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Die Nutzung der Agrartechnik erfolgte von Beginn an über einfache Bits. Der tierischen Anspannung folgend wurde frühzeitig das Schauvoraus-Prinzip verfolgt. Mit dem binären Bit eröffneten sich vielfältige neue Möglichkeiten. Die Standardisierung der elektronischen Kommunikation, ausgehend aus Deutschland, katapultierte die deutsche und europäische Agrartechnik an die Weltspitze. Mit Precision Farming wurde die umweltfreundliche Landbewirtschaftung von morgen geschaffen. Autonome Systeme können den Nutzer aus der Zeitbindung entlassen. Weiterentwicklungen in der IT eröffnen neue Möglichkeiten und Herausforderungen.

Farming 4.0 wird von der Urbanisierung getrieben werden. Über den ISOBUS im Precision Farming verfügt die Landwirtschaft durch die weltweit führende europäische Landtechnik über eine einzigartige und belastbare und kommunikative Grundvoraussetzung. In vielen wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen sind anwendungsorientierte Algorithmen für eine ökonomische und ökologische, also nachhaltige Landbewirtschaftung geschaffen worden. Deren Anwendungen werden jedoch ohne eine „sichere Datenhaltung in der Cloud“ für die Mehrzahl der Betriebe nicht nutzbar sein. Die Politik ist deshalb gefordert, vorausschauende gesetzliche Vorgaben für Dateneigentum und Datensicherheit zu schaffen. Erst dann können die Daten zum Gold von morgen werden !

Innovationen benötigten bisher etwa 30 Jahre bis zur breiten Akzeptanz Auch die Elektronik in der Agrartechnik hat diese Zeitspanne benötigt Agrartechnik heute hat ihre „Leistungsgrenzen“ erreicht, bzw. schon überschritten Landwirtschaft muss zur „Umweltfreundlichen Landbewirtschaftung“ mutieren Morgen werden: Ausschließlich die „Urbans“ die Leitlinien vorgeben, Robotics eine veränderte Bewirtschaftungsform ermöglichen, nur noch solar basierende Energien genutzt und Schäden und Verluste über Digitalisierung weitgehend ausgeschlossen werden !

Landtechnik ist intelligent geworden und wird noch mehr Elektronik (Intelligenz) erhalten – dem technischen Trend folgen/vorauseilen! Mit dieser Technik kann der Landwirt heute und morgen noch effizienter, umweltschonender und „komfortabler“ produzieren – seinen gesellschaftlichen Verpflichtungen nachkommen! Generell besteht kein Unterschied für die Nutzung im konventionellen Landbau und im Biolandbau – für letzteren sind sogar die neuen Möglichkeiten größer und effizienter als für ersteren! Allerdings erfordert die Landtechnik von morgen auch eine „Betriebsführung von morgen“ mit völlig neuen/alten Aufgaben – und vielen neuen Möglichkeiten! Die dafür erforderlichen Standards, Methoden und Hilfsmittel sind derzeit erst ansatzweise verfügbar – Wissenschaft, Landtechnik und Beratung stehen vor der nächsten Herausforderung!

Shape and further geometric characteristics of agricultural parcels are main factors with respect to machinability, working time equirement, and arising costs for cultivating agricultural acreages. Due to missing comprehensive statistical information on existing agricultural field structures regarding shape and ergonomically relevant geometric properties, most ergonomic simulations are based on simplified assumptions and therefore admit only limited information about real conditions. In this context this research project focuses on the development of methods for a comprehensive classification, characterization, and statistical description of ergonomically relevant geometrical properties of existing agricultural parcels on a large scale. Results gained provide basic information for continuative research in the fields of ergonomic simulations and agricultural engineering.

There is no prescription for Automation in crop production at all. Draft control in tractors and auto steer in self propelled harvesters, lately in tractors, are predominantly used automation technologies in crop farming worldwide today and tomorrow. Automated variable rate control is still one-dimensional based on maps or online sensors and has to be multi-dimensional. Automation in self propelled technology is well accepted on farm level when it comes from “one hand” even if this are small autonomous vehicles. Sensors and sensor fusion offer a wide range for automation if they are standardized members in an electronic communication environment. Improved crop production needs standardized tractor implement management (TIM) systems for optimized field work. Automatic data acquisition systems and web services allow for “Automation in cloud farming of tomorrow”.

