Klempa, B., Klingström, J., Kobinger, G., Koloniuk, I., Kondo, H., Koonin, E.V., Krupovic, M., Kubota, K., Kurath, G., Laenen, L., Lambert, A.J., Langevin, S.L., Lee, B., Lefkowitz, E.J., Leroy, E.M., Li, S., Li, L., Lǐ, J., Liu, H., Lukashevich, I.S., Maes, P., de Souza, W.M., Marklewitz, M., Marshall, S.H., Marzano, S-Y.L., Massart, S., McCauley, J.W., Melzer, M., Mielke-Ehret, N., Miller, K.M., Ming, T.J., Mirazimi, A., Mordecai, G.J., Mühlbach, H-P, Mühlberger, E., Naidu, R., Natsuaki, T., Navarro, J.A., Netesov, S.V., Neumann, G., Nowotny, N., Nunes, M.R.T., Olmedo-Velarde, A., Palacios, G., Pallas, V., Pályi, B., Papa, A., Paraskevopoulou, S., Park, A.C., Parrish, C.R., Patterson, D.A., Pauvolid-Corrêa, A., Pawęska, J.T., Payne, S., Peracchio, C., Pérez, D.R., Postler, T.S., Qi, L., Radoshitzky, S.R., Resende, R.O., Reyes, C.A., Rima, B.K., Luna, G.R., Romanowski, V., Rota, P., Rubbenstroth, D., Rubino, L., Runstadler, J.A., Sabanadzovic, S., Sall, A.A., Salvato, M.S., Sang, R., Sasaya, T., Schulze, A.D., Schwemmle, M., Shi, M., Shi, X., Shí, Z., Shimomoto, Y., Shirako, Y., Siddell, S.G., Simmonds, P., Sironi, M., Smagghe, G., Smither, S., Song, J-W, Spann, K., Spengler, J.R., Stenglein, M.D., Stone, D.M., Sugano, J., Suttle, C.A., Tabata, A., Takada, A., Takeuchi, S., Tchouassi, D.P., Teffer, A., Tesh, R.B., Thornburg, N.J., Tomitaka, Y., Tomonaga, K., Tordo, N., Torto, B., Towner, J.S., Tsuda, S., Tu, C., Turina, M., Tzanetakis, I.E., Uchida, J., Usugi, T., Vaira, A.M., Vallino, M., van den Hoogen, B., Varsani, A., Vasilakis, N., Verbeek, M., von Bargen, S., Wada, J., Wahl, V., Walker, P.J., Wang, L-F, Wang, G., Wang, Y., Waqas, M., Wèi, T., Wen, S., Whitfield, A.E., Williams, J.V., Wolf, Y.I., Wu, J., Xu, L., Yanagisawa, H., Yang, C., Yang, Z., Zerbini, F.M., Zhai, L., Zhang, Y-Z, Zhang, S., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., and Zhou, X.

Abstract

In March 2021, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by four families (Aliusviridae, Crepuscuviridae, Myriaviridae, and Natareviridae), three subfamilies (Alpharhabdovirinae, Betarhabdovirinae, and Gammarhabdovirinae), 42 genera, and 200 species. Thirty-nine species were renamed and/or moved and seven species were abolished. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV.

