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1. Anthropogenic NOx Emission Estimations over East China for 2015 and 2019 Using OMI Satellite Observations and the New Inverse Modeling System CIF-CHIMERE

Author: Dilek Savas, Gaëlle Dufour, Adriana Coman, Guillaume Siour, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Grégoire Broquet, Isabelle Pison, Antoine Berchet, and Bertrand Bessagnet
Subjects: top-down estimation, inverse modeling, NOx emissions, air quality, CIF, CHIMERE, Meteorology. Climatology, QC851-999
Abstract: The Chinese government introduced regulations to control emissions and reduce the level of NOx pollutants for the first time with the 12th Five-Year Plan in 2011. Since then, the changes in NOx emissions have been assessed using various approaches to evaluate the impact of the regulations. Complementary to the previous studies, this study estimates anthropogenic NOx emissions in 2015 and 2019 over Eastern China using as a reference the Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (HTAP) v2.2 emission inventory for 2010 and the new variational inversion system the Community Inversion Framework (CIF) interfaced with the CHIMERE regional chemistry transport model and OMI satellite observations. We also compared the estimated NOx emissions with the independent Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC) v1.3, from 2015. The inversions show a slight global decrease in NOx emissions (in 2015 and 2019 compared to 2010), mainly limited to the most urbanized and industrialized locations. In the locations such as Baotou, Pearl River Delta, and Wuhan, the estimations in 2015 compared to 2010 are consistent with the target reduction (10%) of the 12th Five-Year Plan. Comparisons between our emission estimates and MEIC emissions in 2015 suggest that our estimates likely underestimate the emission reductions between 2010 and 2015 in the most polluted locations of Eastern China. However, our estimates suggest that the MEIC inventory overestimates emissions in regions where MEIC indicates an increase of the emissions compared to 2010.
Published: 2023
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2. Understanding the Simulated Ammonia Increasing Trend from 2008 to 2015 over Europe with CHIMERE and Comparison with IASI Observations

Author: Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Gaëlle Dufour, Gilles Foret, Guillaume Siour, Martin Van Damme, Pierre-François Coheur, Lieven Clarisse, Cathy Clerbaux, and Matthias Beekmann
Subjects: ammonia, trends, simulations, satellite observations, Meteorology. Climatology, QC851-999
Abstract: The objective of this study is to assess and understand the NH3 recent trends and to identify the key components driving its concentrations. We have simulated the seasonal cycle, the interannual variability, and the trends in NH3 vertical column densities (VCD) from 2008 to 2015 over Europe, with the CHIMERE regional chemistry–transport model. We have also confronted the simulations against the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) satellite observations. IASI often shows a strong maximum in summer in addition to the spring peak, whereas CHIMERE only shows a slight peak in summer some years. This result could point to a misrepresentation of the temporal profile of the NH3 emissions, i.e., to missing emission sources during summertime either due to more than expected fertilizer use or to increased volatilization under warmer conditions. The simulated NH3 VCDs present an increasing trend over continental Europe (+2.7 ± 1.0 %/yr) but also at the national scale for Spain, Germany, UK, France, and Poland. Sensitivity tests indicate that these simulated positive trends are mainly due to (i) the trends in NH3 emissions, found heterogeneous in the EMEP NH3 emissions with strong disparities depending on the country, and (ii) the negative trends in NOx and SOx emissions. The impact of reductions in NO2 and SO2 emissions on NH3 concentrations should therefore be taken into account in future policies. This simulated NH3 VCD increase at the European scale is confirmed by IASI-v3R satellite observations in spring and summer, when ammonia emissions strongly contribute to the annual budget in accordance with crop requirements. Nevertheless, there are remaining differences about the significance and magnitude between the simulated and observed trends at the national scale, and it warrants further investigation.
Published: 2022
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3. French NOx emissions as estimated from TROPOMI-PAL NO2 observations

Author: Robin Plauchu, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Grégoire Broquet, Isabelle Pison, Antoine Berchet, Elise Potier, Adriana Coman, Dilek Savas, and Gaëlle Dufour
Abstract: Since 2018, TROPOMI onboard Sentinel-5P has brought images of NO2 tropospheric columns at an unprecedented high spatial resolution. We attempt to exploit the potential of this high-resolution information to estimate NOx emissions at the national scale based on atmospheric inversion approaches, with a 10-km spatial resolution. This study focuses on France and assesses the Covid-19 pandemic effects.Our analysis is based on the variational mode of the recently developed Community Inversion Framework (CIF), coupled with France's configuration of the CHIMERE regional chemistry transport model and its adjoint code. Both CHIMERE and its adjoint code include the MELCHIOR-2 chemical scheme with more than 100 reactions (24 for inorganic chemistry). This variational framework allows to solve high-dimensional inversion problems and thus investigate fine-scale patterns in the concentration and emission fields. It also allows to properly account for the non-linearities associated with the chemistry. CHIMERE is driven by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) operational meteorological forecast. The inversion corrects anthropogenic emissions from the French National Spatialized Inventory (INS, Inventaire National Spatialisé), mapping NOx emissions at a 1 x 1 km2 horizontal resolution. It also corrects biogenic emissions from the MEGAN model. We use the last TROPOMI reprocessed data: the PAL product. We present different tests that have been conducted to improve the implementation of the observation and control vector in order to strengthen the robustness of the inversion. Then, we evaluate the potential of the TROPOMI-PAL observations to quantify emissions at the national to local scale and at the annual to monthly scale based on the analysis of the reference inversions for the years 2019 and 2020. Finally, we focus on the differences found between the emission estimates for spring 2020 and 2019 to assess the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic.
Published: 2023
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4. Estimation of anthropogenic NO2 emissions over polluted regions using the LMDZ-INCA model and satellite observations from TROPOMI and OMI

Author: Santanu Halder, Pramod Kumar, Philippe Ciais, Didier Hauglustaine, Gregoire Broquet, Audrey Fortems, Frederic Chevallier, Anne Cozic, and Bo Zheng
Abstract: Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), one of the major pollutants, impacts air quality (especially in industrial and urban regions), climate change, etc. We utilize tropospheric vertical column NO2 for 2019 and 2020 from a high-resolution nadir viewing spectrometer TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) which is on board the Sentinel-5 Precurser (S5P) satellite and also from polar orbiting Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) which is on-board the NASA Aura satellite. The high quality observations for TROPOMI are selected using qa_value >= 0.75 and for OMI using cloud radiation fraction < 0.5, zenith angle < 70°, etc. First, we present the simulations of atmospheric NO2 tropospheric vertical columns from a global couple chemistry transport model LMDZ-INCA (Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique - INteraction with Chemistry and Aerosol) with a spatial resolution of 1.26×2.5×79 (lat×lon×hybrid σ-level) and temporal resolution of one hour. Further, we utilize monthly global anthropogenic emission inventories from open-source Community Emissions Data System (CDES) and evaluate the model abilities in simulating the observation. In the northern hemisphere, we observe high atmospheric NO2 concentration during the winter season as compared to the summer season from TROPOMI and model due to a longer lifetime and increase in anthropogenic emission. The tropospheric vertical column NO2 in the model is overestimated during winter and underestimated during summer seasons over East US, East Europe, and West Europe. The 50 percentile values between the model and observations are comparable over East US, East Europe, West Europe, and China. However, the model shows high concentration during winter over East and West Europe.Furthermore, TROPOMI L2 retrievals of tropospheric vertical column NO2 are employed to estimate the surface anthropogenic fluxes of NOx (=NO+NO2). A specific inversion system has been utilized for the estimation of global anthropogenic NO2 emissions based on LMDZ-INCA and TROPOMI NO2 tropospheric vertical columns for 2020 and 2021. It follows a scheme adapted from Zheng et al. (2020). The posterior fluxes are derived by calculating two components. First, we calculated the gridded local sensitivity of concentrations due to changes in the emission. Second, relative observation changes due to the meteorology of a year of interest (e.g. for 2020 or 2021) are calculated using the fluxes of 2019. The reduction of posterior tropospheric total column NO2 as compared to prior during the COVID lockdown period of 2020 is noticed over all the regions. The posterior NOx is decreased by ~30% over China during February-April 2020 compared to the same period of 2019. A relative reduction of anthropogenic NOx fluxes in 2020 as compared to 2019 is observed over other regions (East US, East Europe, West Europe, India, etc.) as well. Our result shows a relative increase in anthropogenic NOx fluxes for 2021 and 2022 as compared to 2019 and 2020 over our study regions.
Published: 2023
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5. The consolidated European synthesis of CO2 emissions and removals for EU27 and UK: 1990–2020

Author: Matthew Joseph McGrath, Ana Maria Roxana Petrescu, Philippe Peylin, Robbie M. Andrew, Bradley Matthews, Frank Dentener, Juraj Balkovič, Vladislav Bastrikov, Meike Becker, Gregoire Broquet, Philippe Ciais, Audrey Fortems, Raphael Ganzenmüller, Giacomo Grassi, Ian Harris, Matthew Jones, Juergen Knauer, Matthias Kuhnert, Guillaume Monteil, Saqr Munassar, Paul I. Palmer, Glen P. Peters, Chunjing Qiu, Mart-Jan Schelhaas, Oksana Tarasova, Matteo Vizzarri, Karina Winkler, Gianpaolo Balsamo, Antoine Berchet, Peter Briggs, Patrick Brockmann, Frédéric Chevallier, Giulia Conchedda, Monica Crippa, Stijn Dellaert, Hugo A. C. Denier van der Gon, Sara Filipek, Pierre Friedlingstein, Richard Fuchs, Michael Gauss, Christoph Gerbig, Diego Guizzardi, Dirk Günther, Richard A. Houghton, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Ronny Lauerwald, Bas Lerink, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Géraud Moulas, Marilena Muntean, Gert-Jan Nabuurs, Aurélie Paquirissamy, Lucia Perugini, Wouter Peters, Roberto Pilli, Julia Pongratz, Pierre Regnier, Marko Scholze, Yusuf Serengil, Pete Smith, Efisio Solazzo, Rona L. Thompson, Francesco N. Tubiello, Timo Vesala, and Sophia Walther
Abstract: Quantification of land surface-atmosphere fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes and their trends and uncertainties is essential for monitoring progress of the EU27+UK bloc as it strives to meet ambitious targets determined by both international agreements and internal regulation. This study provides a consolidated synthesis of fossil sources (CO2 fossil) and natural sources and sinks over land (CO2 land) using bottom-up (BU) and top-down (TD) approaches for the European Union and United Kingdom (EU27+UK), updating earlier syntheses (Petrescu et al., 2020, 2021b). Given the wide scope of the work and the variety of approaches involved, this study aims to answer essential questions identified in the previous syntheses and understand the differences between datasets, particularly for poorly characterized fluxes from managed ecosystems. The work integrates updated emission inventory data, process-based model results, data-driven sectoral model results, and inverse modeling estimates, extending the previous period 1990–2018 to the year 2020 to the extent possible. BU and TD products are compared with European National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (NGHGIs) reported by Parties including the year 2019 under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The uncertainties of the EU27+UK NGHGI were evaluated using the standard deviation reported by the EU Member States following the guidelines of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and harmonized by gap-filling procedures. Variation in estimates produced with other methods, such as atmospheric inversion models (TD) or spatially disaggregated inventory datasets (BU), originate from within-model uncertainty related to parameterization as well as structural differences between models. By comparing NGHGIs with other approaches, key sources of differences between estimates arise primarily in activities. System boundaries and emission categories create differences in CO2 fossil datasets, while different land use definitions for reporting emissions from Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) activities result in differences for CO2 land. The latter has important consequences for atmospheric inversions, leading to inversions reporting stronger sinks in vegetation and soils than are reported by the NGHGI. For CO2 fossil emissions, after harmonizing estimates based on common activities and selecting the most recent year available for all datasets, the UNFCCC NGHGI for the EU27+UK accounts for 3392 ± 49 Tg CO2 yr-1 (926 ± 13 Tg C yr-1), while eight other BU sources report a mean value of 3340 [3238,3401] [25th,75th percentile] Tg CO2 yr-1 (948 [937,961] Tg C yr-1). The sole top-down inversion of fossil emissions currently available accounts for 3800 Tg CO2 yr-1 (1038 Tg C yr-1), a value close to that of the NGHGI, but for which uncertainty estimates are not yet available. For the net CO2 land fluxes, during the most recent five-year period including the NGHGI estimates, the NGHGI accounted for -91 ± 32 Tg C yr-1 while six other BU approaches reported a mean sink of -62 [-117,-49] Tg C yr-1 and a 15-member ensemble of dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) reported -69 [-152,-5] Tg C yr-1. The five-year mean of three TD regional ensembles combined with one non-ensemble inversion of -73 Tg C yr-1 has a slightly smaller spread (0th–100th percentile of [-135,45] Tg C yr-1), and was calculated after removing land-atmosphere CO2 fluxes caused by lateral transport of carbon (crops, wood trade and inland waters) resulting in increased agreement with the the NGHGI and bottom-up approaches. Results at the sub-sector level (Forestland, Cropland, Grassland) show generally good agreement between the NGHGI and sub-sector-specific models, but results for a DGVM are mixed. Overall, for both CO2 fossil and net CO2 land fluxes, we find current independent approaches are consistent with the NGHGI at the scale of the EU27+UK. We conclude that CO2 emissions from fossil sources have decreased over the past 30 years in the EU27+UK, while large uncertainties on net uptake of CO2 by the land surface prevent trend identification. In addition, a gap on the order of 1000 Tg C yr-1 between CO2 fossil emissions and net CO2 uptake by the land exists regardless of the type of approach (NGHGI, TD, BU), falling well outside all available estimates of uncertainties. However, uncertainties in top-down approaches to estimate CO2 fossil emissions remain uncharacterized and are likely substantial. The data used to plot the figures are available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7365863.
Published: 2023
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6. Supplementary material to 'The consolidated European synthesis of CO2 emissions and removals for EU27 and UK: 1990–2020'

