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This checklist contains taxonomic information and distributions for 720 drosophilid species, including all species descended from the most recent common ancestor of the Hawaiian Drosophilidae and all adventive species present in the Hawaiian Islands. The ancestor of the Hawaiian Drosophilidae colonized the archipelago roughly 25 million years ago and now includes 689 described taxa. This includes species placed in the genus Scaptomyza (273 spp), only some of which are Hawaiian endemics (148 spp), and all endemic Hawaiian Drosophila (416 spp). There are also 33 adventive species that have been introduced to Hawaii in the past ~200 years. Taxonomic placement, to the level of species subgroup, and all references related to replacement names and synonyms are included. This is the first comprehensive list to be published in over a decade and includes many recent changes and additions to the fauna, including 130 new species names. This checklist will serve as the basis for future revisionary work on the endemic Hawaiian Drosophilidae, particularly the genus Scaptomyza.

The genus Scaptomyza is one of the two Drosophilidae genera with Hawaiian endemic species. This genus is an excellent model for biogeographic studies since it is distributed throughout the majority of continents, including continental islands, the Hawaiian Islands, and many other remote oceanic islands. This genus currently comprises 273 described species, 148 of which are endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. However, most descriptions were published before efforts to standardizing the morphological terminology across the Diptera were made in the 1980’s. Since research groups developed their own set of terminologies independently, without considering homologies, multiple terms have been used to refer to the same characters. This is especially true for the male terminalia, which have remarkable modifications within the family Drosophilidae. We reviewed the Scaptomyza literature, in addition to other studies across the Drosophilidae and Diptera, compiled the English synonyms, and provided a visual atlas of each body part, indicating how to recognize the morphological characters. The goal of the present study is to facilitate species identification and propose preferred terms to be adopted for future Scaptomyza descriptions.

The model organism Drosophila melanogaster has become a focal system for investigations of rapidly evolving genital morphology as well as the development and functions of insect reproductive structures. To follow up on a previous paper outlining unifying terminology for the structures of the male terminalia in this species, we offer here a detailed description of the female terminalia of D. melanogaster. Informative diagrams and micrographs are presented to provide a comprehensive overview of the external and internal reproductive structures of females. We propose a collection of terms and definitions to standardize the terminology associated with the female terminalia in D. melanogaster and we provide a correspondence table with the terms previously used. Unifying terminology for both males and females in this species will help to facilitate communication between various disciplines, as well as aid in synthesizing research across publications within a discipline that has historically focused principally on male features. Our efforts to refine and standardize the terminology should expand the utility of this important model system for addressing questions related to the development and evolution of animal genitalia, and morphology in general.

A falta de conhecimento sobre os recursos utilizados no desenvolvimento larval das moscas da família Drosophilidae é um dos principais entraves aos estudos evolutivos relacionados à diferenciação de suas populações e aumento da sua biodiversidade, visto que mudanças no tipo de substrato utilizado costumam acompanhar, ou mesmo desencadear, o processo de especiação. O objetivo do presente projeto foi investigar potenciais substratos da Reserva Florestal do IB-USP que pudessem estar sendo utilizados por drosofilídeos durante seu desenvolvimento larval. 12 substratos (principalmente flores, frutos e fungos) foram coletados, um por mês, ao longo de 12 meses sucessivos, sem que fossem selecionados a priori, ou seja, foram coletados de acordo com a sua disponibilidade em cada visita à reserva, desde que estivessem presentes em uma quantidade razoável e fossem úmidos o suficiente para comportarem microrganismos decompositores e larvas de drosofilídeos. Os substratos coletados foram transportados até o laboratório, onde foram colocados em frascos de vidro contendo uma camada de ca. 2 cm de vermiculita úmida e mantidos em uma câmara de temperatura (22±1 ºC) e fotoperíodo (13 h: 11 h, C: E) controlados. Os indivíduos emergidos dos substratos foram retirados a cada 24 horas, e transferidos para frascos contendo meio de cultura de banana-ágar, nos quais, quando possível, foram mantidos vivos por pelo menos uma semana e mortos com vapor de éter sulfúrico. A partir desses substratos emergiram 3.095 Drosophilidae pertencentes a 38 espécies de sete gêneros (Cladochaeta, Diathoneura, Drosophila, Hirtodrosophila, Mycodrosophila, Stegana e Zygothrica) e 2.000 outros insetos pertencentes às ordens Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera e a outras famílias de Diptera. Dentre os drosofilídeos, 16 espécies de seis gêneros foram registradas na reserva florestal pela primeira vez: Cladochaeta sp. (gr. simplex), Diathoneura bicolor, Diathoneura dudai, Diathoneura nana, Diathoneura nigrifrons, Drosophila nasuta, Drosophila penispina, Drosophila suzukii, Mycodrosophila projectans, Stegana sp., Zygothrica parapoeyi, Zygothrica prodispar, Zygothrica sp. aff. spiculirostris, Zygothrica virgatinigra, Zygothrica virgatalba e Zygothrica vittisecta The lack of knowledge regarding the resources utilized as breeding sites by Drosophilidae flies is one of the major obstacles to studies designed to assess their populations differentiation and biodiversity production, since breeding site shifts usually accompanies, or even starts, the process of speciation. The goal of the present study is to investigate what kinds of substrates located within the Forest Reserve of the Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo may be being used by Drosophilidae as breeding sites. 12 substrates (mainly flowers, fruits, and fungi) were collected each month, along 12 successive months. The substrates were not previously selected, thus, in each incursion to the forest reserve we searched for resources that were not only available in a reasonable amount but also moist, which could support the growth of decomposing microorganisms and drosophilid larvae. The substrates were transported to the laboratory, placed in glass vials containing ca. 2 cm layer of humid vermiculite, and kept at a constant temperature of 22±1 °C and photoperiod (13 h: 11 h, L:D). The emerged insects were daily aspirated, and transferred to vials containing banana-agar culture medium, in which they were kept alive for at least one week, whenever it was possible. A total of 3.095 Drosophilidae belonging to 38 species of seven genera (Cladochaeta, Diathoneura, Drosophila, Hirtodrosophila, Mycodrosophila, Stegana, and Zygothrica), in addition to 2.000 other insects belonging to other Diptera families, and to the order Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera, emerged from the sampled substrates. Among drosophilids, 16 species belonging to six genera were recorded for the first time at the forest reserve: Cladochaeta sp. (gr. simplex), Diathoneura bicolor, Diathoneura dudai, Diathoneura nana, Diathoneura nigrifrons, Drosophila nasuta, Drosophila penispina, Drosophila suzukii, Mycodrosophila projectans, Stegana sp., Zygothrica parapoeyi, Zygothrica prodispar, Zygothrica sp. aff. spiculirostris, Zygothrica virgatinigra, Zygothrica virgatalba, and Zygothrica vittisecta