Published
2021

13. Correction to: 2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales

Author

Kuhn, J.H., Adkins, S., Agwanda, B.R., Al Kubrusli, R., Alkhovsky, S.V., Amarasinghe, G.K., Avšič-Županc, T., Ayllón, M.A., Bahl, J., Balkema-Buschmann, A., Ballinger, M.J., Basler, C.F., Bavari, S., Beer, M., Bejerman, N., Bennett, A.J., Bente, D.A., Bergeron, É., Bird, B.H., Blair, C.D., Blasdell, K.R., Blystad, D-R, Bojko, J., Borth, W.B., Bradfute, S., Breyta, R., Briese, T., Brown, P.A., Brown, J.K., Buchholz, U.J., Buchmeier, M.J., Bukreyev, A., Burt, F., Büttner, C., Calisher, C.H., Cao, M., Casas, I., Chandran, K., Charrel, R.N., Cheng, Q., Chiaki, Y., Chiapello, M., Choi, I-R, Ciuffo, M., Clegg, J.C.S., Crozier, I., Dal Bó, E., de la Torre, J.C., de Lamballerie, X., de Swart, R.L., Debat, H., Dheilly, N.M., Di Cicco, E., Di Paola, N., Di Serio, F., Dietzgen, R.G., Digiaro, M., Dolnik, O., Drebot, M.A., Drexler, J.F., Dundon, W.G., Duprex, W.P., Dürrwald, R., Dye, J.M., Easton, A.J., Ebihara, H., Elbeaino, T., Ergünay, K., Ferguson, H.W., Fooks, A.R., Forgia, M., Formenty, P.B.H., Fránová, J., Freitas-Astúa, J., Fu, J., Fürl, S., Gago-Zachert, S., Gāo, G.F., García, M.L., García-Sastre, A., Garrison, A.R., Gaskin, T., Gonzalez, J-P.J., Griffiths, A., Goldberg, T.L., Groschup, M.H., Günther, S., Hall, R.A., Hammond, J., Han, T., Hepojoki, J., Hewson, R., Hong, J., Hong, N., Hongo, S., Horie, M., Hu, J.S., Hu, T., Hughes, H.R., Hüttner, F., Hyndman, T.H., Ilyas, M., Jalkanen, R., Jiāng, D., Jonson, G.B., Junglen, S., Kadono, F., Kaukinen, K.H., Kawate, M., Klempa, B., Klingström, J., Kobinger, G., Koloniuk, I., Kondo, H., Koonin, E.V., Krupovic, M., Kubota, K., Kurath, G., Laenen, L., Lambert, A.J., Langevin, S.L., Lee, B., Lefkowitz, E.J., Leroy, E.M., Li, S., Li, L., Lǐ, J., Liu, H., Lukashevich, I.S., Maes, P., de Souza, W.M., Marklewitz, M., Marshall, S.H., Marzano, S-Y.L., Massart, S., McCauley, J.W., Melzer, M., Mielke-Ehret, N., Miller, K.M., Ming, T.J., Mirazimi, A., Mordecai, G.J., Mühlbach, H-P, Mühlberger, E., Naidu, R., Natsuaki, T., Navarro, J.A., Netesov, S.V., Neumann, G., Nowotny, N., Nunes, M.R.T., Olmedo-Velarde, A., Palacios, G., Pallás, V., Pályi, B., Papa, A., Paraskevopoulou, S., Park, A.C., Parrish, C.R., Patterson, D.A., Pauvolid-Corrêa, A., Pawęska, J.T., Payne, S., Peracchio, C., Pérez, D.R., Postler, T.S., Qi, L., Radoshitzky, S.R., Resende, R.O., Reyes, C.A., Rima, B.K., Luna, G.R., Romanowski, V., Rota, P., Rubbenstroth, D., Rubino, L., Runstadler, J.A., Sabanadzovic, S., Sall, A.A., Salvato, M.S., Sang, R., Sasaya, T., Schulze, A.D., Schwemmle, M., Shi, M., Shí, X., Shí, Z., Shimomoto, Y., Shirako, Y., Siddell, S.G., Simmonds, P., Sironi, M., Smagghe, G., Smither, S., Song, J-W, Spann, K., Spengler, J.R., Stenglein, M.D., Stone, D.M., Sugano, J., Suttle, C.A., Tabata, A., Takada, A., Takeuchi, S., Tchouassi, D.P., Teffer, A., Tesh, R.B., Thornburg, N. J., Tomitaka, Y., Tomonaga, K., Tordo, N., Torto, B., Towner, J.S., Tsuda, S., Tu, C., Turina, M., Tzanetakis, I.E., Uchida, J., Usugi, T., Vaira, A.M., Vallino, M., van den Hoogen, B., Varsani, A., Vasilakis, N., Verbeek, M., von Bargen, S., Wada, J., Wahl, V., Walker, P.J., Wang, L-F, Wang, G., Wang, Y., Waqas, M., Wèi, T., Wen, S., Whitfield, A.E., Williams, J.V., Wolf, Y.I., Wu, J., Xu, L., Yanagisawa, H., Yang, C., Yang, Z., Zerbini, F.M., Zhai, L., Zhang, Y-Z, Zhang, S., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., Zhou, X., Kuhn, J.H., Adkins, S., Agwanda, B.R., Al Kubrusli, R., Alkhovsky, S.V., Amarasinghe, G.K., Avšič-Županc, T., Ayllón, M.A., Bahl, J., Balkema-Buschmann, A., Ballinger, M.J., Basler, C.F., Bavari, S., Beer, M., Bejerman, N., Bennett, A.J., Bente, D.A., Bergeron, É., Bird, B.H., Blair, C.D., Blasdell, K.R., Blystad, D-R, Bojko, J., Borth, W.B., Bradfute, S., Breyta, R., Briese, T., Brown, P.A., Brown, J.K., Buchholz, U.J., Buchmeier, M.J., Bukreyev, A., Burt, F., Büttner, C., Calisher, C.H., Cao, M., Casas, I., Chandran, K., Charrel, R.N., Cheng, Q., Chiaki, Y., Chiapello, M., Choi, I-R, Ciuffo, M., Clegg, J.C.S., Crozier, I., Dal Bó, E., de la Torre, J.C., de Lamballerie, X., de Swart, R.L., Debat, H., Dheilly, N.M., Di Cicco, E., Di Paola, N., Di Serio, F., Dietzgen, R.G., Digiaro, M., Dolnik, O., Drebot, M.A., Drexler, J.F., Dundon, W.G., Duprex, W.P., Dürrwald, R., Dye, J.M., Easton, A.J., Ebihara, H., Elbeaino, T., Ergünay, K., Ferguson, H.W., Fooks, A.R., Forgia, M., Formenty, P.B.H., Fránová, J., Freitas-Astúa, J., Fu, J., Fürl, S., Gago-Zachert, S., Gāo, G.F., García, M.L., García-Sastre, A., Garrison, A.R., Gaskin, T., Gonzalez, J-P.J., Griffiths, A., Goldberg, T.L., Groschup, M.H., Günther, S., Hall, R.A., Hammond, J., Han, T., Hepojoki, J., Hewson, R., Hong, J., Hong, N., Hongo, S., Horie, M., Hu, J.S., Hu, T., Hughes, H.R., Hüttner, F., Hyndman, T.H., Ilyas, M., Jalkanen, R., Jiāng, D., Jonson, G.B., Junglen, S., Kadono, F., Kaukinen, K.H., Kawate, M., Klempa, B., Klingström, J., Kobinger, G., Koloniuk, I., Kondo, H., Koonin, E.V., Krupovic, M., Kubota, K., Kurath, G., Laenen, L., Lambert, A.J., Langevin, S.L., Lee, B., Lefkowitz, E.J., Leroy, E.M., Li, S., Li, L., Lǐ, J., Liu, H., Lukashevich, I.S., Maes, P., de Souza, W.M., Marklewitz, M., Marshall, S.H., Marzano, S-Y.L., Massart, S., McCauley, J.W., Melzer, M., Mielke-Ehret, N., Miller, K.M., Ming, T.J., Mirazimi, A., Mordecai, G.J., Mühlbach, H-P, Mühlberger, E., Naidu, R., Natsuaki, T., Navarro, J.A., Netesov, S.V., Neumann, G., Nowotny, N., Nunes, M.R.T., Olmedo-Velarde, A., Palacios, G., Pallás, V., Pályi, B., Papa, A., Paraskevopoulou, S., Park, A.C., Parrish, C.R., Patterson, D.A., Pauvolid-Corrêa, A., Pawęska, J.T., Payne, S., Peracchio, C., Pérez, D.R., Postler, T.S., Qi, L., Radoshitzky, S.R., Resende, R.O., Reyes, C.A., Rima, B.K., Luna, G.R., Romanowski, V., Rota, P., Rubbenstroth, D., Rubino, L., Runstadler, J.A., Sabanadzovic, S., Sall, A.A., Salvato, M.S., Sang, R., Sasaya, T., Schulze, A.D., Schwemmle, M., Shi, M., Shí, X., Shí, Z., Shimomoto, Y., Shirako, Y., Siddell, S.G., Simmonds, P., Sironi, M., Smagghe, G., Smither, S., Song, J-W, Spann, K., Spengler, J.R., Stenglein, M.D., Stone, D.M., Sugano, J., Suttle, C.A., Tabata, A., Takada, A., Takeuchi, S., Tchouassi, D.P., Teffer, A., Tesh, R.B., Thornburg, N. J., Tomitaka, Y., Tomonaga, K., Tordo, N., Torto, B., Towner, J.S., Tsuda, S., Tu, C., Turina, M., Tzanetakis, I.E., Uchida, J., Usugi, T., Vaira, A.M., Vallino, M., van den Hoogen, B., Varsani, A., Vasilakis, N., Verbeek, M., von Bargen, S., Wada, J., Wahl, V., Walker, P.J., Wang, L-F, Wang, G., Wang, Y., Waqas, M., Wèi, T., Wen, S., Whitfield, A.E., Williams, J.V., Wolf, Y.I., Wu, J., Xu, L., Yanagisawa, H., Yang, C., Yang, Z., Zerbini, F.M., Zhai, L., Zhang, Y-Z, Zhang, S., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., and Zhou, X.

