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Abstract Increasing of plastic waste threatening ecosystems globally, this experimental work investigates recycled plastics as sustainable aggregate replacements in pervious concrete. Pervious concrete allows water passage but has installation/maintenance difficulty due to high weight. This research addresses the lack of eco-friendly lightweight pervious solutions by assessing physical and mechanical performance of mixes with 100% recycled plastic and traditional aggregate percentages. Density reduced 12% using a 100% plastic aggregate mix, achieving 1358 kg/m3 with compressive strength of 3.92 MPa, adequate for non-structural applications. A 7.8% decrease in water absorption versus conventional pervious concrete signifies retained porosity and permeability despite the plastic aggregates. Though early material limitations increase costs over 199.32%, recycled plastics show viability as effective, sustainable substitutes for natural aggregates in lightweight pervious concrete. With further availability and affordability improvements, these recyclable mixes can enable significantly greener construction practices. Findings provide key insights on balancing structural requirements, eco-friendliness and water infiltration capacity in plastic-based lightweight pervious concrete for broader adoption. The research examines the mechanical and durability characteristics of Light-Weight Pervious Concrete (LWPC) composed entirely of plastic aggregate. It also investigates the economic viability and potential for sustainable urban applications. The cost assessment reveals long-term environmental advantages, even though the initial expenses are higher. Additionally, the study considers an eco-friendly approach that combines plant growth with pervious concrete to promote greater sustainability.

Abstract This study focuses into strategizing the usage of self-reacting bobbin tool friction stir welding (SRBT-FSW) to obtain consistent microstructural homogeneity along the thickness of AA6061 aluminium alloy (AA) thick plates during welding. The SRBT-FSW technology, distinguished by its dual-shoulder design, represents a significant step forward in FSW by eliminating the requirement for a backing anvil and promoting balanced heat distribution. This study seeks to address the issues of maintaining uniform microstructural characteristics throughout the weld zone, which is crucial for the mechanical performance and durability of welded joints in structural applications. The experimental study entails the systematic welding of AA6061 plates of 6 mm thickness using a self-reacting bobbin tool under a fixed processing condition. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was used to characterize the grain structure and phase distribution over the weld. Mechanical parameters like as tensile strength and hardness were determined to establish correlations between microstructure and mechanical performance. The results demonstrated that SRBT-FSW significantly enhances microstructural homogeneity across the weld zone, leading to improved mechanical properties. In the Bottom Zone (BZ), a refined grain structure with an average grain size (AGS) of 3.53 µm and a random or weak texture was observed, contributing to enhanced hardness and mechanical performance, with an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 220 MPa. In contrast, the Top Zone (TZ) exhibited a coarser AGS of 4.33 µm with a pronounced {111} crystallographic texture, resulting in a slightly lower UTS of 205 MPa. The Middle Zone (MZ), influenced by the greater heat input from both the TZ and BZ, showed an intermediate AGS of 3.99 µm, predominantly oriented along the {101} plane, and achieved a UTS of 194 MPa, with a slight reduction in ductility. This study highlights the potential of self-reacting bobbin tool friction stir welding as a reliable method for making high-quality, homogeneous welds in thick aluminium plates and paving way for their wider application in the aerospace, automotive, and shipbuilding industries, where homogeneous microstructural qualities are of significant importance.

In paediatric intensive care units (PICUs), advanced medical care meets deeply emotional human experiences. This review examines grief and bereavement support in PICUs, emphasising its significance in extending palliative care beyond end-of-life scenarios. A comprehensive literature search of PubMed and Google Scholar from 2014 to 2023 yielded 50 relevant studies. The findings illustrate the unique challenges in PICUs, such as children’s limited communication abilities, parental distress and emotional burden on healthcare providers. Our review revealed the multifaceted nature of grief in PICUs, including anticipatory and complicated grief, and its profound impact on families and siblings of PICU patients. We identified diverse emotional, psychological, cultural and spiritual support needs that underscored the importance of continuous bereavement care and access to resources. Current support practices, including counselling, support groups, memorial services and interdisciplinary teamwork, are explored. Challenges such as resource limitations, healthcare providers’ emotional toll and communication barriers are discussed. The study also highlights emerging trends such as digital tools, innovative therapies and policy changes to enhance holistic, family-centred care in PICUs.

Background: Peptic ulcer perforation is a serious complication which affects 2–10% of peptic ulcer patients. Peptic ulcer perforation presents with an overall mortality of 10% although various authors had reported incidence between 1.3% and 20%. Being a life-threatening complication of peptic ulcer disease, it needs special attention with prompt resuscitation and appropriate surgical management if morbidity and mortality are to be contained. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to the comparative study of Graham’s omentopexy versus modified Graham’s omentopexy in duodenal perforation. Materials and Methods: This prospective and single-center study was done in Birsa Munda, GMC Shahdol Madhya Pradesh from 2021 to 2023 for 2 years of periods. A total of 160 patients divided into two groups-Graham’s omentopexy 80 cases group “A” and modified Graham’s omentopexy 80 cases group “B.” Results: One hundred and forty-six (91%) were male and 14 (9%) were female with M:F Ratio 10:1. Most of the patients were 20–78 years of age in both groups. Post-operative leakage was 7.5% and 1.25%, respectively. Mortality rate in Group A (3.75%) and in Group B (1.25%). The overall mortality rate was 7.14%. In this study, average hospital stay was 12.4 days in Group A and 9.0 days in Group B. Conclusion: This study showed that modified Graham’s patch repair is as effective as Graham’s patch repair in terms of the mean operative time period, the timing of oral feed allow, and mean hospital stay timing.

Background: Posterior urethral valves (PUV) are the most common obstructive anomaly of the lower urinary tract in children. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) in 17% of the children is due to PUV. The present study helps know the spectrum of the disease, management options, and the outcome in these children. Methods: The present study is a descriptive type of study by review of medical records of all the children presented to the hospital from 2015 to 2019. Profile of PUV includes any abnormality in antenatal ultrasonography (USG), age at presentation, presenting complaints, general condition at the time of presentation, biochemical investigations like serum creatinine and electrolytes at admission, clinical progression during hospital stay and the type of intervention. Outcome variables studied were improvement in the stream and overall well-being of the child, renal function, recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs). Follow-up period varied from 1 to 6 years. Results: A total of 73 patients were included in the study. The mean age of presentation was 3.4 years. The most common presenting complaints were poor urinary stream and dribbling of urine. Antenatal USG showed abnormality in 23 patients. Renal function was abnormal in 28 patients. Out of 73 patients, 51 underwent endoscopic ablation of valves, 19 underwent vesicostomy, and three patients underwent supravesical diversion. During the follow-up recurrent UTI was observed in 11 patients, 15 patients progressed to chronic kidney disease, and 15% of patients were hypertensive. Mortality in the present study was 4%. Conclusion: PUV includes a spectrum of diseases from mild form to lethal conditions. Early intervention by relieving obstruction may prevent or delay the ESRD; hence, timely intervention is necessary in these children.

