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Hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) using monochromatic Cr Kα radiation (5414.8 eV) has been used to acquire XPS and Auger data on an argon gas cluster-sputtered CeO2 sample. Survey data, high-resolution scans of all observed photoelectron peaks, and high-resolution scans of Auger lines are presented herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposed a supplemental feeding pusher based on beef cattle's auxiliary feeding needs to solve the traditional feeding mode of manual work, labor intensity, and inconsistent manual work standards. Firstly, the conveyed feed particles movement process was established as a motion model and the basis of the design parameters of the screw conveyor was explained. ANSYS static analysis module was used to ensure that the structural parameters of the discharging device were reasonable, ANSYS vibration modal analysis module was used to verify the frame strength and stability. According to the theoretical design of the trial prototype, the control system with STM32F103RE microcontroller as the core was carried out. Finally, the orthogonal test was conducted with the screw shaft speed, sweeping roller brush height, and traveling speed as test factors; different parameters were set to verify the effect of supplemental feeding and pushing, and parameter optimization of the test results was carried out using Design-Expert software. The optional combination of working parameters was determined to be the feeding screw shaft speed 188 r/min, the sweeping roller brush speed 160 r/min, and the work speed 0.26 m/s. The test demonstrated that the residual feed width was 0.73 m, and the transverse coefficient of variation was 14.9%, which could satisfy the needs of auxiliary feeding for beef cattle. This study reduced feed waste and met the cattle feeding needs to the greatest extent, and it could provide a reference for auxiliary feeding machinery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. To improve the efficiency of harvesting crops, it is necessary to improve the existing tools of mowers and headers of combine harvesters that will ensure their versatility and multifunctionality. The increased power availability per the industry in the current economic and political conditions can be achieved by applying the principles of resource conservation and using alternative designs of reaper and headers. The existing cutting units of these agricultural machines do not provide simultaneous cutting, harvesting and chopping of corn stalks, sunflower stalks, reed steams and branches for the purpose of futher incorporation into the soil or collection of plant mass to use in liverstock. Therefore, substantiating the design and technological scheme and determinating the parameters and modes for the universal cutting and chopping apparatus is relevant. Aim of the Article. The aim of the work is to increase the efficiency of cutting and chopping plants by substantiating the structural and functional scheme of the unit and the ration parameters and operating modes of the cutting unit. Materials and Methods. The physics of the kinematic mode indicator is substantiated in terms of the probability-based approach. The research was carried out in the laboratory of the Department of Operation and Technical Service and in the training park of Kuban State Agrarian University. Results. There is substantiated the structural and functional scheme of the chopper unit with a cutterbar of cutting and chopping type. The physics of the kinematic mode index characterizing the intensity of interaction of a certain number of knives with plants on the root and stems distributed over the area with different density, is substantiated for the accepted conditions of the unit operation, in terms of probabilistic approach to the interaction of knives with stems in the form of plants on the root. Discussion and Conclusion. The obtained data are necessary for designing universal machines of a new type, providing not only cutting, but also collecting of cut stems, chopping and possible collecting of the chopped crop or spreading chopped crop on the field. Depending on the rotational speed of the auger tool, an indicator of the kinematic mode, the power varies from 4.99 kW to 11.02 kW, productivity from 0.5 kg/s to 1.22 kg/s, and energy consumption from 11.02 to 4.99 kW-s/kg.

While microplastic analysis in aquatic systems is rather well standardized, the determination of microplastics in terrestrial samples has been less explored. Here, we review methods for microplastic analysis, with focus on sampling location and design, soil quantity, sampling depth and equipment, and sample handling and preservation. We found that the random sampling design can be used to collect a representative sample. Stainless steel shovels or soil augers were the most common tools for collecting topsoil, from 0 to 30 cm. Deep soil samples, of more than 100 cm depth, can only be obtained using a core drill. The number of soil samples collected in the field depends on the available budget and instruments for microplastic analysis. For example, if a micro-Fourier transform infrared microscope is used for analysis, soil samples as small as 15.0 g per point can be collected. Once the soils are collected, they can be stored in non-plastic containers, e.g., aluminum bags, to reduce contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy using monochromatic Cr Kα radiation (5414.8 eV) has been used to acquire XPS and Auger data on a sputtered W sample. Survey data, high-resolution scans of all observed photoelectron peaks, and high-resolution scans of Auger lines are presented herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, a device for measuring the parameters of the rotational movement of the auger for dewatering solid waste is proposed based on the analysis of signal processing methods and measurement of physical quantities. It can be used in the development of high-performance special vehicles for transporting waste as the main link in the structure of machines for the collection and primary processing of solid waste. The structural scheme of the means and block diagram of the microcontroller control program algorithm for implementation of the device for measuring the parameters of the rotational motion are proposed. The main technical characteristics of the proposed means are given. The results of experimental tests for measuring the parameters of rotational motion are shown. The results of experimental studies, which are given in the work, confirmed the reliability of the measured parameters.