An integrated analysis and design method for a real time process control for mobile application systems using MSDF has been introduced. The conversion into an ISOBUS compliant system architecture which allows the scalable implementation of all three system approaches “Mapping approach”, “Real-time approach” and “Real-time approach with map overlay” was pointed out. The approach is not limited to fertilizer application but can be applied to other site-specific application systems for e.g. seeding, spraying and irrigation too. Extensions of the standard as the "In-field Controller", an additional data element "Overlay-Map (OMP)", the data exchange possibility between FMIS and MICS for long-term explicit procedural knowledge and new data dictionary elements for plant, soil and weather attributes are suggested. Furthermore, the definition of two complementary classes of MSDF node processors for on-line sensors would allow the integration of wireless sensor networks.

After more than 25 years of standardization the ISOBUS is coming to the farm level and to Precision Agriculture. ISOBUS solutions are mainly used for site specific applications with sprayers and spreaders. There is a wide choice of User Terminals. Online-sensing still needs proprietary solutions Besides “Variable Rate Application” and “Auto Steer (not part of ISOBUS)” “Tractor-Implement-Management TIM” allows more productive and more environmentally friendly equipment applications in Precision Agriculture.

Precision Agriculture is more than Site-specific Farming. Farms and ownership in Germany (& Europe) is shown. Farm employment and management is given to private operations others. Restrictions, solutions and improvements are differentiated regarding to PA-activities for farm, crop, fleet and labor.

Landtechnik ist intelligent geworden und wird noch mehr Elektronik (Intelligenz) erhalten – dem technischen Trend folgen/vorauseilen! Mit dieser Technik kann der Landwirt heute und morgen noch effizienter, umweltschonender und „komfortabler“ produzieren – seinen gesellschaftlichen Verpflichtungen nachkommen! Generell besteht kein Unterschied für die Nutzung im konventionellen Landbau und im Biolandbau – für letzteren sind sogar die neuen Möglichkeiten größer und effizienter als für ersteren! Allerdings erfordert die Landtechnik von morgen auch eine „Betriebsführung von morgen“ mit völlig neuen/alten Aufgaben – und vielen neuen Möglichkeiten! Die dafür erforderlichen Standards, Methoden und Hilfsmittel sind derzeit erst ansatzweise verfügbar – Wissenschaft, Landtechnik und Beratung stehen vor der nächsten Herausforderung!

Yield sensors and electronics came up as door-openers for Precision Farming in the early 90th. Electronic controllers for precise application in fertilizer spreaders and sprayers are today state-of-the art. ISOBUS would guarantee standardized electronic communication but is still not in use on farm level for some reasons. Site-specific application still suffers due to poor adoption to the needs of farmers, but real-time application systems are greatly accepted and mainly used by contractors as well as by large farm units. As far as precision farming is more than site-specific treatment farmers prefer auto-guidance systems to gain comfort through automation and fast return of investment. Automation and alternative energies will gear agricultural mechanisation after handwork, animal draft and mobile crude oil power into a new age. Precision farming then will really come to the farm level if science and industry are willing and able to cope the new challenges.

Besides the traditional "Land Consolidation Measures" a Virtual Transborder farming is a smart alternative: 1. There are different alternatives to initiate a project. 2. Change to machine cooperatives allow the use of powerful mechanization as well as a significant decrease of costs. 3. Field enlargements may go up to 7 (15) to 1, depending from the existing field sizes and the given field structures. 4. Smooth extensions of transborder fields may occur during the installation of transborder farming systems. 5. Economic benefits are around 300 to 400 €/ha and year. 6. Ecologic benefits result in lower soil compaction, less over lapping and in new possibilities in nature conservation (set aside, hedges, trees, … ). 7. Social benefits are seen in more farmer to farmer (family to family) activities, in degreasing thinking about competition and in an improved style of life. 8. The realized projects in Germany are running now for more than 10 years and all of them created new benefits in accordance with the given situations.