Abstract Background Quality of life (QoL) is an important determinant of physical and mental health. QoL in head and neck cancer tends to deteriorate due to changes in the physical, functional, psychological aspects. EORTC-QLQ-H&N35 is an instrument that measure the QoL specifically in head and neck cancer patients. EORTC-QLQ-H&N35 give a numeric value to QoL of patients with high value correspond to better QoL. Objective The aim of present study was to find out the cut-off points of numeric values of EORTC-QLQ-H&N35 to categorize QoL impairment into different categories (normal, mild, moderate, and severe). Present study also aims analyze the QoL among head and neck cancer patients under these new categories. Methodology Total 205 patients of head and neck cancer visiting to the outpatient unit were enrolled in this study. Hindi version of EORTC-QLQ-H&N35 was used to evaluate the QoL. Total 9 classification schemes were created with different cut-off points to classify the global QoL score into normal, mild, moderate and severe categories. QoL data was then analyze using the scheme having highest F value in ANOVA test. Results Classification scheme having cut-off values 76–100 for normal QoL, 51–75 for mild QoL impairment, 26–50 for moderate and 0–25 for severe QoL impairment found to have highest F value (729.915) in ANOVA test. The mean QoL score among total 205 patients were 60.08 ± 19.06. Based on the new classification scheme, QoL was normal in 46 (22.4%) patients whereas QoL was impaired to mild level in 76 (37.1%) patients, to moderate level in 76 (37.1%) and to severe level in 7 (3.4%) patients. Role functioning, emotional functioning and social functioning was impaired to severe level in 4 (2.0%), 13 (6.3%) and 3 (1.5%) patients respectively. Conclusion EORTC-QLQ-H&N35 offer a comprehensive review of QoL in head and neck cancer patients. By designating the QoL score into different categories, it will become easier for clinician to have a better idea of QoL of head and neck cancer patients.

Abstract Sleep deprivation is a critical issue that affects workers in numerous industries, including construction. It adversely affects workers and can lead to significant concerns regarding their health, safety, and overall job performance. Several studies have investigated the effects of sleep deprivation on safety and productivity. Although the impact of sleep deprivation on safety and productivity through cognitive impairment has been investigated, research on the association of sleep deprivation and contributing factors that lead to workplace hazards and injuries remains limited. To fill this gap in the literature, this study utilized machine learning algorithms to predict hazardous situations. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the applicability of machine learning algorithms, including support vector machine and random forest, by predicting sleep deprivation in construction workers based on responses from 240 construction workers, identifying seven primary indices as predictive factors. The findings indicate that the support vector machine algorithm produced superior sleep deprivation prediction outcomes during the validation process. The study findings offer significant benefits to stakeholders in the construction industry, particularly project and safety managers. By enabling the implementation of targeted interventions, these insights can help reduce accidents and improve workplace safety through the timely and accurate prediction of sleep deprivation.

Abstract The level of phosphorus must be carefully monitored for proper and effective utilization of coal and coal ash. The phosphorus content needs to be assessed to optimize combustion efficiency and maintenance costs of power plants, ensure quality, and minimize the environmental impact of coal and coal ash. The detection of low levels of phosphorus in coal and coal ash is a significant challenge due to its complex chemical composition and low concentration levels. Effective monitoring requires accurate and sensitive equipment for the detection of phosphorus in coal and coal ash. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is a commonly used analytical technique for the determination of phosphorus content in coal and coal ash samples but proves challenging due to their comparatively weak fluorescence intensity. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) emerges as a promising alternative that is simple, rapid, and cost-effective. However, research in this area has been limited. Until now, only a limited number of research studies have outlined the estimation of major elements in coal, predominantly relying on FTIR spectroscopy. In this article, we explore the potential of FTIR spectroscopy combined with machine learning models (piecewise linear regression—PLR, partial least square regression—PLSR, random forest—RF, and support vector regression—SVR) for quantifying the phosphorus content in coal and coal ash. For model development, the methodology employs the mid-infrared absorption peak intensity levels of phosphorus-specific functional groups and anionic groups of phosphate minerals at various working concentration ranges of coal and coal ash. This paper proposes a multi-model estimation (using PLR, PLSR, and RF) approach based on FTIR spectral data to detect and rapidly estimate low levels of phosphorus in coal and its ash (R $$^2$$ 2 of 0.836, RMSE of 0.735 ppm, RMSE (%) of 34.801, MBE of − 0.077 ppm, MBE (%) of 5.499, and MAE of 0.528 ppm in coal samples and R $$^2$$ 2 of 0.803, RMSE of 0.676 ppm, RMSE (%) of 38.050, MBE of − 0.118 ppm, MBE (%) of 4.501, and MAE of 0.474 ppm in coal ash samples). Our findings suggest that FTIR combined with the multi-model approach combining PLR, PLSR, and RF regression models is a reliable tool for rapid and near-real-time measurement of phosphorus in coal and coal ash and can be suitably modified to model phosphorus content in other natural samples such as soil, shale, etc.

The Burhi Gandak River, a significant tributary of the Ganga River and a vital water source in Bihar, India, is facing critical water quality degradation due to rapid population growth, urbanization, and industrial activities. This study conducts a detailed water quality assessment of the river, focusing on the effects of these anthropogenic factors across different locations, seasons, and industrial zones. Water samples were collected and analyzed for key parameters, including pH, total dissolved solids (TDSs), total hardness (TH), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and dissolved oxygen (DO). The results indicate significant spatial and temporal variations, with water quality deteriorating notably in areas like Samastipur and Khagaria, where industrial and urban activities are more concentrated. For instance, BOD levels increased from 7.5 mg/L to 9.5 mg/l as the river flows through urban Samastipur, signaling a decline in water quality. Additionally, sugar mills located along the river contribute to higher pollution levels during operational months, especially in Lauria and Sugauli. Seasonal analysis shows that the lean season experiences the highest levels of degradation, while monsoon floods increase suspended solids due to sediment inflow. These findings emphasize the urgent need for improved regulation of industrial discharge and urban waste management to protect the water quality of the Burhi Gandak River and the livelihoods dependent on it.

The present cross-sectional survey aimed to investigate knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of farmers of high altitude regions of Himachal Pradesh towards antibiotics and their usage. The survey was carried out using pre-validated questionnaires among 162 farmers (40 males and 122 females) engaged in animal husbandry practices particularly rearing yaks, dzomo and hill cattle from Lahaul, Spiti and Kinnaur regions of Himachal Pradesh. More than 75% of the respondents were aware of antibiotics, with females (83.6%) having more knowledge in comparison to males (52.5%). Using antibiotics in lactating animals may lead to, occurrence of antibiotics or their residues in milk, question was correctly answered by 110/162 (67.91%) respondents with significant difference with respect to educational levels. It was observed that 78.68% respondents adopted the best practice of not purchasing antibiotics without prescription. Overall, it was found that farmers’ perceptions of the use of antibiotics and their side effects are directly influenced by their education. Majority of the farmers were having significant knowledge regarding antibiotics, their usage and effects on consumers. They also had very positive attitude towards antibiotic usage but the practices were average in context of purchasing of antibiotics without prescription and consumption of milk from animals undergoing treatment. Therefore, education of farmers on food safety and antibiotic misuse becomes imperative for production of good quality animal origin foods.