Author: Matthew Joseph McGrath, Ana Maria Roxana Petrescu, Philippe Peylin, Robbie M. Andrew, Bradley Matthews, Frank Dentener, Juraj Balkovič, Vladislav Bastrikov, Meike Becker, Gregoire Broquet, Philippe Ciais, Audrey Fortems, Raphael Ganzenmüller, Giacomo Grassi, Ian Harris, Matthew Jones, Juergen Knauer, Matthias Kuhnert, Guillaume Monteil, Saqr Munassar, Paul I. Palmer, Glen P. Peters, Chunjing Qiu, Mart-Jan Schelhaas, Oksana Tarasova, Matteo Vizzarri, Karina Winkler, Gianpaolo Balsamo, Antoine Berchet, Peter Briggs, Patrick Brockmann, Frédéric Chevallier, Giulia Conchedda, Monica Crippa, Stijn Dellaert, Hugo A. C. Denier van der Gon, Sara Filipek, Pierre Friedlingstein, Richard Fuchs, Michael Gauss, Christoph Gerbig, Diego Guizzardi, Dirk Günther, Richard A. Houghton, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Ronny Lauerwald, Bas Lerink, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Géraud Moulas, Marilena Muntean, Gert-Jan Nabuurs, Aurélie Paquirissamy, Lucia Perugini, Wouter Peters, Roberto Pilli, Julia Pongratz, Pierre Regnier, Marko Scholze, Yusuf Serengil, Pete Smith, Efisio Solazzo, Rona L. Thompson, Francesco N. Tubiello, Timo Vesala, and Sophia Walther
Published: 2023
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7. Atmospheric ammonia (NH3) over the Paris megacity: 9 years of total column observations from ground-based infrared remote sensing

Author: Benoît Tournadre, Pascale Chelin, Mokhtar Ray, Juan Cuesta, Rebecca D. Kutzner, Xavier Landsheere, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Jean-Marie Flaud, Frank Hase, Thomas Blumenstock, Johannes Orphal, Camille Viatte, and Claude Camy-Peyret
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: In this paper, we present the first multiyear time series of atmospheric ammonia (NH3) ground-based measurements in the Paris region (Créteil, 48.79∘ N, 2.44∘ E, France) retrieved with the midresolution “Observations of the Atmosphere by Solar absorption Infrared Spectroscopy” (OASIS) ground-based Fourier transform infrared solar observatory. Located in an urban region, OASIS has previously been used for monitoring air quality (tropospheric ozone and carbon monoxide) thanks to its specific column sensitivity across the whole troposphere down to the atmospheric boundary layer. A total of 4920 measurements of atmospheric total columns of ammonia have been obtained from 2009 to 2017, with uncertainties ranging from 20 % to 35 %, and have been compared with NH3 concentrations derived from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI). OASIS ground-based measurements show significant interannual and seasonal variabilities of atmospheric ammonia. NH3 total columns over the Paris megacity (12 million people) vary seasonally by 2 orders of magnitude from approximately 0.1×1016 molec. cm−2 in winter to 10×1016 molec. cm−2 for spring peaks, probably due to springtime spreading of fertilizers on surrounding croplands.
Published: 2020
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8. Evaluation of the new 4D-variational inverse modeling system, CIF-CHIMERE: Inversion of NOx emissions over China using OMI NO2 observations

Author: Dilek Savas, Gaëlle Dufour, Adriana Coman, Guillaume Siour, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Isabelle Pison, Antoine Berchet, and Bertrand Bessagnet
Abstract: Nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO2 + NO) are primary pollutants that are mainly produced by anthropogenic activities. They play a key role in oxidation processes in the troposphere. They control the photochemical production of Ozone (O3) and affect the concentration of the hydroxyl radical (OH), thus causing air quality degradation. Industrialized countries with high air quality degradation such as China, are implementing mitigation strategies with the aim of improving air quality. The evaluation of these strategies requires having precise and rapidly updated emission inventories. Inverse modeling approaches based on satellite observations are useful tools as they can provide independent inventories to complement the traditional bottom-up inventories. In this study, we propose to evaluate the potential of the new 4D-Var inverse modeling system, CIF (Community Inversion Framework), coupled with the CHIMERE chemistry-transport model to inverse NOx emissions. We focus on the case study of NOx emissions over China for the year 2015 and use OMI satellite NO2 observations as constraints. The HTAP NOx emissions from 2010 are used to prescribe prior emissions and the inversion is performed at 0.5° resolution. The posterior NOx emissions are validated against surface NO2 concentration measurements and compared to the recent MEIC bottom-up inventory from the year 2015.
Published: 2022
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9. The unintended consequence of SO2 and NO2 regulations over China: increase of ammonia levels and impact on PM2.5 concentrations

Author: Lieven Clarisse, Gilles Foret, Matthias Beekmann, Martin Van Damme, Guillaume Siour, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Cathy Clerbaux, Pierre-François Coheur, Mathieu Lachatre, and Gaëlle Dufour
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Air pollution, 010501 environmental sciences, Particulates, Infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, Troposphere, Ammonia, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, 11. Sustainability, medicine, Environmental science, Ammonium, Sulfate, NOx, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Air pollution reaching hazardous levels in many Chinese cities has been a major concern in China over the past decades. New policies have been applied to regulate anthropogenic pollutant emissions, leading to changes in atmospheric composition and in particulate matter ( PM ) production. Increasing levels of atmospheric ammonia columns have been observed by satellite during recent years. In particular, observations from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) reveal an increase of these columns by 15 % and 65 % from 2011 to 2013 and 2015, respectively, over eastern China. In this paper we performed model simulations for 2011, 2013 and 2015 in order to understand the origin of this increase and to quantify the link between ammonia and the inorganic components of particles: NH 4 ( p ) + / SO 4 ( p ) 2 - / NO 3 ( p ) - . Interannual change of meteorology can be excluded as a reason: year 2015 meteorology leads to enhanced sulfate production over eastern China, which increases the ammonium and decreases the ammonia content, which is contrary to satellite observations. Reductions in SO2 and NOx emissions from 2011 to 2015 of 37.5 % and 21 % respectively, as constrained from satellite data, lead to decreased inorganic matter (by 14 % for NH 4 ( p ) + + SO 4 ( p ) 2 - + NO 3 ( p ) - ). This in turn leads to increased gaseous NH3(g) tropospheric columns by as much as 24 % and 49 % (sampled corresponding to IASI data availability) from 2011 to 2013 and 2015 respectively and thus can explain most of the observed increase.
Published: 2019
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10. The Community Inversion Framework v1.0: A unified system for atmospheric inversion studies

Author: Rona Thompson, Wouter Peters, Jean-Matthieu Haussaire, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Joël Thanwerdas, Grégoire Broquet, Werner L. Kutsch, Peter Bergamaschi, Richard Engelen, Jacob C. A. van Peet, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Christoph Gerbig, Espen Sollum, Philippe Peylin, Christian Rödenbeck, Yuanhong Zhao, Isabelle Pison, Sanne Houweling, Marko Scholze, Adrien Berchet, Elise Potier, Ute Karstens, Paul I. Palmer, Dominik Brunner, Christine Groot Zwaaftink, Aki Tsuruta, Guillaume Monteil, Marielle Saunois, Frédéric Chevallier, Tuula Aalto, Antoine Berchet, Stephan Henne, Earth Sciences, Earth and Climate, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut Pprime (PPRIME), Université de Poitiers-ENSMA-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), The Community Inversion Framework is currently funded by the project (http://verify.lsce.ipsl.fr, last access:23 August 2021), which received funding from the EuropeanUnion’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme undergrant agreement no. 776810, European Project: 776810,H2020,H2020-SC5-2017-OneStageB,VERIFY(2018), Isotope Research, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Hydrodynamique et Ecoulements Environnementaux (HydEE), Département Fluides, Thermique et Combustion (FTC), Université de Poitiers-ENSMA-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Poitiers-ENSMA-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pprime (PPRIME), Université de Poitiers-ENSMA-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Poitiers-ENSMA-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), ENSMA-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Poitiers, European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology [Dübendorf] (EMPA), European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science [Lund], Lund University [Lund], Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Meteorology and Air Quality Group, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), School of Geosciences [Edinburgh], and University of Edinburgh
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Computer science, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, 010501 environmental sciences, Luchtkwaliteit, 01 natural sciences, Air Quality, Data assimilation, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Life Science, Leverage (statistics), [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Protocol (object-oriented programming), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, computer.programming_language, Flexibility (engineering), [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, QE1-996.5, WIMEK, Bayesian optimization, Inversion (meteorology), Geology, Python (programming language), 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, Systems engineering, computer
Abstract: Atmospheric inversion approaches are expected to play a critical role in future observation-based monitoring systems for surface fluxes of greenhouse gases (GHGs), pollutants and other trace gases. In the past decade, the research community has developed various inversion software, mainly using variational or ensemble Bayesian optimization methods, with various assumptions on uncertainty structures and prior information and with various atmospheric chemistry–transport models. Each of them can assimilate some or all of the available observation streams for its domain area of interest: flask samples, in situ measurements or satellite observations. Although referenced in peer-reviewed publications and usually accessible across the research community, most systems are not at the level of transparency, flexibility and accessibility needed to provide the scientific community and policy makers with a comprehensive and robust view of the uncertainties associated with the inverse estimation of GHG and reactive species fluxes. Furthermore, their development, usually carried out by individual research institutes, may in the future not keep pace with the increasing scientific needs and technical possibilities. We present here the Community Inversion Framework (CIF) to help rationalize development efforts and leverage the strengths of individual inversion systems into a comprehensive framework. The CIF is primarily a programming protocol to allow various inversion bricks to be exchanged among researchers. In practice, the ensemble of bricks makes a flexible, transparent and open-source Python-based tool to estimate the fluxes of various GHGs and reactive species both at the global and regional scales. It will allow for running different atmospheric transport models, different observation streams and different data assimilation approaches. This adaptability will allow for a comprehensive assessment of uncertainty in a fully consistent framework. We present here the main structure and functionalities of the system, and we demonstrate how it operates in a simple academic case.
Published: 2021
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11. Variational regional inverse modeling of reactive species emissions with PYVAR-CHIMERE-v2019