Fast ion beams delivered by tandem Van de Graaff accelerators intrinsically have an energy width, Δ E P / E P , due to the voltage ripple of the accelerator, the production mechanism of the highly charged ions inside the tank of the accelerator, as well as geometrical considerations related to the propagation of the ion beam. The ion beam energy width directly affects the experimental resolution and thus its value should be considered in experiments and the corresponding data analysis. Here, we present a method for determining the energy width of ion beams delivered by tandem Van de Graaff accelerators, based on high resolution Auger projectile electron spectroscopy combined with data analysis via Monte Carlo simulations within the SIMION ion optics package. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development's objective is to increase productivity and reduce energy consumption in the execution of the technological process of expanded feed preparation while ensuring the necessary quality and safety of the expandates. The rationale for the construction and technological scheme of the feed expander with an improved shaping nozzle has been provided. This nozzle differs in that it consists of a narrowed area of the cylinder, a concave cone, and a crown nut. When heated plasticized mass is moved into the narrowed area of the shaping nozzle, there is an increase in pressure, followed by a sharp decrease after it passes through. This is achieved by increasing the working volume due to the shape of the concave cone. As a result, the plasticized mass expands and exits through the crown nut, forming expandates. Through numerical modelling, the dynamics and distribution of feed mixture components in the cavity between the cylinder of the shaping nozzle and the cone have been determined based on the force of pressure and the force of contact interaction between feed components. This dependence on the radius of narrowing of the cylinder of the shaping nozzle, the radius of the concave cone, and the distance between the cone and the cylinder have been established. Regression equations for the density of the plasticized feed mixture components at the outlet of the shaping nozzle and the maximum pressure required to extrude the plasticized feed components through the shaping nozzle along their movement direction from the specified research factors have been derived. As a result of experimental studies of the compact feed expander, dependencies of the changes in expander productivity, power consumption, specific energy consumption of the expansion process, and the density of obtained expandates have been established with respect to the moisture content of the compound feed, the gap between the cone and the nut, and the screw rotation speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large part of the land areas of our republic is located in the mountains, foothills and slopes. Such lands are constantly exposed to water and wind erosion. Organizing the protection of these lands is very important for the development of our independent republic. Agricultural machines are mobile, stationary and itinerant. The work process of mobile machines is performed during their movement. They cultivate the material (soil, plant, etc.) in the field. With stationary machines, they cultivate the materials brought by vehicles to the processing or seed preparation stations in the threshing fields. Itinerant vehicles are equipped with drive wheels. They are taken from one position to another to cultivate the material there In order to get the maximum yield from each hectare in the farms, mechanizers should use the equipment effectively, following the instructions of agronomists, agrochemists, economists and other specialists in agricultural production. Therefore, a higher school student, a future specialist or manager of a mechanized farm, should fully master the purpose, structure, technological work process and features of using agricultural machines. During pre-sowing soil cultivation, the following issues are mainly resolved: Smoothing the top layer of the soil to prevent evaporation; Accelerate the processes in the soil and improve the nutrients in the plow layer; To clean the field from germinating weeds and prevent their formation even after sowing [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monochromatic Cr Kα radiation (5414.8 eV) has been used to acquire XPS and Auger data on a sputtered Pd sample. Survey data, high-resolution scans of all observed photoelectron peaks, and high-resolution scans of Auger lines are presented herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, a device for measuring the parameters of the rotational movement of the auger for dewatering solid waste is proposed based on the analysis of signal processing methods and measurement of physical quantities. It can be used in the development of high-performance special vehicles for transporting waste as the main link in the structure of machines for the collection and primary processing of solid waste. The structural scheme of the means and block diagram of the microcontroller control program algorithm for implementation of the device for measuring the parameters of the rotational motion are proposed. The main technical characteristics of the proposed means are given. The results of experimental tests for measuring the parameters of rotational motion are shown. The results of experimental studies, which are given in the work, confirmed the reliability of the measured parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work aims to study the development and application of Radial Basis Function (RBF) networks for predicting auger energy consumption based on input energy. The study utilized RBF networks and explored the input energy with treatments 2 (Soil moisture content), 2 (Rotary speeds), 2 (Hole depths) and 4 (Replication) based on field operations. As indicated by the results, energy input differed between the treatments but was not significant. The highest input value in transaction soil moisture content was 14.75 %, rotary speeds of 235 rpm, and hole depths of 40 cm. In comparison, the lower input energy at transaction soil moisture content was 7.9%, rotary speeds of 235 rpm, and hole depths of 20 cm. Input energy in treatment (14.75 %, 235 rpm, and 40 cm) and treatment (7.9 %,235 rpm, and 20 cm) were 100.204 and 57.135 MJ. ha-1, respectively. The highest input energy shares were recorded for diesel fuel at all treatments. Furthermore, the RBF network with one hidden layer had good convergence. The output results showed 10 and five hidden neurons in a hidden layer with high accuracy for treatment (14.75 %, 235 rpm, and 40 cm) and treatment (7.9%, 235 rpm, and 20 cm). In the treatment (14.75 %, 235 rpm, and 40 cm), the MSE for the training and testing sets was 0.0001 % and 0.01 % for data points with Ordinary RBF (ORBF type). The performance of the 3-10-1 architecture was better than other architectures. Finally, this research concluded that the RBF network method can forecast the input energy and energy expenditures related to the types of treatments.