Abstract

Unfortunately, the inclusion of original names (in non-Latin script) of the following authors caused problems with author name indexing in PubMed. Therefore, these original names were removed from XML data to correct the PubMed record...

Published
2021

14. 2020 taxonomic update for phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales

Author

Kuhn, J.H., Adkins, S., Alioto, D., Alkhovsky, S.V., Amarasinghe, G.K., Anthony, S.J., Avšič-Županc, T., Ayllón, M.A., Bahl, J., Balkema-Buschmann, A., Ballinger, M.J., Bartonička, T., Basler, C., Bavari, S., Beer, M., Bente, D.A., Bergeron, É., Bird, B.H., Blair, C., Blasdell, K.R., Bradfute, S.B., Breyta, R., Briese, T., Brown, P.A., Buchholz, U.J., Buchmeier, M.J., Bukreyev, A., Burt, F., Buzkan, N., Calisher, C.H., Cao, M., Casas, I., Chamberlain, J., Chandran, K., Charrel, R.N., Chen, B., Chiumenti, M., Choi, I-R, Clegg, J.C.S., Crozier, I., da Graça, J.V., Dal Bó, E., Dávila, A.M.R., de la Torre, J.C., de Lamballerie, X., de Swart, R.L., Di Bello, P.L., Di Paola, N., Di Serio, F., Dietzgen, R.G., Digiaro, M., Dolja, V.V., Dolnik, O., Drebot, M.A., Drexler, J.F., Dürrwald, R., Dufkova, L., Dundon, W.G., Duprex, W.P., Dye, J.M., Easton, A.J., Ebihara, H., Elbeaino, T., Ergünay, K., Fernandes, J., Fooks, A.R., Formenty, P.B.H., Forth, L.F., Fouchier, R.A.M., Freitas-Astúa, J., Gago-Zachert, S., Gāo, G.F., García, M.L., García-Sastre, A., Garrison, A.R., Gbakima, A., Goldstein, T., Gonzalez, J-P.J., Griffiths, A., Groschup, M.H., Günther, S., Guterres, A., Hall, R.A., Hammond, J., Hassan, M., Hepojoki, J., Hepojoki, S., Hetzel, U., Hewson, R., Hoffmann, B., Hongo, S., Höper, D., Horie, M., Hughes, H.R., Hyndman, T.H., Jambai, A., Jardim, R., Jiāng, D., Jin, Q., Jonson, G.B., Junglen, S., Karadağ, S., Keller, K.E., Klempa, B., Klingström, J., Kobinger, G., Kondō, H., Koonin, E.V., Krupovic, M., Kurath, G., Kuzmin, I.V., Laenen, L., Lamb, R.A., Lambert, A.J., Langevin, S.L., Lee, B., Lemos, E.R.S., Leroy, E.M., Li, D., Lǐ, J., Liang, M., Liú, W., Liú, Y., Lukashevich, I.S., Maes, P., Marciel de Souza, W., Marklewitz, M., Marshall, S.H., Martelli, G.P., Martin, R.R., Marzano, S-Y.L., Massart, S., McCauley, J.W., Mielke-Ehret, N., Minafra, A., Minutolo, M., Mirazimi, A., Mühlbach, H-P, Mühlberger, E., Naidu, R., Natsuaki, T., Navarro, B., Navarro, J.A., Netesov, S.V., Neumann, G., Nowotny, N., Nunes, M.R.T., Nylund, A., Økland, A.L., Oliveira, R.C., Palacios, G., Pallas, V., Pályi, B., Papa, A., Parrish, C.R., Pauvolid-Corrêa, A., Pawęska, J.T., Payne, S., Perez, D.R., Pfaff, F., Radoshitzky, S.R., Rahman, A-U, Ramos-González, P.L., Resende, R.O., Reyes, C.A., Rima, B.K., Romanowski, V., Robles Luna, G., Rota, P., Rubbenstroth, D., Runstadler, J.A., Ruzek, D., Sabanadzovic, S., Salat, J., Sall, A.A., Salvato, M.S., Sarpkaya, K., Sasaya, T., Schwemmle, M., Shabbir, M.Z., Shí, X., Shí, Z., Shirako, Y., Simmonds, P., Širmarová, J., Sironi, M., Smither, S., Smura, T., Song, J-W, Spann, K.M., Spengler, J.R., Stenglein, M.D., Stone, D.M., Straková, P., Takada, A., Tesh, R.B., Thornburg, N.J., Tomonaga, K., Tordo, N., Towner, J.S., Turina, M., Tzanetakis, I., Ulrich, R.G., Vaira, A.M., van den Hoogen, B., Varsani, A., Vasilakis, N., Verbeek, M., Wahl, V., Walker, P.J., Wang, H., Wang, J., Wang, X., Wang, L-F, Wèi, T., Wells, H., Whitfield, A.E., Williams, J.V., Wolf, Y.I., Wú, Z., Yang, X., Yáng, X., Yu, X., Yutin, N., Zerbini, F.M., Zhang, T., Zhang, Y-Z, Zhou, G., Zhou, X., Kuhn, J.H., Adkins, S., Alioto, D., Alkhovsky, S.V., Amarasinghe, G.K., Anthony, S.J., Avšič-Županc, T., Ayllón, M.A., Bahl, J., Balkema-Buschmann, A., Ballinger, M.J., Bartonička, T., Basler, C., Bavari, S., Beer, M., Bente, D.A., Bergeron, É., Bird, B.H., Blair, C., Blasdell, K.R., Bradfute, S.B., Breyta, R., Briese, T., Brown, P.A., Buchholz, U.J., Buchmeier, M.J., Bukreyev, A., Burt, F., Buzkan, N., Calisher, C.H., Cao, M., Casas, I., Chamberlain, J., Chandran, K., Charrel, R.N., Chen, B., Chiumenti, M., Choi, I-R, Clegg, J.C.S., Crozier, I., da Graça, J.V., Dal Bó, E., Dávila, A.M.R., de la Torre, J.C., de Lamballerie, X., de Swart, R.L., Di Bello, P.L., Di Paola, N., Di Serio, F., Dietzgen, R.G., Digiaro, M., Dolja, V.V., Dolnik, O., Drebot, M.A., Drexler, J.F., Dürrwald, R., Dufkova, L., Dundon, W.G., Duprex, W.P., Dye, J.M., Easton, A.J., Ebihara, H., Elbeaino, T., Ergünay, K., Fernandes, J., Fooks, A.R., Formenty, P.B.H., Forth, L.F., Fouchier, R.A.M., Freitas-Astúa, J., Gago-Zachert, S., Gāo, G.F., García, M.L., García-Sastre, A., Garrison, A.R., Gbakima, A., Goldstein, T., Gonzalez, J-P.J., Griffiths, A., Groschup, M.H., Günther, S., Guterres, A., Hall, R.A., Hammond, J., Hassan, M., Hepojoki, J., Hepojoki, S., Hetzel, U., Hewson, R., Hoffmann, B., Hongo, S., Höper, D., Horie, M., Hughes, H.R., Hyndman, T.H., Jambai, A., Jardim, R., Jiāng, D., Jin, Q., Jonson, G.B., Junglen, S., Karadağ, S., Keller, K.E., Klempa, B., Klingström, J., Kobinger, G., Kondō, H., Koonin, E.V., Krupovic, M., Kurath, G., Kuzmin, I.V., Laenen, L., Lamb, R.A., Lambert, A.J., Langevin, S.L., Lee, B., Lemos, E.R.S., Leroy, E.M., Li, D., Lǐ, J., Liang, M., Liú, W., Liú, Y., Lukashevich, I.S., Maes, P., Marciel de Souza, W., Marklewitz, M., Marshall, S.H., Martelli, G.P., Martin, R.R., Marzano, S-Y.L., Massart, S., McCauley, J.W., Mielke-Ehret, N., Minafra, A., Minutolo, M., Mirazimi, A., Mühlbach, H-P, Mühlberger, E., Naidu, R., Natsuaki, T., Navarro, B., Navarro, J.A., Netesov, S.V., Neumann, G., Nowotny, N., Nunes, M.R.T., Nylund, A., Økland, A.L., Oliveira, R.C., Palacios, G., Pallas, V., Pályi, B., Papa, A., Parrish, C.R., Pauvolid-Corrêa, A., Pawęska, J.T., Payne, S., Perez, D.R., Pfaff, F., Radoshitzky, S.R., Rahman, A-U, Ramos-González, P.L., Resende, R.O., Reyes, C.A., Rima, B.K., Romanowski, V., Robles Luna, G., Rota, P., Rubbenstroth, D., Runstadler, J.A., Ruzek, D., Sabanadzovic, S., Salat, J., Sall, A.A., Salvato, M.S., Sarpkaya, K., Sasaya, T., Schwemmle, M., Shabbir, M.Z., Shí, X., Shí, Z., Shirako, Y., Simmonds, P., Širmarová, J., Sironi, M., Smither, S., Smura, T., Song, J-W, Spann, K.M., Spengler, J.R., Stenglein, M.D., Stone, D.M., Straková, P., Takada, A., Tesh, R.B., Thornburg, N.J., Tomonaga, K., Tordo, N., Towner, J.S., Turina, M., Tzanetakis, I., Ulrich, R.G., Vaira, A.M., van den Hoogen, B., Varsani, A., Vasilakis, N., Verbeek, M., Wahl, V., Walker, P.J., Wang, H., Wang, J., Wang, X., Wang, L-F, Wèi, T., Wells, H., Whitfield, A.E., Williams, J.V., Wolf, Y.I., Wú, Z., Yang, X., Yáng, X., Yu, X., Yutin, N., Zerbini, F.M., Zhang, T., Zhang, Y-Z, Zhou, G., and Zhou, X.

