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In this study, we demonstrate a single-track magnetic code tape-based absolute position sensor system. Unlike traditional dual-track systems, our method simplifies manufacturing and avoids crosstalk between tracks, offering higher tolerance to alignment errors. The sensing system employs an array of magnetic field sensing elements that recognize the bit sequence encoded on the tape. This approach allows for accurate position determination even when the number of sensing elements is fewer than the number of bits covered, and without the need for specific spacing between sensing elements and bit length. We demonstrate the system’s ability to learn and adapt to various magnetic code patterns, including those that are irregular or have been altered. Our method can identify and localize the sensed magnetic field pattern directly within a self-learned magnetic field map, providing robust performance in diverse conditions. This self-adaptive capability enhances operational safety and reliability, as the system can continue functioning even when the magnetic tape is misaligned or has undergone changes.

Egy földrajzi térség fejlesztésének célja elsősorban az adott terület eredményes működtetése, lakosainak megfelelő lakóhely és jólét biztosítása megfelelő színvonalú gazdasági, kulturális, technológiai és ökológiai feltételek megteremtésével. Ritchie–Crouch (2003) szerint az a turisztikai desztináció versenyképes, amely képes a turisztikai bevételek növelésére, a turisták folyamatos vonzására, a látogatók számára emlékezetes, elvárásaiknak megfelelő élmények nyújtására, valamint ezeken túl profit termelésre. Ám eközben a helyi lakosság jólétének is meg kell maradnia vagy emelkednie úgy, hogy a feltételek a jövő generációi számára is megőrzésre kerüljenek (vagyis a fenntarthatóság elvei érvényesüljenek). A turisztikai kereslet dinamikus növekedése magával vonja a desztinációk közötti verseny fokozódását is. Az erős verseny a célterület turizmusmarketingjéért felelős szervezet számára kihívást jelent az imázsépítés, a termékfejlesztés és a kommunikáció területén is. A turizmus sikeres fejlesztésére azonban csak egy jól működő, jól együttműködő rendszerben van mód. Az együttműködés mind területi, mind pedig turisztikai termékek szintjén szükséges. Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok megye turisztikai azonosítását szolgáló szlogen, az „Alföld szíve” kifejezés ugyan mindenben megfelel a jelszavakkal szemben általában támasztott követelménynek, ám sikerességének megítélése piaci felmérésekhez kell, hogy kötődjön. Ennek alátámasztásához célterületi belföldi turizmusban résztvevők körében 2019 nyarán végzett nagymintás (n=1037) felmérés szolgál. A megkérdezettek 71,6%-a az „Alföld szíve” márkanévvel jól beazonosítja a megyét, a rossz válaszok aránya elhanyagolható volt. A turisztikai márka ismertségén túl a kutatás kitért a megye különböző turizmusfajtákhoz kötődő attrakcióira is. A megye turisztikai attrakciói közül 29 kínálati elemet értékeltek a megkérdezettek aszerint, hogy meglátogatták-e más vagy ismerik-e. A felmérés eredményei alapján nagyon jól ismert kínálati elemek a Tisza-tó, Abádszalók, a Jászberényi Állat- és Növénykert, Cserkeszőlő, a felüdülőhely, a Tiszavirág Fesztivál, Szolnok, valamint a RepTár, Interaktív Repülőmúzeum, Szolnok. Habár a turisztikai attrakciók ismertsége a megyei válaszadók körében kedvezőnek ítélhető, 12 kínálati elemet a nem megyei válaszadók kevesebb, mint 10%-a látogatott csak meg a felmérés időpontjáig, s mindegyik attrakció esetében a válaszadók minimum egynegyede elutasító is egy lehetséges látogatással kapcsolatban. A kutatás következtetései rámutatnak arra, hogy a térség meglévő attrakcióinak kihasználásával és fejlesztésével a turizmus minél több szegmensének érintésével komplex élménycsomagokat nyújtó turisztikai innováció szükséges a desztinációban, amely a látogatószám érdemi emeléséhez vezethet.

Inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) is an eco-friendly sustainable strategy for improving crop productivity in diverse environments under different conditions. Our earlier study demonstrated that Pseudomonas sivasensis 2RO45 significantly stimulated canola (Brassica napus L. var. napus) growth. The aim of the present study was to investigate the structural and functional dynamics in the canola rhizosphere microbiome after inoculation with PGPR P. sivasensis 2RO45. The results based on alpha diversity metrics showed that P. sivasensis 2RO45 did not significantly alter the diversity of the native soil microbiota. However, the introduced strain modified the taxonomic structure of microbial communities, increasing the abundance of plant beneficial microorganisms, e.g., bacteria affiliated with families Comamonadaceae, Vicinamibacteraceae, genus Streptomyces, and fungi assigned to Nectriaceae, Didymellaceae, Exophiala, Cyphellophora vermispora, and Mortierella minutissima. The analysis of community level physiological profiling (CLPP) revealed that microbial communities in the P. sivasensis 2RO45 treated canola rhizospheres were more metabolically active than those in the non-treated canola rhizosphere. Four carbon sources (phenols, polymers, carboxylic acids, and amino acids) were better metabolized by the microbial communities from the rhizosphere of plants inoculated with the P. sivasensis 2RO45 than non-inoculated canola rhizospheres. Based on the community-level physiological profiles, the functional diversity of the rhizosphere microbiome was altered by the P. sivasensis 2RO45 inoculation. Substrate utilization Shannon diversity (H) index and evenness (E) index were significantly increased in the treated canola plants. The study provides new insight into PGPR-canola interactions for sustainable agriculture development.

Angiotensin–converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are the primarily chosen drugs to treat various cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension. Although the most recent guidelines do not differentiate among the various ACE inhibitory drugs, there are substantial pharmacological differences. Goal: Here, we tested if lipophilicity affects the efficacy of ACE inhibitory drugs when used as the first therapy in newly identified hypertensives in a prospective study. Methods: We tested the differences in the cardiovascular efficacy of the hydrophilic lisinopril (8.3 ± 3.0 mg/day) and the lipophilic enalapril (5.5 ± 2.3 mg/day) (n = 59 patients). The cardiovascular parameters were determined using sonography (flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in the brachial artery, intima-media thickness of the carotid artery), 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (peripheral arterial blood pressure), and arteriography (aortic blood pressure, augmentation index, and pulse wave velocity) before and after the initiation of ACE inhibitor therapy. Results: Both enalapril and lisinopril decreased blood pressure. However, lisinopril failed to improve arterial endothelial function (lack of effects on FMD) when compared to enalapril. Enalapril-mediated improved arterial endothelial function (FMD) positively correlated with its blood–pressure–lowering effect. In contrast, there was no correlation between the decrease in systolic blood pressure and FMD in the case of lisinopril treatment. Conclusion: The blood–pressure–lowering effects of ACE inhibitor drugs are independent of their lipophilicity. In contrast, the effects of ACE inhibition on arterial endothelial function are associated with lipophilicity: the hydrophilic lisinopril was unable to improve, while the lipophilic enalapril significantly improved endothelial function. Moreover, the effects on blood pressure and endothelial function did not correlate in lisinopril-treated patients, suggesting divergent mechanisms in the regulation of blood pressure and endothelial function upon ACE inhibitory treatment.