Loss-of-function Parkin mutations lead to early-onset of Parkinson’s disease. Parkin is an auto-inhibited ubiquitin E3 ligase activated by dual phosphorylation of its ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain and ubiquitin by the PINK1 kinase. Herein, we demonstrate a competitive binding of the phospho-Ubl and RING2 domains towards the RING0 domain, which regulates Parkin activity. We show that phosphorylated Parkin can complex with native Parkin, leading to the activation of autoinhibited native Parkin in trans. Furthermore, we show that the activator element (ACT) of Parkin is required to maintain the enzyme kinetics, and the removal of ACT slows the enzyme catalysis. We also demonstrate that ACT can activate Parkin in trans but less efficiently than when present in the cis molecule. Furthermore, the crystal structure reveals a donor ubiquitin binding pocket in the linker connecting REP and RING2, which plays a crucial role in Parkin activity.

This study examines the chemical properties and micronutrient concentrations of roadside soil in the ecologically sensitive Himalayan foothills of Uttarakhand, India. The primary objective is to assess soil contamination levels and their implications for urban ecosystem services. Soil samples from 13 locations were systematically collected, processed, and analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results indicated average concentrations of Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Ni at 9.94, 3.28, 24.32, 17.35, and 0.28 mg/kg, respectively. Significant variations in soil chemical properties and micronutrient levels (p

This paper focuses on the transient response of the upper Alaknanda River basin and landslide vulnerability analysis of tectonically active segments located between the Trans Himadri Fault (THF) and Main Central Thrust (MCT) in the higher central Himalayan domain. We applied the power law functions of the conventional bedrock incision proxies to decode erosionally balanced tectonic processes. The channel concavity and slope of the upper Alaknanda basin have been logarithmically evaluated to understand the balance between erosion/incision and tectonic events. Further, tectonically balanced erosional events along the trunk and tributary stream dynamics have been estimated using the Chi (χ) function law. The results of χ suggest a disequilibrium state of the trunk and tributary stream concerning steady state condition. Furthermore, the landform and longitudinal river profile have been analyzed to understand differential uplift/incision and impact of erosion in river profile between THF and MCT. Furthermore, we applied a geospatial technique for landslide susceptibility analysis. Our results show that approximately 94.45% of the basin area is highly vulnerable and has the potential for future landslides and glacial avalanches. Furthermore, we claim that this study is extremely helpful to identify the locations of future geohazards (landslide, avalanche, cloudburst etc.) and their impact on the downstream areas where population density is very high.

Entisol soil is hard and compact in nature, rendering it high in bulk density, which influences root penetration adversely and thereby poor plant growth. In this experiment, used seven treatments in different combination in normal soil, were used as growth media for the Terminalia arjuna seedling. T3 (60% entisol) found the best as it gave the highest biomass in the species regardless of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) treatment. AMF treatment enhanced the growth and biomass of plants significantly in all the given treatments. AMF colonization observed a maximum in tertiary roots. T1 (100% entisol soil) exhibited the highest degree of AMF colonization in tertiary roots, resulting in the highest mycorrhiza dependency of plants for this soil. The addition of normal soil to entisol soil was found to decrease the bulk density, resulting in increased root diameter, and T3 plants exhibited the highest biomass and AMF compatibility for T. arjuna species. The T. arjuna plant’s growth and biomass responded positively to AMF in all types of treatments. The plant’s growth and biomass were highest in the T3 treatment, which had a bulk density of 1.50 g/cm3. In this study, we combined the entisol with mycorrhizal inoculation of the nursery growing medium to promote plant growth and biomass, improve the plant’s ability to hold water and absorb nutrients, and lower the entisol’s bulk density. The T. arjuna (Roxb) plant responds very favorably to mycorrhiza inoculation in nursery conditions with the entisol growth medium.

Transition-metal-mediated “borrowing hydrogen" also known as hydrogen auto-transfer reactions allow the sustainable construction of C–C and C–N bonds using alcohols as hydrogen donors. In recent years, manganese complexes have been explored as efficient catalysts in these reactions. This review highlights the significant progress made in manganese-catalyzed C–C and C–N bond-formation reactions via hydrogen auto-transfer, emphasizing the importance of this methodology and manganese catalysts in sustainable synthesis strategies.

Background and Objective: Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a chronic disease characterized by widespread, persistent musculoskeletal pain in association with impaired health-related quality of life. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an emerging tool for the management of fibromyalgia. There is no standardized protocol of rTMS for the treatment of FMS, and both low- and high-frequency stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) are described in the literature with variable efficacy. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of rTMS in people with fibromyalgia and compare the response of low- and high-frequency stimulation with sham stimulation. Materials and Methods: This study was a single-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Ninety patients with the diagnosis of FMS were randomly allocated into one of the following three groups: low-frequency (1 Hz) group, high-frequency (10 Hz) group, and sham group. Pain, depression, anxiety, and quality of life were measured using the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), and Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQR) immediately following treatment as well as at 1 and 3 months after treatment. The data was statistically analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 23 software. P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Intergroup analysis revealed a significant improvement in NPRS, HAM-A, HDRS, and FIQR scores in both low- and high- frequency groups immediately following treatment and for 3 months after treatment. No significant difference in the efficacy of low- and high-frequency stimulation was noticed. Conclusions: rTMS is an effective mode of treatment in people with FMS. Both low and high frequencies of stimulation at DLPFC are equally effective in reducing pain and associated symptoms.

Abstract The oxidative potential (OP) of particulate matter (PM) is a major driver of PM-associated health effects. In India, the emission sources defining PM-OP, and their local/regional nature, are yet to be established. Here, to address this gap we determine the geographical origin, sources of PM, and its OP at five Indo-Gangetic Plain sites inside and outside Delhi. Our findings reveal that although uniformly high PM concentrations are recorded across the entire region, local emission sources and formation processes dominate PM pollution. Specifically, ammonium chloride, and organic aerosols (OA) from traffic exhaust, residential heating, and oxidation of unsaturated vapors from fossil fuels are the dominant PM sources inside Delhi. Ammonium sulfate and nitrate, and secondary OA from biomass burning vapors, are produced outside Delhi. Nevertheless, PM-OP is overwhelmingly driven by OA from incomplete combustion of biomass and fossil fuels, including traffic. These findings suggest that addressing local inefficient combustion processes can effectively mitigate PM health exposure in northern India.

This article furnishes a brief review of the geochemistry of waters produced during coal bed methane and shale gas exploration. Stable deuterium and oxygen isotopes of produced waters, as well as the stable carbon isotope of dissolved inorganic carbon in these waters, are influenced by groundwater recharge, methanogenic pathways, the mixing of formation water with saline water, water–rock interactions, well completion, contamination from water from adjacent litho-units, and coal bed dewatering, among many others. Apart from the isotopic fingerprints, significant attention should be given to the chemistry of produced waters. These waters comprise natural saturated and aromatic organic functionalities, metals, radioisotopes, salts, inorganic ions, and synthetic chemicals introduced during hydraulic fracturing. Hence, to circumvent their adverse environmental effects, produced waters are treated with several technologies, like electro-coagulation, media filtration, the coupling of chemical precipitation and dissolved air flotation, electrochemical Fe+2/HClO oxidation, membrane distillation coupled with the walnut shell filtration, etc. Although produced water treatment incurs high costs, some of these techniques are economically feasible and sustain unconventional hydrocarbon exploitation.