Scientists: Have very often restricted understanding of “real f arming” of today and tomorrow, are often “Lone Fighters” or have no teamwork abilities/facilities, should do more in sensor development and sensor integration, should things make simple Manufacturers: Have still problems with ICT, especially related to in-house acceptance and in-house integration, try to be dominant and have company-specific “add on’s”, have a certain distrust to standards, need pressure from competitors Farmers: Are willing to accept and adopt ICT solutions, bigger farms more than smaller ones, lost believe in well formulated announcements, be often “alone with their problems”, prefer “simple solutions”, need more farm-specific/regional-specific solutions.

Der Blick zurück. Landtechnik und Forschung in Bayern. Precision (Crop) Farming mit: - Teilschlagtechnik, - Automatische Prozessdatenerfassung, - Virtuelle Flurbereinigung, - Automatisierung und Feldrobotik. Precision Lifestock Farming mit: - Automatische Kälberaufzuchtanlage „Hirschau“, - Elektronik auf der Alm. Energie heute und morgen. Neue Antriebssysteme. Lehre und Lehrstuhl für Agrarsystemtechnik.

1) Guidance in Europe (and in other continents too) have experienced highest attention during animal drafted field operations. 2) The move to tractor drawn implements induced a loss in precision. 3) First improvements produced fully automated tractor or field robot guidance systems (unreliable, expensive, unsophisticated) and were niche products only. 4) Automatic row guidance of self propelled choppers took a wide acceptation for the first time and is standard in newly sold machines for more than 15 years. 5) Also row guidance systems in sugar beet harvesters came early and are standard in all today used machines. 6) Laser-based guidance systems in combine harvesters were established, when header widths increased to more than 5 meters and are standard now in 7.5 and 9 m cutting width . 7) Ultra-sonic and optical guidance systems are on the market available too, but have not earned great importance so far. 8) GNNS-based guidance systems have an increased importance to farmers. The fast acceptance is mainly driven by cost: benefits and by comfort reasons.

GPS collars together with ALT-Pedometers are able to observe and monitor animals and its behavior on alpine pastures. Herds of animals can unattended remain an alpine pastures and controlled remotely. Project made a concrete contribution according to the aims of agricultural policy. It will be feasible to use specific control strategies based on these algorithms.

The networking of electronic process control systems offers new possibilities for individual calf management. The different systems are implemented as automatic systems or robots in order to reduce labor. Within this paper, the experimental setup of the underlying investigation and first results of feeding data are presented. Thereby, intake amounts of water and dry matter in dependence of age are shown. The results ask for an individual adaptation of the milk-drinking program. All known authors either refer separately to drinking water, feed concentrate, forage intake or body weight, but, until now, there is no valuation of combining these data. Using computer-controlled interlinked feeding systems allow for economic advantages in many respects and provide a comprehensive decision-support system for the management.

Vorteile dieselelektrischer Antriebstechnik: - Regelung der Antriebe und Rückführung von Prozessparametern erlaubt einfache Integration ins Triebstrangmanagementsystem, - Wirkungsgradevorteile über weite Teile des Betriebskennfelds von 16 Prozentpunkten (13,5 bis 30 Prozentpunkte), - Energieeffizienzvorteile im typischen Einsatzzyklen zwischen 14 und 20 Prozentpunkten. Nachteile dieselelektrischer Antriebstechnik: - Leistungsgewicht des Gesamttriebstrangs um 22% höher, - Leistungsdichte um Faktor 3,9 schlechter, - Amortisierung der höheren Anschaffungskosten nach voller Nutzungsdauer

The field tests identify optimized controllability at inverter controlled electric drives because of easy closed loop control. During full load operation 17% increased efficiency by electric driveline. Further increased advantages for partial load operation. Lower load dependability of the efficiency of the electric driveline. Disadvantageous power-to-weight ratio requires further work for „mobile“ electric drives.

1. Anhand der Daten der Fütterungs- und Überwachungskomponenten sollen Steuerungsalgorithmen für die Prozessoptimierung in vernetzten Systemen abgeleitet, ungewöhnliche Situationen frühestmöglich signalisiert und der Tierhalter bei seinen Überwachungsaufgaben unterstützt werden. 2. Mögliche Konsequenzen für das einzeltierbezogene Kälbermanagement sind die Steuerung der Tränkemenge und –konzentration, eine individuelle Dauer der Aufzuchtphase, eine individuelle Anpassung des Fütterungsregimes, ein automatisiertes Gesundheitsmonitoring und die Möglichkeit der frühzeitigen Behandlung. 3. Optimierung von Arbeits- und Produktionsprozessen durch die Interaktion verschiedener Subsysteme.

