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The Seychelles scale, Icerya seychellarum (Westwood, 1855) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Monophlebidae), is reported for the first time in Italy. Moreover, the occurrence of the white mango scale, Aulacaspis tubercularis (Newstead, 1906) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae), firstly reported in 1990 on mango trees growing outdoors in a nursery near Milazzo (Messina province, Sicily), and then intercepted in 2013 on mango plants imported from Florida (USA) to the Botanical Garden in Padova (Italy), is confirmed. Both species were found in two Sicilian mango orchards located in the province of Messina. Their introduction is most likely due to the orchards planting using infested mango nursery plants. The potential impact of these species, which in the Mediterranean area appeared to be occasionally invasive, is briefly discussed.

White Mango Scale (WMS), Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), was occurred in Ethiopia in 2010. It was introduced from Asia (India) through infected mango seedlings. Currently the insect problems increase to different parts of Ethiopia. This survey was initiated with the objectives of gathering perception of mango growing farmers on mango WMS insect status and its management methods. Semi-structured questionnaires were administered to mango growing farmers selected at random with majority being members of the banana and mango producers. Survey result shows that white mango scale insect is present at all the studied area and all the interviewed farmers responded that their mango tree was faced with some sort of insect problem and some farmers started to manage this insect by cultural and chemical methods. From the interviewed mango growers, 57.3% were knowledge on white mango scale insect and they thought it causes high amount of yield loss. Sixty percent of the respondents use one or combination of control methods of the pest. Further systematic study is needed to implement informed management system to control this emerging mango pest.

Simple Summary The white mango scale Aulacaspis tubercularis is an invasive pest that causes important damage to mango crops in Southern Spain. The use of integrated management strategies (cultural, biological, and chemical control) is recommended for its effective and sustainable management. Among cultural control measures, fruit bagging technology is being widely used in some mango production regions prior to harvest to protect fruit from diseases, pests, and mechanical damage. However, despite the proven efficacy of bagging, its usefulness has still not been proved to control A. tubercularis infestations on mango fruits. In this study, we evaluated not only the mango bagging efficacy on A. tubercularis control but also its effects on the development and quality of bagged fruits. We tested two commercial types of bags (a yellow satin paper bag and a white muslin cloth bag) commonly used to cover several other fruits. Both bags were effective in reducing the pest incidence and damage caused by A. tubercularis when mango fruits were bagged before the scales migrated to them. Our findings indicate that the use of bags for the pre-harvest protection of mango fruits is feasible, and it may improve their development (weight and size) and quality (color and soluble solids). Abstract Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) is the main pest of mango, Mangifera indica L., in Spain, causing significant economic losses by aesthetic damage that reduce the commercial value of fruit. Bagging fruit with two commercial bags (a yellow satin paper and a white muslin cloth bag) was evaluated for control of A. tubercularis in two organic mango orchards during the 2020 cropping season in pursuit of the development of a mango IPM program to produce pest-free and residue-free fruits. Results from fruit damage evaluations at harvest showed that bagging significantly reduced pest incidence and fruit damage compared with non-bagged plots. Of the two bags evaluated, white muslin cloth bag provided higher levels of fruit protection from A. tubercularis damage, reducing the non-commercial fruit percentage by up to 93.42%. Fruit quality assessment indicated that weight and size of bagged fruit were significantly higher than the non-bagged. Paper-bagged mangoes showed higher whiteness and yellowness compared to the other treatments. Soluble solids content (ºBrix) was higher in paper-bagged fruit than all other treatment plots. The results from this study indicate that pre-harvest fruit bagging is effective at controlling A. tubercularis and should be integrated into an IPM program for Spanish mango production.