AbstractThis paper gives an investigation into the morphological analysis of boron carbide and the mechanical properties of the Jutton-Glass hybrid polymer nanocomposites. As reinforcements, hybrid nanoparticles comprising boron carbide and graphene nanoplatelets were used. For laying the composites, the vacuum bagging technique was used with the composition of hybrid nanomaterial taken as 0, 0.25 and 0.5 wt.% of Gr and B4C, and the samples were tested for mechanical properties as per ASTM standards. The samples prepared have been subjected to various tests, and the results are reported. Before the preparation of composites, the polymer was mixed with surface-modified nanomaterial and stability tests were conducted to assess uniform dispersion with the aid of UV spectroscopy, and the outcomes showed that the samples had been exceptionally uniform over some time. It is determined that the mechanical behavior of hybrid composites, which include B4C with Gr, shows better properties than base, B4C, and Gr. However, the multi-layered samples with graphene nanoplatelets also showcased encouraging mechanical properties like hardness and tensile strength.

In the construction industry, irregular schedules and long hours disrupt workers’ circadian rhythms, adversely affecting their safety and health. While studies have shown that sleep timing influences safety and health, they often overlook sleep quantity, work-shift start time, and a broad range of safety and health outcomes. To fill this gap, this study examines the relationship between circadian rhythm and safety health factors, including psychological issues, wellbeing, behavioral issues, altruistic behaviors, sleep quantity, starting hours at work, and parental care in 1,400 construction workers using a questionnaire. We investigated safety health using scales for psychological issues (0–34), wellbeing (0–24), behavioral issues (0–29), and altruistic behaviors (0–27). Midsleep time on weekends estimated circadian rhythm, with multilevel regressions adjusting for sleep quantity, work start time, and various characteristics. Results showed average midsleep at 04:11 h, with a 1 h delay associated with increased psychological issues (0.37), behavioral issues (3.0%), decreased wellbeing (0.19), and decreased altruistic behaviors (0.18). These findings highlight a correlation between early circadian rhythm and poor safety health, independent of sleep quantity and work-shift start time. Addressing circadian rhythm disruptions could be crucial for improving safety health outcomes, suggesting that work schedule adjustments and better sleep practices may mitigate adverse effects on workers’ health and wellbeing.

For the total doctorate awarded in India in 2013, the male-to-female ratio was 63:37. This ratio improved to 57:43 in favour of women in 2021. In absolute terms, the number of women awarded doctorates almost doubled in 2021 compared with 2013. In this study, we examine the progress made by Indian women in doctoral education based on annual reports from the All India Survey on Higher Education. The improved ratios and numbers reflect the adoption of an action-oriented approach in dealing with the concepts of equality and inclusion. The reasons for the progress and ways to improve were investigated based on secondary data and interviews with 15 expert senior female research supervisors. The interviews reveal that apart from the mandatory requirement of a PhD qualification for academic progression, other initiatives have been taken by the Government that have encouraged more women to opt for doctoral education. However, more needs to be done to make research easy for women in India, and such areas, as pointed out by the panel of experts, have been discussed. These findings can be used by other nations that want to bring more inclusivity to doctoral education.

Although extensive research has been conducted to explain the high accident rates in the Indian construction industry, studies focusing on the contributions of the prevailing safety climate as an enabler of such incidences remain sparse. Safety climate plays a crucial role in shaping workers’ safety behaviors. Therefore, eliciting the perspectives of construction workers concerning safety climate dimensions that are critical for engendering improved safety behavior will provide valuable insights into the dimensions required to sustain the desired safety performance levels on construction sites. This study adopted a sequential mixed-methods research design. Purposively selected respondents and interviewees were surveyed and interviewed at various intervals. The study established that safety climate dimensions, such as effective leadership, effective communication, consultation, training, resources, incentives, and recognition, are critical in improving safety behavior among construction workers. The results of this study have significant implications for practice and knowledge, as they provide an approach for assessing the impact of different safety climate dimensions on the safety behavior of construction workers in India. Understanding these dimensions will lead to a framework for managing these challenges and improving construction safety performance. The study reported in this paper remains one of the few studies seeking to explore the impact of safety-climate dimensions on worker safety behavior in the construction industry.

Summary: Mitofusin-2 (MFN2), a large GTPase residing in the mitochondrial outer membrane and mutated in Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2 disease (CMT2A), is a regulator of mitochondrial fusion and tethering with the ER. The role of MFN2 in mitochondrial transport has however remained elusive. Like MFN2, acetylated microtubules play key roles in mitochondria dynamics. Nevertheless, it is unknown if the α-tubulin acetylation cycle functionally interacts with MFN2. Here, we show that mitochondrial contacts with microtubules are sites of α-tubulin acetylation, which occurs through MFN2-mediated recruitment of α-tubulin acetyltransferase 1 (ATAT1). This activity is critical for MFN2-dependent regulation of mitochondria transport, and axonal degeneration caused by CMT2A MFN2 associated R94W and T105M mutations may depend on the inability to release ATAT1 at sites of mitochondrial contacts with microtubules. Our findings reveal a function for mitochondria in α-tubulin acetylation and suggest that disruption of this activity plays a role in the onset of MFN2-dependent CMT2A.

Introduction: Distal femoral physeal fractures are commonly observed in children with open growth plates who experience direct trauma. Biplane fractures have been documented, but triplane fractures are exceedingly rare. We present the case of a 17-year-old male with an immature skeletal structure who sustained a direct blow to his right knee in a road traffic accident, leading to this uncommon injury. Case presentation: The patient underwent a knee X-ray initially, followed by a CT scan for a more detailed assessment. The CT scan confirmed the diagnosis of a distal femoral physeal triplane fracture. Subsequently, open reduction and internal fixation were performed using a lateral parapatellar approach. Discussion: Distal femoral physeal triplane fractures are infrequently reported in medical literature, highlighting the rarity of this injury. Accurate diagnosis necessitates meticulous radiological examination, with CT scans being particularly useful. Treatment involves achieving anatomical alignment and stabilizing the fracture with screws or K-wires. Given the potential complication of limb length discrepancy, long-term monitoring until skeletal maturity is crucial. Conclusion: This clinical case highlights the scarcity of documentation in the literature of distal femur physeal triplaner and underscores the significance of precise radiological evaluation for accurate diagnosis. Early surgical intervention, along with careful long-term monitoring, can help mitigate potential complications and ensure favorable outcomes in these rare cases.