Author: Adriana Coman, Isabelle Pison, Elise Potier, Antoine Berchet, Lorenzo Costantino, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Grégoire Broquet, Guillaume Siour, Gaëlle Dufour, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-RAMCES (ICOS-RAMCES), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)
Subjects: Pollution, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, QE1-996.5, Inverse system, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, Inverse, Geology, Inversion (meteorology), 010501 environmental sciences, Particulates, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, MOPITT, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Tropospheric ozone, Temporal scales, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common
Abstract: Up-to-date and accurate emission inventories for air pollutants are essential for understanding their role in the formation of tropospheric ozone and particulate matter at various temporal scales, for anticipating pollution peaks and for identifying the key drivers that could help mitigate their concentrations. This paper describes the Bayesian variational inverse system PYVAR-CHIMERE, which is now adapted to the inversion of reactive species. Complementarily with bottom-up inventories, this system aims at updating and improving the knowledge on the high spatiotemporal variability of emissions of air pollutants and their precursors. The system is designed to use any type of observations, such as satellite observations or surface station measurements. The potential of PYVAR-CHIMERE is illustrated with inversions of both carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions in Europe, using the MOPITT and OMI satellite observations, respectively. In these cases, local increments on CO emissions can reach more than +50 %, with increases located mainly over central and eastern Europe, except in the south of Poland, and decreases located over Spain and Portugal. The illustrative cases for NOx emissions also lead to large local increments (> 50 %), for example over industrial areas (e.g., over the Po Valley) and over the Netherlands. The good behavior of the inversion is shown through statistics on the concentrations: the mean bias, RMSE, standard deviation, and correlation between the simulated and observed concentrations. For CO, the mean bias is reduced by about 27 % when using the posterior emissions, the RMSE and the standard deviation are reduced by about 50 %, and the correlation is strongly improved (0.74 when using the posterior emissions against 0.02); for NOx, the mean bias is reduced by about 24 % and the RMSE and the standard deviation are reduced by about 7 %, but the correlation is not improved. We reported strong non-linear relationships between NOx emissions and satellite NO2 columns, now requiring a fully comprehensive scientific study.
Published: 2021
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12. Analysis of the anthropogenic and biogenic NO x emissions over 2008‐2017: assessment of the trends in the 30 most populated urban areas in Europe

Author: Stijn N. C. Dellaert, Hugo Denier van der Gon, Isabelle Pison, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Folkert Boersma, Guillaume Siour, Marielle Saunois, Antoine Berchet, Grégoire Broquet, Gaëlle Dufour, Elise Potier, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-RAMCES (ICOS-RAMCES), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), TNO Climate, Air and Sustainability [Utrecht], The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), European Project: 776810,H2020,H2020-SC5-2017-OneStageB,VERIFY(2018), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)
Subjects: Meteorologie en Luchtkwaliteit, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, WIMEK, Meteorology and Air Quality, Environmental protection, Environmental science, Life Science, Luchtkwaliteit, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, NOx, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Air Quality
Abstract: We use the OMI-QA4ECV-v1.1 NO2 tropospheric columns over the 10-yr 2008-2017 period to confront satellite-based trends in NO2 concentrations to those from the state-of-the-art regional chemistry-transport model CHIMERE and to evaluate the bottom-up anthropogenic and biogenic NOx emissions in Europe. A focus is made for the 30 most populated urban areas in Europe. Over urban areas in Western Europe, except for coastal cities, OMI confirm the drop in the simulated CHIMERE NO2 tropospheric columns based on the latest country emission official reporting. OMI does not show significant decreasing trends over Central and Eastern Europe urban areas. Increasing biogenic emissions helps reconciling CHIMERE and OMI trends over urban areas in Central Europe and over rural areas, confirming the importance of accounting for non-anthropogenic emissions to assess long-term trends. Over Eastern Europe, our results question emission reductions estimated for particular sectors and in particular the road transport, public power and industrial emissions.
Published: 2021
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13. The monitoring nitrous oxide sources (MIN2OS) satellite project

Author: Joël Léonard, Jean-Luc Attié, Hélène Reynal, Christine Groot Zwaaftink, Naoko Saitoh, Laurent Berdeu, Rona Thompson, Jos Lelieveld, Elizabeth Pattey, Z. Zelinger, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Frédérick Pasternak, Isabelle Pison, Prabir K. Patra, Václav Nevrlý, Jan Suchánek, Olivier Saint-Pé, Rémi Chalinel, Juying Warner, Laure Brooker, Jean Sciare, Philippe Ricaud, Jérôme Vidot, Michal Dostál, Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Airbus Defence and Space [Les Mureaux], ASTRIUM, Agroressources et Impacts environnementaux (AgroImpact), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Agriculture and Agri-Food (AAFC), Norsk Institutt for Luftforskning (NILU), J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the ASCR, Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Cyprus Institute (CyI), Chiba University, University of Maryland [Baltimore], Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), AGroécologie, Innovations, teRritoires (AGIR), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), The TN2OR project is funded by the Région Occitanie, the University of Toulouse, the Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers (INSU)/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Météo-France, the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), Airbus Defense and Space, and Sciences et technologies pour l'Aéronautique et l'Espace (STAE) foundation. RC's PhD has been funded by Région Occitanie and Airbus Defense and Space., Météo France-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Airbus Defence and Space, Airbus Group, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Agriculture and Agri-Food [Ottawa] (AAFC), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: Daytime, N2O emissions, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Equator, Soil Science, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Modelling, Atmosphere, Mixing ratio, Computers in Earth Sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, Atmospheric sounding, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Nitrous oxide, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, Sources, Geology, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Spectral bands, Atmosphere of Earth, 13. Climate action, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Satellite, Space-borne observations
Abstract: International audience; The Monitoring Nitrous Oxide Sources (MIN2OS) satellite project aims at monitoring global-scale nitrous oxide (N2O) sources by retrieving N2O surface fluxes from the inversion of space-borne N2O measurements that are sensitive to the lowermost atmospheric layers under favorable conditions. MIN2OS will provide emission estimates of N2O at a horizontal resolution of 1° × 1° on the global scale and 10 × 10 km2 on the regional scale on a weekly to monthly basis depending on the application (e.g., agriculture, national inventories, policy, scientific research). Our novel approach is based on the development of: 1) a space-borne instrument operating in the Thermal InfraRed domain providing, in clear sky conditions, N2O mixing ratio in the lowermost atmosphere (900 hPa) under favorable conditions (summer daytime) over land and under favorable and unfavorable (winter nighttime) conditions over the ocean and 2) an atmospheric inversion framework to estimate N2O surface fluxes from the atmospheric satellite observations. After studying three N2O spectral bands (B1 at 1240–1350 cm−1, B2 at 2150–2260 cm−1 and B3 at 2400–2600 cm−1), a new TIR instrument will be developed, centered at 1250–1330 cm−1, with a resolution of 0.125 cm−1, a Full Width at Half Maximum of 0.25 cm−1 and a swath of 300 km. To optimally constrain the retrieval of N2O vertical profiles, the instrument will be on-board a platform at ~830 km altitude in a sun-synchronous orbit crossing the Equator in descending node at 09:30 local time in synergy with two other platforms (Metop-SG and Sentinel-2 NG) expected to fly in 2031–32 aiming at detecting surface properties, agricultural information on the field scale and vertical profiles of atmospheric constituents and temperature. The lifetime of the MIN2OS project would be 4–5 years to study the interannual variability of N2O surface fluxes. The spectral noise can be decreased by at least a factor of 5 compared to the lowest noise accessible to date with the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer-New Generation (IASI-NG) mission. The N2O total error is expected to be less than ~1% (~3 ppbv) along the vertical. The preliminary design of the MIN2OS project results in a small instrument (payload of 90 kg, volume of 1200 × 600 × 300 mm3) with, in addition to the spectrometer, a wide field and 1-km resolution imager for cloud detection. The instruments could be hosted on a small platform, the whole satellite being largely compatible with a dual launch on VEGA-C. The MIN2OS project has been submitted to the European Space Agency Earth Explorer 11 mission ideas.
Published: 2021
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14. Supplementary material to 'The Community Inversion Framework v1.0: a unified system for atmospheric inversion studies'

Author: Antoine Berchet, Espen Sollum, Rona L. Thompson, Isabelle Pison, Joël Thanwerdas, Grégoire Broquet, Frédéric Chevallier, Tuula Aalto, Peter Bergamaschi, Dominik Brunner, Richard Engelen, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Christoph Gerbig, Christine Groot Zwaaftink, Jean-Matthieu Haussaire, Stephan Henne, Sander Houweling, Ute Karstens, Werner L. Kutsch, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Guillaume Monteil, Paul I. Palmer, Jacob C. A. van Peet, Wouter Peters, Philippe Peylin, Elise Potier, Christian Rödenbeck, Marielle Saunois, Marko Scholze, Aki Tsuruta, and Yuanhong Zhao
Published: 2020
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15. The Community Inversion Framework v1.0: a unified system for atmospheric inversion studies

Author: Antoine Berchet, Espen Sollum, Rona L. Thompson, Isabelle Pison, Joël Thanwerdas, Grégoire Broquet, Frédéric Chevallier, Tuula Aalto, Peter Bergamaschi, Dominik Brunner, Richard Engelen, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Christoph Gerbig, Christine Groot Zwaaftink, Jean-Matthieu Haussaire, Stephan Henne, Sander Houweling, Ute Karstens, Werner L. Kutsch, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Guillaume Monteil, Paul I. Palmer, Jacob C. A. van Peet, Wouter Peters, Philippe Peylin, Elise Potier, Christian Rödenbeck, Marielle Saunois, Marko Scholze, Aki Tsuruta, and Yuanhong Zhao
Abstract: Atmospheric inversion approaches are expected to play a critical role in future observation-based monitoring systems for surface greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes. In the past decade, the research community has developed various inversion softwares, mainly using variational or ensemble Bayesian optimization methods, with various assumptions on uncertainty structures and prior information and with various atmospheric chemistry-transport models. Each of them can assimilate some or all of the available observation streams for its domain area of interest: flask samples, in-situ measurements or satellite observations. Although referenced in peer-reviewed publications and usually accessible across the research community, most systems are not at the level of transparency, flexibility and accessibility needed to provide the scientific community and policy makers with a comprehensive and robust view of the uncertainties associated with the inverse estimation of GHG fluxes. Furthermore, their development, usually carried out by individual research institutes, may in the future not keep pace with the increasing scientific needs and technical possibilities. We present here a Community Inversion Framework (CIF) to help rationalize development efforts and leverage the strengths of individual inversion systems into a comprehensive framework. The CIF is primarily a programming protocol to allow various inversion bricks to be exchanged among researchers. In practice, the ensemble of bricks makes a flexible, transparent and open-source python-based tool to estimate the fluxes of various GHGs both at global and regional scales. It will allow running different atmospheric transport models, different observation streams and different data assimilation approaches. This adaptability will allow a comprehensively assessment of uncertainty in a fully consistent framework. We present here the main structure and functionalities of the system, and demonstrate how it operates in a simple academic case.
Published: 2020