Relevance. Seeds play an important role in obtaining a high yield of vegetable crops of good quality. Breeders usually deal with a large number of samples. To study the source material, the seeds of the samples are sown in boxes with soil for growing seedlings or in collection nurseries of experimental stations and research institutions. It takes an average of ½ hour of shift time to manually extract a sample weighing 10 kg from a batch. Currently, there are no sufficiently efficient devices for isolating tomato seeds from batches of samples with small weights up to 100 kg. The task of research on mechanization is to increase the efficiency of the tomato seed extraction device by improving the working bodies, determining the value of the optimal mass of samples, the extraction of seeds from which is economically and technically feasible.Material and methodology. Experimental studies were conducted in order to find constructive solutions for working bodies, study their operability and determine optimal parameters and operating modes. The research program included: a study of the productivity of the layout and the complexity of its maintenance; a study of qualitative indicators, including seed loss, seed clogging, seed damage; a study of the modes of working bodies, including the number of revolutions of the whip shaft, gaps between the whips and the sieve, the angle of advance of the whips; an assessment of the convenience of cleaning and visual inspection of all surfaces of parts, in contact with seeds; analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the design of mesh drums, scourges, mechanisms for locking semi-cylinders, the work of the fence that reclines together with the hopper.Results. As a result of the research, it was found that drum-and-whip type working organs are economically feasible for use in tomato seed extraction devices with a sample weight of at least 100 kg (i.e. mainly in primary and elite seed production), due to the fact that the time for disassembly, cleaning and assembly of working organs is 95% of the cycle (for example for samples weighing 10 kg). The clogging of the seeds meets the requirements, crushing was not observed.

The present work aims to study the development and application of Radial Basis Function (RBF) networks for predicting auger energy consumption based on input energy. The study utilized RBF networks and explored the input energy with treatments 2 (Soil moisture content), 2 (Rotary speeds), 2 (Hole depths) and 4 (Replication) based on field operations. As indicated by the results, energy input differed between the treatments but was not significant. The highest input value in transaction soil moisture content was 14.75 %, rotary speeds of 235 rpm, and hole depths of 40 cm. In comparison, the lower input energy at transaction soil moisture content was 7.9%, rotary speeds of 235 rpm, and hole depths of 20 cm. Input energy in treatment (14.75 %, 235 rpm, and 40 cm) and treatment (7.9 %,235 rpm, and 20 cm) were 100.204 and 57.135 MJ. ha-1, respectively. The highest input energy shares were recorded for diesel fuel at all treatments. Furthermore, the RBF network with one hidden layer had good convergence. The output results showed 10 and five hidden neurons in a hidden layer with high accuracy for treatment (14.75 %, 235 rpm, and 40 cm) and treatment (7.9%, 235 rpm, and 20 cm). In the treatment (14.75 %, 235 rpm, and 40 cm), the MSE for the training and testing sets was 0.0001 % and 0.01 % for data points with Ordinary RBF (ORBF type). The performance of the 3-10-1 architecture was better than other architectures. Finally, this research concluded that the RBF network method can forecast the input energy and energy expenditures related to the types of treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A search in PubMed revealed that 72 radionuclides have been considered for molecular or functional targeted radionuclide therapy. As radionuclide therapies increase in number and variations, it is important to understand the role of the radionuclide and the various characteristics that can render it either useful or useless. This review focuses on the physical characteristics of radionuclides that are relevant for radionuclide therapy, such as linear energy transfer, relative biological effectiveness, range, half-life, imaging properties, and radiation protection considerations. All these properties vary considerably between radionuclides and can be optimised for specific targets. Properties that are advantageous for some applications can sometimes be drawbacks for others; for instance, radionuclides that enable easy imaging can introduce more radiation protection concerns than others. Similarly, a long radiation range is beneficial in targets with heterogeneous uptake, but it also increases the radiation dose to tissues surrounding the target, and, hence, a shorter range is likely more beneficial with homogeneous uptake. While one cannot select a collection of characteristics as each radionuclide comes with an unchangeable set, all the 72 radionuclides investigated for therapy—and many more that have not yet been investigated—provide numerous sets to choose between. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fertilizer dose should meet the nutritional requirements of plants and be given uniformly, so that plant growth is more effective while reducing waste to the environment. This study aimed to design a high-precision fertilizer applicator to distribute fertilizer according to the required dose uniformly to every specified point. The fertilizer applicator was designed to have an auger and drive system that can discharge the fertilizer precisely. A 3D CAD model of the applicator was created to conduct a discrete element simulation to predict the discharge fertilizer process. An experiment was carried out to validate the simulation model. The experiment utilized a small-scale applicator prototype manufactured by 3D printing. A small electric actuator controlled by an Arduino microcontroller was installed to rotate the auger. The dose of the fertilizer discharged from the applicator can be adjusted by determining the number of auger rotations. Based on the analytical calculation, the applicator discharged fertilizer with a resolution of around 3.04 gr/rotation. Both simulation and experiment results were compared and showed a small error of 7.26%. The results show our designed fertilizer applicator has good accuracy and precision, which indicates the applicator was suitable to distribute fertilizer uniformly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron‐based catalysts are employed in CO2‐FTS due to their ability to convert CO2 into CO in a first step and their selectivity towards higher hydrocarbons in a second CO hydrogenation step. According to the literature, iron carbides represent the active phase for hydrocarbon formation and are claimed to emerge in the presence of CO. We propose nanostructured FeOx films as model systems to assess information about the complex phase transformations during CO2‐FTS. Mesoporous hematite, ferrihydrite, maghemite, maghemite/magnetite films were exposed to CO2‐FTS atmospheres at 20 bar and 300 °C. Up to three distinct phases were observed depending on the time‐on‐stream (TOS): a sintered maghemite/magnetite phase, a carbidic core‐shell structure, and a low‐crystalline, needle‐type oxide phase. Our findings indicate that the formation of an intermediary maghemite/magnetite phase, predominant after short TOS (30 h), precedes the evolution of the carbide phase. Yet, even after prolonged TOS (185 h), no full conversion into a bulk carbide is observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the country's agriculture and dairy production, in particular, is to further increase the production of dairy products necessary for the population, based on reducing its cost, and to create generally available solutions for mechanizing the processing of dairy products with minimized labor costs. In the state programme for the development of agriculture in the Russian Federation for 2013-2020, one of the priority areas is the development of small forms of farming – peasant (farm) enterprises and personal subsidiary farms (PSF). There are already more than 340,000 peasant (farm) enterprises (P(F)E) in our country. In 2016, P(F)E and PSF produced about 1.5 million tons of milk, with a percentage of 69%, they account for more than 1.1 million head of cows. In our country, more than 340 thousand peasant (farm) farms are already functioning, and according to the situation in 2016, P(F)E and private household plots produced about 1.5 million tons of milk, with a marketability percentage of 69%. They account for more than 1.1 million cows. With the introduction of economic and social measures in August 2014, which made it possible to free up to 20% of the Russian dairy market from imported products, domestic producers of cheeses and butter began to fill the gap.

The paper deals with the problem of water separation from a mixture of wet loose material using a worm, or auger, dewaterer, whose working element is a full auger with variable thread pitch, rotating in a fixed trough. The extrusion of water from the wet material suspension, consisting of a mixture of mineral wool tufts and granules, is effected in the auger dewaterer by entraining and compressing the wet bulk material through the threads, the varied pitch of the conical screw, and the rotation of the auger. The thread faces and thread edges of an improperly designed screw of the auger dewaterer by Advanced Metal Powders s.r.o. showed notable wear from the applied pressure of the packed wet bulk material (passing through the threads of the different pitch of the conical auger). Finding the cause of the severe abrasion and preventing excessive further wear of the auger was the subject of theoretical calculations and experimental verification tests, whose main conclusions are presented in this paper. The paper gives the relations that allow calculation of the volume of bulk material in individual sections of the auger dewaterer. The calculated values from these relationships were verified and compared with the values read from the 3D CAD system for designing SolidWorks Premium 2012 SP 5.0 models. The percentage compression values of the loose material in the threads of differential pitch of the conical auger of the unsuitably designed auger-screw dewaterer by Advanced Metal Powders s.r.o. allowed us to define recommendations that, applied, would ensure malfunction-free operation of the auger-screw dewaterer.

