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Mangroves are one of the most productive ecosystems which support biodiversity of aquatic invertebrate and vertebrates. Many local fishermen in Labuhan village, Sepulu, Bangkalan – East Java depends on the existence of mangrove for fisheries production, including economically important species. This study aimed to determine the diversity of fish within mangrove (the inner mangrove/IM) and coastal water in front of mangrove (the outer mangrove/OM). Samplings with several active and passive fishing gears (scoop net, gill net, fish trap) were conducted three times during high tide periods in June 2021, October 2021 and July 2022. The fish diversity analyzed with the Shannon-Wiener (H') diversity index while similarity of fish communities was approached using the Sorensen similarity index. A total of 36 fish species were identified, with 23 species recorded from IM and 22 species from OM. The IM always has higher species richness and abundance, that is 20.33±0.58 species and 125.33±26.27 individuals compared to the OM with 13.33±3.06 species and 36.67±13.01 individuals. The IM also has a relatively higher value of H’ (2.49±0.06) than OM (2.207±0.18). The value of Sorensen index was 0.419 with only 9 shared species in both areas. The most dominant species in the IM is Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) while in OM there is Singapore glass perchlet (Ambassis kopsii). Sixteen species are considered having economic value; with most of high economic important species, e.g. Milkfish (Chanos chanos), Greenback mullet (Planiliza subviridis), Great barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda) and Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) were usually caught at juvenile and/or immature stages.

Macrozoobenthos communities play significant ecological roles in coral reef ecosystems. However, they are frequently overlooked due to their cryptic appearance, and their diversity remains undiscovered, particularly in Indonesia. This comprehensive review of publications on the macrozoobenthos in the coral reef ecosystems of Java - the most populated island in Indonesia, was conducted to compile a species list and gain an overview of its community composition. We also assessed the existence of species that are frequently reported, endemic, protected, and threatened. Data analysis was performed with data from 53 publications appearing from the 1980s to 2022. In total, 482 species belonging to 4 phyla and 9 classes have been recorded. Mollusca is the most speciose phylum (n = 321), followed by Echinodermata (n = 106), Arthropoda (n = 49), and Platyhelminthes (n = 6). Generally, the northern part of Java is well studied and has larger numbers of recorded phyla and species. The highest species number (n = 266) has been recorded off the northern coast of West Java, while there are around 25–99 species in other regions. Echinoderms species such as Culcita novaeguineae, Diadema setosum, Echinothrix calamaris, and Holothuria atra had relatively higher occurrences than other taxa. We also noted the occurrence of giant clam Hippopus hippopus, which is protected by Indonesian law. This review provides fundamental knowledge of macrozoobenthic diversity in the coral reefs of Java, making it available to global audiences. However, it revealed a lack of research on benthic fauna in several areas with moderate to good coral cover conditions. Further research is needed to explore macrozoobenthic species richness in this region thoroughly, and periodic monitoring is essential to provide early warnings of possible changes and biodiversity loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]