The white mango scale insect (WMS), Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead, 1906 is a key pest of mango in Ethiopia, which has been spreading throughout the country since its introduction in 2010. Evaluation of the efficacy of two systemic soil drenching insecticides (thiamethoxam 25 % WG and imidacloprid 35 % SC) independently, and in combination with tree management (pruning) for the control of the WMS was conducted under field conditions in western Ethiopia in two locations in 2018 and 2019. Randomized complete block designs with three replications were used for the experiments. In the first site, all treatments resulted in scale populations that were significantly lower than the control (1086 crawlers and females per leaf). Thiamethoxam 25 % WG at 12 g/tree + pruning resulted in the lowest number of the WMS after the second treatment (43.5 per leaf) followed by thiamethoxam 25 % WG at 18 g/tree + pruning, which was statistically similar. In the second site, imidacloprid 35 % SC + thiamethoxam 25 % WG at 18 g/tree + pruning, resulted in the lowest mean number of the WMS (31.1 per leaf) followed by thiamethoxam 25 % WG at 12 g/tree + pruning (61.4 per leaf). This treatment also gave the highest percentage reduction in number of the WMS compared to the WMS counting before treatment application. This study has shown that use of systemic insecticides and pruning are promising control tactics for the WMS. Cost implications and effects of the insecticides on the natural enemy complex and residual toxicity in fruits need to be evaluated.

El mango es el frutal de mayor importancia socioeconómica del estado de Guerrero. La escama blanca del mango (EBM), Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead, es una plaga emergente de importancia económica en México, debido a que daña el follaje y ramas de árboles de mango, así como la apariencia de frutos destinados a exportación y mercado nacional. El objetivo del estudio fue conocer la distribución e intensidad de infestación de la plaga en los diferentes cultivares de mango de las regiones productoras del estado de Guerrero, lo cual es importante para implementar medidas de control. Durante los ciclos 2012-2013 y 2013-2014 de muestreo se encontraron diferencias significativas en la abundancia de las poblaciones de A. tubercularis entre las distintas áreas productoras de mango. La EBM se encontró en las regiones de la Costa Grande, Acapulco y la Costa Chica, las cuales conforman el área de mayor producción del estado. En las regiones de Tierra Caliente y Norte no se encontraron indicios de la presencia de la plaga. Los municipios con mayor incidencia fueron San Jerónimo con 2.91 total EBM/hoja, seguido por Juchitán, Marquelia y Tecpan de Galeana, con un promedio de 1.25, 1.23 y 1.23 individuos/hoja respectivamente. El cultivar que registró mayor presencia de escama blanca fueron Manila, seguido por Ataulfo, Tommy Atkings y Haden, y en menor cantidad Kent y el denominado criollo.

Se realizó un estudio en la zona productora de mango del Sur del Sinaloa, México, con el objetivo de determinar la distribución temporal y espacial de la escama blanca del mango Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead (EBM). Para obtener la fluctuación poblacional de la escama, se examinó su presencia durante dos años (2012-14) en los tres principales cultivares de Sinaloa: Ataulfo, Kent y Keitt. La distribución geográfica se obtuvo mediante el muestreo de huertos de mango en los municipios de Rosario y Escuinapa, Sin. Durante los dos años se muestrearon 221 lotes comerciales de los cultivares Ataulfo, Haden, Keitt, Kent, Manila y Tommy Atkins. Respecto a la fluctuación poblacional, las densidades de población de la escama variaron entre fechas de muestreo realizadas durante el año y entre los cultivares evaluados. La población de A. tubercularis registró tres etapas de desarrollo: Durante y después el periodo de lluvias (julio-octubre) la población fue la más baja. Escasa prevalencia durante temperaturas bajas (noviembre-febrero) y con las poblaciones más altas durante el periodo de temperaturas altas y/o sin lluvias (marzo- julio). Con relación a la distribución espacial, la escama blanca del mango se registró en el 90% de la zona productora del sur de Sinaloa, en la localidad El Capomal municipio de Escuinapa, Sinaloa; ‘Manila’ fue el cultivar mayormente infestado.

Studies on some ecological aspects of Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) and its associated parasitoids and predators on mango trees were carried out at Benha district, Qaliobiya Governorate, Egypt, during two successive years (2014- 2015 and 2015- 2016). The obtained results showed that A. tubercularis had four peaks of activity during April, June, September and January and also, had four overlapping generations in the two seasons of study. Three species of predators were Chrysoperlla carnae (Stephens), Hemisarcoptes coccophagus (Meyer) and Chilocorus bipustulatus (Linnaeus) and three parasitoids species were Habrolepissp. Encarsia sp.and Aphytis sp. were found associated with A. tubercularis on mango leaves. The highest population was in autumn and summer and lowest population was in winter. The heaviest infestations of A. tubercularis were recorded in south and east directions and the upper leaf surface was preferable compared with the lower.