Abstract

In March 2020, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. At the genus rank, 20 new genera were added, two were deleted, one was moved, and three were renamed. At the species rank, 160 species were added, four were deleted, ten were moved and renamed, and 30 species were renamed. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV.

Published
2020

22. Tick-borne encephalitis in patients vaccinated against this disease.

Author

Lotrič‐Furlan, S., Bogovič, P., Avšič‐Županc, T., Jelovšek, M., Lusa, L., Strle, F., Lotrič-Furlan, S, Bogovič, P, Avšič-Županc, T, and Jelovšek, M

Subjects
TICK-borne encephalitis, VACCINATION, LEUCOCYTES, IMMUNOGLOBULINS, INTENSIVE care units, EPIDEMIC encephalitis complications, EPIDEMIC encephalitis, AGE distribution, ANTIGEN-antibody reactions, LENGTH of stay in hospitals, IMMUNIZATION, RETENTION of urine, TREATMENT effectiveness, VIRAL vaccines, SEVERITY of illness index, LEUKOCYTE count, PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS, VACCINES
Abstract

Background: Information on tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in patients already vaccinated against the disease is limited.Objectives: To compare the course and outcome in patients with vaccination breakthrough TBE with findings in patients who developed TBE without previous vaccination.Methods: All adult patients diagnosed with TBE at a single medical centre during a 16-year period and who had received at least two doses of TBE vaccine before the onset of illness qualified for the study. For each patient with breakthrough TBE, two unvaccinated sex- and age-matched patients, diagnosed with TBE in the same year, were included for comparison.Results: Amongst 2332 patients diagnosed with TBE in the period 2000-2015, 39 (1.7%) had been vaccinated against the disease. Their median age was 59 (20-83) years; 22 of 39 (56.4%) were male. In comparison with unvaccinated patients with TBE, those with breakthrough disease more often experienced a monophasic course of illness (P = 0.006), had a higher CSF leucocyte count (P = 0.005), more often had urine retention (P = 0.012), more often needed ICU treatment (P = 0.009), were hospitalized for longer (P = 0.002) and had more severe acute illness (P = 0.004 for simple clinical assessment, P = 0.001 for severity score).Conclusion: In addition to several findings corroborating previous results in patients with vaccination breakthrough TBE, such as older age and the presence of a particular specific serum antibody pattern indicating anamnestic response, findings in this study indicate that the acute illness in patients with breakthrough TBE is more severe than in unvaccinated sex- and age-matched patients who develop the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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25. Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in the Primorsko-goranska county, Croatia in 2002

Author

Poljak, Ivica, Rački, B, Miletić, Bojan, Trošelj-Vukić, Biserka, Pavić, Ivica, Vučemilović, A, Markotić, Alemka, and Avšič-Županc, T

Subjects
virus diseases, hemorrhagic fever, infection, disease
Abstract

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is well known zoonotic disease, which is endemic in many continental parts of Croatia. Sporadic cases are continously registered and epidemics periodically appeared in so-called "mouse years". The last HFRS outbreak in Croatia was recorded in 1995. In 2002. year, for the first time HFRS occurred as an epidemic in Primorsko- Goranska county. The patients, who had been hospitalized at the Clinic for Infectious Diseases and Clinic if Internal Medicine, in Rijeka encountered mostly mild or moderate clinical picture. Using serological tests and PCR analysis we revealed that in this region Puumala virus caused HFRS in majority of cases. For now, in only one patient Dobrava virus was detected. Furher analysis are in process for better determination of genetic characteristics of hantaviruses, which caused HFRS in Primorsko-Goranska county, as well as characteristicsof clinical picture.