Abstract Background India has the most significant number of children with thalassemia major worldwide, and about 10,000-15,000 children with the disease are born yearly. Scaling up e-health initiatives in rural areas using a cost-effective digital tool to provide healthcare access for all sections of people remains a challenge for government or semi-governmental institutions and agencies. Methods We compared the performance of a recently developed formula SCS $$_{BTT}$$ BTT and its web application SUSOKA with 42 discrimination formulae presently available in the literature. 6,388 samples were collected from the Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, in North-Western India. Performances of the formulae were evaluated by eight different measures: sensitivity, specificity, Youden’s Index, AUC-ROC, accuracy, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and false omission rate. Three multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods, TOPSIS, COPRAS, and SECA, were implemented to rank formulae by ensuring a trade-off among the eight measures. Results MCDM methods revealed that the Shine & Lal and SCS $$_{BTT}$$ BTT were the best-performing formulae. Further, a modification of the SCS $$_{BTT}$$ BTT formula was proposed, and validation was conducted with a data set containing 939 samples collected from Nil Ratan Sircar (NRS) Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, in Eastern India. Our two-step approach emphasized the necessity of a molecular diagnosis for a lower number of the population. SCS $$_{BTT}$$ BTT along with the condition MCV $$\le$$ ≤ 80 fl was recommended for a higher heterogeneous population set. It was found that SCS $$_{BTT}$$ BTT can classify all BTT samples with 100% sensitivity when MCV $$\le$$ ≤ 80 fl. Conclusions We addressed the issue of how to integrate the higher-ranked formulae in mass screening to ensure higher performance through the MCDM approach. In real-life practice, it is sufficient for a screening algorithm to flag a particular sample as requiring or not requiring further specific confirmatory testing. Implementing discriminate functions in routine screening programs allows early identification; consequently, the cost will decrease, and the turnaround time in everyday workflows will also increase. Our proposed two-step procedure expedites such a process. It is concluded that for mass screening of BTT in a heterogeneous set of data, SCS $$_{BTT}$$ BTT and its web application SUSOKA can provide 100% sensitivity when MCV $$\le$$ ≤ 80 fl.

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to carry out a comparative analysis of the job satisfaction of nurses working in India based on the different types of the hospital they are working with. The study tests the null hypothesis that the job satisfaction of nurses from India across different types of hospitals is the same. Methods: Four hundred nurses divided into 100 each for four popular types of hospitals – (1) Educational; (2) Government; (3) Charitable Trust; and (4) Private, from all over India were surveyed. Two ANOVA tests were performed. The first one was performed, taking overall job satisfaction as the dependent variable. The second ANOVA was performed by taking the monetary and compensation factors, work environment and management support, and job-related factors as the dependent variables. Results: The overall mean of job satisfaction was -0.73 (SD 0.60). Overall, 65 percent of the variability of the dependent variable, job satisfaction, is explained by the type of hospital and is statistically significant (p

Agriculture sector being the backbone of the Indian economy always receives prioritized attention by the policy makers and planners. The age old debate between energy-water nexus has received a renewed thrust due to emergence of solarized irrigation systems for the agriculture sector in the country. The present study, develops a model innovatively by combining a bottom-up approach with top-down data to understand the future water and energy requirements for agriculture sector under three scenarios till 2030 for five major agrarian states, namely Haryana, Punjab, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu. Estimates are made to understand the benefits accrued due to solarlization of existing pumps as well as by use of energy efficient pumps. Results indicate that around INR 76 billion could be saved by all the five states together due to reduction of electricity subsidy alone if such transitions are realized. Other benefits are viewed in terms of reduction in energy costs, reduction in CO2 emissions, and efficient use of water for irrigation.

In recent years, three dimensional concrete printing (3DCP) has gained traction as a promising technology to mitigate the carbon footprint associated with construction industry. However, despite its environmental benefits, studies frequently overlook its impact on social sustainability and its overall influence on project success. This research investigates how strategic decisions by firms shape the tradeoffs between economic, environmental, and social sustainability in the context of 3DCP adoption. Through interviews with 20 Indian industry leaders, it was found that companies primarily invest in 3DCP for automation and skilled workforce development, rather than solely for environmental reasons. The lack of incentives for sustainable practices in government procurement regulations emerges as a significant barrier to the widespread adoption of 3DCP. Our study identifies five key strategies firms employ to promote sustainability through 3DCP and proposes actionable measures for government intervention to stimulate its advancement. Addressing these issues is crucial for realizing the full societal and environmental benefits of 3DCP technology.

No licensed vaccine exists for the lethal plague and yersiniosis. Therefore, a combination of recombinant YopE and LcrV antigens of Yersinia pestis was evaluated for its vaccine potential in a mouse model. YopE and LcrV in formulation with alum imparted a robust humoral immune response, with isotyping profiles leaning towards the IgG1 and IgG2b subclasses. It was also observed that a significantly enhanced expression of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-2, and IL-1β from the splenic cells of vaccinated mice, as well as YopE and LcrV-explicit IFN-γ eliciting T-cells. The cocktail of YopE + LcrV formulation conferred complete protection against 100 LD50 Y. pestis infection, while individually, LcrV and YopE provided 80 % and 60 % protection, respectively. Similarly, the YopE + LcrV vaccinated animal group had significantly lower colony forming unit (CFU) counts in the spleen and blood compared to the groups administered with YopE or LcrV alone when challenged with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia enterocolitica. Histopathologic evidence reinforces these results, indicating the YopE + LcrV formulation provided superior protection against acute lung injury as early as day 3 post-challenge. In conclusion, the alum-adjuvanted YopE + LcrV is a promising vaccine formulation, eliciting a robust antibody response including a milieu of pro-inflammatory cytokines and T-cell effector functions that contribute to the protective immunity against Yersinia infections. YopE and LcrV, conserved across all three human-pathogenic Yersinia species, provide cross-protection. Therefore, our current vaccine (YopE + LcrV) targets all three pathogens: Y. pestis, Y. pseudotuberculosis, and Y. enterocolitica. However, the efficacy should be tested in other higher mammalian models.

Predicting the axial Shortening strength of concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns is an important problem that this study attempts to solve for civil engineering projects. We suggest using a deep learning-based artificial neural network (ANN) model to address this issue, taking into account the intricate relationship between steel tube and core concrete. The model, called ANN-SFRC (Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete), surpasses an R2 threshold of 0.90 and achieves impressive R2 values across different types of CFST columns. Compared to traditional linear regression methods, the ANN-SFRC model significantly improves accuracy, with an observed inaccuracy of less than 3% compared to actual values. With its reliable approach to forecasting the behavior of CFST columns under axial compression, this high-performance instrument enhances safety and accuracy during the design and planning stages of civil engineering.

In the global push for carbon neutrality and the emergence of net-zero carbon buildings (NZCBs), the lack of substantial progress in achieving NZCB goals due to unaddressed barriers is a pressing issue. While there are ongoing initiatives for NZCB, a crucial research gap exists in the thorough examination of specific barriers and their interconnected complexities, impeding progress in the NZCB agenda. This study aims to fill this gap by identifying and investigating the barriers negating the implementation of Prefabricated NZCBs through a systematic literature review and analyzing their relationships using Interpretative structural modeling (ISM) analysis. Additionally, the study aims to provide a strategic roadmap to overcome the barriers that impede the successful implementation of prefabricated NZCBs. The findings reveal that the regulatory barriers, including regulations, policies, and implementation efforts, emerge as the most significant, followed closely by uncertainties related to long-term financial returns and payback periods. The study concludes that the acceleration of NZCB goals depends on addressing these identified barriers and underscores the imperative for collaboration among government bodies, supply and demand sectors, and end users. Policymakers are urged to integrate these findings into their guidelines for promoting NZCB. The implications of this research are substantial, offering a path forward that prioritizes regulatory obstacles and addresses the most crucial barriers, ultimately propelling the NZCB agenda and contributing to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly future.