Cél: Az alábbiakban célunk bemutatni a Nemzeti Szakértői és Kutató Központban végzett, üvegek hőkezelésével kapcsolatos kísérletek eredményeit, valamint a hőkezelés alkalmazási lehetőségeit a kriminalisztikai vizsgálatokban. Módszertan: Az üvegek törésével is együtt járó bűncselekményekkel (például gépjárműfeltörés, betöréses lopás, rongálás) kapcsolatosan jellemzően felmerülő, szakértői vizsgálatot igénylő kérdés, hogy a lefoglalt ruházati tárgyon talált üvegszemcse származhat-e a bűncselekmény helyszínén eltört üvegtárgyak valamelyikéből. Mikroméretű üvegszemcsék kriminalisztikai vizsgálatának elterjedt módszere az optikai törésmutató mérés. Az üvegmaradvány-szemcse és a referenciaminta törésmutatójának azonossága esetén valószínűsíthető a származási kapcsolat. Az ilyen jellegű vizsgálatok kiegészítéseként szolgál az üvegszemcsék kontrollált körülmények között történő hőkezelése és az azt követő optikai törésmutató mérés. Jelen munkánk során ezt a vizsgálati lehetőséget mutatjuk be példákon keresztül, az eredményeket összevetve korábbi irodalmi adatokkal. Megállapítások: Hőkezelés hatására az üvegszemcsén belül szerkezeti átrendeződés történik, melynek hatására a szemcse optikai törésmutatója megváltozik. Ennek mértéke a különböző típusú üvegekben jelen lévő, eltérő belső feszültség miatt üvegtípusonként különböző és jellegzetes. Ez lehetőséget nyújt a pontosabb származási viszony megállapítása mellett az üveg típusának meghatározására is. A hőkezelést olyan esetekben is sikerrel alkalmaztuk, ahol a bűncselekményt követően a referenciamintát ért jelentős hőterhelés (például tűz) miatt az üvegmaradvány-szemcsékkel optikai törésmutató alapján történő közvetlen összehasonlítás téves eredményt adna.Érték: Sikeresen alkalmaztuk a hőkezelést üvegtípus megállapítására, származási viszonyok vizsgálatára, valamint hőterhelésnek kitett üvegek analíziséreis, ezzel segítve a büntetőügyekben felmerülő szakkérdések megválaszolását.

Abstract Attachment of microorganisms to natural or artificial surfaces and the development of biofilms are complex processes which can be influenced by several factors. Nevertheless, our knowledge on biofilm formation in karstic environment is quite incomplete. The present study aimed to examine biofilm development for a year under controlled conditions in quasi-stagnant water of a hydrothermal spring cave located in the Buda Thermal Karst System (Hungary). Using a model system, we investigated how the structure of the biofilm is formed from the water and also how the growth rate of biofilm development takes place in this environment. Besides scanning electron microscopy, next-generation DNA sequencing was used to reveal the characteristic taxa and major shifts in the composition of the bacterial communities. Dynamic temporal changes were observed in the structure of bacterial communities. Bacterial richness and diversity increased during the biofilm formation, and 9–12 weeks were needed for the maturation. Increasing EPS production was also observed from the 9–12 weeks. The biofilm was different from the water that filled the cave pool, in terms of the taxonomic composition and metabolic potential of microorganisms. In these karstic environments, the formation of mature biofilm appears to take place relatively quickly, in a few months.

From the point of view of successful tourism product development and destination management it is important to identify the travel motivations that determine the expectations of the experience and hence the satisfaction. The large-scale survey among domestic tourism participants reveals ideas, knowledge and motivations as determinants of tourism consumer habits, explores the relationship between domestic travel characteristics, destination awareness and the suggestibility of travel decisions. The results obtained, especially the general openness to domestic travel. Based on the research results, the tourism-specific motivations of the destination can be identified, on which further product development and experience management methods can be based.