16. Answer Reviewer #3

Author: Audrey Fortems-Cheiney
Published: 2020
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17. Answer Reviewer #1

Author: Audrey Fortems-Cheiney
Published: 2020
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18. Answer Reviewer #2

Author: Audrey Fortems-Cheiney
Published: 2020
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19. Reply to Referee #2

Author: Audrey Fortems-Cheiney
Published: 2020
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20. Reply to the Executive Editor comment

Author: Audrey Fortems-Cheiney
Published: 2020
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21. Reply to referee #1

Author: Audrey Fortems-Cheiney
Published: 2020
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22. Global atmospheric carbon monoxide budget 2000–2017 inferred from multi-species atmospheric inversions

Author: Philippe Ciais, Yi Yin, Bo Zheng, Frédéric Chevallier, Robert J. Parker, Merritt N. Deeter, Yuanhong Zhao, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Yilong Wang, and Helen M. Worden
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Atmospheric carbon cycle, Multi species, Environmental science, Satellite, Inversion (meteorology), Monoxide, Atmospheric sciences, Observation data, Methane, Trace gas
Abstract: Atmospheric carbon monoxide (CO) has been decreasing since 2000 as observed by both satellite- and ground-based instruments, but global bottom-up emission inventories surprisingly estimate increasing anthropogenic CO emissions concurrently. In this study, we use a multi-species atmospheric Bayesian inversion approach to attribute satellite-observed atmospheric CO variations to its sources and sinks in order to achieve full closure of the global CO budget during 2000–2017. Our observation constraints include satellite retrievals of the total column mole fraction of CO from MOPITT, formaldehyde (HCHO) from OMI, and methane (CH4) from GOSAT, which are all major components of the atmospheric CO cycle. Three inversions are performed to use the observation data to the maximum extent possible as they become available and assess the consistency of inversion results to the assimilation of more trace gas species. We identify a declining trend in the global CO budget since 2000 (three inversions are broadly consistent), driven by reduced anthropogenic emissions in the U.S. and Europe (both likely from the transport sector), and in China (likely from industry and residential sectors), as well as by reduced biomass burning emissions globally, especially in Equatorial Africa (associated with reduced burned areas). We show that the trends and drivers of the inversion-based CO budget are not affected by the inter-annual variation assumed for prior CO fluxes. All three inversions estimate that surface CO emissions contradict the global bottom-up inventories in the world’s top two emitters for the sign of anthropogenic emission trends in China (e.g., here −0.8 ± 0.5% yr−1 since 2000 while the prior gives 1.3 ± 0.4% yr−1) and for the rate of anthropogenic emission increase in South Asia (e.g., here 1.0 ± 0.6% yr−1 since 2000 smaller than 3.5 ± 0.4% yr−1 in the prior inventory). The comparison of the three inversions with different observation constraints further suggests that the most complete constrained inversion that assimilates MOPITT CO, OMI HCHO, and GOSAT CH4 has a good representation of the global CO budget, therefore matches best with independent observations, while the inversion only assimilating MOPITT CO tends to underestimate both the decrease in anthropogenic CO emissions and the increase in the CO chemical production.
Published: 2020
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23. Modelling Exchanges: From the Process Scale to the Regional Scale

Author: Jean-Louis Drouet, Benjamin Loubet, Isabelle Coll, Carole Bedos, Andrée Tuzet, Matthias Beekmann, Erwan Personne, Raia Silvia Massad, Sophie Genermont, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Sébastien Saint-Jean, Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)
Subjects: Pollutant, Process modeling, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, business.industry, Process (engineering), Scale (chemistry), Environmental resource management, Integration, Climate change, 010501 environmental sciences, 15. Life on land, 01 natural sciences, Field (geography), Chemistry-transport model, Model coupling, Air quality prediction, 13. Climate action, Agriculture, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Process modelling, business, Air quality index, Soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; This chapter shows how the knowledge on the processes of surface exchange and atmospheric fate of different pollutants from agriculture or with an impact on agroecosystems is factored into mathematical simulation tools. It also considers the complexity of the interactions involved, the quantities of matter exchanged between agroecosystems and the atmosphere, and the measurement methods used to quantify them. The resulting models, which range from highly local (plant, leaf …) to global scales, ultimately enable to assess the impacts of changes in agricultural practices or climate change on pollutant exchanges between the atmosphere and agroecosystems. We describe different modelling approaches at the process, field, landscape and regional scales with different integrative levels. Model results are useful to understand how different processes interact and to predict how different environmental conditions, future climate or agricultural practices affect air quality. Models can also help identify levers for emission mitigation and estimate their efficiency.
Published: 2020
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24. Do alternative inventories converge on the spatiotemporal representation of spring ammonia emissions in France?

Author: Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Lieven Clarisse, Sophie Genermont, Frédérik Meleux, Florian Couvidat, Gilles Foret, Jean-Marc Gilliot, Pierre-François Coheur, Guillaume Siour, Karine Dufosse, Cathy Clerbaux, Martin Van Damme, Gaëlle Dufour, Matthias Beekmann, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Spectroscopy, Quantum Chemistry and Atmospheric Remote Sensing (SQUARES), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Amp'Air Project ADEME 1660C0013, PolQA Primequal Project 1662C0023, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), and Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, UMR CNRS 7583, Université Paris Est Créteil et Université de Paris, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Créteil, France
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010501 environmental sciences, engineering.material, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Chemistry, Phénomènes atmosphériques, Spring (hydrology), National level, Soil properties, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Particulates, lcsh:QC1-999, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Soil water, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, engineering, Environmental science, Stage (hydrology), Fertilizer, Scale (map), [CHIM.OTHE]Chemical Sciences/Other, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: Agriculture is the main source of ammonia (NH3) in France, an important gaseous precursor of atmospheric particulate matter (PM). National and global emission inventories are known to have difficulty representing the large spatial and temporal variability inherent to atmospheric NH3. In this study, we compare NH3 emissions in France during spring 2011 from one reference inventory, the TNO inventory, and two alternative inventories that account in different manners for both the spatial and temporal variabilities of the emissions: (i) the NH3SAT satellite-derived inventory based on IASI NH3 columns and (ii) the CADASTRE-CIT inventory that combines NH3 emissions due to nitrogen fertilization calculated with the mechanistic model VOLT'AIR on the database of the CADASTRE_NH3 framework and other source emissions from the CITEPA. The total spring budgets, from March to May 2011, at the national level are higher when calculated with both alternative inventories than with the reference, the difference being more marked with CADASTRE-CIT. NH3SAT and CADASTRE-CIT inventories both yield to large NH3 spring emissions due to fertilization on soils with high pH in the northeastern part of France (65 and 135 ktNH3, respectively, vs. 48 ktNH3 for TNO-GEN), while soil properties are not accounted for by the TNO-GEN methodology. For the other parts of France, the differences are smaller. The timing of fertilization and associated ammonia emissions is closely related to the nitrogen requirements and hence the phenological stage of the crops, and therefore to the crop year's specific weather conditions. Maximum emissions are observed in March for 2011 for some regions for both alternative inventories, while April is the period with maximum emissions for the reference inventory regardless of the region or the year. Comparing the inventories at finer temporal resolutions, typically at daily scale, large differences are found. The convergence of alternative, independent and complementary methods on the spatiotemporal representation of the spring NH3 emissions, particularly over areas where the contribution of mineral fertilizer spreading to the spring budget is strong, encourages further developments in both prospective complementary directions, as this will help improve national NH3 emission inventories., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Published: 2020
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25. Measuring Air Pollutant Concentrations and Fluxes

Author: Cristian Focsa, Jean-François Doussin, Dominique Baisnée, Nora Zannoni, Gaëlle Uzu, Roland Sarda-Esteve, Christian George, Stéphane Sauvage, Valérie Gros, Nathalie Redon, Eric Villenave, Benjamin Loubet, Gaëlle Dufour, Cathy Clerbaux, Denis Petitprez, Julien Kammer, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Abdelwahid Mellouki, Mathieu Cazaunau, Raluca Ciuraru, Maurice Millet, Jean-Luc Jaffrezo, Melynda Hassouna, Patricia Laville, Etienne Quivet, Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules - UMR 8523 (PhLAM), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de recherches sur la catalyse et l'environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut des Sciences de l'Ingénierie et des Systèmes (INSIS - CNRS), Institut de chimie et procédés pour l'énergie, l'environnement et la santé (ICPEES), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et Nanosciences Grand-Est (MNGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l’Atmosphère - UMR 8522 (PC2A), Laboratoire Chimie de l'environnement (LCE), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai (IMT Lille Douai), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Environnements et Paléoenvironnements OCéaniques (EPOC), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Carole Bedos, Sophie Génermont, Jean-François Castell, Pierre Cellier (eds), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut des Sciences de l'Ingénierie et des Systèmes (INSIS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère (LPCA), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)
Subjects: Concentration, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Air pollution, Eddy covariance, O3, 010501 environmental sciences, medicine.disease_cause, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Emission, chemistry.chemical_compound, medicine, Pesticides, Deposition, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Air pollutant concentrations, Reactivity, Global warming, VOCs, 15. Life on land, Particles, Deposition (aerosol physics), chemistry, NH3, 13. Climate action, Atmospheric chemistry, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Spatial variability
Abstract: International audience; Estimating agriculture’s contribution to air pollution and global warming is needed to understand and limit its impacts on the environment and climate. It is equally important to estimate the capacity of agricultural practices to mitigate these emissions and to characterize atmospheric deposition and the impacts of air pollutants on agroecosystems. This chapter presents methods for measuring air pollutant concentrations, their fluxes at the soil-vegetation-atmosphere interface, and emissions from livestock facilities. Methods for measuring air concentrations are described with a focus on compounds emitted from or impacting agriculture (including forests): ammonia, nitrogen oxides, pesticides, volatile organic compounds including methane, abiotic and biotic particles, and ozone. The main methods for measuring emission and deposition fluxes of air pollutants between terrestrial surfaces, especially agroecosystems, and the atmosphere are described with a specific focus on the eddy covariance method as well as on emissions from livestock buildings. Then the general principles of source apportionment methods for estimating emissions spatial variability are presented. To address the questions on atmospheric chemistry, the methods used for measuring the reactivity of atmospheric compounds are presented. Finally, an insight is given on the developments of measurement methodologies to address new compounds and improve the sensors’ sensitivity and response time as well as provide estimates of spatial variability of concentrations and fluxes at larger scales.
Published: 2020
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26. Variational regional inverse modeling of reactive species emissions with PYVAR-CHIMERE

Author: Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Isabelle Pison, Gaelle Dufour, Grégoire Broquet, Antoine Berchet, Elise Potier, Adriana Coman, Guillaume Siour, and Lorenzo Costantino
Abstract: Up-to-date and accurate emission inventories for air pollutants are essential for understanding their role in the formation of tropospheric ozone and particulate matter at various temporal scales, for anticipating pollution peaks and for identifying the key drivers that could help mitigate their emissions. This paper describes the Bayesian variational inverse system PYVAR-CHIMERE, which is adapted to the inversion of reactive species. Complementarily with bottom-up inventories, this system aims at updating and improving the knowledge on the high spatio-temporal variability of emissions of air pollutants and their precursors. The system is designed to use any type of observations, such as satellite observations or surface stations. The potential of PYVAR-CHIMERE is illustrated with one-day inversions of CO and NO2 emissions in Europe, using the MOPITT and OMI satellite observations (for CO and for NO2, respectively).
Published: 2019

27. Atmospheric ammonia (NH3) over the Paris megacity: 9 years of total column observations from ground-based infrared remote sensing