Published
2002

27. Factors affecting the ecology of tick-borne encephalitis in Slovenia.

Author

Stärk, Katharina D.C., Morgan, Dilys, KNAP, N., and AVŠIČ-ŽUPANC, T.

Abstract

Recognition of factors that influence the formation of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) foci is important for assessing the risk of humans acquiring the viral infection and for establishing what can be done (within reasonable boundaries) to minimize that risk. In Slovenia, the dynamics of the TBE vector, i.e. Ixodes ricinus, was studied over a 4-year period and the prevalence of infection in ticks was established. Two groups of tick hosts were investigated: deer and small mammals. Red deer have been confirmed as having a direct influence on the incidence of TBE and rodents have been recognized as important sentinels for TBE infections, although their role in the enzootic cycle of the virus still remains to be elucidated. Last, forest and agricultural areas, which are influenced by human activity, are suitable habitats for ticks, and important for TBEV transmission and establishment. Human behaviour is also therefore an important factor and should always be considered in studies of TBE ecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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35. Concomitant infection with tick-borne encephalitis virus and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in patients with acute meningitis or meningoencephalitis.

Author

Cimperman, J., Maraspin, V., Lotrič-Furlan, S., Ružić-Sabljić, E., Avšič-Županc, T., Picken, R., and Strle, F.

Abstract

From September 1992 to August 1993, 338 patients over the age of 15 years presented to the Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, with acute lymphocytic meningitis. In 89 of these patients (26.3%) serum IgM and IgG antibodies against tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus were detected, and in 59 patients (17.5%) a borrelial etiology of disease was demonstrated by one or more of the following: presence of intrathecal antibody production, seroconversion to borrelial antigens, presence of erythema migrans, and/or isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato from skin or cerebrospinal fluid. Of the 148 patients who fulfilled criteria for TBE or borrelial infection, concomitant infection with TBE virus and B. burgdorferi sensu lato was demonstrated in 12 patients (3.6% of all patients presenting with acute lymphocytic meningitis). In the majority of patients with concomitant infection the clinical features at presentation were characteristic of, or consistent with, TBE. In addition, during follow-up studies, eight of the 12 patients subsequently developed signs and symptoms compatible with minor and/or major manifestations of Lyme borreliosis. Six patients were diagnosed with neuroborreliosis based on signs or symptoms and/or laboratory tests. These findings show that in patients with acute lymphocytic meningitis or meningoencephalitis, originating in TBE and Lyme borreliosis endemic regions, the possibility of concomitant infection should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1998
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36. Concomitant infection with tick-borne encephalitis virus andBorrelia burgdorferi sensu latoin patients with acute meningitis or meningoencephalitis

Author

Cimperman, J., Maraspin, V., Lotrič-Furlan, S., Ružić-Sabljić, E., Avšič-Županc, T., Picken, R. N., and Strle, F.

Abstract

From September 1992 to August 1993, 338 patients over the age of 15 years presented to the Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, with acute lymphocytic meningitis. In 89 of these patients (26.3%) serum IgM and IgG antibodies against tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus were detected, and in 59 patients (17.5%) a borrelial etiology of disease was demonstrated by one or more of the following: presence of intrathecal antibody production, seroconversion to borrelial antigens, presence of erythema migrans, and/or isolation ofBorrelia burgdorferi sensu latofrom skin or cerebrospinal fluid. Of the 148 patients who fulfilled criteria for TBE or borrelial infection, concomitant infection with TBE virus andB. burgdorferi sensu latowas demonstrated in 12 patients (3.6% of all patients presenting with acute lymphocytic meningitis). In the majority of patients with concomitant infection the clinical features at presentation were characteristic of, or consistent with, TBE. In addition, during follow-up studies, eight of the 12 patients subsequently developed signs and symptoms compatible with minor and/or major manifestations of Lyme borreliosis. Six patients were diagnosed with neuroborreliosis based on signs or symptoms and/or laboratory tests. These findings show that in patients with acute lymphocytic meningitis or meningoencephalitis, originating in TBE and Lyme borreliosis endemic regions, the possibility of concomitant infection should be considered.

Published
1998
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38. Gene expression profile suggests that pigs (Sus scrofa) are susceptible to Anaplasma phagocytophilum but control infection

Author

Galindo Ruth C, Ayllón Nieves, Smrdel Katja, Boadella Mariana, Beltrán-Beck Beatriz, Mazariegos María, García Nerea, de la Lastra José M, Avsic-Zupanc Tatjana, Kocan Katherine M, Gortazar Christian, and de la Fuente José

Subjects
Anaplasmosis, Genetics, Pig, Wild boar, Genomics, Immune response, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

Abstract Background Anaplasma phagocytophilum infects a wide variety of hosts and causes granulocytic anaplasmosis in humans, horses and dogs and tick-borne fever in ruminants. Infection with A. phagocytophilum results in the modification of host gene expression and immune response. The objective of this research was to characterize gene expression in pigs (Sus scrofa) naturally and experimentally infected with A. phagocytophilum trying to identify mechanisms that help to explain low infection prevalence in this species. Results For gene expression analysis in naturally infected pigs, microarray hybridization was used. The expression of differentially expressed immune response genes was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR in naturally and experimentally infected pigs. Results suggested that A. phagocytophilum infection affected cytoskeleton rearrangement and increased both innate and adaptive immune responses by up regulation of interleukin 1 receptor accessory protein-like 1 (IL1RAPL1), T-cell receptor alpha chain (TCR-alpha), thrombospondin 4 (TSP-4) and Gap junction protein alpha 1 (GJA1) genes. Higher serum levels of IL-1 beta, IL-8 and TNF-alpha in infected pigs when compared to controls supported data obtained at the mRNA level. Conclusions These results suggested that pigs are susceptible to A. phagocytophilum but control infection, particularly through activation of innate immune responses, phagocytosis and autophagy. This fact may account for the low infection prevalence detected in pigs in some regions and thus their low or no impact as a reservoir host for this pathogen. These results advanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms at the host-pathogen interface and suggested a role for newly reported genes in the protection of pigs against A. phagocytophilum.