Abstract Background Presence of corneal cystine crystals is the main ocular manifestation of cystinosis, although controversial findings concerning the corneal layer with the highest density have been reported. The aim of this study was the analysis of the characteristics of crystal arrangement in different corneal layers and the assessment of corneal morphological changes with age. Methods A cross sectional study was carried out in three children and three adults who had nephropathic cystinosis and corneal cystine depositions. All patients underwent a comprehensive ophthalmological examination including best corrected distance visual acuity, slit-lamp examination, in vivo confocal microscopy and anterior segment optical coherence tomography. An evaluation of the depth of crystal deposits and crystal density in different corneal layers was also performed. Due to the low number of subjects no statistical comparison was performed. Results Anterior segment optical coherence tomography images revealed deposition of hyperreflective crystals from limbus to limbus in each patient. Crystals appeared as randomly oriented hyperreflective, elongated structures on in vivo confocal microscopy images in all corneal layers except the endothelium. In children the deposits occurred predominantly in the anterior stroma, while in adults, the crystals were mostly localized in the posterior corneal stroma with the depth of crystal deposition showing an increasing tendency with age (mean depth of crystal density was 353.17 ± 49.23 μm in children and it was 555.75 ± 25.27 μm in adults). Mean crystal density of the epithelium was 1.47 ± 1.17 (median: 1.5; interquartile range: 0.3–2.4). Mean crystal density of the anterior and posterior stroma of children and adults was 3.37 ± 0.34 (median: 3.4; interquartile range: 3.25–3.55) vs. 1.23 ± 0.23 (median: 1.2; interquartile range: 1.05–1.35) and 0.76 ± 0.49 (median: 0.7; interquartile range: 0.4–1.15) vs. 3.63 ± 0.29 (median: 3.7; interquartile range: 3.45–3.8), respectively. Endothelium had intact structure in all cases. Some hexagonal crystals were observed in two subjects. Conclusions In vivo confocal microscopy and anterior segment optical coherence tomography confirmed an age-related pattern of crystal deposition. In children, crystals tend to locate anteriorly, while in adults, deposits are found posteriorly in corneal stroma.

In this study, different maize fields cultivated under different management systems were sampled to test corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis, populations in terms of total and endosymbiotic bacterial diversity. Corn leaf aphid natural populations were collected from traditionally managed maize fields grown under high agricultural and natural landscape diversity as well as conventionally treated high-input agricultural fields grown in monoculture and with fertilizers use, hence with low natural landscape diversity. Total bacterial community assessment by DNA sequencing was performed using the Illumina MiSeq platform. In total, 365 bacterial genera were identified and 6 endosymbiont taxa. A high abundance of the primary endosymbiont Buchnera and secondary symbionts Serratia and Wolbachia were detected in all maize crops. Their frequency was found to be correlated with the maize management system used, probably with fertilizer input. Three other facultative endosymbionts (“Candidatus Hamiltonella”, an uncultured Rickettsiales genus, and Spiroplasma) were also recorded at different frequencies under the two management regimes. Principal components analyses revealed that the relative contribution of the obligate and dominant symbiont Buchnera to the aphid endosymbiotic bacterial community was 72%, whereas for the managed system this was only 16.3%. When facultative symbionts alone were considered, the effect of management system revealed a DNA diversity of 23.3%.

The extreme environmental conditions of the diverse saline inland waters (soda lakes and pans, hypersaline lakes and ponds) of the Carpathian Basin are an advantage for picophytoplankton. The abundance of picophytoplankton in these waters can be up to several orders of magnitude higher than that in freshwater shallow lakes, but differences are also found within different saline water types: higher picophytoplankton abundances were observed in hypersaline lakes compared to humic soda lakes, and their highest numbers were detected in turbid soda lakes. Moreover, their contribution to phytoplankton biomass is higher than that in shallow freshwater lakes with similar trophic states. Based on long-term data, their ratio within the phytoplankton increased with turbidity in the case of turbid soda lakes, while, in hypersaline lakes, their proportion increased with salinity. Picocyanobacteria were only detected with high abundance (>106–107 cells/mL) in turbid soda lakes, while picoeukaryotes occurred in high numbers in both turbid and hypersaline lakes. Despite the extreme conditions of the lakes, the diversity of picophytoplankton is remarkable, with the dominance of non-marine Synechococcus/Cyanobium, Choricystis, Chloroparva and uncultured trebouxiophycean green algae in the soda lakes, and marine Synechococcus and Picochlorum in the hypersaline lakes.

Sir Nicholas Stern és csoportja nemrégiben felhívta a figyelmet arra, hogy a globális felmelegedés miatt várható jelentős károk viszonylag mérsékelt beruházással elkerülhetőek lennének. A jelentés nyilvánosságra hozatala után több oldalról is bírálták állításaikat, például arra hivatkozva, hogy nem kezelték megfelelően a jövőbeli bizonytalanságot. Ezen bírálók közé tartozik Arrow is, aki szerint a jövőbeli katasztrófa kockázatának mérlegelése helyett inkább a jelenbeli széndioxid-kibocsátás csökkentésére kellene törekednünk.