Neurotransmission at synapses is mediated by the fusion and subsequent endocytosis of synaptic vesicle membranes. Actin has been suggested to be required for presynaptic endocytosis but the mechanisms that control actin polymerization and its mode of action within presynaptic nerve terminals remain poorly understood. We combine optical recordings of presynaptic membrane dynamics and ultrastructural analysis with genetic and pharmacological manipulations to demonstrate that presynaptic endocytosis is controlled by actin regulatory diaphanous-related formins mDia1/3 and Rho family GTPase signaling in mouse hippocampal neurons. We show that impaired presynaptic actin assembly in the near absence of mDia1/3 and reduced RhoA activity is partly compensated by hyperactivation of Rac1. Inhibition of Rac1 signaling further aggravates impaired presynaptic endocytosis elicited by loss of mDia1/3. Our data suggest that interdependent mDia1/3-Rho and Rac1 signaling pathways cooperatively act to facilitate synaptic vesicle endocytosis by controlling presynaptic F-actin.

Abstract For the first time, a physics‐based modelling of a nanoscale Ni/Mo/MoO3/Ni memristor is presented in this letter by inserting a ‘Mo:Capping layer’ between the top electrode (Ni) and the insulating layer (MoO3). The proposed memristor has stable hysteresis I–V characteristics as well as a significant reduction in ‘Forming voltage’ (VFORM) to 0.75 V. The simulated resistive switching responses using the COMSOL Multiphysics package demonstrate consistently low values of coefficient of variability (CV) with 14.31% and 14.85% for the SET and RESET modules, respectively, during cycle‐to‐cycle variations along with a low compliance current (ICC) of 193 µA. In addition to observing synaptic plasticity behaviour, it also examines how ramp‐rates impact ‘Potentiation’ and ‘Depression’ as memristor conductance (G) is closely related to synaptic weights.

This study addresses newly designed precision full-wave rectifier realized with a dual-X second generation current conveyor without use of any diodes. The design comprises single dual-X second generation current conveyor, three MOS switches along with two resistors. The use of minimum active device leads to the simpler circuitry and suitability to contemporary integration technology. The circuit is designed without any diodes, so there is no limitation of rectifying the signals under threshold voltage. The prime attributes of the proposed circuit are simplicity in design, good operating frequency, low power consumption, ease of cascadability, low output offset current, low value of ripple and comparatively low THD. The circuit is validated via post-layout simulations which are carried out using Cadence Virtuoso tool with 0.18 µm technology. The circuit shows robust performance against process, voltage and temperature variations. The layout of dual-X second generation current conveyor is designed that measures an area of 23 µm × 21 µm.

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), defined by GOLD as a preventable and treatable disease with some significant extra pulmonary effects, is a very common clinical entity in clinical practice. COPD is associated with significant extra pulmonary (systemic) effects. Systemic inflammation may be mainly driven by risk factor – cigarette smoking and it persists after smoking cessation. COPD is associated with severe extrapulmonary (systemic) manifestations and comorbidities such as cardiac, osteoporosis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, Thyroid Dysfunctions, and obesity. Body mass index (BMI) has also been identified as an independent prognostic factor for COPD. Aims and Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the proportion of hypothyroidism and obesity in COPD patients and their association with GOLD stage. Materials and Methods: This was an observational cross-sectional study assessing, COPD patients to determine proportions of thyroid disorder and obesity within a period of 1 year. Data were coded and recorded in MS Excel spreadsheet program. SPSS v23 (IBM Corp.) was used for data analysis. Results: The following variables were significantly associated (P

AIM: To ascertain the pattern of investigations at first contact in uveitic patients and evaluate compliance to treatment. METHODS: An observational study comprised of 201 uveitic patients presenting for the first time to our centre from January 2019 to June 2020. Detailed information regarding systemic investigations undertaken by specialists at the time of first contact and the cost of these investigations were reviewed on the first visit to our centre. Compliance with the treatment was determined and reasons behind non-compliance were evaluated on the first follow-up in patients who had no improvement in clinical signs and symptoms. RESULTS: The mean age of the study group was 35.35±14.1y and gender composition was 59.7% males and 40.3% females. Anterior uveitis was observed in 45.3% of patients, intermediate uveitis in 31.8% of patients, posterior uveitis in 14.9% of patients and panuveitis in 8.0% of patients. Association with a systemic disease was evident in 17.9% of patients. When compared with standard guidelines and uveitis patterns, systemic investigations were identified to be relevant only in 38.3% of patients. Non-compliance to treatment was documented in 22.4% of patients. Common reasons for non-compliance were inadequate counselling by the treating physician about treatment in 26.7% of patients and a busy schedule at work/school in 22.2% of patients. CONCLUSION: Significant number of investigations performed at first contact is found to be contrary to standard guidelines and are not contributory to the care. About a quarter of patients in this study are found to be non-compliant with the treatment. Compliance is more challenging to achieve in school-going children and working adults. The availability of comprehensive, periodically updated, evidence-based guidelines on the role of investigations and the use of trained counsellors may help to channelize proper evaluation and improve compliance to treatment, respectively, in patients with uveitis.

Abstract Heavy fogs occur during the winter period over the part of northern India and impact aviation, public transport, the economy, public life, etc. During winter, fog water (FW) and non-monsoonal rainwater (NMRW) samples were collected in Delhi, which is a highly polluted and populated megacity in northern India. The collected FW and NMRW samples were analyzed for their inorganic chemical constituents (F−, Cl−, SO42−, NO3−, NH4+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+). The volume-weighted mean (VWM) pH, conductivity, and total dissolved solids (TDS) of FW were 6.89, 206 μS cm−1, and 107 mg L−1, respectively, indicating the dominance of alkaline species. The total measured ionic constituents (TMIC) in FW and NMRW were 5,738 and 814 μeq L−1, respectively, indicating highly concentrated FW in Delhi. The TMIC in FW were factors of 16 and 7 times more concentrated than MRW and NMRW samples, respectively. The concentrations of inorganic acidic species (SO42− and NO3−) in FW were much higher than in monsoon rainwater (MRW: 3 and 5 times) and NMRW (8 and 12 times), respectively. Also, the concentrations of SO42− and NO3 in NMRW were approximately double compared to MRW indicating higher acidic species concentrations during the winter season over Delhi region. Significant decadal growth in the mean concentrations of ionic species in FW (SO42− - ~9 times; NH4+ - double) were observed between 1985 and 2010. However, the nitrate decreased by ~28%. The higher SO42− is likely from heavy-duty vehicles that burn sulfur-containing fuel. The anions in FW, MRW, and NMRW contributed 20, 42, and 43%. However, the cation contributions were 80, 58, and 57%, respectively. The anion contributions were lower in FW than MRW and NMRW indicating the weak formation of acidic species in fog water. The observed alkalinity suggests that it is unlikely for acid precipitation to be present in this region.