Author: Mokhtar Ray, Thomas Blumenstock, Johannes Orphal, Claude Camy-Peyret, Jean-Marie Flaud, Rebecca D. Kutzner, X. Landsheere, Benoît Tournadre, Juan Cuesta, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, P. Chelin, Frank Hase, and Camille Viatte
Subjects: Solar observatory, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Infrared, Planetary boundary layer, Infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Troposphere, Atmosphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, 13. Climate action, 11. Sustainability, Environmental science, Tropospheric ozone, Air quality index, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: In this paper, we present the first multi-year time series of atmospheric NH3 ground-based measurements in the Paris region (Créteil, 48.79° N, 2.44° E, France) retrieved with the mid-resolution “Observations of the Atmosphere by Solar absorption Infrared Spectroscopy” (OASIS) ground-based Fourier Transform infrared solar observatory. Located in an urban region, OASIS has previously been used for monitoring air quality (tropospheric ozone and carbon monoxide), thanks to its specific column sensitivity across the whole troposphere including the planetary boundary layer. A total of 4920 measurements of atmospheric total columns of ammonia have been obtained from 2009 to 2017, with uncertainties ranging from 20 % to 35 %, and are compared with NH3 concentrations derived from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI). OASIS ground-based measurements show significant interannual, and seasonal variabilities of atmospheric ammonia. NH3 total columns over the Paris megacity (12 million people) vary seasonally by 2 orders of magnitude, from approximately 1015 molecules cm−2 in winter to 1017 molecules cm−2 for spring peaks, probably due to springtime spreading of fertilizers on surrounding croplands. Also, we observe a correlation of daily NH3-OASIS total columns with daily PM2.5 in situ measurements from the closest Airparif surface station in springtime.
Published: 2019
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28. Supplementary material to 'Global atmospheric carbon monoxide budget 2000–2017 inferred from multi-species atmospheric inversions'

Author: Bo Zheng, Frederic Chevallier, Yi Yin, Philippe Ciais, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Merritt N. Deeter, Robert J. Parker, Yilong Wang, Helen M. Worden, and Yuanhong Zhao
Published: 2019
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29. Global atmospheric carbon monoxide budget 2000–2017 inferred from multi-species atmospheric inversions

Author: Bo Zheng, Frederic Chevallier, Yi Yin, Philippe Ciais, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Merritt N. Deeter, Robert J. Parker, Yilong Wang, Helen M. Worden, Yuanhong Zhao, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory (ACOML), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Leicester], University of Leicester, NERC National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 13. Climate action, 8. Economic growth, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 7. Clean energy
Abstract: Atmospheric carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations have been decreasing since 2000 as observed by both satellite- and ground-based instruments, but global bottom-up emission inventories surprisingly estimate increasing anthropogenic CO emissions concurrently. In this study, we use a multi-species atmospheric Bayesian inversion approach to attribute satellite-observed atmospheric CO variations to its sources and sinks in order to achieve a full closure of the global CO budget during 2000–2017. Our observation constraints include satellite retrievals of the total column mole fraction of CO, formaldehyde (HCHO), and methane (CH4) that are all major components of the atmospheric CO cycle. Three inversions (i.e., 2000–2017, 2005–2017, and 2010–2017) are performed to use the observation data to the maximum extent possible as they become available and assess the consistency of inversion results to the assimilation of more trace gas species. We identify a declining trend in the global CO budget since 2000 (three inversions are broadly consistent during overlapping periods), driven by reduced anthropogenic emissions in the U.S. and Europe (both likely from the transport sector), and in China (likely from industry and residential sectors), as well as by reduced biomass burning emissions globally, especially in Equatorial Africa (associated with reduced burned areas). We show that the trends and drivers of the inversion-based CO budget are not affected by the inter-annual variation assumed for prior CO fluxes. All three inversions estimate that surface CO emissions contradict the global bottom-up inventories in the world's top two emitters for the sign of anthropogenic emission trends in China (e.g., here −0.8 ± 0.5 % yr−1 since 2000 while the prior gives 1.3 ± 0.4 % yr−1) and for the rate of anthropogenic emission increase in South Asia (e.g., here 1.0 ± 0.6 % yr−1 since 2000 smaller than 3.5 ± 0.4 % yr−1 in the prior inventory). The posterior model CO concentrations and trends agree well with independent ground-based observations and correct the prior model bias. The comparison of the three inversions with different observation constraints further suggests that the most complete constrained inversion that assimilates CO, HCHO, and CH4 has a good representation of the global CO budget, therefore matches best with independent observations, while the inversion only assimilating CO tends to underestimate both the decrease in anthropogenic CO emissions and the increase in the CO chemical production. The global CO budget data from all three inversions in this study can be accessed from https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4454453.v1 (Zheng et al., 2019).
Published: 2019
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30. Mesures des concentrations et des flux de polluants atmosphériques

Author: Benjamin Loubet, Dominique Baisnee, Mathieu Cazaunau, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Raluca Ciuraru, Cathy Clerbaux, Jean-Francois Doussin, Gaelle Dufour, Cristian Focsa, George, C., Valérie Gros, Melynda Hassouna, Jean Luc Jaffrezo, Julien Kammer, Patricia Laville, Wahid Mellouki, Maurice Millet, Denis Petitprez, Etienne Quivet, Nathalie Redon, Roland Sarda-Estève, Stéphane Sauvage, Gaëlle UZU, Eric Villenave, Nora Zannoni, Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules - UMR 8523 (PhLAM), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de recherches sur la catalyse et l'environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut des Sciences de l'Ingénierie et des Systèmes (INSIS), Institut de chimie et procédés pour l'énergie, l'environnement et la santé (ICPEES), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l’Atmosphère - UMR 8522 (PC2A), Laboratoire Chimie de l'environnement (LCE), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai (IMT Lille Douai), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Environnements et Paléoenvironnements OCéaniques (EPOC), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Bedos, C., Génermont, S., Castell, J.F., Cellier, P., Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut des Sciences de l'Ingénierie et des Systèmes (INSIS - CNRS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et Nanosciences Grand-Est (MNGE), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), and Durivault, Anaïs
Subjects: [SDE] Environmental Sciences, [SDE]Environmental Sciences
Published: 2019

31. The unintended consequence of SO2 and NO2 regulations over China: increase of ammonia levels and impact on PM2.5 concentrations

Author: Mathieu Lachatre, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Gilles Foret, Guillaume Siour, Gaëlle Dufour, Lieven Clarisse, Cathy Clerbaux, Pierre-François Coheur, Martin Van Damme, and Matthias Beekmann
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 13. Climate action, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Air pollution, reaching hazardous levels in many Chinese cities has been a major concern in China over the past decades. New policies have been applied to regulate anthropogenic pollutant emissions, leading to changes in atmospheric composition and in particulate matter (PM) production. Increasing levels of atmospheric ammonia columns have been observed by satellite during the last years, in particular IASI observations reveal an increase of these columns by 15 % and 65 % from 2011 to 2013 and 2015, respectively, over Eastern China. In this paper we have performed model simulations for 2011, 2013 and 2015 in order to understand the origin of this increase, and in particular to quantify the link between ammonia and the inorganic components of particles: NH4(p)+ / SO4(p)2− / NO3(p)−. Interannual change of meteorology can be excluded as a reason: year 2015 meteorology leads to enhanced sulphate production over Eastern China which increases the ammonium and decreases the ammonia content which is contrary to satellite observations. Reductions in SO2 and NOX emission between 2011 and 2015 of respectively −37.5 and −21 %, as constrained from satellite data, lead to decreased inorganic matter (by 14 % for NH4(p)+ + SO4(p)2− + NO3(p)−). This in turn leads to increased gaseous NH3(g) tropospheric columns, by as much as 24 % and 49 % (sampled corresponding to IASI data availability) from 2011 to 2013 and 2015 respectively, and thus can explain most of the observed increase.
Published: 2018
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32. Supplementary material to 'The unintended consequence of SO2 and NO2 regulations over China: increase of ammonia levels and impact on PM2.5 concentrations'

Author: Mathieu Lachatre, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Gilles Foret, Guillaume Siour, Gaëlle Dufour, Lieven Clarisse, Cathy Clerbaux, Pierre-François Coheur, Martin Van Damme, and Matthias Beekmann
Published: 2018
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33. Ammonia agricultural emissions over Europe as seen by IASI and impact on PM2.5 concentrations

Author: Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Gaelle Dufour, Matthias Beekmann, Sophie Génermont, Frédérik Meleux, Cathy Clerbaux, Pierre-François Coheur, Martin van Damme, Lieven Clarisse, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Civs, Gestionnaire, Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Spectroscopie de l'atmosphère, Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Libre de Bruxelles [Bruxelles] (ULB), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)
Subjects: [SDE] Environmental Sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDE]Environmental Sciences
Abstract: Ammonia (NH3), whose main source is agriculture, is an important gaseous precursor of atmospheric particulate matter (PM). However, NH3 is the most poorly understood pollutant regulated by EU directives for air quality, as flux quantification is highly uncertain and measurement of this compound at the surface of the earth is difficult. Here, we derived daily European ammonia emissions using NH3 total columns from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) onboard Metop-A, at a relatively high spatial resolution (grid-cell of 0.5° x 0.5°) for the two years 2010 and 2011. This update of NH3, in magnitude with a relatively high spatio-temporal variability, allows for a better comparison with independent PM2.5 measurements. It shows a different seasonal cycle in 2011 with a strong peak in March 2011, rather than in April in the EMEP prior inventory. It also reveals a peak in August 2011, not described in the EMEP inventory. This preliminary study suggests that there are good promises for better quantifying NH3 emissions by atmospheric inversions, and particularly with the the 4D Bayesian variational inverse system PYVAR-CHIMERE -based on the adjoint model of CHIMERE- being adapted to NH3.
Published: 2018

34. HCFC-22 emissions at global and regional scales between 1995 and 2010: Trends and variability

Author: Marielle Saunois, Frédéric Chevallier, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Isabelle Pison, Yoko Yokouchi, F. Artuso, Philippe Bousquet, C. Cressot, and H. J. Wang
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Chlorodifluoromethane, Inversion (meteorology), 010501 environmental sciences, Seasonality, medicine.disease, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Geophysics, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Bayesian inversion, Climatology, Montreal Protocol, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), medicine, High temporal resolution, Environmental science, Developing regions, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: [1] HCFC‒22 (CHClF2, chlorodifluoromethane) is an ozone‒depleting substance, the consumption of which is controlled under the Montreal Protocol. Within a Bayesian inversion framework, we use measurements of HCFC‒22 atmospheric concentrations to constrain estimates of HCFC‒22 emissions, at the grid point 3.75°×2.5° and 8 day resolution, from January 1995 to December 2010. Starting from a new gridded bottom‒up inventory which is then optimized, our method shows continuously rising global emissions, from 182±11 Gg in 1995 to the maximum of 410±9 Gg in 2009. This is mainly due to an increase of emissions in developing regions, particularly in Eastern Asia, and occurs despite the current phase‒out in developed countries. The high temporal resolution of our inversion (8 day) allows to reveal some of the emission seasonality, the global posterior sources ranging from 25 Gg/month in November to 42 Gg/month in July, for example, in 2010.
Published: 2013
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35. TransCom model simulations of methane: Comparison of vertical profiles with aircraft measurements