The effect of Auger electron–hole asymmetry on the efficiency droop in indium gallium nitride quantum well (InGaN-QW) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is investigated through a new open boundary quantum solver based on variational principles: Open Boundary Quantum LED Simulator (OBQ-LEDsim). OBQ-LEDsim eliminates the need for forcing artificial boundary conditions in LED simulations and features explicit expression of wavefunction with high generality, enabling incorporation of wavefunction penetration into barriers, quantum-confined Stark effects, and excitonic effects. As such, the Auger recombination’s primary channel is found to be the hhe Auger recombination because holes are more localized than electrons in the quantum well. Varying the ratio of electron ($\text{C}_{\mathrm {n}}$) to hole ($\text{C}_{\mathrm {p}}$), Auger coefficient $\text{C}_{\mathrm {n}}/\text{C}_{\mathrm {p}}$ , from 0 to $\infty $ suppresses the hhe Auger recombination, resulting in 25% higher electron and hole sheet charge densities in the LED active layer. This increases carrier screening of the polarization-induced electric fields and weakens quantum-confined Stark effects. One observes a 75% increase in the electron and hole square wavefunction overlap and an 8 nm blueshift in the peak emission wavelength. As a result, the efficiency droop in an InGaN-QW LED is reduced by a factor of 2 when the $\text{C}_{\mathrm {n}}/\text{C}_{\mathrm {p}}$ is increased from 0 to $\infty $ , whereas the ambipolar Auger coefficient is overestimated by as much as 62% if the Auger electron–hole asymmetry is neglected ($\text{C}_{\mathrm {n}}/\text{C}_{\mathrm {p}} \sim ~1$). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the research is the development of an farm equipment for a tractor, whose function is the excavation of a hole of depth variable, which allows in a single operation: (a) Supply and make a homogeneous mixture of soil with fertilizers; (b) Improve the porosity and density of the soil; (c) Increase the penetration capacity of the roots of the plant; (d) Standardize the initial conditions for the plantation development; and (e) Reduce costs production and sowing times. Reverse engineering and concurrent engineering procedures were used in this research to deal with issues related to innovation, marketing studies were done, state of the art and reviews of specialized offers consigned in technical catalogs of farm equipment manufacturers were made, which were contrasted with patents found in academic settings. For the development of virtual and physical prototypes, various techniques, design methods and CAD - CAE software were used to perform validations, calculations and verifications such as: CFD analysis, rapid prototyping (3D Printing) and use of other technologies CNCs were used for the construction of physical prototypes at a 1: 5 scale, selecting those that had a better performance in the fluid cinematics studies, with which tests were carried out on various types of soil. The approaches and methodologies used in this study can be replicated in research for the design and development of new farm equipment or machinery that improve the efficiency of processes for the sowing of perennial late-yielding plantations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors propose a phenomenological/existential approach in psychotherapeutic intervention on panic attacks. From the observations in the psychotherapeutic settings emerges the tendency of the patient with a panic attack symptom not to take clear and defined positions in his emotional and professional life, the tendency to say "yes" rather than "no", even in situations where he is not convinced of his choice. Others do not consider him a credible interlocutor where choices have to be made, but a person who always adapts. He tends to have low self-esteem, does not believe in his abilities and does not express his opinions for fear of being judged and ridiculed. Exploring the experiences of those who suffer from panic attacks opens up the hypothesis that panic attacks, more than as a symptom related to the sphere of anxiety and fear, is a manifestation of existential/relational distress with respect to inadequate anger management. Anger becomes unexpressed and repressed (retroflexion) as a result of the accumulation of dissatisfactions, frustrations and deprivations to which the patient cannot say "no". When the person is in a situation where they feel compelled to do something they don't want to do, and they don't know how to disengage, anxiety intervenes which can increase to the point of developing various symptoms of panic. In this proposed study we will look at the extent to which unexpressed anger can affect panic attacks. The assumption behind the gestalt practice is that a person experiences anger when he or she does not get what he or she wants, or when he or she is in a territorial conflict. Hence the different acts of the person in the manifestation of anger.