Joel Slemrod, a Michigani Egyetem közgazdaságtan tanszékének professzora e tanulmányában áttekinti, hogy mit tudunk ma az adófizetési kötelezettség alóli kibújás természetéről, mértékéről és meghatározó tényezőiről, különös tekintettel az egyesült államokbeli viszonyokra.

Purpose. This study is aimed at investigating the phenotype, differentiation potential, immunomodulatory properties, and responsiveness of saphenous vein vessel wall-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (SV-MSCs) to various TLR ligands and proinflammatory cytokines, as well as comparing their features to those of their bone marrow-derived counterparts (BM-MSCs). Methods. SV-MSCs were isolated by enzymatic digestion of the saphenous vein vessel wall. Phenotype analysis was carried out by flow cytometry and microscopy, whereas adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic differentiation potentials were tested in in vitro assays. For comparative analysis, the expression of different stemness, proliferation, and differentiation-related genes was determined by Affymetrix gene array. To compare the immunomodulatory properties of SV-MSCs and BM-MSCs, mixed lymphocyte reaction was applied. To investigate their responses to various activating stimuli, MSCs were treated with TLR ligands (LPS, PolyI:C) or proinflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β, IFNγ), and the expression of various early innate immune response-related genes was assessed by qPCR, while secretion of selected cytokines and chemokines was measured by ELISA. Results. The isolated SV-MSCs were able to differentiate into bone, fat, and cartilage cells/direction in vitro. SV-MSCs expressed the most important MSC markers (CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, and CD105) and shared almost identical phenotypic characteristics with BM-MSCs. Their gene expression pattern and activation pathways were close to those of BM-MSCs. SV-MSCs showed better immunosuppressive activity inhibiting phytohemagglutinin-induced T lymphocyte proliferation in vitro than BM-MSCs. Cellular responses to treatments mimicking inflammatory conditions were comparable in the bone marrow- and saphenous vein-derived MSCs. Namely, similar to BM-MSCs, SV-MSCs secreted increased amount of IL-6 and IL-8 after 12- or 24-hour treatment with LPS, PolyI:C, TNFα, or IL-1β, compared to untreated controls. Interestingly, a different CXCL-10/IP-10 secretion pattern could be observed under inflammatory conditions in the two types of MSCs. Conclusion. Based on our results, cells isolated from saphenous vein vessel wall fulfilled the ISCT’s (International Society for Cellular Therapy) criteria for multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells, and no significant differences in the phenotype, gene expression pattern, and responsiveness to inflammatory stimuli could be observed between BM-MSCs and SV-MSCs, while the latter cells have more potent immunosuppressive activity in vitro. Further functional assays have to be performed to reveal whether SV-MSCs could be useful for certain regenerative therapeutic applications or tissue engineering purposes.

Orthogonal spin ordering is rarely observed in magnetic oxides because nearest-neighbor symmetric Heisenberg superexchange interactions usually dominate. We have discovered that in the quadruple perovskite CaFe_{3}Ti_{4}O_{12}, where only the S=2 Fe^{2+} ion is magnetic, long-range magnetic order consisting of an unusual arrangement of three interpenetrating orthogonal sublattices is stabilized. Each magnetic sublattice corresponds to a set of FeO_{4} square planes sharing a common orientation. This multi-k magnetic spin ordering is the result of fourth-neighbor spin couplings with a strong easy-axis anisotropy. In an applied magnetic field, each sublattice tends towards ferromagnetic alignment, but remains polarized by internal magnetic fields generated by the others, thus stabilizing in a noncollinear canted ferromagnetic structure. CaFe_{3}Ti_{4}O_{12} provides a rare example of how nontrivial long-range spin order can arise when near-neighbor Heisenberg superexchange is quenched.