Author: Philippe Bousquet, Maarten Krol, Robin Locatelli, Huisheng Bian, Lei Meng, Chris Wilson, Luciana V. Gatti, Annemarie Fraser, Zoe Loh, Stephan R. Kawa, Peter Hess, John B. Miller, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Philip Cameron-Smith, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Emanuel Gloor, Colm Sweeney, Dan Bergmann, Dmitry Belikov, Prabir K. Patra, Sander Houweling, Toshinobu Machida, Rachel M. Law, Ronald G. Prinn, Matthew Rigby, Anna Agusti-Panareda, R. Saito, Paul I. Palmer, and Shamil Maksyutov
Subjects: Convection, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Chemical transport model, Horizontal and vertical, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Methane, Troposphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, Geophysics, Amplitude, Flux (metallurgy), chemistry, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Climatology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: [1] To assess horizontal and vertical transports of methane (CH4) concentrations at different heights within the troposphere, we analyzed simulations by 12 chemistry transport models (CTMs) that participated in the TransCom-CH4 intercomparison experiment. Model results are compared with aircraft measurements at 13 sites in Amazon/Brazil, Mongolia, Pacific Ocean, Siberia/Russia, and United States during the period of 2001–2007. The simulations generally show good agreement with observations for seasonal cycles and vertical gradients. The correlation coefficients of the daily averaged model and observed CH4 time series for the analyzed years are generally larger than 0.5, and the observed seasonal cycle amplitudes are simulated well at most sites, considering the between-model variances. However, larger deviations show up below 2 km for the model-observation differences in vertical profiles at some locations, e.g., at Santarem, Brazil, and in the upper troposphere, e.g., at Surgut, Russia. Vertical gradients and concentrations are underestimated at Southern Great Planes, United States, and Santarem and overestimated at Surgut. Systematic overestimation and underestimation of vertical gradients are mainly attributed to inaccurate emission and only partly to the transport uncertainties. However, large differences in model simulations are found over the regions/seasons of strong convection, which is poorly represented in the models. Overall, the zonal and latitudinal variations in CH4 are controlled by surface emissions below 2.5 km and transport patterns in the middle and upper troposphere. We show that the models with larger vertical gradients, coupled with slower horizontal transport, exhibit greater CH4 interhemispheric gradients in the lower troposphere. These findings have significant implications for the future development of more accurate CTMs with the possibility of reducing biases in estimated surface fluxes by inverse modeling.
Published: 2013
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36. The European land and inland water CO2, CO, CH4 and N2O balance between 2001 and 2005

Author: Sebastiaan Luyssaert, Frédéric Chevallier, Juliane Otto, P. Ciais, Annalea Lohila, P. Peylin, M. Corazza, Rene Dechow, Philippe Bousquet, Pieter Johannes Verkerk, Giuseppe Etiope, D. S. Njakou, E.-D. Schulze, Rong Wang, David Bastviken, J. Lathière, Emilio Mayorga, Giacomo Grassi, Nicolas Vuichard, Sophie Szopa, Martin Jung, Christian Rödenbeck, Nils Moosdorf, Peter A. Raymond, Valentin Bellassen, Jens Hartmann, Rona Thompson, Karl-Heinz Erb, Wouter Peters, Martin Wattenbach, Gwenaël Abril, Dario Papale, P. Bergamaschi, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Sönke Zaehle, Sanna Saarnio, and Robert J. Andres
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ecology, Aquatic ecosystem, Climate change, 010501 environmental sciences, 15. Life on land, Carbon sequestration, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Effects of global warming, Greenhouse gas, Carbon dioxide, Environmental science, Terrestrial ecosystem, Ecosystem, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes
Abstract: Globally, terrestrial ecosystems have absorbed about 30% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions over the period 2000–2007 and inter-hemispheric gradients indicate that a significant fraction of terrestrial carbon sequestration must be north of the Equator. We present a compilation of the CO2, CO, CH4 and N2O balances of Europe following a dual constraint approach in which (1) a land-based balance derived mainly from ecosystem carbon inventories and (2) a land-based balance derived from flux measurements are compared to (3) the atmospheric data-based balance derived from inversions constrained by measurements of atmospheric GHG (greenhouse gas) concentrations. Good agreement between the GHG balances based on fluxes (1294 ± 545 Tg C in CO2-eq yr−1), inventories (1299 ± 200 Tg C in CO2-eq yr−1) and inversions (1210 ± 405 Tg C in CO2-eq yr−1) increases our confidence that the processes underlying the European GHG budget are well understood and reasonably sampled. However, the uncertainty remains large and largely lacks formal estimates. Given that European net land to atmosphere exchanges are determined by a few dominant fluxes, the uncertainty of these key components needs to be formally estimated before efforts could be made to reduce the overall uncertainty. The net land-to-atmosphere flux is a net source for CO2, CO, CH4 and N2O, because the anthropogenic emissions by far exceed the biogenic sink strength. The dual-constraint approach confirmed that the European biogenic sink removes as much as 205 ± 72 Tg C yr−1 from fossil fuel burning from the atmosphere. However, This C is being sequestered in both terrestrial and inland aquatic ecosystems. If the C-cost for ecosystem management is taken into account, the net uptake of ecosystems is estimated to decrease by 45% but still indicates substantial C-sequestration. However, when the balance is extended from CO2 towards the main GHGs, C-uptake by terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems is offset by emissions of non-CO2 GHGs. As such, the European ecosystems are unlikely to contribute to mitigating the effects of climate change.
Published: 2012
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37. TransCom model simulations of CH4 and related species: linking transport, surface flux and chemical loss with CH4 variability in the troposphere and lower stratosphere

Author: Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Stephan R. Kawa, K. Corbin, Philip Cameron-Smith, Ronald G. Prinn, Annemarie Fraser, Philippe Bousquet, Akinori Ito, Matthew Rigby, Maarten Krol, Dmitry Belikov, Sander Houweling, R. Saito, Dan Bergmann, Chris Wilson, Prabir K. Patra, Rachel M. Law, Zoe Loh, Shamil Maksyutov, Paul I. Palmer, Emanuel Gloor, Lei Meng, Huisheng Bian, and Peter Hess
Subjects: Troposphere, Atmospheric Science, chemistry.chemical_compound, Chemistry, Climatology, General Circulation Model, Atmospheric methane, Flux, Atmospheric sciences, Stratosphere, Methane
Abstract: A chemistry-transport model (CTM) intercomparison experiment (TransCom-CH4) has been designed to investigate the roles of surface emissions, transport and chemical loss in simulating the global methane distribution. Model simulations were conducted using twelve models and four model variants and results were archived for the period of 1990–2007. All but one model transports were driven by reanalysis products from 3 different meteorological agencies. The transport and removal of CH4 in six different emission scenarios were simulated, with net global emissions of 513 ± 9 and 514 ± 14 Tg CH4 yr−1 for the 1990s and 2000s, respectively. Additionally, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) was simulated to check the interhemispheric transport, radon (222Rn) to check the subgrid scale transport, and methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3) to check the chemical removal by the tropospheric hydroxyl radical (OH). The results are compared to monthly or annual mean time series of CH4, SF6 and CH3CCl3 measurements from 8 selected background sites, and to satellite observations of CH4 in the upper troposphere and stratosphere. Most models adequately capture the vertical gradients in the stratosphere, the average long-term trends, seasonal cycles, interannual variations (IAVs) and interhemispheric (IH) gradients at the surface sites for SF6, CH3CCl3 and CH4. The vertical gradients of all tracers between the surface and the upper troposphere are consistent within the models, revealing vertical transport differences between models. An average IH exchange time of 1.39 ± 0.18 yr is derived from SF6 time series. Sensitivity simulations suggest that the estimated trends in exchange time, over the period of 1996–2007, are caused by a change of SF6 emissions towards the tropics. Using six sets of emission scenarios, we show that the decadal average CH4 growth rate likely reached equilibrium in the early 2000s due to the flattening of anthropogenic emission growth since the late 1990s. Up to 60% of the IAVs in the observed CH4 concentrations can be explained by accounting for the IAVs in emissions, from biomass burning and wetlands, as well as meteorology in the forward models. The modeled CH4 budget is shown to depend strongly on the troposphere-stratosphere exchange rate and thus on the model's vertical grid structure and circulation in the lower stratosphere. The 15-model median CH4 and CH3CCl3 atmospheric lifetimes are estimated to be 9.99 ± 0.08 and 4.61 ± 0.13 yr, respectively, with little IAV due to transport and temperature.
Published: 2011
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38. On the capability of IASI measurements to inform about CO surface emissions

Author: Frédéric Chevallier, Philippe Bousquet, Isabelle Pison, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Michael George, Cathy Clerbaux, Daniel Hurtmans, Pierre-François Coheur, C. Carouge, Sophie Szopa, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-RAMCES (ICOS-RAMCES), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Spectroscopie de l'atmosphère, Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), CNRS-INSU, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: Pollution, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, media_common.quotation_subject, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, MOPITT, lcsh:Chemistry, Troposphere, Atmosphere, 021101 geological & geomatics engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Atmospheric sounding, lcsh:QC1-999, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Global distribution, Climatology, Environmental science, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: Between July and November 2008, simultaneous observations were conducted by several orbiting instruments that monitor carbon monoxide in the atmosphere, among them the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Instrument (IASI) and Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT). In this paper, the concentration retrievals at about 700 hPa from these two instruments are successively used in a variational Bayesian system to infer the global distribution of CO emissions. Our posterior estimate of CO emissions using IASI retrievals gives a total of 793 Tg for the considered period, which is 40% higher than the global budget calculated with the MOPITT data (566 Tg). Over six continental regions (Eurasian Boreal, South Asia, South East Asia, North American Boreal, Northern Africa and South American Temperate) and thanks to a better observation density, the theoretical uncertainty reduction obtained with the IASI retrievals is better or similar than with MOPITT. For the other continental regions, IASI constrains the emissions less than MOPITT because of lesser sensitivity in the lower troposphere. These first results indicate that IASI may play a major role in the quantification of the emissions of CO.
Published: 2009
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39. Can we detect regional methane anomalies? A comparison between three observing systems

Author: Philippe Bousquet, Isabelle Pison, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Peter Rayner, Frédéric Chevallier, C. Cressot, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Mathématiques de Toulouse UMR5219 (IMT), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-RAMCES (ICOS-RAMCES), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Bayesian probability, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Methane, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Flux (metallurgy), [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric methane, Inversion (meteorology), lcsh:QC1-999, SCIAMACHY, Trace gas, chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Reference surface, Environmental science, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: A Bayesian inversion system is used to evaluate the capability of the current global surface network and of the space-borne GOSAT/TANSO-FTS and IASI instruments to quantify surface flux anomalies of methane at various spatial (global, semi-hemispheric and regional) and time (seasonal, yearly, 3-yearly) scales. The evaluation is based on a signal-to-noise ratio analysis, the signal being the methane fluxes inferred from the surface-based inversion from 2000 to 2011 and the noise (i.e., precision) of each of the three observing systems being computed from the Bayesian equation. At the global and semi-hemispheric scales, all observing systems detect flux anomalies at most of the tested timescales. At the regional scale, some seasonal flux anomalies are detected by the three observing systems, but year-to-year anomalies and longer-term trends are only poorly detected. Moreover, reliably detected regions depend on the reference surface-based inversion used as the signal. Indeed, tropical flux inter-annual variability, for instance, can be attributed mostly to Africa in the reference inversion or spread between tropical regions in Africa and America. Our results show that inter-annual analyses of methane emissions inferred by atmospheric inversions should always include an uncertainty assessment and that the attribution of current trends in atmospheric methane to particular regions' needs increased effort, for instance, gathering more observations (in the future) and improving transport models. At all scales, GOSAT generally shows the best performance of the three observing systems.
Published: 2016
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40. Unaccounted variability in NH3 agricultural sources detected by IASI contributing to European spring haze episode