Introduced an oil press for the production of environmentally friendly butter. A research methodology for substantiating optimal parameters is presented. Based on the theory of probability and mathematical statistics, the regression equation describing the complexity of the production of environmentally friendly butter was determined. When solving it, the optimal design and kinematic parameters of the oil press. Its optimal parameters were established, which were: the value of the angular velocity of the screw 6.3 s-1, the change in the pitch of the screw winding in the zones of 17.7 mm and the utilization factor of the throughput of the loading zone of the screw 0.6. At the same time, the technological labor intensity of the oil press per cycle was 18.385 man-hours. Research in production conditions has confirmed the correctness of finding the optimal values for the parameters of the oil press. The resulting technological labor intensity per cycle was 18.4 man-hours. with a productivity of 3.85 kg/h, which confirms the convergence of research results in laboratory and production conditions. The mass fraction of moisture in the original oil grain was 24-27.8%, and butter - less than 20%, but more than 16%, which meets all the requirements for peasant unsalted sweet cream butter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radioiodines have a long history in nuclear medicine. Herein, we discuss the production, properties and applications of these versatile iodine‐based imaging and theragnostic agents. There are 38 isotopes of iodine (I) including one stable form (127I). The most common radionuclides used in medical imaging and treatment, including Iodine‐123 (123I), Iodine‐124 (124I), Iodine‐125 (125I) and Iodine‐131 (131I), are discussed in this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electron emission from thick polished samples of polycrystalline molybdenum (Mo) and single crystalline 〈111〉 silver (Ag) was measured with hard x-ray photoemission spectroscopy. Six different excitation x-ray energies were used, nominally 8.0, 11.0, 13.0, 15.0, 18.0, and 21.5 keV. Survey spectra were recorded with each excitation to a kinetic energy of at most 15 keV, often capturing the entire emission range. The Mo 1s core peak was measured. Detailed LMM Auger spectra of Mo show marked increases in intensity and altered shape when x-ray energy exceeds the Mo 1s binding energy. The Mo and Ag L-shell photoelectron peaks are measured at four x-ray energies up to 18 keV showing the transition from 2p3/2 to 2s photoionization dominance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spherical semiconductor nanoplatelets, known as quantum shells (QSs), have captured significant interest for their strong suppression of Auger recombination, which leads to long multiexciton lifetimes and wide optical gain bandwidth. Yet, the realization of benefits associated with the multiexciton lasing regime using a suitably designed photonic cavity remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate broadly tunable lasing from close-packed films of CdS/CdSe/CdS QSs deposited over nanopillar arrays on Si substrates. Wide spectral tuning of the stimulated emission in QSs with a fixed bandgap value was achieved by engaging single exciton (λ X ∼ 634 nm), biexciton (λ BX ∼ 627 nm), and multiple exciton (λ MX ∼ 615-565 nm) transitions. The ensemble-averaged gain threshold of < N > ∼ 2.6 electron-hole pairs per QS particle and the low photonic cavity fluence threshold of ∼4 μJ/cm 2 were attributed to Auger suppression. The tuning of the lasing emission closely aligns with our model predictions achieved by varying the array period while preserving mode confinement and quality ( Q ) factors. These results mark a notable step toward the development of colloidal nanocrystal lasers.

The paper deals with the problem of water separation from a mixture of wet loose material using a worm, or auger, dewaterer, whose working element is a full auger with variable thread pitch, rotating in a fixed trough. The extrusion of water from the wet material suspension, consisting of a mixture of mineral wool tufts and granules, is effected in the auger dewaterer by entraining and compressing the wet bulk material through the threads, the varied pitch of the conical screw, and the rotation of the auger.The thread faces and thread edges of an improperly designed screw of the auger dewaterer by Advanced Metal Powders s.r.o. showed notable wear from the applied pressure of the packed wet bulk material (passing through the threads of the different pitch of the conical auger). Finding the cause of the severe abrasion and preventing excessive further wear of the auger was the subject of theoretical calculations and experimental verification tests, whose main conclusions are presented in this paper. The paper gives the relations that allow calculation of the volume of bulk material in individual sections of the auger dewaterer. The calculated values from these relationships, were verified and compared with the values read from the 3D CAD system for designing SolidWorks Premium 2012 SP 5.0 models.The percentage compression values of the loose material in the threads of differential pitch of the conical auger of the unsuitably designed auger-screw dewaterer by Advanced Metal Powders s.r.o. allowed us to define recommendations that, applied, would ensure malfunction-free operation of the auger-screw dewaterer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photoluminescence in a double heterostructure based on a ternary InAsSb solid solution was observed in the mid-infrared range of 2.5–4 μm. A range of compositions of the InAs1−ySby ternary solid solution has been established, where the energy resonance between the band gap and the splitting-off band in the valence band of the semiconductor can be achieved. Due to the impact of nonradiative Auger recombination processes, different temperature dependence of photoluminescence intensity was found for the barrier layer and the narrow-gap active region, respectively. It was shown that efficient high-temperature photoluminescence can be achieved by suppressing the nonradiative Auger recombination (CHHS) process. Increased temperature, for which the energy gap is lower than the split-off band energy, leads to violation of the resonance condition in narrow gap antimonide compounds, which explains the observed phenomenon. This finding might influence future application of the investigated material systems in mid-infrared emitters used for, e.g., optical gas sensing.