This research was initiated following the outbreak of Aulacaspis tubercularis in bench Maji zone with the objective to assess information about occurrence and extent of pest infestation and distribution. Informal survey was conducted first to have a better insight and identify the major pest infested areas. Accordingly, three infested Kebeles namely, Otowa chole, Kuja and Berji in Guraferda woreda were purposefully selected. Among the three districts; only the farmers in Otowa Chole were interviewed about the case. A total of 45 respondents were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires. For rating infestation level over season five mango trees were randomly selected and marked in the each Kebele. Ten leaves were randomly picked from each tree for counting the clusters of white scales formed on leaves using magnifying lens. The data collected on periodic field inspection and farmers interview were subjected to statistical analysis using SAS and SPSS software, respectively. The survey result indicated that the newly emerged pest was spread from its original infestation area to some mango growing neighboring districts and caused a significant yield reduction in mango plant. The survey also indicated that no significant control method was practiced by the farmers. Rate of infestation was influenced by interaction effect of Kebele and season. Status of pest infestation in each kebele over season showed that rate of pest infestation varied from moderate to severe. However, both the magnitude and pattern of pest infestations were not the same at all Kebeles and season. Due to poor quarantine system in the country the pest is aggressively invading the major mango producing areas of the Zone. Thus, identification of effective bio-control agents that is environmentally safe and cost effective method is highly recommended as sustainable solution to save the whole mango loss from the country. Key words: Mango, Aulacaspis tubercularis, assessment, infestation.

La escama blanca del mango (Aulacaspis tubercularis NEWSTEAD) es una plaga que en la última década se ha convertido en un problema serio en el cultivo del mango. Este insecto provoca reducci´on en la fotosíntesis y daño cosmético a la fruta, afectando la exportación. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la toxicidad de diferentes insecticidas para contar con mayores alternativas químicas en el control de este insecto. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar con cuatro repeticiones bajo condiciones de laboratorio. Se realizaron 2 evaluaciones de toxicidad contra hembras a las 3 y 24 horas después de la aplicación, en machos se evaluó a las 3 horas de la aplicaci´on. Las dosis de monolaurato de propilenglicol (1175.4 y 2357.9 ppm) y aceite mineral (2940 y 3920 ppm) alcanzaron una alta mortalidad en los bioensayos de las hembras, 100 y 98 % respectivamente. La CL50 de cipermetrina (23.49 ppm) y aceite mineral (368.6 ppm) en los bioensayos de hembras se ubicaron por debajo de las dosis evaluadas en el estudio. El insecticida aceite mineral con dosis de 3920 ppm obtuvo el mejor control en machos con 60 % y su CL50 = 1418 ppm se ubica dentro de las dosis medias aplicadas. Dentro de los productos evaluados, los mejores productos fueron el aceite mineral y monolaurato de propilenglicol debido a la alta mortalidad que ocasionaron tanto en hembras como en machos.

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is an intensively cultivated fruit in Mexico, the leading exporter of this product in the world. One important limiting factor in mango production is the white mango scale (Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead; Hemiptera: Diaspididae). White mango scale infestation causes irreversible leaf yellowing and death, and it lowers fruit quality below export requirements. Feeding mechanisms of these diaspidids have not been extensively studied; no histological studies on this subject are known. We histologically analyzed leaf tissues penetrated by the stylet bundle (SB) of white mango scale females, in order to follow the SB cellular path, to observe the extent of visually-detectable leaf cell damage, and to determine if this insect feeds on phloem sap. Mango plants of cv. ‘Manila' were artificially infested with this insect in the laboratory. Histological slices from infested leaves were processed for microscope observation of the intact SB. Through this process a complete SB cou...

Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead, 1906 Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead, 1906: 73. PUBLISHED RECORDS IN NEW CALEDONIA. ��� Cohic (1956, 1958a); Brun & Chazeau (1986); Miller & Davidson (2005). DISTRIBUTION IN NEW CALEDONIA. ��� West Coast of Grande Terre. OTHER RECORDS. ��� Almost cosmopolitan. HOST- PLANTS IN NEW CALEDONIA. ��� Cocos nucifera., Published as part of Mille, Christian, Henderson, Rosa C., Caz��res, Sylvie & Jourdan, Herv��, 2016, Checklist of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha) of New Caledonia, pp. 129-176 in Zoosystema 38 (2) on page 137, DOI: 10.5252/z2016n2a1, http://zenodo.org/record/4578222, {"references":["NEWSTEAD R. 1906. - General entomology. (Identification of Egyptian insect pests; list of other known African species; preliminary report on collection of insects sent from Khedival Agricultural Society for identification). Quarterly Journal, Institute of Commercial Research in the Tropics. University of Liverpool 1: 68 - 72.","COHIC F. 1956. - Parasites animaux des plantes cultivees en Nouvelle- Caledonie et Dependances. Institut francais d'Oceanie, Noumea, 92 p.","COHIC F. 1958 a. - Contribution a l'etude des cochenilles d'interet economique de Nouvelle-Caledonie et Dependances. South Pacific Commission, Technical Paper 116: 35 p.","BRUN L. - O. & CHAZEAU J. 1986. - Catalogue des ravageurs d'interet agricole de Nouvelle-Caledonie. ORSTOM, Centre de Noumea, 2 e ed., 130 p.","MILLER D. R. & DAVIDSON J. A. 2005. - Armored Scale Insect Pests of Trees and Shrubs (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Ithaca, NY, Comstock Publishing Associates, 442 p."]}

Aulacaspis tubercularis (Newstead, 1906) Especie cosmopolita, polífaga, produce daños considerables sobre frutos. A nivel mundial se la reconoce como el principal diaspídido plaga de mango, puede encontrarse en tallo, rama, hoja y fruto (Watson 2002). Registrada en Argentina por Amún et al. (2012). Plantas huéspedes: Mangifera indica y P. americana. Se la encontró en forma constante sobre mango, en poblaciones elevadas, en hoja, rama y fruto. En palto es ocasional, en plantas próximas a mangos infestados. Material estudiado: Argentina- Tucumán: Chicligasta-Muyo (27°22 ′ 05,20 ″ S, 65°41 ′ 20,90 ″ O, 489 m. s.n.m. de altitud), 10 hembras adultas, 2 preparaciones microscópicas, 25.ene.2011 (nº col. 776-1; 776-2), 23 hembras adultas, cinco preparaciones microscópicas, 14.abr.2012 (nº col. 768-1; 768-2; 768-3; 774-1; 774-2), ex Mangifera indica; mismos datos, 6 hembras adultas, cuatro preparaciones microscópicas, 09.jul.2013 (nº col. 767-1; 767-2; 767-3;767-4); 4 hembras adultas, un preparado microscópico, 09.jul-2013 (nº col. 771), Amún col. todas, ex Persea americana; Chicligasta - Alpachiri (27°21 ′ 13,00 ″ S- 65°43 ′ 55,71 ″ O, 570 m. s.n.m. de altitud), 5 hembras adultas, una preparación microscópica, 19.oct.2013, ex Mangifera indica (nº col. 769), todas Amún C. col y det; Yerba Buena (26°50 ′ 00 ″ S,- 65°28 ′ 00,00 ″ O, 490 m. s.n.m. de altitud), 2 hembras adultas, una preparación microscópica, 20.oct.2013, Claps L. col., ex Mangifera indica, Amún C. det. (nº col. 770); Jujuy: Chalicán (24°04 ′ 15 ″ S, 64°48 ′ 03,00 ″ O, 555 m. s.n.m. de altitud), 2 hembras adultas, una preparación microscópica, 09.abr.2012 (nº col. 772); Calilegua (23°55 ′ 00 ″ S, 64°50 ′ 32,00 ″ O, 449 m. s.n.m. de altitud), 9 hembras adultas, 2 preparaciones microscópicas, 10.abr.2012 (nº col. 773-1, 773-2), todas Amún C. y Claps L. col., ex Mangifera indica, Claps L. det., Published as part of Amún, Cristian & Claps, Lucía E., 2015, Listado actualizado de diaspídidos sobre frutos tropicales y primer registro de Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli (Cooley) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) para la Argentina, pp. 1-11 in Insecta Mundi 2015 (449) on page 3, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5353193, {"references":["Newstead, D. R. 1906. Report on the insects sent from der Kaiserliche biologische anstalt fur lan. Und forst wirtschaft Dahlen - Berlin. Quarterly Journal. Institute of Commercial Research in the Tropics 1: 73 - 74.","Watson, G. W. 2002. Arthropods of Economic Importance: Diaspididae. World Biodiversity Database. (Disponible en: http: // wbd. etibioinformatics. nl / bis / diaspididae. php? menuentry = inleiding. Ultimo acceso 1 de octubre de 2015).","Amun C., L. E Claps, y M. A. Saracho Bottero. 2012. Primera cita de Aulacaspis tubercularis (Insecta, Hemiptera, Diaspididae) sobre Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae), para la Argentina. Revista Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 71 (3 - 4): 289 - 291."]}