Author: Frédérik Meleux, Cathy Clerbaux, Gaëlle Dufour, Gilles Foret, Lynda Hamaoui-Laguel, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Markus Wallasch, Guillaume Siour, Pierre-François Coheur, M. Van Damme, Lieven Clarisse, Matthias Beekmann, Olivier Favez, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Spectroscopie de l'atmosphère, Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Université Libre de Bruxelles [Bruxelles] (ULB), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Umweltbundesamt, Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), European Union (EU), Belgian State Federal Ofﬁce forScientiﬁc, Technical and Cultural Affairs, European Project: 283576,EC:FP7:SPA,FP7-SPACE-2011-1,MACC II(2011), European Project: 282910,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2011,ECLAIRE(2011), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), German Federal Environmental Agency / Umweltbundesamt (UBA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Haze, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, IASI, 010501 environmental sciences, Infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Troposphere, Spring (hydrology), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, business.industry, Grid cell, Particulates, On board, spreading practices, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Agriculture, ammonia emissions, Climatology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, business
Abstract: International audience; Ammonia (NH3), whose main source in the troposphere is agriculture, is an important gaseous precursor of atmospheric particulate matter (PM). We derived daily ammonia emissions using NH3 total columns measured from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) on board Metop-A, at a relatively high spatial resolution (grid cell of 0.5° × 0.5°). During the European spring haze episodes of 24–31 March 2012 and 8–15 March 2014, IASI reveals NH3 total column magnitudes highlighting higher NH3 emissions over central Europe (especially over Germany, Czech Republic, and eastern France) from the ones provided by the European reference European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme inventory. These ammonia emissions exhibit in addition a large day-to-day variability, certainly due to spreading practices. The increase of NH3 emissions in the model, that reaches +300% locally, leads to an increase of both NH3 and PM2.5 surface concentrations and allows for a better comparison with independent measurements (in terms of bias, root-mean-square error, and correlation). This study suggests that there are good prospects for better quantifying NH3 emissions by atmospheric inversions.
Published: 2016
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41. Decadal trends in global CO emissions as seen by MOPITT

Author: Isabelle Pison, Yi Yin, Grégoire Broquet, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Marielle Saunois, Frédéric Chevallier, P. Ciais, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), ICOS-RAMCES (ICOS-RAMCES), 630080, Research Executive Agency, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)
Subjects: Pollution, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, 010501 environmental sciences, Combustion, Spatial distribution, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, MOPITT, Methane, Sink (geography), lcsh:Chemistry, Troposphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, lcsh:QC1-999, lcsh:QD1-999, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, lcsh:Physics, Carbon monoxide
Abstract: Negative trends of carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations are observed in the recent decade by both surface measurements and satellite retrievals over many regions, but they are not well explained by current emission inventories. Here, we attribute the observed CO concentration decline with an atmospheric inversion that simultaneously optimizes the two main CO sources (surface emissions and atmospheric hydrocarbon oxidations) and the main CO sink (atmospheric hydroxyl radical OH oxidation) by assimilating observations of CO and other chemically related tracers. Satellite CO column retrievals from Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT), version 6, and surface in-situ measurements of methane and methyl-chloroform mole fractions are assimilated jointly for the period of 2002–2011. Compared to the prior simulation, the optimized CO concentrations show better agreement with independent surface in-situ measurements in terms of both distributions and trends. At the global scale, the atmospheric inversion primarily interprets the CO concentration decline as a decrease in the CO emissions, and finds noticeable trends neither in the chemical oxidation sources of CO, nor in the OH concentrations that regulate CO sinks. The latitudinal comparison of the model state with independent formaldehyde (CH2O) columns retrieved from the Ozone Measurement Instrument (OMI) confirms the absence of large-scale trends in the atmospheric source of CO. The global CO emission decreased by 17% during the decade, more than twice the negative trend estimated by emission inventories. The spatial distribution of the inferred decrease of CO emissions indicates contributions from both a decrease in fossil- and bio-fuel emissions over Europe, the USA and Asia, and from a decrease in biomass burning emissions in South America, Indonesia, Australia and Boreal regions. An emission decrease of 2% yr−1 is inferred in China, one of the main emitting regions, in contradiction with the bottom-up inventories that report an increase of 2% yr−1 during the study period. A large decrease in CO emission factors due to technology improvements would outweigh the increase of carbon fuel combustions and may explain the observed decrease. In Africa, instead of the negative trend (1% yr−1) reported by CO emission inventories mainly contributed by biomass burning, a positive trend (1.5% yr−1) is found by the atmospheric inversion, suggesting different trends between satellite-detected burned areas and CO emissions.
Published: 2015
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42. Increase in HFC-134a emissions in response to the success of the Montreal Protocol

Author: Sunyoung Park, Isabelle Pison, Philippe Bousquet, Ray F. Weiss, L. P. Steele, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Shanlan Li, Simon O'Doherty, Paul J. Fraser, Marielle Saunois, Frédéric Chevallier, C. Cressot, Dickon Young, Stephen A. Montzka, Ronald G. Prinn, F. Artuso, Takuya Saito, Barbara Barletta, Donald R. Blake, Peter Simmonds, Martin K. Vollmer, Benjamin R. Miller, Yoko Yokouchi, and Chris Rene Lunder
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, biology, biology.organism_classification, Latitude, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Climatology, Greenhouse gas, Montreal Protocol, Ozone layer, Pison, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Environmental science, Boreal summer, Seasonal cycle, Global-warming potential
Abstract: Author(s): Fortems-Cheiney, A; Saunois, M; Pison, I; Chevallier, F; Bousquet, P; Cressot, C; Montzka, SA; Fraser, PJ; Vollmer, MK; Simmonds, PG; Young, D; O'Doherty, S; Weiss, RF; Artuso, F; Barletta, B; Blake, DR; Li, S; Lunder, C; Miller, BR; Park, S; Prinn, R; Saito, T; Steele, LP; Yokouchi, Y | Abstract: ©2015. American Geophysical Union. The 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a), an important alternative to CFC-12 in accordance with the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, is a high global warming potential greenhouse gas. Here we evaluate variations in global and regional HFC-134a emissions and emission trends, from 1995 to 2010, at a relatively high spatial and temporal (3.75° in longitude×2.5° in latitude and 8day) resolution, using surface HFC-134a measurements. Our results show a progressive increase of global HFC-134a emissions from 19±2Gg/yr in 1995 to 167±5Gg/yr in 2010, with both a slowdown in developed countries and a 20%/yr increase in China since 2005. A seasonal cycle is also seen since 2002, which becomes enhanced over time, with larger values during the boreal summer.
Published: 2015
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43. On the consistency between global and regional methane emissions inferred from SCIAMACHY, TANSO-FTS, IASI and surface measurements

Author: Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, C. Cressot, Christian Frankenberg, Stephen A. Montzka, R. A. Scheepmaker, Edward J. Dlugokencky, Isabelle Pison, Philippe Bousquet, Ray L. Langenfelds, Robert J. Parker, Cyril Crevoisier, Paul B. Krummel, Frédéric Chevallier, L. P. Steele, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Space Research Centre [Leicester], University of Leicester, ICOS-RAMCES (ICOS-RAMCES), SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research (CAWCR), The publication of this article isfinanced by CNRS-INSU, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Spectrometer, Atmospheric methane, Near-infrared spectroscopy, Infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:QC1-999, Methane, SCIAMACHY, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Data assimilation, lcsh:QD1-999, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Thermal, Environmental science, lcsh:Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing
Abstract: Satellite retrievals of methane weighted atmospheric columns are assimilated within a Bayesian inversion system to infer the global and regional methane emissions and sinks for the period August 2009 to July 2010. Inversions are independently computed from three different space-borne observing systems and one surface observing system under several hypotheses for prior-flux and observation errors. Posterior methane emissions are compared and evaluated against surface mole fraction observations via a chemistry-transport model. Apart from SCIAMACHY (SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CartograpHY), the simulations agree fairly well with the surface mole fractions. The most consistent configurations of this study using TANSO-FTS (Thermal And Near infrared Sensor for carbon Observation – Fourier Transform Spectrometer), IASI (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer) or surface measurements induce posterior methane global emissions of, respectively, 565 ± 21 Tg yr−1, 549 ± 36 Tg yr−1 and 538 ± 15 Tg yr−1 over the one-year period August 2009–July 2010. This consistency between the satellite retrievals (apart from SCIAMACHY) and independent surface measurements is promising for future improvement of CH4 emission estimates by atmospheric inversions.
Published: 2014
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44. Off-line algorithm for calculation of vertical tracer transport in the troposphere due to deep convection

Author: Philip Cameron-Smith, Philippe Bousquet, Maarten Krol, Zoe Loh, Lei Meng, Emanuel Gloor, Ronald G. Prinn, R. Saito, Dan Bergmann, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Prabir K. Patra, Huisheng Bian, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Matthew Rigby, Annemarie Fraser, Dmitry Belikov, Chris Wilson, Sander Houweling, Rachel M. Law, Peter Hess, Anna Agusti-Panareda, Stephan R. Kawa, Paul I. Palmer, Katherine D. Haynes, Shamil Maksyutov, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Earth and Climate, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Center for Global Change Science, and Prinn, Ronald G.
Subjects: Convection, Meteorologie en Luchtkwaliteit, Atmospheric Science, PARAMETERIZATION, Meteorology, Chemical transport model, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology and Air Quality, CLOUD ENSEMBLE, atmospheric transport, meteorological data, general-circulation model, 010501 environmental sciences, precipitation, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, observed radon profiles, CUMULUS CONVECTION, 010305 fluids & plasmas, RN-222, Troposphere, lcsh:Chemistry, TRACER, 0103 physical sciences, ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT, Precipitation, GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Moisture, CLIMATE SIMULATIONS, cumulus convection, rn-222, Entrainment (meteorology), climate simulations, METEOROLOGICAL DATA, parameterization, Free convective layer, lcsh:QC1-999, cloud ensemble, OBSERVED RADON PROFILES, lcsh:QD1-999, PRECIPITATION, Environmental science, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: A modified cumulus convection parametrisation scheme is presented. This scheme computes the mass of air transported upward in a cumulus cell using conservation of moisture and a detailed distribution of convective precipitation provided by a reanalysis dataset. The representation of vertical transport within the scheme includes entrainment and detrainment processes in convective updrafts and downdrafts. Output from the proposed parametrisation scheme is employed in the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) global chemical transport model driven by JRA-25/JCDAS reanalysis. The simulated convective precipitation rate and mass fluxes are compared with observations and reanalysis data. A simulation of the short-lived tracer 222Rn is used to further evaluate the performance of the cumulus convection scheme. Simulated distributions of 222Rn are evaluated against observations at the surface and in the free troposphere, and compared with output from models that participated in the TransCom-CH4 Transport Model Intercomparison. From this comparison, we demonstrate that the proposed convective scheme in general is consistent with observed and modeled results.
Published: 2013
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45. Aerosol and ozone changes as forcing for climate evolution between 1850 and 2100

