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Small mammals, particularly rodents, are often important seed-dispersal agents in Neotropical forests. Directional seed dispersal into tree-fall gaps may enhance seedling survival of light-demanding species and thus influence forest regeneration. To examine this proposition, we tracked seeds of a light-demanding palm (Attalea butyracea), with a focus on spiny rats (Proechimys semispinosus), the most-likely seed-removal agents. We established seed-removal stations at three distances relative to 28 gaps (gap center, gap edge, and intact forest 10 m from a gap edge) in a lowland forest in Central Panama. We placed five fresh fruits (with their seed) in semi-permeable exclosures to exclude larger mammals at each station and tracked the directions in which seeds were moved and deposited intact. More seeds were moved toward or into gaps when removed from gap center or edge stations; however, seeds dispersed from intact forest stations showed no such directionality. Small mammals may have dispersed seeds into and within tree-fall gaps because they favored caching seeds in areas that offered increased cover, which is typical of gaps, and consequently protection from predation. The lack of directional dispersal from intact forest stations may have been because spiny rats were able to find sufficient cover in the young intact forest that was closer than the gaps. In older forest, the contrast between intact forest and gaps may be greater, resulting in directed dispersal into gaps.

Recruitment limitation—the failure of a species to establish recruits at an available site—is a potential determinant of plant communities’ structure, causing local communities to be a limited subset of the regional species pool. Recruitment limitation results from three mechanisms: (i) lack of seed sources (i.e., source limitation), (ii) failure of available seeds to reach recruitment sites (i.e., dispersal limitation), and (iii) failure of arrived seeds to establish at a location (i.e., establishment limitation). Here, we evaluated the relative importance of these mechanisms in three co-occurring tree species (Dipteryx oleifera, Attalea butyracea, and Astrocaryum standleyanum) that share seed dispersers/predators. The study was set up on Barro Colorado Island (Panama) at 62 one-ha sites with varying tree densities. Source limitation was estimated as the proportion of sites that would be reached by seeds if seeds were distributed uniformly. Dispersal limitation was estimated from the number of sites with seeds in the soil bank. Establishment limitation was evaluated by measuring germination and 1-year survival in seed addition experiments. The effect of conspecific and heterospecific densities on the mechanisms was evaluated at three spatial scales (1, 5, and 9 ha). For all species, seed predation was the most important recruitment component (~80% decrease in seed survival). Establishment varied among species and was affected by conspecific and heterospecific species densities across spatial scales. Given that species identity, distribution, and seed dispersal/predation affect recruitment at multiple scales, multiscale studies are required to understand how recruitment limitation determines community structure in tropical forests. Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.

La alteración antrópica modifica el tipo de mamíferos que consumen frutos de Attalea butyracea en una selva neotropical y la intensidad con que lo hacen La pérdida del hábitat y la caza son dos de las principales causas de la disminución de mamíferos, que no solo afecta a la presencia de especies, sino también a sus funciones ecológicas. La frugivoría es una interacción clave en las zonas tropicales debido a que se halla muy extendida entre los mamíferos y los efectos que ejerce en la dinámica de la selva. Mediante la comparación de las visitas realizadas por mamíferos a la palma Attalea butyracea en dos sitios con grados bien diferenciados de alteración antrópica (con alteración y sin alteración) de la selva Lacandona, en el sureste de México, evaluamos cómo afecta la alteración antrópica a la interacción entre los mamíferos frugívoros y los frutos que se acumulan en el suelo de la selva. Usando cámaras trampa, registramos a los mamíferos que interactuaron con los frutos y estimamos la intensidad de la interacción. Registramos una mayor riqueza de especies de mamíferos frugívoros en el sitio sin alteración antrópica (nueve especies) que en el sitio con alteración (cuatro especies), donde no se registraron los mamíferos de mayor tamaño. Los mamíferos de talla grande mostraron una interacción más intensa con los frutos en cuanto a la frecuencia y la duración de sus visitas. Nuestro estudio hace hincapié en la necesidad de adoptar medidas de conservación que permitan asegurar la presencia de las especies en los sitios con alteración antrópica, así como sus interacciones bióticas.

The present study aims to describe the occurrence of triatomines and their infection rate by Trypanosoma cruzi, in an area of Chagas disease outbreak in Rodrigues Alves municipality, Acre state, Brazil. Collections were performed by passive search (capture of specimens by local people) and dissection of palm trees (Attalea butyracea and Mauritia flexuosa). Thirty two triatomines belonging to four species grouped into two genera (Rhodnius and Eratyrus) had T. cruzi infection rate of 15.6%. Only in A. butyracea triatomines were captured. The passive search was the most effective method for collection. The Nova Cintra triatomine fauna comprises four species and it is important to carry out future studies to understand the biology of these triatomines.