The research work was conducted during two successive years 2005 and 2006 on the seasonal abundance and some ecological aspectsof the mango scale insect, Aulacaspis tubercularis infesting mango trees at Qualubia Governorate .The obtained results denoted that this insect had three peaks which occurred during March, June and November through each of the two studied years while the lowest population was registrated in mid. July Also, data clearly showed that A. tubercularis had four overlapping annual generations during the two studied years. Statistical analysis showed that the climate factors affected the activity of A. tubercularis. Results proved that there were positive correlation between temperature (Min. & Mix.) and all annual generations through the two studied years except the third one. The data proved a negative correlation between R.H % and all insect generations except the second one in the first year.It is advisable to apply pesticides from mid July till the end of August as summer spraying which was more suitable for, controlling A. tubercularis infesting mango trees .

Six species of aulacaspis scales, Aulacaspis crawii (Cockerell), Aulacaspis madiunensis (Zehntner), Aulacaspis neospinosa Tang, Aulacaspis spinosa (Maskell), Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead and Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi, have been taken in quarantine at the republic of Korea ports of entry between 1996 and 2005. We have also found the specimens of A. yasumatsui Takagi on Cycas plants from Malaysia and Taiwan and provide a key with illustrative photographs to identify intercepted specimens of Aulacaspis.

Ante la amplia distribución y los daños que produce en Nayarit la escama blanca del mango (EBM) Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead, se establecieron seis experimentos en condiciones de campo durante los años de 2004 a 2007. El objetivo fue evaluar la eficacia biológica de productos con propiedades insecticidas contra la EBM, como posibles opciones para el control de la plaga. Los estudios se realizaron en huertos comerciales de mango ‘Ataulfo’ y ‘Haden’ situados en Las Varas y Atonalisco, Nayarit. Se evaluaron varias dosis de cuatro insecticidas sintéticos, dos detergentes comerciales, aceite mineral (citrolina), mezclas de citrolina más malatión y un concentrado comercial de ajo. Las variables fueron: número de hembras, colonias de machos y total de individuos por hoja. Con las mezclas de citrolina (50 mL L-1) + malatión (1.11 mL L-1 o 2.22 mL L-1), se obtuvo hasta 98.3 % y 100 % de control de escamas, respectivamente. Las aspersiones de piriproxifeno (0.3 mL L-1) o dimetoato (2.0 mL L-1), controlaron el 100 % de la EBM. Con el aceite mineral (citrolina) aplicado a dosis de 50 mL L-1 o 75 mL L-1, el máximo control de escamas fue 91.3 % y 97.5 %, respectivamente.Con los detergentes comerciales Roma® y Ariel® (20 g L-1) se lograron los mejores controles durante la primera semana con 75.5 % y 55.3 %, respectivamente. Los resultados con cipermetrina a 0.24 y 0.36 mL L-1, y con el producto a base de ajo fueron inconsistentes.

