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Scholars and leaders have assumed that prosocial motivation is the primary driver for social enterprises (SEs) to do good. Despite the significance of prosocial motivation, we argue that it may not be the single driver for SE motivation. A dual-motivations approach based on insights from motivation research is proposed to examine how different types of SE motivation can act together to influence the outcomes of SEs. Empirical findings based on survey data from Hong Kong demonstrate that dual motivations—prosocial-intrinsic and prosocial-extrinsic motivations—explain the outcomes of SEs beyond what the direct effects of prosocial motivation can explain separately. Based on moderation analyses, intrinsic motivation enhances the positive relationships between prosocial motivation and business and social outcomes, whereas extrinsic motivation undermines the relationship related to business outcomes. Implications for research on social entrepreneurship and business ethics are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper advances a legitimacy‐based view on what factors determine multinational corporation (MNC) employees' adoption of English at work. We posit that legitimacy judgment represents an alternative mechanism, other than language ability, for explaining MNC employees' response to headquarters' corporate language policy. The hypotheses were confirmed in two studies with mixed‐methods (experiments; semi‐structured interviews), involving MNC employees in China. Our findings verified that corporate language policy increases positive legitimacy judgment, which in turn enhances employees' adoption of English at work. Further analysis showed that language ability moderates the mediating effect of legitimacy judgment, such that this effect is stronger for employees with lower language ability. Semi‐structured interviews confirmed the experimental findings and brought more insight into why and how Chinese employees adopt English in daily work. This paper contributes to the research on corporate language policy, legitimacy judgment, and cross‐border management in Asia Pacific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multilevel structural equation modeling (MSEM) has been proposed as an extension to structural equation modeling for analyzing data with nested structure. We have begun to see a few applications in cross-cultural research in which MSEM fits well as the statistical model. However, given that cross-cultural studies can only afford collecting data from a relatively small number of countries, the appropriateness of MSEM has been questioned. Using the data from the International Social Survey Program (1997; N = 15,244 from 27 countries), we first showed how Muthn's MSEM procedure could be applied to a real data set on cross-cultural research. Given a small country-level sample size (27 countries) we then demonstrated that results on the individual level were quite stable even when using small individual-level sample sizes, whereas the group-level parameter estimates and their standard errors were affected unsystematically by varying individual-level sample sizes. Use of the findings for cross-cultural research and other areas with limited numbers of groups are discussed.

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The various correlations occurring between the national culture and the psychological contracts of the individuals are analyzed. The different ways in which people from different countries explain their contracts are also explained.

This paper examines the formation of the initial capital structure of Chinese start-up firms. Contrary to the predominant view of Chinese family business, this study found that family funding is [...]

The findings on the interactive effect of interactional justice and social comparison information in evaluation of outcome are discussed. The discussion concludes that functional quality effect helps to influences interactional justice and outcome evaluation regardless of the social comparison information present.

To assess how culture influences the behavior of people, multilevel models are an immediate choice for modeling the relationship at the levels of the individual and culture. The authors propose structural equation modeling (SEM) to test the universality of psychological processes at the individual and culture levels. Specifically, the structural equivalence of the measurement (where the instrument is measuring the same construct across countries) is first tested with meta-analytic SEM. If the measurement is structurally equivalent, cross-level equivalence (where the instrument is measuring similar constructs at different levels) will then be tested with multilevel SEM. A large data set on social axioms with 7,590 university students from 40 cultural groups was used to illustrate the procedures. The results showed that the structural equivalence of the social axioms was well supported at the individual level across 40 cultural groups, whereas the cross-level equivalence was partially supported. The superiority of the SEM approach and the theoretical meaning of its solution are discussed. Keywords: social axioms; multilevel models; structural equation models; structural equivalence; crosslevel equivalence

Secondary data from 42 countries was studied to explain the theoretical importance of intra-cultural variation (ICV) of job autonomy at the societal level. It is shown that the ICV of job autonomy influences the social and organizational outcomes beyond the cultural mean of job autonomy.