In this study, we examined the effect of salinity and alkalinity on the metabolic potential and taxonomic composition of microbiota inhabiting the sodic soils in different plant communities. The soil samples were collected in the Pannonian steppe (Hungary, Central Europe) under extreme dry and wet weather conditions. The metabolic profiles of microorganisms were analyzed using the MicroResp method, the bacterial diversity was assessed by cultivation and next-generation amplicon sequencing based on the 16S rRNA gene. Catabolic profiles of microbial communities varied primarily according to the alkali vegetation types. Most members of the strain collection were identified as plant associated and halophilic/alkaliphilic species of Micrococcus, Nesterenkonia, Nocardiopsis, Streptomyces (Actinobacteria) and Bacillus, Paenibacillus (Firmicutes) genera. Based on the pyrosequencing data, the relative abundance of the phyla Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes and Bacteroidetes also changed mainly with the sample types, indicating distinctions within the compositions of bacterial communities according to the sodic soil alkalinity-salinity gradient. The effect of weather extremes was the most pronounced in the relative abundance of the phyla Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria. The type of alkali vegetation caused greater shifts in both the diversity and activity of sodic soil microbial communities than the extreme aridity and moisture.

A gyógyítási feladatok mindig kiemelt fontossággal bírtak az emberi civilizációk történetében. Amint az egyes régiókban létrejött a felsőfokú képzés, egyidejűleg megindult az orvosok, majd a gyógyszerészek képzése. Egész Európában a 17. századig ritkaság számba ment, hogy egyetemet végzett gyógyszerészek lássanak el patikusi feladatokat. Hazánkban ezért is fordulhatott elő, hogy döntően külföldről idetelepültekre hárultak a gyógyszerészi feladatok. Mária Terézia felismerve, hogy a kuruzslók elleni harc leghatékonyabb eszköze az egyetemi képzés, a nagyszombati egyetemen új fakultásként elindította az Orvosi Kart, melyen 1772- től rendelte el a gyógyszerészek képzését. 1850-ig egyéves, 1851-től egészen 1940-ig kétéves volt az egyetemi képzés, melyhez gyakorlati idők is tartoztak. 1891-ig négy, 1892-től hat gimnáziumi osztály elvégzése elegendő volt az egyetemre történő bekerülésig. 1914-től már csak érettségi után lehetett egyetemre menni. 1945 után az egyetemi képzés négy és fél évre, majd 1987-től öt évre módosult. A kiegyezést követően vált nyilvánvalóvá, hogy hazánkban nincs elegendő számú felsőoktatási intézmény. Ennek okán 1872-ben Kolozsváron, az 1912. évi XXXVI. törvénycikk kapcsán Debrecenben és Pozsonyban létesültek egyetemek. Az I. világháborút követően Kolozsvárról és Pozsonyból elköltöztek az egyetemek Szegedre, illetve Pécsre. Debrecenben csak 1996-tól, Pécsen pedig 2005-től indult meg a gyógyszerészek képzése. A gyógyszerészek doktori cím elnyerésére irányuló igényét már 1940-ben felvetették, ám különböző okból elvetették. Végül a 2008. évi CVI. számú törvény lehetővé tette a „dr. univ.”, vagy „dr. pharm.” cím viselését. 2009-től visszamenőleg minden gyógyszerész megkapta ezt a címet.

Gut microbiota can crucially influence behavior and neurodevelopment. Dogs show unique similarities to humans in their physiology and may naturally develop dementia-like cognitive decline. We assessed 29 pet dogs’ cognitive performance in a memory test and analyzed the bacterial 16S rRNA gene from fecal samples collected right after the behavioral tests. The major phyla identified in the dog microbiomes were Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Fusobacteria, each represented by >20% of the total bacterial community. Fewer Fusobacteria were found in older dogs and better memory performance was associated with a lower proportion of Actinobacteria. Our preliminary findings support the existence of links between gut microbiota, age, and cognitive performance in pet dogs.

Neural quantum states (NQS) are a promising approach to study many-body quantum physics. However, they face a major challenge when applied to lattice models: convolutional networks struggle to converge to ground states with a nontrivial sign structure. We tackle this problem by proposing a neural network architecture with a simple, explicit, and interpretable phase Ansatz, which can robustly represent such states and achieve state-of-the-art variational energies for both conventional and frustrated antiferromagnets. In the latter case, our approach uncovers low-energy states that exhibit the Marshall sign rule and are therefore inconsistent with the expected ground state. Such states are the likely cause of the obstruction for NQS-based variational Monte Carlo to access the true ground states of these systems. We discuss the implications of this observation and suggest potential strategies to overcome the problem.