11 páginas, 5 figuras, 1. Identification of the mechanisms enabling stable coexistence of species with similar resource requirements is a central challenge in ecology. Such coexistence can be facilitated by species at higher trophic levels through complex multi-trophic interactions, a mechanism that could be compromised by ongoing defaunation. 2. We investigated cascading effects of defaunation on Pachymerus cardo and Speciomerus giganteus, the specialized insect seed predators of the Neotropical palm Attalea butyracea, testing the hypothesis that vertebrate frugivores and granivores facilitate their coexistence. 3. Laboratory experiments showed that the two seed parasitoid species differed strongly in their reproductive ecology. Pachymerus produced many small eggs that it deposited exclusively on the fruit exocarp (exterior). Speciomerus produced few large eggs that it deposited exclusively on the endocarp, which is normally exposed only after a vertebrate handles the fruit. When eggs of the two species were deposited on the same fruit, Pachymerus triumphed only when it had a long head start, and the loser always succumbed to intraguild predation. 4. We collected field data on the fates of 6569 Attalea seeds across sites in central Panama with contrasting degrees of defaunation and wide variation in the abundance of vertebrate frugivores and granivores. Speciomerus dominated where vertebrate communities were intact, whereas Pachymerus dominated in defaunated sites. Variation in the relative abundance of Speciomerus across all 84 sampling sites was strongly positively related to the proportion of seeds attacked by rodents, an indicator of local vertebrate abundance. 5. Synthesis. We show that two species of insect seed predators relying on the same host plant species are niche differentiated in their reproductive strategies such that one species has the advantage when fruits are handled promptly by vertebrates and the other when they are not. Defaunation disrupts this mediating influence of vertebrates and strongly favours one species at the expense of the other, providing a case study of the cascading effects of defaunation and its potential to disrupt coexistence of non-target species, including the hyperdiverse phytophagous insects of tropical forests., The field work of this study was funded by a Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute short-term fellowship granted to G.P. and the analysis and writing was supported in part by a postdoctoral grant by the Ramon Areces Foundation and the ERC Synergy grant ERC-2013-SyG-610028 IMBALANCE-P.

Background Increased Attalea butyracea palm propagation, notable for its role as key habitat for the primary Chagas disease vector in Panama, has been linked to landscape disturbance in single-palm observations in this region. Close proximity of these palms to human dwellings is proposed to increase risk of Chagas disease transmission from sylvatic transmission cycles to domestic transmission involving human populations. This study examines the relationship between landscape disturbance and mature A. butyracea spatial distribution, density, and proximity to human populations and vector and reservoir species’ movement corridors at a regional scale in a 300 km2 heterogeneous tropical landscape in central Panama. Methods We remotely identified the locations of over 50,000 mature A. butyracea palms using high-resolution WorldView2 satellite imagery. A local Getis-Ord Gi* spatial analysis identified significant clusters of aggregated palms. Associations between palm and cluster abundance and a landscape disturbance gradient, derived from official Panama land cover data, were tested using Chi-square tests for Homogeneity and Z-test for proportions. Kruskall-Wallis non-parametric analysis of variance tests were run to assess whether palm cluster area varied by disturbance level, or whether disturbance was associated with proximity of palms and palm clusters to susceptible populations or vector movement corridors. Results Our findings indicate a regional relationship between landscape disturbance and A. butyracea occurrence. We observe a significant increase in both individual and clustered A. butyracea in secondary forest, but a reduction of palms in agricultural settings. We do not detect evidence of any reduction in abundance of palms in residential settings. The majority of residential and commercial buildings in our study area are within vector flight distance of potential vector habitat in palm crowns. Conclusions We observe probable anthropogenic elimination of A. butyracea palms in agricultural, but not residential, settings. Even in heavily deforested regions, significant concentrations of mature palms remain in close proximity to human establishments.

