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5. Statistical analysis of near infra-red reflectance data

Author

Aucott, Lorna S.

Subjects
519.5, Chemical analysis of agricultural commodities
Abstract

Near Infra-red (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy is an instrumental technique to analyse the chemical composition (eg. nitrogen content) of organic materials. As an approach it is rapid, accurate and hence cost effective. Composition is currently determined by calibration equations which relate traditional wet chemical measurements to NIR spectral measurements for the same sample. This thesis examines statistical methods of estimating composition from the NIR spectra and suggests new methods. The relative merits of each of the methods is described. Variation within the spectra is also affected by physical attributes like particle size. Several transformations are examined for their ability to reduce non-chemical differences. These include some transformations previously found to be useful and also some new approaches. Methods of calibration are then investigated. Of the 'standard* methods, stepwise multiple linear regression, principal component regression, latent root regression and partial least squares are discussed. In addition, some new methods are considered. Firstly, three new calibration models are derived which, like some of the 'standard' methods, use information from the whole spectra. Next is a slightly different approach, whereby only the information from informative areas of the spectra, called 'windows', are used for calibration. Finally, hierarchical models for combining information from different sample sets in a flexible way are considered and adapted for NIR data types.

Published
1990

11. Physical activity attitudes, intentions and behaviour among 18–25 year olds: A mixed method study

Author

Poobalan Amudha S, Aucott Lorna S, Clarke Amanda, and Smith W Cairns S

Subjects
Physical activity, Young people, 18–25 year olds, Mixed methods, Obesity, Transition, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Abstract Background Young people (18–25 years) during the adolescence/adulthood transition are vulnerable to weight gain and notoriously hard to reach. Despite increased levels of overweight/obesity in this age group, physical activity behaviour, a major contributor to obesity, is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to explore physical activity (PA) behaviour among 18–25 year olds with influential factors including attitudes, motivators and barriers. Methods An explanatory mixed method study design, based on health Behaviour Change Theories was used. Those at university/college and in the community, including those Not in Education, Employment or Training (NEET) were included. An initial self reported quantitative questionnaire survey underpinned by the Theory of Planned Behaviour and Social Cognitive Theory was conducted. 1313 questionnaires were analysed. Results from this were incorporated into a qualitative phase also grounded in these theories. Seven focus groups were conducted among similar young people, varying in education and socioeconomic status. Exploratory univariate analysis was followed by multi staged modelling to analyse the quantitative data. ‘Framework Analysis’ was used to analyse the focus groups. Results Only 28% of 18–25 year olds achieved recommended levels of PA which decreased with age. Self-reported overweight/obesity prevalence was 22%, increasing with age, particularly in males. Based on the statistical modelling, positive attitudes toward PA were strong predictors of physical activity associated with being physically active and less sedentary. However, strong intentions to do exercise, was not associated with actual behaviour. Interactive discussions through focus groups unravelled attitudes and barriers influencing PA behaviour. Doing PA to feel good and to enjoy themselves was more important for young people than the common assumptions of ‘winning’ and ‘pleasing others’. Further this age group saw traditional health promotion messages as ‘empty’ and ‘fear of their future health’ was not a motivating factor to change current behaviour. Conclusion 18–25 year olds are a difficult group to reach and have low levels of PA. Factors such as, ‘enjoyment’, ‘appearance ‘and ‘feeling good’ were deemed important by this specific age group. A targeted intervention incorporating these crucial elements should be developed to improve and sustain PA levels.

Published
2012
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13. Analysis of the UK recommendations on obesity based on a proposed implementation framework

Author

Smith W Cairns S, Ahmed Sheraz, Aucott Lorna S, and Poobalan Amudha S

Subjects
Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Abstract Background There is considerable expertise in the obesity field in identifying, appraising, and synthesising evidence to develop guidelines and recommendations for policy and practice. The recommendations, while based on evidence, are not formulated in a way that readily leads to implementation. This paper analyses the recent UK recommendations on obesity using a proposed implementation framework. Methods Two bibliographic databases (Medline and Embase) and various health related and government websites were systematically searched for obesity recommendations published between 1996 and 2007. All the documents published on recommendations for either prevention or treatment of obesity in the UK were assessed. A proposed implementation framework was developed for the purpose of this review. All the UK recommendations were critically appraised and results summarised according to the criteria used within the framework. Cross-country applicability of the proposed framework was assessed using the Swedish policy recommendations on obesity. Results Most recommendations on obesity while demonstrating their basis in evidence, fail to meet the implementation standards. They tend to be non-specific in identifying who is responsible for implementation and monitoring, and often no timescale is indicated. The costs of implementation are rarely estimated and those responsible for such funding are not specified. There are some notable exemptions to the general pattern emanating from more operational and locally based groups. The Swedish policy details 79 proposals with responsibility clearly identified and costs are presented for 20 of them. This policy satisfied most of the framework criteria but failed to give details on evaluation, monitoring and the timeframe for implementation. Conclusions Public health has developed skills in appraising evidence and formulating recommendations based on appropriate evidence but these are often not implemented. Different skills are required to translate these recommendations into actions. Public health clearly needs to develop the implementation skills to a level comparable to the ability to synthesise evidence.