Published
2012
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39. Serum levels of inflammatory and regulatory cytokines in patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome

Author

Avšič-Županc Tatjana, Wraber Branka, and Saksida Ana

Subjects
Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

Abstract Background Hantaviruses are the causative agents of two zoonotic diseases: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). The pathogenesis of HFRS is poorly understood. However, it has been suggested that immune mechanisms, including cytokines, might have an important role in HFRS pathogenesis. Thus, the aim of our study was to investigate cytokine profiles in serum samples of HFRS patients from Slovenia and explore a possible correlation between cytokine levels and disease severity. Methods Acute-phase serum samples from 52 patients, diagnosed with DOBV infection, and 61 patients, diagnosed with PUUV infection, were included in this study. Patients were divided into two groups - severe or mild - based on disease severity. Levels of IL-10, IL-12, INF-γ and TNF-α were measured in the serum samples with commercial ELISA tests. Results Increased levels of IL-10, INF-γ, and TNF-α were found in almost all the serum samples tested. On average, higher concentrations were detected in patients infected with DOBV than PUUV. Furthermore, significantly higher levels of IL-10 (P = 0.001) and TNF-α (P = 0.003) were found in patients with a more severe clinical course of disease. The same association between IL-10 (P < 0.001) and TNF-α (P = 0.021), and the severity of the disease was observed also when only patients infected with DOBV were considered. No differences in cytokine concentrations according to disease severity were observed in patients infected with PUUV. Concentrations of serum IL-12 in HFRS patients were in the normal range, however, higher levels were detected in patients infected with PUUV than in patients infected with DOBV. Conclusions We suggest that imbalance in production of proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines might be in part responsible for a more severe course of HFRS.

Published
2011
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40. Variable spikes in tick-borne encephalitis incidence in 2006 independent of variable tick abundance but related to weather

Author

Knap Natasa, Hubalek Zdenek, Golovljova Irina, Gern Lise, Burri Caroline, Bormane Antra, Avsic-Zupanc Tatjana, Asokliene Loreta, Randolph Sarah E, Kondrusik Maceij, Kupca Anne, Pejcoch Milan, Vasilenko Veera, and Žygutiene Milda

Subjects
Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

Abstract Background The incidence of tick-borne encephalitis showed a dramatic spike in several countries in Europe in 2006, a year that was unusually cold in winter but unusually warm and dry in summer and autumn. In this study we examine the possible causes of the sudden increase in disease: more abundant infected ticks and/or increased exposure due to human behaviour, both in response to the weather. Methods For eight countries across Europe, field data on tick abundance for 2005–2007, collected monthly from a total of 41 sites, were analysed in relation to total annual and seasonal TBE incidence and temperature and rainfall conditions. Results The weather in 2006–2007 was exceptional compared with the previous two decades, but neither the very cold start to 2006, nor the very hot period from summer 2006 to late spring 2007 had any consistent impact on tick abundance. Nor was the TBE spike in 2006 related to changes in tick abundance. Countries varied in the degree of TBE spike despite similar weather patterns, and also in the degree to which seasonal variation in TBE incidence matched seasonal tick activity. Conclusion The data suggest that the TBE spike was not due to weather-induced variation in tick population dynamics. An alternative explanation, supported by qualitative reports and some data, involves human behavioural responses to weather favourable for outdoor recreational activities, including wild mushroom and berry harvest, differentially influenced by national cultural practices and economic constraints.

Published
2008
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41. The complete genome sequence of a Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus isolated from an endemic region in Kosovo

Author

Dedushaj Iusuf, Petrovec Miroslav, Hafner-Bratkovič Iva, Saksida Ana, Khristova Marina L, Nichol Stuart T, Duh Darja, Ahmeti Salih, and Avšič-Županc Tatjana

Subjects
Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

Abstract The Balkan region and Kosovo in particular, is a well-known Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) endemic region, with frequent epidemic outbreaks and sporadic cases occurring with a hospitalized case fatality of approximately 30%. Recent analysis of complete genome sequences of diverse CCHF virus strains showed that the genome plasticity of the virus is surprisingly high for an arthropod-borne virus. High levels of nucleotide and amino acid differences, frequent RNA segment reassortment and even RNA recombination have been recently described. This diversity illustrates the need to determine the complete genome sequence of CCHF virus representatives of all geographically distinct endemic areas, particularly in light of the high pathogenicity of the virus and its listing as a potential bioterrorism threat. Here we describe the first complete CCHF virus genome sequence of a virus (strain Kosova Hoti) isolated from a hemorrhagic fever case in the Balkans. This virus strain was isolated from a fatal CCHF case, and passaged only twice on Vero E6 cells prior to sequence analysis. The virus total genome was found to be 19.2 kb in length, consisting of a 1672 nucleotide (nt) S segment, a 5364 nt M segment and a 12150 nt L segment. Phylogenetic analysis of CCHF virus complete genomes placed the Kosova Hoti strain in the Europe/Turkey group, with highest similarity seen with Russian isolates. The virus M segments are the most diverse with up to 31 and 27% differences seen at the nt and amino acid levels, and even 1.9% amino acid difference found between the Kosova Hoti and another strain from Kosovo (9553-01). This suggests that distinct virus strains can coexist in highly endemic areas.

Published
2008
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43. Comparative specificity and sensitivity of NS1-based serological assays for the detection of Flavivirus immune response

Author

Maria Sole Burali, Ludovica Segat, Giuseppe Manfroni, Chiara Aloise, Alexsia Chiarvesio, Tatjana Avšič Županc, Vivianna Totis, Tea Carletti, Eloise Mastrangelo, Pierlanfranco D'Agaro, Erick Mora Cardenas, Ilaria Caracciolo, Alessandro Marcello, Caracciolo, I., Mora-Cardenas, E., Aloise, C., Carletti, T., Segat, L., Burali, M. S., Chiarvesio, A., Totis, V., Avšič-županc, T., Mastrangelo, E., Manfroni, G., D’Agaro, P., and Marcello, A.