Minority-carrier lifetimes and diffusion lengths have been deduced from a comparison of band structure simulations and experimental measurements on mid-wave infrared InAsSb XBn and long-wave infrared InAs/GaSb type II superlattice (T2SL) XBp barrier detectors with low diffusion-limited dark current close to mercury cadmium telluride Rule 07 and high quantum efficiency. For the XBn devices, a lifetime of 1.9 μs was observed with a corresponding diffusion length of 14.5 μm. In contrast, the T2SL exhibited a much shorter lifetime of 7.5 ns, but the diffusion length of ∼ 7 μm was long enough to ensure that almost 90% of the photocarriers are collected. The lifetime appears to be Auger limited in the case of n-type InAsSb, but for the p-type T2SL, Shockley–Read–Hall (SRH) traps appear to dominate. In the second case, possible scenarios for the dominance of SRH recombination are discussed to identify pathways for further performance optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work TiO 2 :Co thin films were deposited by DC magnetron Co-sputtering method, varying the substrate temperature between 300 K and 523 K. The anatase and rutile phases were identified from XRD patterns, according to the variation of the synthesis parameters and the Ti foils-like substrate. The random distribution of the Co into the TiO 2 semiconductor matrix was determined by AES spectroscopy. Infrared reflection-absorption spectra of nanostructured TiO 2 :Co thin films grown on Ti foils were obtained in order to characterize the surface and interface of the samples on metallic substrates. Characteristics bands with changes in the reflection minima position and line shapes were observed between 600 and 1000 cm−1 wavenumber range. LO and TO modes of TiO 2 :Co identified in the samples, showed a connection with the so-called Berreman effect. Structural, optical and reflection-absorption properties were studied from XRD, Uv–Vis and FT-IR spectroscopy measurements, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the point of view of the effectiveness of the top cutting unit, the helix angle in the end portion of the screw is the most important and characteristic parameter, as it determines the pressure of the meat material in the zone of interaction of a knife and grate. The importance of solving the problem of mathematical modeling of geometry is due to the need to address the problem of minimizing the reverse flow of the food material when injecting into the cutting zone, as the specified effect of "locking" significantly reduces the performance of the transfer process, increases energy consumption of the equipment and entails the deterioration of the quality of the raw materials output. The problem of determining the length of the helix variable pitch for screw chopper food materials has been formulated and solved by methods of differential geometry. The task of correct description of the law of changing the angle of helix inclination along its length has been defined in this case as a key to provide the required dependence of this angle tangent on the angle of the radius-vector of the circle. It has been taken into account that the reduction in the pitch of the screw in the direction of the product delivery should occur at a decreasing rate. The parametric equation of the helix has been written in the form of three functional dependencies of the corresponding cylindrical coordinates. Based on the wide range analysis and significant number of models of tops from different manufacturers the boundaries of possible changes in the angles of inclination of the helical line of the first and last turns of the screw have been identified. The auger screw length is determined mathematically in the form of an analytical relationship and both as a function of the variable angle of its rise, and as a function of the rotation angle of the radius-vector of the circle generatrix, which makes it possible to expand the design possibilities of this node. Along with this the mathematical expression has been obtained for calculating the length of the auger body necessary in the study and calculation of energy costs for the product movement processes. The developed theoretical materials are in good agreement with the experimental data available in the literature on the investigation of press and extrusion mechanisms, this will make it possible to apply them effectively in the design practice.

Poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase (PARP) has emerged as an effective therapeutic strategy against cancer that targets the DNA damage repair enzyme. PARP-targeting compounds radiolabeled with an Auger electron-emitting radionuclide can be trapped close to damaged DNA in tumor tissue, where high ionizing potential and short range lead Auger electrons to kill cancer cells through the creation of complex DNA damage, with minimal damage to surrounding normal tissue. Here, we report on [ 123 I]CC1, an 123 I-labeled PARP inhibitor for radioligand therapy of cancer. Methods: Copper-mediated 123 I iododeboronation of a boronic pinacol ester precursor afforded [ 123 I]CC1. The level and specificity of cell uptake and the therapeutic efficacy of [ 123 I]CC1 were determined in human breast carcinoma, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and glioblastoma cells. Tumor uptake and tumor growth inhibition of [ 123 I]CC1 were assessed in mice bearing human cancer xenografts (MDA-MB-231, PSN1, and U87MG). Results: In vitro and in vivo studies showed selective uptake of [ 123 I]CC1 in all models. Significantly reduced clonogenicity, a proxy for tumor growth inhibition by ionizing radiation in vivo, was observed in vitro after treatment with as little as 10 Bq [ 123 I]CC1. Biodistribution at 1 h after intravenous administration showed PSN1 tumor xenograft uptake of 0.9 ± 0.06 percentage injected dose per gram of tissue. Intravenous administration of a relatively low amount of [ 123 I]CC1 (3 MBq) was able to significantly inhibit PSN1 xenograft tumor growth but was less effective in xenografts that expressed less PARP. [ 123 I]CC1 did not cause significant toxicity to normal tissues. Conclusion: Taken together, these results show the potential of [ 123 I]CC1 as a radioligand therapy for PARP-expressing cancers., (© 2023 by the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging.)