Antifungal drug resistance in filamentous fungi, particularly Aspergillus species, is increasing worldwide. Therefore, new antifungal drugs or combinations of drugs are urgently required to overcome this public health situation. In the present study, we examined the antifungal activity of vancomycin-functionalized AuNPs. These functionalized AuNPs were characterized, and their antifungal activity and associated killing mechanism were investigated using conventional methodologies against the conidia of A. fumigatus and A. flavus. The differential antifungal activity of vancomycin-functionalized Au-NPs against the conidia of Aspergillus species is dependent on structural differences in the conidial cell wall. The results demonstrated potent fungicidal activity against A. fumigatus, with a MIC value of 4.68 µg/mL, 93% germination inhibition, and 38.4% killing rate within 8 h of exposure. However, the activity against A. flavus was fungistatic; a MIC value of 18.7 µg/mL and 35% conidial germination inhibition, followed by 28.4% killing rate, were noted under similar conditions. Furthermore, endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation was 37.4 and 23.1% in conidial populations of A. fumigatus and A. flavus, respectively. Raman spectroscopy analysis confirmed the possible (but not confirmed) binding of functionalized AuNPs with the chitin and galactomannan components of the cell wall. A potential strategy that involves the exploration of antibacterial drugs using AuNPs as efficient drug carriers may also be appropriate for countering emerging drug resistance in filamentous fungi.

Plantar vein thrombosis (PVT) is an underdiagnosed condition affecting the deep plantar veins, with challenging clinical diagnosis, often presenting with non-specific symptoms that mimic other foot pathologies. This study assessed the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of patients diagnosed with PVT to contribute to the understanding of this condition. We performed the comprehensive analysis of a substantial dataset, including 112 patients, with a total of 130 positive MRI scans (86 of the forefoot and 44 of the ankle) presenting with PVT. Upon evaluating all the veins of the feet, we observed a higher frequency of involvement of the lateral plantar veins (53.1%) when compared to the medial veins (3.8%). The most affected vascular segments in the forefeet were the plantar metatarsal veins (45.4%), the plantar venous arch (38.5%), and the plantar communicating veins (25.4%). The characteristic findings on MRI were perivascular edema (100%), muscular edema (86.2%), venous ectasia (100%), perivascular enhancement (100%), and intravenous filling defects (97.7%). Our study provides valuable insights into the imaging evaluation of PVT and shows that MRI is a reliable resource for such diagnosis.

Abstract Reclamation of alkali soils to harness their productivity potential is more complex due to the presence of excess sodium ions, poor hydraulic conductivity and infiltration rate, resulting in poor plant growth and crop productivity. Sodic soil reclamation using inorganic ameliorants like mineral gypsum or phosphogypsum is beyond the reach of small and marginal farmers having alkali soils because of their higher market prices and shortage of availability. Conjoint use of inorganic and organic amendments can be a pragmatic solution for improving soil physico-chemical and biological properties and sustaining crop productivity. Municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) available in abundant quantity if enriched with the efficient halophilic microbial consortium and used in conjunction with a reduced dose of gypsum can be a cost-effective approach for sustainable reclamation of alkali soils and harnessing their productivity potential. Hence, a field experiment was conducted on a high alkali soil (pH2 9.2 ± 0.10), electrical conductivity (EC) 1.14 ± 0.12 dS m−1, exchangeable sodium percentage 48 ± 2.50 and organic carbon (0.30%) was conducted during 2018–19 to 2020–21 to study the combined effect inorganic and organic (enriched municipal solid waste compost (EMSWC)) amendments on amelioration of alkali soils and sustaining productivity of rice–wheat cropping system. Application of gypsum @ 25% GR + enriched MSW compost @ 10 t ha−1 (T6) showed significant improvement in soil physico-chemical and biological properties over the sole application of organic (T3 and T4), inorganic (T2) and control (T1). A significant improvement in soil fertility status in terms of available nitrogen and micronutrients as well as CO3, HCO3, Cl, Ca and Mg content were recorded with the combined application of organic and inorganic soil amendments (T5 and T6) over the sole application of mineral gypsum. Soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), nitrogen (MBN) and phosphorus (MBP) improved significantly due to the application of EMSWC with gypsum over the application of gypsum only. Grain yield of rice and wheat increased significantly (P

Abstract Background Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a causative agent of various infections in newborns, immunocompromised (especially diabetic) non-pregnant adults, and pregnant women. Antibiotic resistance profiling can provide insights into the use of antibiotic prophylaxis against potential GBS infections. Virulence factors are responsible for host–bacteria interactions, pathogenesis, and biofilm development strategies. The aim of this study was to determine the biofilm formation capacity, presence of virulence genes, and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of clinical GBS isolates. Results The resistance rate was highest for penicillin (27%; n = 8 strains) among all the tested antibiotics, which indicates the emergence of penicillin resistance among GBS strains. The susceptibility rate was highest for ofloxacin (93%; n = 28), followed by azithromycin (90%; n = 27). Most GBS strains (70%; n = 21) were strong biofilm producers and the rest (30%; n = 9) were moderate biofilm producers. The most common virulence genes were cylE (97%), pavA (97%), cfb (93%), and lmb (90%). There was a negative association between having a strong biofilm formation phenotype and penicillin susceptibility, according to Spearman’s rank correlation analysis. Conclusion About a third of GBS strains exhibited penicillin resistance and there was a negative association between having a strong biofilm formation phenotype and penicillin susceptibility. Further, both the strong and moderate biofilm producers carried most of the virulence genes tested for, and the strong biofilm formation phenotype was not associated with the presence of any virulence genes.

Background: Fracture of distal radius may be stable that is extra-articular, non-comminuted without distal radio ulnar joint disruption or unstable that is intra-articular, comminuted displaced with distal radio ulnar joint disruption. Complications of unstable fractures are shortening due to bone loss or due to resorption of the cancellous bone from metaphysis, resistant deformity, residual pain, late collapse, radio carpal arthritis and gross functional impairment. Aims and Objective: The purpose of this study to compare the relative efficacy of external fixation versus plating with regard to functional and radiological outcome. Materials and Methods: Total of 60 patients having intraarticular distal end radius fracture were included in this study and was equally divided into two groups, one group treated by external fixator other group with volar locking compression plate with or without augmentation by k-wire. Follow-up was done after 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks and 3 ,6 and 12 months. The radiological evaluation was performed with Sarmiento’s Modification of Lindstrom’s Criteria. With the Modified Mayo Wrist Score, the patient’s functional outcomes were assessed and both groups were compared. Results: In this study we found that volar plate group had good to excellent outcome in 73% cases and 07% with fair outcome however with external fixator group found good to excellent in 50% cases and poor in 17% cases. Conclusion: In our study, we showed that the use of an external fixator and a volar locking plate for the treatment of intraarticular distal radial fractures were reliable. The relative simplicity of use, low surgical exposure, and decreased surgical trauma are benefits of external fixation. Despite these volar locking plates augmented with or without k wire had a good to excellent results in terms of early rehabilitation and less complications related to wrist joint. External fixator with ligamentotaxis provide significant good results in communited intraarticular distal end radius fracture.