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, RNA viruses, antivirus agent, Physiology, viruses, RC955-962, Blood Donors, Viral Nonstructural Proteins, medicine.disease_cause, Antibodies, Viral, Cross-reactivity, Biochemistry, Serology, Geographical Locations, immunoglobulin G, 0302 clinical medicine, Immune Physiology, Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, immunoglobulin M, Viral, Enzyme-Linked Immunoassays, Pathology and laboratory medicine, Cross Reactivity, Infectivity, nonstructural protein 1, Immune System Proteins, biology, Medical microbiology, Europe, Flavivirus, Infectious Diseases, Blood, Italy, Viruses, Female, Antibody, Pathogens, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270, West Nile virus, Research Article, 030231 tropical medicine, Immunology, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Research and Analysis Methods, Microbiology, Antiviral Agents, Antibodies, Flavivirus Infections, 03 medical and health sciences, Neutralization Tests, medicine, Humans, Serologic Tests, European Union, Immunoassays, Medicine and health sciences, Biology and life sciences, Flaviviruses, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Organisms, Viral pathogens, Outbreak, Proteins, biology.organism_classification, Virology, Microbial pathogens, Health Care, 030104 developmental biology, Immunoglobulin M, Immunoglobulin G, People and Places, biology.protein, Immunologic Techniques, Usutu virus
Abstract

Surveillance of Usutu virus is crucial to prevent future outbreaks both in Europe and in other countries currently naïve to the infection, such as the Americas. This goal remains difficult to achieve, notably because of the lack of large-scale cohort studies and the absence of commercially available diagnostic reagents for USUV. This work started with the first identification of USUV in a blood donor in the Friuli Venezia Giulia (FVG) Region in Northern-Eastern Italy, which is endemic for West Nile virus. Considering that only one IgG ELISA is commercially available, but none for IgM, a novel NS1 antigen based IgG/M ELISA has been developed. This assay tested successfully for the detection of Usutu virus in blood donors with the identification of a second case of transmission and high levels of exposure. Furthermore, two pan-flavivirus antiviral drugs, that we previously characterized to be inhibitors of other flavivirus infectivity, were successfully tested for inhibition of Usutu virus with inhibitory concentrations in the low micromolar range. To conclude, this work identifies North-Eastern Italy as endemic for Usutu virus with implications for the screening of transfusion blood. A novel NS1-based ELISA test has been implemented for the detection of IgM/G that will be of importance as a tool for the diagnosis and surveillance of Usutu virus infection. Finally, Usutu virus is shown to be sensitive to a class of promising pan-flavivirus drugs., Author summary Tropical viruses transmitted by ticks or mosquitoes are becoming a health threat in areas of the world that were previously naïve to these infections. Usutu virus is a mosquito-borne virus that is circulating in Europe causing massive outbreaks in birds. Transmission to humans is documented, with some reports of severe neurological disease. However, the real size of transmission to humans suffers from lack of data due to insufficient surveillance. The first confirmed case of human USUV infection in an asymptomatic blood donor from North-Eastern Italy is hereby demonstrated by molecular assays and virus isolation. Specific Usutu virus serology has also been developed taking advantage of the NS1 viral antigen, which is tested on a number of blood donors demonstrating a high level of Usutu positivity. These findings confirm the human transmission in the region and offer a novel tool for specific Usutu virus surveillance. Finally, two drugs that were previously shown to have a wide spectrum of activity towards members of this family of viruses are shown to inhibit also Usutu virus, opening the way to a novel class antivirals.

Published
2020

46. Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 in Vaccine-naive Pregnant Women: Assessment of IgG and IgA Antibody Profile at Delivery and 42 Days Postpartum.

Author

Druškovič M, Lučovnik M, Mesarič VA, Kavšek G, Vidmar Šimic M, Trojner Bregar A, Avšič Županc T, Ihan A, and Premru Sršen T

Subjects
Humans, Female, Pregnancy, Adult, Prospective Studies, Young Adult, COVID-19 immunology, COVID-19 prevention & control, SARS-CoV-2 immunology, Immunoglobulin G blood, Immunoglobulin G immunology, Immunoglobulin A blood, Immunoglobulin A immunology, Antibodies, Viral blood, Antibodies, Viral immunology, Postpartum Period immunology, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious immunology
Abstract

This prospective cohort study assessed the SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA Ab profiles at delivery and 42 d postpartum in unvaccinated SARS-CoV-2-positive pregnant women and determined the association with the timing and the clinical course of the infection. A total of 387 vaccine-naive women with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy were included. IgG and IgA Abs were detected in maternal blood at delivery and 42 d postpartum using ELISA kits. The relationships between Ab detection and value and clinical features, including the timing of the infection, were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic and linear regression models. The mean gestational age at infection was 31 4/7 wk of pregnancy. Symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection were present in 88.1% of women. IgG and IgA Abs were detected in 45.7 and 58.9% at delivery, respectively, increasing to 72.7 and 76.8% at 42 d postpartum. Detection of IgG and IgA Abs in maternal blood at delivery was independently associated with symptomatic infection (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.13, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.47-6.69 and adjusted OR 3.62, 95% CI: 1.8-7.26, respectively), but not with the time from positive swab to delivery or gestational age at positive swab. Detection of Abs at 42 d postpartum was also strongly associated with the detection of Abs at delivery (OR 29.97, 95% CI: 10.11-88.82 for IgG and OR 13.09, 95% CI: 6.37-26.9 for IgA). Vaccine-naive pregnant women exhibit a significant and durable immune response to SARS-CoV-2, which is more pronounced in symptomatic women but independent of gestational age at diagnosis or the diagnosis-to-delivery interval., (Copyright © 2024 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc.)

Published
2024
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47. Poor virus-specific T-cell responses early after tick-borne encephalitis virus infection correlate with disease severity.

Author

Aregay A, Slunečko J, Bogovic P, Korva M, Resman Rus K, Knap N, Beicht J, Kubinski M, Saletti G, Steffen I, Strle F, Avšič-Županc T, Osterhaus ADME, and Rimmelzwaan GF

Subjects
Humans, Male, Female, Middle Aged, Adult, Severity of Illness Index, Aged, Viral Nonstructural Proteins immunology, Encephalitis, Tick-Borne immunology, Encephalitis, Tick-Borne virology, Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne immunology, T-Lymphocytes immunology, Antibodies, Viral blood, Antibodies, Viral immunology
Abstract

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection may cause acute central nervous system inflammation varying in clinical manifestations and severity. A possible correlation of TBEV-specific antibody and cell-mediated immune responses, shortly after infection, with clinical manifestations, severity and long-term outcome has been poorly investigated. In a cohort of thirty early tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) patients, we assessed the magnitude, specificity and functional properties of TBEV-specific T-cell and antibody responses. These responses early during disease were assessed in view of clinical manifestations, severity and long-term outcome. TBEV-specific T-cell responses to C, E, NS1, and NS5 proteins were significantly lower in patients with severe acute illness than in patients with mild TBE. Lower T-cell responses to E, NS1, and NS5 proteins also correlated with the development of meningoencephalomyelitis. Virus-specific antibody titres early after infection did not correlate with disease severity, clinical manifestations, or long-term outcome in this study, possibly due to the small number of patients of which matching serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were available. The findings suggest that virus-specific T cells afford a certain degree of protection against the development of severe TBEV-induced disease.