The role of heterogeneous phases in the localized corrosion of materials is an emerging area of research. This work addresses the detrimental role MnS inclusions play in the localized corrosion of carbon steels. We report the results of surface and bulk characterization of MnS inclusions in 1018 carbon steel, using a high-resolution integrated Auger nanoprobe. It is shown that the surface morphology and composition of the inclusions are highly heterogeneous. MnS inclusions are found to be nonstoichiometric and to contain a highly O-enriched surface layer. Some inclusions are covered with a thin (approximately 5 nm) layer of Cu2S. The bulk composition of “MnS” inclusions is found to include 5–7% Fe and O, and these inclusions are believed to occupy Mn and S positions within the “MnS” lattice. Interfaces between “MnS” and host ferric grains are highly disordered. We hypothesize that pitting initiates and develops at these interfaces through a galvanic coupling between the strained and the unstrained ferrite grains.

The effects of carrier‐carrier scattering resulting from the Coulomb‐potential interaction between two electrons on hot‐carrier solar cells are theoretically studied. Theoretical models and explicit formulas for calculating intraband carrier‐carrier scattering rates, electron‐to‐hole energy transfer rates, Auger recombination rates, and impact ionization generation rates are presented and derived. The numerical calculations from these formulas are obtained, and their effects on hot‐carrier solar cells are investigated. Several findings can be concluded from this study: (1) Intraband electron‐electron scattering and hole‐hole scattering are normally fast enough to randomize carrier distribution in the momentum space and thus maintain quasiequilibrium to establish electron and hole temperatures at a steady state; (2) spectral hole burning in hot‐carrier solar cells can be incurred by fast carrier extraction processes through energy‐selective contacts and slow intraband carrier‐carrier scattering; (3) energy transfer between electrons and holes via intraband electron‐hole scattering cannot guarantee that electrons and holes will maintain the same carrier temperature for hot‐carrier solar cells in all cases, especially if the difference between electron and hole temperatures is smaller than 100 K; and (4) materials with a band‐gap energy larger than 1 eV are favorable as conventional solar cells in which Auger recombination is not significant. On the contrary, materials with a band‐gap energy smaller than 0.5 eV are not suitable for conventional solar cells due to the detrimental effects of Auger recombination. However, they are ideal materials for realizing hot‐carrier solar cells due to beneficial effects of impact ionization generation, although these beneficial effects can be undermined by spectral hole burning. This work investigates the effects of intraband and interband carrier‐carrier scattering on hot‐carrier solar cells. The figure shows the spectral hole burning in electron energy distribution with different time ratios of the electron‐electron scattering time to the electron extraction time in a hot‐carrier solar cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Powder build-up formation is a fouling process in which a small fraction of a powder becomes a coherent, non-porous, film adhered to a surface known as build-up. Build-up tends to form in auger fillers where particles undergo plastic deformation, leading to the formation of build-up on the internal surface of the tube within which the auger is housed. To develop an understanding regarding the process by which build-up is formed, a combination of macro scale auger filling experiments and laboratory scale characterisation of the virgin powder has been undertaken. This involved a comparison of results obtained via uniaxial compaction followed by tablet diametric compressions, with the results of macro scale auger filler experiments. From this work, it has been determined that the build-up forming powders have Kawakita b−1 parameters of 0.5 MPa or less, and form disc-shaped tablets with strengths <0.5 MPa following compaction to 58 MPa. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Powders of low Kawakita b−1 parameter and tablet strength formed build-up • For build-up forming powders, b−1 is related to plastic yield stress. • Soft plastic materials compact to form soft plastic tablets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract We investigated theoretically the effect of introducing Si impurities in a single layer graphene (1LG) that had been deposited on a polar substrate on the transport properties of the graphene layer. We consider in our analysis the scattering effects due to the surface optical (SO) phonons located at the interface of the 1LG with various polar substrates such as S i C , hexagonal B N , S i O 2 a n d H f O 2 . Our results demonstrate a reduction of SO phonon-limited (SOPL) mobility, and SOPL conductivity as well as an increase of the SOPL resistivity and of the scattering rate in the presence of Si impurities in the 1LG. Further, we studied the effect of Si impurities on the electron-surface phonon interaction. For our analysis we used the eigenenergies aquired from the tight-binding Hamiltonian in 1LG. Indeed the presence of the Si impurities induces a decrement in the resonant coupling between the electronic sub-levels and the surface vibration modes in monolayer graphene deposited on polar substrates. Finally, we investigated the effect of Si impurities on the Auger scattering process which affects the carriers relaxation. Our results show an enhancement of the Auger scattering rate in the case of the Si-doped 1LG compared to the undoped 1LG. Highlights • Effect of Si impurities on transport properties in one layer graphene on polar substrates (SiO 2 , HfO 2 , SiC , hexagonal BN). • Study of the effect of the Si impurities on electron-surface phonon interaction in one layer graphene on polar substrates. • Investigation of the effect of Si impurities on optical properties in one layer graphene on polar substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]