Published
2010
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14. Effect of nonmeat, high-protein supplementation on quality of life and clinical outcomes in older residents of care homes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Author

Donaldson, Alison I C, Smith, Toby O, Alder, Sarah, Johnstone, Alexandra M, Roos, Baukje De, Aucott, Lorna S, Gordon, Adam L, and Myint, Phyo K

Subjects
MALNUTRITION risk factors, ELDER care, CINAHL database, DIETARY supplements, INFORMATION storage & retrieval systems, MEDICAL databases, MEDICAL information storage & retrieval systems, EVALUATION of medical care, MEDLINE, META-analysis, NURSING home residents, DIETARY proteins, QUALITY of life, SYSTEMATIC reviews, AMED (Information retrieval system)
Abstract

Context Care home residents are at risk of malnutrition owing to reduced food intake, anabolic resistance in aging muscle, and a high prevalence of medical morbidity and functional dependency. There has been limited consensus regarding the effectiveness of a high-protein diet on quality of life or clinical outcomes in care home residents. Objective The aim of this review was to evaluate the effectiveness of nonmeat, high-protein supplementation on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and relevant clinical and nutritional outcomes in older people in a care home setting. Data Sources The following databases were searched (to February 2018) for randomized controlled trials: Embase, AMED, CINAHL, MEDLINE, the Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials, OpenGrey, clinicaltrials.gov, the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, the ISRCTN registry, and the NIHR Clinical Research Network Portfolio. Study Selection Trials were selected if they assessed a nonmeat, high-protein dietary intervention provided to care home residents who were aged 65 years or older. Data Extraction Data from included trials were extracted if they assessed care home residents aged 65 years or older and compared those residents who received protein supplementation with those who did not. Trial quality was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. Meta-analysis was undertaken when appropriate. Results Seventeen studies with 1246 participants fulfilled the inclusion criteria. All studies were of low or moderate quality. There was no evidence of improved HRQOL when the Short Form 36 (SF-36) was used to assess outcomes (standardized mean difference [SMD] = −0.10; 95%CI, −0.51 to 0.31; P  = 0.62), although significant improvement was seen in the 1 trial that used the EQ-5D instrument (SMD = 2.58; 95%CI, 2.05–3.10; P  < 0.00001). Conclusions Nonmeat, high-protein oral supplements can improve markers of nutritional status in care home residents. However, there is insufficient high-quality evidence to determine the effect of such supplements on HRQOL in older adults in care homes. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO registration number: CRD42015029313. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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17. Patterns of dietary intake and serum carotenoid and tocopherol status are associated with biomarkers of chronic low-grade systemic inflammation and cardiovascular risk

Author

Wood, Adrian D., primary, Strachan, Anna A., additional, Thies, Frank, additional, Aucott, Lorna S., additional, Reid, David M., additional, Hardcastle, Antonia C., additional, Mavroeidi, Alexandra, additional, Simpson, William G., additional, Duthie, Garry G., additional, and Macdonald, Helen M., additional

Published
2014
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30. Effect of non-meat, high protein supplementation on quality of life and clinical outcomes for older people living in care homes: systematic review and meta-analysis

Author

Donaldson, Alison, Smith, Toby O., Alder, Sarah, Johnstone, Alexandra M., De Roos, Baukje, Aucott, Lorna S., Gordon, Adam L., and Myint, Phyo K.