Published
2024
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48. Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine breakthrough infections induce aberrant T cell and antibody responses to non-structural proteins.

Author

Aregay A, Slunečko J, Korva M, Bogovic P, Resman Rus K, Knap N, Beicht J, Kubinski M, Saletti G, Avšič-Županc T, Steffen I, Strle F, Osterhaus ADME, and Rimmelzwaan GF

Abstract

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) vaccine breakthrough (VBT) infections are not uncommon in endemic areas. The clinical and immunological outcomes have been poorly investigated. We assessed the magnitude and specificity of virus-specific antibody and T cell responses after TBE in previously vaccinated subjects and compared the results with those of unvaccinated TBE patients and study subjects that received vaccination without VBT infection. Symptomatic TBEV infection of unvaccinated study subjects induced virus-specific antibody responses to the E protein and non-structural protein 1 (NS1) as well as T cell responses to structural and other non-structural (NS) proteins. After VBT infections, significantly impaired NS1-specific antibody responses were observed, while the virus-specific T cell responses to the NS proteins were relatively strong. VBT infection caused predominantly moderate to severe disease during hospitalization. The level of TBEV EDIII- and NS1-specific antibodies in unvaccinated convalescent patients inversely correlated with TBE severity and neurological symptoms early after infection., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Published
2024
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49. Serological response after COVID-19 infection compared to vaccination against COVID-19 in children with autoimmune rheumatic diseases.

Author

Šinkovec Savšek T, Zajc Avramovič M, Avčin T, Korva M, Avšič-Županc T, and Toplak N

Subjects
Humans, Male, Child, Female, Adolescent, Immunoglobulin G blood, Vaccination methods, COVID-19 Vaccines immunology, COVID-19 Vaccines adverse effects, COVID-19 Vaccines administration & dosage, Immunoglobulin A blood, Immunoglobulin A immunology, COVID-19 prevention & control, COVID-19 immunology, Rheumatic Diseases immunology, Rheumatic Diseases drug therapy, BNT162 Vaccine immunology, Autoimmune Diseases immunology, Antibodies, Viral blood, SARS-CoV-2 immunology
Abstract

Background: Paediatric patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases (pARD) have a dysregulated immune system, so infections present a major threat to them. To prevent severe COVID-19 infections we aimed to vaccinate them as soon as possible. Studies have shown that the BNT162b2 vaccine is safe, effective, and immunogenic, however, in a short observation period, only., Methods: The main objective was to compare the serological response between three groups of pARD: after SARS-CoV-2 infection, after vaccination against COVID-19 with two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine, and after experiencing both events. Data on demographics, diagnosis, therapy, and serology (anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG/IgA) were collected from March 2020 to April 2022. For statistical analysis ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were applied. To compare adverse events (AE) after vaccination we included a control group of healthy adolescents., Results: We collected data from 115 pARD; from 92 after infection and 47 after vaccination. Twenty-four were included in both groups. Serological data were available for 47 pARD after infection, 25 after vaccination, and 21 after both events. Serological response was better after vaccination and after both events compared to after infection only. No effect of medication on the antibody levels was noted. The safety profile of the vaccine was good. Systemic AE after the first dose of the vaccine were more common in healthy adolescents compared to pARD. In the observation period of 41.3 weeks, 60% of vaccinated pARD did not experience a symptomatic COVID-19 infection., Conclusions: IgG and IgA anti-SARS-CoV-2 levels were higher after vaccination and after both events compared to after infection only. Six months after vaccination we observed an increase in antibody levels, suggesting that pARD had been exposed to SARS-CoV-2 but remained asymptomatic., Trial Registration: The study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Republic of Slovenia (document number: 0120-485/2021/6)., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Published
2024
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50. Influenza A, Influenza B, human respiratory syncytial virus and SARSCoV-2 molecular diagnostics and epidemiology in the post COVID-19 era.

Author

Luštrek M, Cesar Z, Suljič A, Kogoj R, Knap N, Virant MJ, Uršič T, Petrovec M, Avšič-Županc T, and Korva M

Subjects
Humans, Male, Female, Coinfection epidemiology, Coinfection diagnosis, Middle Aged, Adult, Molecular Diagnostic Techniques methods, Seasons, Aged, COVID-19 epidemiology, COVID-19 diagnosis, Influenza B virus isolation & purification, Influenza B virus genetics, Influenza, Human epidemiology, Influenza, Human diagnosis, Influenza, Human virology, SARS-CoV-2 genetics, SARS-CoV-2 isolation & purification, Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections epidemiology, Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections diagnosis, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human isolation & purification, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human genetics, Influenza A virus isolation & purification, Influenza A virus genetics
Abstract

Background: The concurrent circulation of SARS-CoV-2 with other respiratory viruses is unstoppable and represents a new diagnostic reality for clinicians and clinical microbiology laboratories. Multiplexed molecular testing on automated platforms that focus on the simultaneous detection of multiple respiratory viruses in a single tube is a useful approach for current and future diagnosis of respiratory infections in the clinical setting., Methods: Two time periods were included in the study: from February to April 2022, an early 2022 period, during the gradual lifting of COVID-19 prevention measures in the country, and from October 2022 to April 2023, the 2022/23 respiratory infections season. We analysed a total of 1,918 samples in the first period and 18,131 respiratory samples in the second period using a multiplex molecular assay for the simultaneous detection of Influenza A (Flu-A), Influenza B (Flu-B), Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (HRSV) and SARS-CoV-2., Results: The results from early 2022 showed a strong dominance of SARS-CoV-2 infections with 1,267/1,918 (66.1%) cases. Flu-A was detected in 30/1,918 (1.6%) samples, HRSV in 14/1,918 (0.7%) samples, and Flu-B in 2/1,918 (0.1%) samples. Flu-A/SARS-CoV-2 co-detections were observed in 11/1,267 (0.9%) samples, and HRSV/SARS-CoV-2 co-detection in 5/1,267 (0.4%) samples. During the 2022/23 winter respiratory season, SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 1,738/18,131 (9.6%), Flu-A in 628/18,131 (3.5%), Flu-B in 106/18,131 (0.6%), and HRSV in 505/18,131 (2.8%) samples. Interestingly, co-detections were present to a similar extent as in early 2022., Conclusion: The results show that the multiplex molecular approach is a valuable tool for the simultaneous laboratory diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2, Flu-A/B, and HRSV in hospitalized and outpatients. Infections with Flu-A/B, and HRSV occurred shortly after the COVID-19 control measures were lifted, so a strong reoccurrence of various respiratory infections and co-detections in the post COVID-19 period was to be expected., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Published
2024
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