Measured load progressions representable statistically in short test cycles. The load level given by the mean value is represented with less than 1 % deviation. Dynamics also represented depending to the mentioned parameters (deviation less than 12 % (i=1500)) --> Increased accuracy by more input data and smaller class width in the frequency distribution matrices. Multi variable test cycles describing interrelations between the variables are also possible.

Die Landtechnik steht weltweit in der Diskussion. Erste „weiße Flächen“ sind erkennbar (Großbritannien, ... ). Zugleich nehmen die technischen Herausforderungen zu: 1. Mit Elektronik wird Technik intelligent, sie wird zur Systemtechnik. 2. Intelligente Technik ist zugleich präzise Technik – Precision Farming und Precision Lifestock Farming werden damit zur Landtechnik von morgen. 3. Das Qualitätsmanagement wird heute durch die Biogasszene gefordert und muss schnellstens befriedigt werden. 4. Die Erzeugung von Biogenen Rohstoffen verlangt höchste Massenerträge und treibt damit die Bemühungen um Bodenentlastung bis hin zu kleinen autonomen Fahrzeugen voran. 5. Forderungen nach dem Erhalt der Kulturlandschaft und veränderte Bewirtschaftungsstrukturen verlangen virtuelle Land-Managementsysteme. 6. Die intelligente Technik ermöglicht die Automatische Dokumentation. Diese garantiert verbessertes Management und die Rückverfolgbarkeit der Produktion.

1. The established calf feeding and monitoring system allows to get individual, highly resolved data. 2. By networking, the data of the single technologies can be fed into one common database. 3. Control measurements are necessary to validate the technical acquired data. 4. Early illness is detectable and fore stomach growth can be estimated. 5. After further processing and data networking, algorithms have to be developed for the implementation within a knowledge-based decision support system.

The presented analyses persuade by their clear results in both, the working posture in work types and energy consumption profiles over work time. Additional information can be taken by identifying uncomfortable positions and types of work as well as from noticing exceedings of the permanent load limits of male and female workers (tab. 2). With respect to the kind of work to do, those results show a clear difference in suitability of different workers at all. Furthermore they give hints for necessary ergonomic improvements as well as for a better work organisation and for recreation phases. But one has to notice that especially the energy conversion over time requires a realistic progressing of the simulation and that working postures differing from the model cannot be calculated.

1. Several working procedures in agriculture cause a high or even to high work load. 2. With the energy consumption model from HETTINGER & SPITZER working postures, types of work and the consumption of energy can be analyzed. 3. Based on a detailed work time calculation system like LISL working postures, types of work and energy consumption profiles along the working duration can been predicted. 4. For different milking systems these method shows impressive results. 5. The use of this method in extension as well as in the education of students gives an additional benefit of work time calculations and it opens the eyes for labour improvements.

Conclusions in a positive view to Transborder Farming. Economy: Reduction of labor time and costs over 30 %, Efficient machinery use and increasing yields, Use of the best available technologies, Use of the best available know-how. Ecology: Reduction of soil compaction and resource use, Reduction of traffic, Reduction of soil erosion by slope adjusted cultivation, Building of ecologic cells, Participation in technological progress. Technology: Participation in technological progress, Use of site specific technologies in small-structured areas, Efficiency effects by joint machinery use, New challenges produce new (better) solutions. Sociology: Increase of corporate feeling, Benefits from specialized know-how one another, Better (stronger) market position. Conclusions in a critical view to Transborder Farming. Sociology: Decreasing autonomy of decision, Reservations against each other, Necessity of change in traditional thinking, Risk of paternalism of bigger farmers. Ecology: Risk of uncontrolled enlargement of field structures, Risk of decrease of biodiversity, Risk of soil damage by using bigger machines, Risk of higher soil erosion not considering the slope, Risk of increasing intensity in plant protection and fertilizing. Technology: High technological requirements (costs, know-how), Older machinery may become useless, Reservation against new technologies among the farmers, Slowdown of development of small autonomous vehicles. Landscape: Risk of decrease of attractive landscape structures, Risk of decrease of traditional landscape forms.

