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This paper describes the collaborative effort between privacy and security researchers at nine different institutions along with researchers at the Naval Information Warfare Center to deploy, test, and demonstrate privacy-preserving technologies in creating sensor-based awareness using the Internet of Things (IoT) aboard naval vessels in the context of the US Navy's Trident Warrior 2019 exercise. Funded by DARPA through the Brandeis program, the team built an integrated IoT data management middleware, entitled TIPPERS, that supports privacy by design and integrates a variety of Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PETs), including differential privacy, computation on encrypted data, and fine-grained policies. We describe the architecture of TIPPERS and its use in creating a smart ship that offers IoT-enabled services such as occupancy analysis, fall detection, detection of unauthorized access to spaces, and other situational awareness scenarios. We describe the privacy implications of creating IoT spaces that collect data that might include individuals' data (e.g., location) and analyze the tradeoff between privacy and utility of the supported PETs in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In the present study we compared the vascular reactivity and integrity of the nitric oxide (NO)–cyclic 3′,5′-guanosine monophopsphate (cGMP) pathway in carotid arteries of hyper- and normolipidemic rabbits. Vasodilation to acetylcholine, nitroglycerin, and sodium nitroprusside was desensitized in hyperlipidemia, but the nitroprusside-induced relaxation was normalized by an NO synthase inhibitor in endothelium-intact and -denuded vessels. Hyperlipidemic carotid arteries exhibited increased basal NO (detected by EPR spin-trapping) and reactive oxygen species formation (detected by chemiluminescence), whereas acetylcholine-induced NO formation was nearly abolished. Hyperlipidemia increased NADPH-dependent superoxide formation in carotid membranes, and carotid cryosections stained with the fluorescent dye dihydroethidium revealed increased endothelial and medial reactive oxygen species formation. Hyperlipidemia elicited macrophage invasion into the carotid wall, as detected by a dot-immunoblot. The basal activity of cGMP-dependent proteinkinase, the nitroprusside-stimulated activity of soluble guanylyl cyclase, and its protein expression were decreased by hyperlipidemia. The cGMP phosphodiesterase activity was marginally increased by hyperlipidemia, such that the ratio of cGMP-forming vs. -degrading capacity was decreased by 2-fold. Hyperlipidemia triggers infiltration of macrophages into the carotid wall and endothelial as well as smooth muscle superoxide formation. Consequently, relaxation of the carotid arteries are impaired due to smooth muscle and endothelial dysfunction. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In the present study we investigated the specificity and sensitivity of the chemiluminescence (CL) dye and luminol analogue 8-amino-5-chloro-7-phenylpyrido[3,4-d]pyridazine-1,4-(2H,3H) dione (L-012) to detect reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide, peroxynitrite and hydrogen peroxide in cell free systems as well as in isolated mitochondria. The results obtained by L-012 were compared with other CL substances such as luminol, lucigenin, coelenterazine and the fluorescence dye dihydroethidine. The results indicate that the L-012-derived chemiluminescence induced by superoxide from hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase (HX/XO) or by 3-morpholino sydnonimine (SIN-1)-derived peroxynitrite largely depends on the incubation time. Irrespective of the experimental conditions, L-012-derived CL in response to HX/XO and SIN-1 was 10-100 fold higher than with other CL dyes tested. In a cell-free system, authentic peroxynitrite yielded a higher L-012-enhanced CL signal than authentic superoxide and the superoxide-induced signal in cell-free as well as isolated mitochondria increased in the presence of equimolar concentrations of nitrogen monoxide (NO). The superoxide signal/background ratio detected by L-012-enhanced CL in isolated mitochondria with blocked respiration was 7 fold higher than that obtained by the superoxide sensitive fluorescence dye dihydroethidine. We conclude that L-012-derived CL may provide a sensitive and reliable tool to detect superoxide and peroxynitrite formation in mitochondrial suspensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]