Abstract The low to medium-rank Tertiary coals from Meghalaya, India, are explored for the first time for their comprehensive microstructural characterization using the FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. Further, results from these coals are compared with the Permian medium and high-rank coals to understand the microstructural restyling during coalification and its controls on hydrocarbon generation. The coal samples are grouped based on the mean random vitrinite reflectance values to record the transformations in spectral attributes with increasing coal rank. The aliphatic carbon and the apparent aromaticity respond sharply to the first coalification jump ( $${\bar{\rm R}}$$ R ¯ r: 0.50%) during low to medium-rank transition and anchizonal metamorphism of the high-rank coals. Moreover, the Raman band intensity ratio changes during the first coalification jump but remains invariable in the medium-rank coals and turns subtle again during the onset of pregraphitization in high-rank coals, revealing a polynomial trend with the coal metamorphism. The Rock–Eval hydrogen index and genetic potential also decline sharply at the first coalification jump. Besides, an attempt to comprehend the coal microstructural controls on the hydrocarbon potential reveals that the Tertiary coals comprise highly reactive aliphatic functionalities in the type II-S kerogen, along with the low paleotemperature (74.59–112.28 °C) may signify their potential to generate early-mature hydrocarbons. However, the presence of type II-III admixed kerogen, a lesser abundance of reactive moieties, and overall moderate paleotemperature (91.93–142.52 °C) of the Permian medium-rank coals may imply their mixed hydrocarbon potential. Meanwhile, anchizonal metamorphism, polycondensed aromatic microstructure, and high values of paleotemperature (~ 334.25 to ~ 366.79 °C) of the high-rank coals indicate a negligible potential of producing any hydrocarbons.

Abstract Background Entisol is a very poor, compact, and low-water-holding capacity soil. They are obstacles to the plant's root system's penetration and the availability of water, particularly in dry months. However, Arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF) is used for seedling growth and reduces water stress in the plant. Results In this experiment, the growth parameters and the physiological activities of the plant were changed for the well watering (WW), fractionated watering (FW), and stopped/no watering conditions of the T. arjunaseedling. This experiment demonstrated higher mycorrhizal dependency (24.90%) under the FW condition than that of the WW condition (18.58%). Also the root colonization was higher (67%) under FW plants compared to WW plants (53%) associated with AMF+ in T. arjuna seedling. Photosynthesis was found 24.27% more with FW than the WW condition. Experiment' shows posivitivecorrelation between the photosynthesis and interval of no watering for AMF− plants (r2 = 0.873 for AMF− (control) and comparatively very weak for plants with AMF+ (r2 = 0.259 for AMF+ plants). Conclusions The findings confirms the use of AMF in entisol soil to improve plant growth and biomass by reducing edaphic stress.

Abstract Lung cancer is the leading cause of mortality from cancer worldwide. Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is a type of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with highest prevalence. Kinesins a class of motor proteins are shown to be involved in carcinogenesis. We conducted expression, stage plot and survival analyses on kinesin superfamily (KIF) and scrutinized the key prognostic kinesins. Genomic alterations of these kinesins were studied thereafter via cBioPortal. A protein–protein interaction network (PPIN) of selected kinesins and 50 closest altering genes was constructed followed by gene ontology (GO) term and pathway enrichment analyses. Multivariate survival analysis based on CpG methylation of selected kinesins was performed. Lastly, we conducted tumor immune infiltration analysis. Our results found KIF11/15/18B/20A/2C/4A/C1 to be significantly upregulated and correlated with poor survival in LUAD patients. These genes also showed to be highly associated with cell cycle. Out of our seven selected kinesins, KIFC1 showed the highest genomic alteration with highest number of CpG methylation. Also, CpG island (CGI) cg24827036 was discovered to be linked to LUAD prognosis. Therefore, we deduced that reducing the expression of KIFC1 could be a feasible treatment strategy and that it can be a wonderful individual prognostic biomarker. CGI cg24827036 can also be used as a therapy site in addition to being a great prognostic biomarker.

Abstract Spinal surgical procedures are becoming more common over the years, and imaging studies can be requested in the postoperative setting, such as a baseline study when implants are used, or when there is a new postoperative issue reported by the patient or even as routine surveillance. Therefore, it helps the surgeon in the appropriate management of cases. In this context, there is increasing importance of the radiologist in the adequate interpretation of postoperative images, as well as in the choice of the most appropriate modality for each case, especially among radiographs, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and nuclear medicine. It is essential to be familiar with the main types of surgical techniques and imaging characteristics of each one, including the type and correct positioning of hardware involved, to differentiate normal and abnormal postoperative appearances. The purpose of this pictorial essay is to illustrate and discuss the more frequently used spine surgical interventions and their imaging characteristics, with an emphasis on classical decompression and fusion/stabilization procedures. Graphical Abstract Key points Plain radiographs remain the main modality for baseline, dynamic evaluation, and follow-ups. CT is the method of choice for assessing bone fusion, hardware integrity and loosening. MRI should be used to evaluate bone marrow and soft tissue complications. Radiologists should be familiar with most performed spinal procedures in order to differentiate normal and abnormal. Critical relevance statement This article discusses the main surgical procedures involved in the spine, which can be didactically divided into decompression, stabilization-fusion, and miscellaneous, as well as the role of diagnostic imaging methods and their main findings in this context.

A novel time–current-rate-based inverse characteristic curve for relays in a DC microgrid is proposed in this paper. Line current rise rate is used as actuating quantity, ensuring quick line fault clearing (relay operating time is in order of a few μs). The advantage of using line current rise rate as actuating quantity is that for a line short-circuit fault, it does not vary significantly for grid-connected and islanded modes of operation and varying network topologies of DC microgrid. Consequently, using the proposed characteristic, a single set of optimal relay settings is obtained using an optimization solver in MATLAB. The obtained settings ensure reliable and selective coordination between primary and backup relays for various pole-to-ground and pole-to-pole line faults under different operating conditions with multiple sources in two different 4-bus 400V low voltage DC microgrids. The maximum relay operating time for a high resistance fault with the proposed curve is 394.9μs for the first considered low voltage DC microgrid. Simulations in the Real Time Digital Simulator and comparisons with previous schemes (one comparison on the second considered DC microgrid), conventional standard inverse, and extremely inverse curves for DC microgrid protection indicate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

This work investigates piecewise Vand der Pol oscillator under the arbitrary order, piecewise derivatives, and power nonlinearities to present a novel idea of piecewise systems using the classical-power-law randomness and classical Mittag–Leffler-law-randomness. We are able to study the dynamics of piecewise Van der Pol oscillators because the oscillator is one of the prototype models of the systems. It has become famous for examining the dynamics of the systems. To obtain the approximate solution for the aforementioned system, the famous Adams–Bashforth method is applied. The algorithm for obtaining numerical solutions is presented as well as the obtained results were presented graphically along with their different behavior. This oscillator is successfully applied to the model, a diversity of physical processes like nonlinear electronic circuits. Despite the simplicity of this oscillator, the behavior of the models is extremely prosperous and research is still ongoing.