Con el propósito de identificar las plagas asociadas al mango así como también evaluar los insecticidas como son aceite mineral, azufre, spinosad e imidacloprid contra ellas, se realizó un estudio en la región de Costa Grande, Guerrero, México. La aplicación de estos productos se realizó con base de umbrales de acción. Se empleó un diseño experimental de bloques al azar con cinco tratamientos incluyendo el testigo, con cuatro repeticiones. Se registraron temperatura y humedad para correlacionarlas con las poblaciones. Las especies predominantes fueron Frankliniella invasor y Aulacaspis tubercularis, no hubo correlación significativa entre las poblaciones de ambas plagas y la temperatura, pero hubo correlación negativa con la humedad. Los tratamientos no fueron efectivos ya que las poblaciones descendieron con o sin tratamientos. No se detectó diferencia significativa en daños a la calidad de los frutos, todos mantuvieron un nivel de daño de leve a moderado. _______________ EVALUATION OF CHEMICAL TREATMENTS AGAINST PESTS OF MANGO (Mangifera indica) IN COSTA GRANDE, GUERRERO, MEXICO. ABSTRACT: In order to identify pests associated to mango and to evaluate insecticides such as mineral oil, sulfur, spinosad and imidacloprid against them, we conducted a study in the region of Costa Grande, Guerrero, Mexico. The application of these products was made based on action thresholds. An experimental design of randomized blocks was used with five treatments including control, with four replicates. Temperature and humidity were recorded to correlate with populations. Frankliniella invsasor and Aulacaspis tubercularis were the predominant species; there was no significant correlation between their populations and temperature, although there was a negative correlation between pest populations and moisture. No significant difference was detected in fruit injuries, all the fruits kept at a level of mild to moderate damage.

Los estudios se desarrollaron de 2003 a 2005 en huertos comerciales de tres cultivares de mango en Las Varas, Nayarit, México, con los objetivos siguientes: a) generar información sobre la fluctuación poblacional anual y b) la distribución dentro de los árboles de la escama blanca del mango. Se determinó que Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) es la especie que ataca al mango en Nayarit. Ocurrieron tres fases en el crecimiento poblacional durante el año. Una de baja densidad, desde el final de las lluvias (septiembre) hasta diciembre, otra de incremento poblacional de marzo hasta inicio de lluvias (julio) y la tercera de drástica reducción de poblaciones durante el periodo de lluvias (julio-agosto). La presencia de escama blanca en follaje fue más abundante en 'Tommy Atkins' y en 'Ataulfo' que en 'Haden'. Respecto a los frutos, las escamas fueron más abundantes en 'Tommy Atkins' y en menor cantidad en 'Ataulfo'. A. tubercularis se distribuyó con mayor densidad en la parte sur y en menor proporción en la parte oeste de los árboles. Se localizó en mayor cantidad en el penúltimo flujo vegetativo (brote interno) que en el último flujo (externo) de los árboles y también fue más abundante en el haz que en el envés de las hojas.

As pragas inseticidas sobre a mangueira indica podem causar perdas de produção de frutos, como pode ser o caso das cochonilhas. Foi feito levantamento da incidência de cochonilhas Aulacaspis turbecularis e Lecanium sp. e avaliado seu parasitismo para a seleção de medidas fitossanitárias a serem adotadas. Observou-se reduzida a incidência desses insetos que estão sendo mantidos sob eficiente controle exercido pelo braconídeos parasitódes, ocorrendo baixa incidência das cochonilhas com alta porcentagem de parasitismo. As pulverizações contra cochonilhas nos pomares estudados além de dispensáveis, deveriam ser evitadas para a preservação de seus inimigos naturais. Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-28T22:35:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1991AP004WatanabeControle1482.pdf: 2071175 bytes, checksum: 710edb05c4b3b9c5b3a50a8a584b1b8a (MD5) Previous issue date: 1993-08-24

MANGOES (MANGIFERA INDICA L.) SUSCEPTIBILITY TO AULACASPIS TUBERCULARIS NEWSTEAD (HOMOPTERA: DIASPIDIDAE) IN PUERTO RICO