Subjects
Quality of life, Care homes, Appetite, Older people, High Protein
Abstract

CONTEXT: Care home residents are at risk of malnutrition through reduced overall food intake, ‘anabolic resistance’ in ageing muscle and high prevalence of medical morbidity and functional dependency. There has been limited consensus regarding effectiveness of a high protein diet on quality of life or clinical outcomes for care home residents.\ud \ud OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of non-meat, high protein supplementation on Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) and relevant clinical and nutritional outcomes in older people in the care home setting. \ud \ud DATA SOURCES: We searched EMBASE, AMED, CINAHL, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Registry of Clinical Trials, OpenGrey, clinicaltrials.gov, the WHO clinical trial registry and the ISRCTN and NIHR trial portfolio (to February 2018) for randomised controlled trials. \ud \ud DATA EXTRACTION: We extracted data from included trials if they assessed people aged 65 years and over living in care homes, who received a protein supplementation compared to not. \ud \ud DATA ANALYSIS: We assessed trial quality using Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and meta-analysis was undertaken when appropriate. \ud \ud RESULTS: 17 papers with 1,246 participants fulfilled the inclusion criteria. All studies were low or moderate quality. No evidence of improving HRQOL when the SF-36 was used (Standardised Mean Difference (SMD: -0.10; 95% CI: -0.51 to 0.31; p=0.62), although significant improvement was seen in the single trial using EQ-5D (SMD: 2.58; 95% CI: 2.05 to 3.10; p

31. Effect of non-meat, high protein supplementation on quality of life and clinical outcomes for older people living in care homes: systematic review and meta-analysis

Author

Donaldson, Alison, Smith, Toby O., Alder, Sarah, Johnstone, Alexandra M., De Roos, Baukje, Aucott, Lorna S., Gordon, Adam L., Myint, Phyo K., Donaldson, Alison, Smith, Toby O., Alder, Sarah, Johnstone, Alexandra M., De Roos, Baukje, Aucott, Lorna S., Gordon, Adam L., and Myint, Phyo K.

Abstract

CONTEXT: Care home residents are at risk of malnutrition through reduced overall food intake, ‘anabolic resistance’ in ageing muscle and high prevalence of medical morbidity and functional dependency. There has been limited consensus regarding effectiveness of a high protein diet on quality of life or clinical outcomes for care home residents. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of non-meat, high protein supplementation on Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) and relevant clinical and nutritional outcomes in older people in the care home setting. DATA SOURCES: We searched EMBASE, AMED, CINAHL, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Registry of Clinical Trials, OpenGrey, clinicaltrials.gov, the WHO clinical trial registry and the ISRCTN and NIHR trial portfolio (to February 2018) for randomised controlled trials. DATA EXTRACTION: We extracted data from included trials if they assessed people aged 65 years and over living in care homes, who received a protein supplementation compared to not. DATA ANALYSIS: We assessed trial quality using Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and meta-analysis was undertaken when appropriate. RESULTS: 17 papers with 1,246 participants fulfilled the inclusion criteria. All studies were low or moderate quality. No evidence of improving HRQOL when the SF-36 was used (Standardised Mean Difference (SMD: -0.10; 95% CI: -0.51 to 0.31; p=0.62), although significant improvement was seen in the single trial using EQ-5D (SMD: 2.58; 95% CI: 2.05 to 3.10; p<0.00001). CONCLUSIONS: Non-meat, high-protein oral supplements can improve markers of nutritional status in care home residents. However, there is insufficient high-quality evidence to determine the effect of such interventions for older adults in care homes with regard to HRQOL.

32. Effect of non-meat, high protein supplementation on quality of life and clinical outcomes for older people living in care homes: systematic review and meta-analysis

Author

Donaldson, Alison, Smith, Toby O., Alder, Sarah, Johnstone, Alexandra M., De Roos, Baukje, Aucott, Lorna S., Gordon, Adam L., Myint, Phyo K., Donaldson, Alison, Smith, Toby O., Alder, Sarah, Johnstone, Alexandra M., De Roos, Baukje, Aucott, Lorna S., Gordon, Adam L., and Myint, Phyo K.

Abstract

CONTEXT: Care home residents are at risk of malnutrition through reduced overall food intake, ‘anabolic resistance’ in ageing muscle and high prevalence of medical morbidity and functional dependency. There has been limited consensus regarding effectiveness of a high protein diet on quality of life or clinical outcomes for care home residents. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of non-meat, high protein supplementation on Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) and relevant clinical and nutritional outcomes in older people in the care home setting. DATA SOURCES: We searched EMBASE, AMED, CINAHL, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Registry of Clinical Trials, OpenGrey, clinicaltrials.gov, the WHO clinical trial registry and the ISRCTN and NIHR trial portfolio (to February 2018) for randomised controlled trials. DATA EXTRACTION: We extracted data from included trials if they assessed people aged 65 years and over living in care homes, who received a protein supplementation compared to not. DATA ANALYSIS: We assessed trial quality using Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and meta-analysis was undertaken when appropriate. RESULTS: 17 papers with 1,246 participants fulfilled the inclusion criteria. All studies were low or moderate quality. No evidence of improving HRQOL when the SF-36 was used (Standardised Mean Difference (SMD: -0.10; 95% CI: -0.51 to 0.31; p=0.62), although significant improvement was seen in the single trial using EQ-5D (SMD: 2.58; 95% CI: 2.05 to 3.10; p<0.00001). CONCLUSIONS: Non-meat, high-protein oral supplements can improve markers of nutritional status in care home residents. However, there is insufficient high-quality evidence to determine the effect of such interventions for older adults in care homes with regard to HRQOL.