1. A well-founded documentation will be the base of many agricultural applications in the future. 2. Automated data acquisition is the fit way to provide spatial and temporal high-resolutions and safe documentations. 3. The huge amount of raw data needs to be processed by a easy-to-use and safe data processing systems. 4. A Web based data management and information system is able to provide safety and effective information management for the farmer - avoiding problems with local installed software, time and costs. 5. In the project on hand a first approach has been realized using “open source” software components.

Documentation will be the base of many agricultural applications in the future. Automatic data acquisition is the fit way to realize a spatiotemporal high-resolution and safe documentation. The huge amount of raw data needs to be processed by a easy to use and safe data processing system. An Internet based data management system can provide safety and effective information management for the farmers - avoiding problems with local installed software. In the project on hand a first approach has been realized using just free software components. The system should be developed further on and standards for data interfaces should be defined. Reservations of the farmers regarding the server-sided data processing could be decreased by publishing more information and education.

Today no complex farm machinery without electronics is used on professonal farms in Germany. Integrated farm software (e.g. with a central data base) is still not available. Farmers: - do not like documentation (they feel controlled), - have fear from tax administration, - still are not able to evaluate the importance of precise and comprehensive data. Information must be available - without additional work, - without extra costs!

Transborder farming opens new perspectives in the future management of small-scale farming areas with: 1. Optimised use of the information technology. 2. Creation of larger structures for land cultivation with advantages in soil protection, reduced labour consumption and less expenses. 3. New chances in the combination of economical and ecological management targets including a minimization of erosion. 4. Introduction of Precision farming also in small-scale farming systems.

1. Agricultural machinery is becoming more and more intelligent. Position detection with GPS (Galileo after 2008), standardised electronic communication based on LBS / ISOBUS and a high number of different sensors will become basic components. 2. Precision Farming seems to be the farming strategy and practise of the future. 3. Product traceability needs information gathering, processing, integration into the farm management and supply to/from the trade. 4. Within mobile agricultural equipment GPS and the standardised communication by ISO 11783 opens the best possibilities for traceability. 5. Sensors available today sense a wide variety of process parameters. There is a big demand for the detection of product quality, ingredients and parameters defined by the consumers. 6. Traceability exceeds existing security concepts. Manual input allows manipulation. Automation may be the adequate answer.

Nitrogen over supply is the most important problem in the high yielding agriculture of Germany today. The mapping approach is unable to guarantee appropriate predictions for N-dressings depending on regional weather conditions and site specific plant water stress situations. Realtime Approaches with map overlay may contribute to this problems, first results obtained in the "IKB-Dürnast-project" show a higher N-efficiency which is equivalent to an improved N-consumption by the plants. For on-farm use electronic communication will become a key position in data gathering and in on-the-go application systems. LBS offers the opportunity to realize such a system in a reasonable time within a standardized system environment.

In 1997 and 1998 the commercially available conveyor weighing system Harvestmaster HM500 was evaluated on a trailed, single-row, offset-lifting, bunker hopper potato harvester on the experimental farm Scheyem. The system worked well and the reached accuracy, with a standard deviation of the relative errors of 4.1 %, was similar to that of yield measurement systems used in combines. Local yield data were corrected by the content of contaminats and yield maps were calculated. Regressionanalysis of the average relative grid yields of four years showed different yield patterns in comparison to combinable crops on the same two fields.

The yield was increased by planting with narrow rows. To optirnize this positive effect a standard com planter was modified to plant in equal spaces. The attempts showed an increase of wet yield and dry matter yield and positive effects on evapotranspiration.

Precision farming has become a main focus of worldwide agricultural research. Mainly "mapping approaches" are investigated. "Real-time" application technology can be seen in first approaches. Solutions with standardized communication for a cheap realization on the farm are mentioned only theoreticly, although with the Agricultural Bus System LBS a standardized basis technology is available. The research group "Information Systems Precision Farming Duernast" IKB-Duemast has the aim to realize an integrated approach of "realtime application with map overlay" based on LBS in a data collection and analysis concept for farms. The project has startet in September 1998 and will deliver first results at the end of 1999.