Author: Slimane Bekki, N. Yan, R. Vuolo, Jean-Louis Dufresne, J. Lathière, Didier Hauglustaine, Michael Schulz, Abderrahmane Idelkadi, Yves Balkanski, Sophie Szopa, Marion Marchand, David Cugnet, Anne Cozic, Céline Déandreis, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Franck Lefèvre, Solène Turquety, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Calcul Scientifique (CALCULS), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) (INSU-LEFE French Program under the project MIS- TERRE and by the PRIMEQUAL project called Salut’air., Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Radiative forcing, Forcing (mathematics), 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Climate-chemistry, Ozone layer, Tropospheric ozone, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Aerosols, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Modeling, Representative Concentration Pathways, Aerosol, chemistry, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Greenhouse gas, Climatology, Environmental science
Abstract: International audience; Global aerosol and ozone distributions and their associated radiative forcings were simulated between 1850 and 2100 following a recent historical emission dataset and under the representative concentration pathways (RCP) for the future. These simulations were used in an Earth System Model to account for the changes in both radiatively and chemically active compounds, when simulating the climate evolution. The past negative stratospheric ozone trends result in a negative climate forcing culminating at −0.15 W m−2 in the 1990s. In the meantime, the tropospheric ozone burden increase generates a positive climate forcing peaking at 0.41 W m−2. The future evolution of ozone strongly depends on the RCP scenario considered. In RCP4.5 and RCP6.0, the evolution of both stratospheric and tropospheric ozone generate relatively weak radiative forcing changes until 2060-2070 followed by a relative 30 % decrease in radiative forcing by 2100. In contrast, RCP8.5 and RCP2.6 model projections exhibit strongly different ozone radiative forcing trajectories. In the RCP2.6 scenario, both effects (stratospheric ozone, a negative forcing, and tropospheric ozone, a positive forcing) decline towards 1950s values while they both get stronger in the RCP8.5 scenario. Over the twentieth century, the evolution of the total aerosol burden is characterized by a strong increase after World War II until the middle of the 1980s followed by a stabilization during the last decade due to the strong decrease in sulfates in OECD countries since the 1970s. The cooling effects reach their maximal values in 1980, with −0.34 and −0.28 W m−2 respectively for direct and indirect total radiative forcings. According to the RCP scenarios, the aerosol content, after peaking around 2010, is projected to decline strongly and monotonically during the twenty-first century for the RCP8.5, 4.5 and 2.6 scenarios. While for RCP6.0 the decline occurs later, after peaking around 2050. As a consequence the relative importance of the total cooling effect of aerosols becomes weaker throughout the twenty-first century compared with the positive forcing of greenhouse gases. Nevertheless, both surface ozone and aerosol content show very different regional features depending on the future scenario considered. Hence, in 2050, surface ozone changes vary between −12 and +12 ppbv over Asia depending on the RCP projection, whereas the regional direct aerosol radiative forcing can locally exceed −3 W m−2.
Published: 2013
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46. The formaldehyde budget as seen by a global-scale multi-constraint and multi-species inversion system

Author: Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Philippe Bousquet, C. Cressot, Marielle Saunois, Frédéric Chevallier, Isabelle Pison, Sophie Szopa, Kelly Chance, Thomas P. Kurosu, Alan Fried, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-RAMCES (ICOS-RAMCES), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Smithsonian Institution-Harvard University [Cambridge], National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Harvard University-Smithsonian Institution
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Atmospheric methane, Formaldehyde, Inversion (meteorology), 010501 environmental sciences, Seasonality, medicine.disease, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:QC1-999, Methane, MOPITT, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, lcsh:QD1-999, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Climatology, medicine, lcsh:Physics, Isoprene, Carbon monoxide, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: For the first time, carbon monoxide (CO) and formaldehyde (HCHO) satellite retrievals are used together with methane (CH4) and methyl choloroform (CH3CCl3 or MCF) surface measurements in an advanced inversion system. The CO and HCHO are respectively from the MOPITT and OMI instruments. The multi-species and multi-satellite dataset inversion is done for the 2005–2010 period. The robustness of our results is evaluated by comparing our posterior-modeled concentrations with several sets of independent measurements of atmospheric mixing ratios. The inversion leads to significant changes from the prior to the posterior, in terms of magnitude and seasonality of the CO and CH4 surface fluxes and of the HCHO production by non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC). The latter is significantly decreased, indicating an overestimation of the biogenic NMVOC emissions, such as isoprene, in the GEIA inventory. CO and CH4 surface emissions are increased by the inversion, from 1037 to 1394 TgCO and from 489 to 529 TgCH4 on average for the 2005–2010 period. CH4 emissions present significant interannual variability and a joint CO-CH4 fluxes analysis reveals that tropical biomass burning probably played a role in the recent increase of atmospheric methane.
Published: 2012
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47. A new estimation of the recent tropospheric molecular hydrogen budget using atmospheric observations and variational inversion

Author: Rebecca Fisher, Jgor Arduini, Euan G. Nisbet, Ingeborg Levin, Armin Jordan, Isabelle Pison, Tuula Aalto, Nina N. Paramonova, C. Yver, Michela Maione, Viacheslav Privalov, O. A. Søvde, Martina Schmidt, Chris Rene Lunder, Michel Ramonet, Stefan Reimann, Martin K. Vollmer, G. Forster, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Simon O'Doherty, Frédéric Chevallier, Jakub Bartyzel, William T. Sturges, Anja Werner, Philippe Bousquet, Martin Steinbacher, Aoife Grant, Jaroslaw Necki, Andreas Engel, Samuel Hammer, David Lowry, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-RAMCES (ICOS-RAMCES), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie (MPI-BGC), University of Oslo (UiO), Institut für Meteorologie und Geophysik [Frankfurt], Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Royal Holloway [University of London] (RHUL), Institut für Umweltphysik [Heidelberg], Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], AGH University of Science and Technology [Krakow, PL] (AGH UST), Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology [Dübendorf] (EMPA), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Università degli Studi di Urbino 'Carlo Bo', School of Chemistry [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], School of Environmental Sciences [Norwich], University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Norsk Institutt for Luftforskning (NILU), A. I. Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory (MGO), Meteorologisches Observatorium Hohenpeißenberg (MOHp), Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, SEASONAL-VARIATION, Research Groups and Centres\Earth Sciences\Ancient and Modern Earth Systems, SOUTHWEST GERMANY, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, lcsh:Chemistry, Troposphere, Zeppelinobservatoriet, Research Groups and Centres\Earth Sciences\Geochemistry, medicine, Faculty of Science\Earth Sciences, Southern Hemisphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], H-2, BIOMASS BURNING EMISSIONS, DEPOSITION VELOCITIES, METHYL CHLOROFORM, URBAN SITE, CO, MODEL, SOIL, Hydrogen molecule, Northern Hemisphere, Tropics, Inversion (meteorology), 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, Seasonality, Mass ratio, medicine.disease, lcsh:QC1-999, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Climatology, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: This paper presents an analysis of the recent tropospheric molecular hydrogen (H2) budget with a particular focus on soil uptake and European surface emissions. A variational inversion scheme is combined with observations from the RAMCES and EUROHYDROS atmospheric networks, which include continuous measurements performed between mid-2006 and mid-2009. Net H2 surface flux, then deposition velocity and surface emissions and finally, deposition velocity, biomass burning, anthropogenic and N2 fixation-related emissions were simultaneously inverted in several scenarios. These scenarios have focused on the sensibility of the soil uptake value to different spatio-temporal distributions. The range of variations of these diverse inversion sets generate an estimate of the uncertainty for each term of the H2 budget. The net H2 flux per region (High Northern Hemisphere, Tropics and High Southern Hemisphere) varies between −8 and +8 Tg yr−1. The best inversion in terms of fit to the observations combines updated prior surface emissions and a soil deposition velocity map that is based on bottom-up and top-down estimations. Our estimate of global H2 soil uptake is −59±9 Tg yr−1. Forty per cent of this uptake is located in the High Northern Hemisphere and 55% is located in the Tropics. In terms of surface emissions, seasonality is mainly driven by biomass burning emissions. The inferred European anthropogenic emissions are consistent with independent H2 emissions estimated using a H2/CO mass ratio of 0.034 and CO emissions within the range of their respective uncertainties. Additional constraints, such as isotopic measurements would be needed to infer a more robust partition of H2 sources and sinks.
Published: 2011
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48. Source attribution of the changes in atmospheric methane for 2006–2008

Author: E.-G. Brunke, Michel Ramonet, C. Carouge, Philippe Bousquet, Frédéric Chevallier, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Martina Schmidt, C. Yver, Philippe Ciais, Paul B. Krummel, Christian Frankenberg, Sophie Szopa, Edward J. Dlugokencky, Bruno Ringeval, Didier Hauglustaine, Ray L. Langenfelds, L. P. Steele, Isabelle Pison, Nicolas Viovy, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), South African Weather Service (SAWS), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research (CAWCR), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), ICOS-RAMCES (ICOS-RAMCES), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Flux, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Latitude, lcsh:Chemistry, Ecosystem model, zone humide, Ecosystem, écosystème naturel, Precipitation, méthane, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Anomaly (natural sciences), Atmospheric methane, 15. Life on land, lcsh:QC1-999, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, inversion atmosphérique, Wetland methane emissions, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: The recent increase of atmospheric methane is investigated by using two atmospheric inversions to quantify the distribution of sources and sinks for the 2006–2008 period, and a process-based model of methane emissions by natural wetland ecosystems. Methane emissions derived from the two inversions are consistent at a global scale: emissions are decreased in 2006 (−7 Tg) and increased in 2007 (+21 Tg) and 2008 (+18 Tg), as compared to the 1999–2006 period. The agreement on the latitudinal partition of the flux anomalies for the two inversions is fair in 2006, good in 2007, and not good in 2008. In 2007, a positive anomaly of tropical emissions is found to be the main contributor to the global emission anomalies (~60–80%) for both inversions, with a dominant share attributed to natural wetlands (~2/3), and a significant contribution from high latitudes (~25%). The wetland ecosystem model produces smaller and more balanced positive emission anomalies between the tropics and the high latitudes for 2006, 2007 and 2008, mainly due to precipitation changes during these years. At a global scale, the agreement between the ecosystem model and the inversions is good in 2008 but not satisfying in 2006 and 2007. Tropical South America and Boreal Eurasia appear to be major contributors to variations in methane emissions consistently in the inversions and the ecosystem model. Finally, changes in OH radicals during 2006–2008 are found to be less than 1% in inversions, with only a small impact on the inferred methane emissions.
Published: 2011
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49. Ten years of CO emissions as seen from Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT)

Author: Sophie Szopa, Cathy Clerbaux, Philippe Bousquet, Merritt N. Deeter, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Isabelle Pison, Frédéric Chevallier, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-RAMCES (ICOS-RAMCES), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Pollution, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, Soil Science, 010501 environmental sciences, Aquatic Science, Inversion of emissions, Oceanography, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, MOPITT, Latitude, Troposphere, Geochemistry and Petrology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), medicine, Biomass burning, Carbon monoxide, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, media_common, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Ecology, Northern Hemisphere, Paleontology, Forestry, Seasonality, medicine.disease, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Climatology, Environmental science, Longitude
Abstract: International audience; The Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) retrievals are used as top-down constraints in an inversion for global CO emissions, for the past 10 years (from March 2000 to December 2009), at 8 day and 3.75° × 2.75° (longitude, latitude) resolution. The method updates a standard prior inventory and yields large increments in terms of annual regional budgets and seasonality. Our validation strategy consists in comparing our posterior-modeled concentrations with several sets of independent measurements: surface measurements, aircraft, and satellite. The posterior emissions, with a global 10 year average of 1430 TgCO/yr, are 37% higher than the prior ones, built from the EDGAR 3.2 and the GFEDv2 inventories (1038 TgCO/yr on average). In addition, they present some significant seasonal variations in the Northern Hemisphere that are not present in our prior nor in others' major inventories. Our results also exhibit some large interannual variability due to biomass burning emissions, climate, and socioeconomic factors; CO emissions range from 1504 TgCO (in 2007) to 1318 TgCO (in 2009).
Published: 2011
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50. Corrigendum to 'Source attribution of the changes in atmospheric methane for 2006–2008' published in Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3689–3700, 2011

Author: Paul B. Krummel, Philippe Bousquet, Sophie Szopa, L. P. Steele, Edward J. Dlugokencky, Philippe Ciais, Isabelle Pison, Didier Hauglustaine, Bruno Ringeval, Frédéric Chevallier, Michel Ramonet, Martina Schmidt, C. Carouge, C. Yver, Nicolas Viovy, Christian Frankenberg, Ray L. Langenfelds, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, E.-G. Brunke, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: lcsh:Chemistry, Atmospheric Science, lcsh:QD1-999, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Chemistry, Atmospheric methane, Atmospheric sciences, lcsh:Physics, lcsh:QC1-999
Abstract: International audience; No abstract available.
Published: 2012
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