33. Effect of non-meat, high protein supplementation on quality of life and clinical outcomes for older people living in care homes: systematic review and meta-analysis

Author

Donaldson, Alison, Smith, Toby O., Alder, Sarah, Johnstone, Alexandra M., De Roos, Baukje, Aucott, Lorna S., Gordon, Adam L., Myint, Phyo K., Donaldson, Alison, Smith, Toby O., Alder, Sarah, Johnstone, Alexandra M., De Roos, Baukje, Aucott, Lorna S., Gordon, Adam L., and Myint, Phyo K.

Abstract

CONTEXT: Care home residents are at risk of malnutrition through reduced overall food intake, ‘anabolic resistance’ in ageing muscle and high prevalence of medical morbidity and functional dependency. There has been limited consensus regarding effectiveness of a high protein diet on quality of life or clinical outcomes for care home residents. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of non-meat, high protein supplementation on Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) and relevant clinical and nutritional outcomes in older people in the care home setting. DATA SOURCES: We searched EMBASE, AMED, CINAHL, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Registry of Clinical Trials, OpenGrey, clinicaltrials.gov, the WHO clinical trial registry and the ISRCTN and NIHR trial portfolio (to February 2018) for randomised controlled trials. DATA EXTRACTION: We extracted data from included trials if they assessed people aged 65 years and over living in care homes, who received a protein supplementation compared to not. DATA ANALYSIS: We assessed trial quality using Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and meta-analysis was undertaken when appropriate. RESULTS: 17 papers with 1,246 participants fulfilled the inclusion criteria. All studies were low or moderate quality. No evidence of improving HRQOL when the SF-36 was used (Standardised Mean Difference (SMD: -0.10; 95% CI: -0.51 to 0.31; p=0.62), although significant improvement was seen in the single trial using EQ-5D (SMD: 2.58; 95% CI: 2.05 to 3.10; p<0.00001). CONCLUSIONS: Non-meat, high-protein oral supplements can improve markers of nutritional status in care home residents. However, there is insufficient high-quality evidence to determine the effect of such interventions for older adults in care homes with regard to HRQOL.

34. Effect of non-meat, high protein supplementation on quality of life and clinical outcomes for older people living in care homes: systematic review and meta-analysis

Author

Donaldson, Alison, Smith, Toby O., Alder, Sarah, Johnstone, Alexandra M., De Roos, Baukje, Aucott, Lorna S., Gordon, Adam L., Myint, Phyo K., Donaldson, Alison, Smith, Toby O., Alder, Sarah, Johnstone, Alexandra M., De Roos, Baukje, Aucott, Lorna S., Gordon, Adam L., and Myint, Phyo K.

Abstract

CONTEXT: Care home residents are at risk of malnutrition through reduced overall food intake, ‘anabolic resistance’ in ageing muscle and high prevalence of medical morbidity and functional dependency. There has been limited consensus regarding effectiveness of a high protein diet on quality of life or clinical outcomes for care home residents. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of non-meat, high protein supplementation on Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) and relevant clinical and nutritional outcomes in older people in the care home setting. DATA SOURCES: We searched EMBASE, AMED, CINAHL, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Registry of Clinical Trials, OpenGrey, clinicaltrials.gov, the WHO clinical trial registry and the ISRCTN and NIHR trial portfolio (to February 2018) for randomised controlled trials. DATA EXTRACTION: We extracted data from included trials if they assessed people aged 65 years and over living in care homes, who received a protein supplementation compared to not. DATA ANALYSIS: We assessed trial quality using Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and meta-analysis was undertaken when appropriate. RESULTS: 17 papers with 1,246 participants fulfilled the inclusion criteria. All studies were low or moderate quality. No evidence of improving HRQOL when the SF-36 was used (Standardised Mean Difference (SMD: -0.10; 95% CI: -0.51 to 0.31; p=0.62), although significant improvement was seen in the single trial using EQ-5D (SMD: 2.58; 95% CI: 2.05 to 3.10; p<0.00001). CONCLUSIONS: Non-meat, high-protein oral supplements can improve markers of nutritional status in care home residents. However, there is insufficient high-quality evidence to determine the effect of such interventions for older adults in care homes with regard to HRQOL.

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