The effect of fungal entomopathogen M. anisopliae strain NCAIM 362 against M. melolontha larvae in sweet potato was tested under open field conditions when crop management included compost supply and soil cover (agro-foil or agro-textile). Additionally, the effect of M. anisopliae same strain against M. melolontha was compared with the effect of α-cypermethrin under greenhouse conditions. Soil microbial community using Illumina sequencing and soil biological activity were tested as possible parameter influencing M. anisopliae effect. According to the results, compost supply and textile cover may enhance the effectiveness of M. anisopliae under open field conditions, while no effect of fungal treatment was detected under greenhouse conditions. Even if soil parameters (chemical composition, bacterial, and biological activity) were identical, the effect of α-cypermethrin against M. melolontha larvae was significant: lower ratio of larval survival and less damaged tubers were detected after the chemical treatment. Our results suggest that M. anisopliae strain NCAIM 362 is not effective to control M. melolontha larvae, further pieces of research are needed to test other species of the Metarhizium genus to find an effective agent for sustainable pest control in sweet potato.

A survey of the cluster formation tendency and mechanism in transition metal-based glassy alloys is made with an emphasis on their manifestation in various physical properties. The cluster formation is partially inherited from the supercooling of the melt. However, it also develops due to the interaction between dissolved hydrogen and the frozen glassy structure. The glassy state as “cluster assembly” is regarded as a structural background for the interpretation of several anomalous concentration dependences of thermal and magnetic properties in these glasses. We will focus on the manifestation of alloying effects, the relation between irreversible and reversible structural relaxations both in the high, and low temperature range (observed near to the glass transition or after low temperature storage). The development of the cluster assembly is the consequence of the co-existence of various bonding types between the alloy components. These are brought together in the melt, ensuring sufficient glass-forming ability. The nucleation mechanism of the amorphous-nanocrystalline transformation is also explained as a cluster phenomenon, which significantly contributes to the evolution of magnetic ultra-softness in FINEMET-type alloys. Finally, the role of the quenched-in cluster structure in the mechanism of reversible and irreversible H-absorption is discussed. Irreversible H-induced structural rearrangements can appear as microphase separation in multicomponent systems, governed by the affinity difference between the metallic components and the absorbed hydrogen. This kind of H-induced reordering is responsible for the “volume activation” of amorphous H-storage alloys and it also causes the gradual breakdown of storage capacity during cyclic absorption–desorption steps. This article mainly focuses on the cluster phenomena in Fe-based glasses because of its unique combination of high mechanical strength, strong corrosion resistance, good thermal stability and excellent magnetic properties.

Nowadays, one of the most important challenges is to ensure sustainable agricultural management of crops such as maize (Zea mays L.). Long-term crop production, however, may influence the soil properties, the composition and activity of microbial communities. The aim of this study was to compare the catabolic activity and taxonomic diversity of bacterial communities inhabiting the soil of a non-fertilized maize monoculture and a natural grassland. Samples were taken from the horizons A and C in the first part of the vegetation period. MicroResp™ technique was used to explore the catabolic potential of microbial communities and next generation amplicon sequencing to reveal the bacterial diversity. Based on the catabolic activity results, higher differences were revealed among the soil horizons than the different land uses. The highest degree carbon source utilization was detected in the soil horizon A of the natural grassland. The taxonomic composition of bacterial communities was dominated by Proteobacteria. The relative abundance of other dominant phyla (Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, Actinobacteria, Planctomycetes, Gemmatimonadetes, Chloroflexi and Patescibacteria) varied according to both the land use and soil depth. Amplicon sequences belonging to genera of r-strategist “copiotrophic” and K-strategist “oligotrophic” bacteria were identified from the soils of both maize monoculture and grassland.

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