Background: Chagas disease is a vector-borne zoonotic disease endemic to Latin America. In Panama, Attalea butyracea palm trees are the preferred habitat of the region’s primary Chagas disease vector (Rhodnius pallescens). Close proximity of these palms to human dwellings is linked to increased risk of Chagas disease transmission. However, these palms thrive in disturbed habitats associated with human settlement and agriculture. This study examines the relationship between landscape disturbance and mature A. butyracea spatial distribution, density, and proximity to susceptible populations and vector movement corridors in a heterogeneous tropical region in central Panama. Presence of A. butyracea does not guarantee corresponding presence of R. pallescens, but as the vectors’ preferred habitat, quantifying A. butyracea response to disturbance may provide new insight into Chagas disease transmission risks in changing landscapes. Methods: We remotely identified the locations of over 50,000 mature A. butyracea palms using high-resolution WorldView2 satellite imagery. A local Getis-Ord Gi* spatial analysis identified significant clusters of aggregated palms. Associations between palm and cluster abundance and a landscape disturbance gradient, derived from official Panama landcover data, were tested using Chi-square tests for Homogeneity and Z-test for proportions. Kruskall-Wallace non-parametric analysis of variance tests were run to assess whether palm cluster area varied by disturbance level, or whether disturbance influenced average proximity of palms and palm clusters to susceptible populations or vector movement corridors.Results: Our findings indicate a regional relationship between landscape disturbance and A. butyracea occurrence. We observe a significant increase in both individual and clustered A. butyracea in secondary forest, but a reduction in palms in agricultural settings. Notably, we do not detect evidence of any thinning in abundance of palms in residential settings. All but one household in our study area is within vector flight distance of potential vector habitat in palm crowns.Conclusions: We observe probable anthropogenic thinning of A. butyracea palms in agricultural, but not residential, settings. Even in heavily deforested regions, significant concentrations of mature palms remain in close proximity to human establishments. The potential of A. butyracea palms as a source of infectious Chagas disease vectors in this region warrants further study.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la densidad poblacional de Rhodnius prolixus y de sus estadios de desarrollo, en bosques naturales de Attalea butyracea a lo largo de un periodo hidrológico, en ecosistemas de sabana inundable de la Orinoquia colombiana. Se muestrearon 120 palmas durante un año, usando trampas cebo vivo para Triatominae. Se halló que R. prolixus presenta alta densidad poblacional durante todo el año; que aumenta en época de bajas lluvias y disminuye en los meses de mayor precipitación. También se encontró que todos los estadios de desarrollo están presentes durante todo el año, aunque con diferencias en su representatividad, mostrando una disminución de la densidad a medida que aumenta la etapa de desarrollo. Por otra parte, se observaron altos índices de infestación, colonización y agrupamiento. Lo anterior sugiere que la especie presenta estabilidad de sus poblaciones en bosques de A. butyracea a pesar de la época climática, además de éxito reproductivo y, por ende, con individuos en capacidad de dispersión y colonización de otros micro hábitats en cualquier momento sin importar la condición climática.

Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease exhibits significant genetic diversity. This parasite is divided into six discrete typing units (DTUs) where T. cruzi I (TcI) is the most widespread in the Americas. TcI genotypes have been associated to domestic and sylvatic cycles of transmission (TcIDom and sylvatic TcI). Due to the importance of the enzootic transmission, we determined the frequency of TcI genotypes present in Rhodnius prolixus captured in different regions of the palm A. butyracea to understand the ecology of the disease and the importance of A. butyracea palms as ecotopes of R. prolixus. Forty A. butyracea palms were sampled (base crown, mid-point and crown) capturing 105 individuals identified as R. prolixus by morphological and molecular barcoding. We conducted molecular detection and typing of T. cruzi across 59 individuals. The results showed that all the insects were infected with TcI; 28.57% were sylvatic TcI, 12.38% TcIDom and 15,24% mixed infections (TcIDom/sylvatic TcI). Statistical analysis showed a similar behavior between TcIDom and mixed infections in the mid-point and at the crown of the palm, being more frequent in the crown, while sylvatic TcI does not seem to have a specific association with any of the sampled areas. These findings are consistent with other studies showing high mobility of the insect vector between different ecotopes, increasing the need to develop improvements in the programs of disease control. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.

Natural enemies, especially host-specific enemies, are hypothesised to facilitate the coexistence of plant species by disproportionately inflicting more damage at increasing host abundance. However, few studies have assessed such Janzen-Connell mechanisms on a scale relevant for coexistence and no study has evaluated potential top-down influences on the specialized pests. We quantified seed predation by specialist invertebrates and generalist vertebrates, as well as larval predation on these invertebrates, for the Neotropical palm Attalea butyracea across ten 4-ha plots spanning 20-fold variation in palm density. As palm density increased, seed attack by bruchid beetles increased, whereas seed predation by rodents held constant. But because rodent predation on bruchid larvae increased disproportionately with increasing palm density, bruchid emergence rates and total seed predation by rodents and bruchids combined were both density-independent. Our results demonstrate that top-down effects can limit the potential of host-specific insects to induce negative-density dependence in plant populations.

Vertebrates show different tendencies in regard to their preference for seeds or fruits infested by insects compared to non-infested ones. Behaviour may include rejection of one type, preferential consumption of one type or no differentiation among them. When comparing infested versus non-infested fruits, most studies have focused on energy content and nutritional components of the food items; but the energy input provided to the consumer is a better measure for the comparison of the value of each type of food. In this study, I calculated the energy assimilated by rodents for the seeds of the palm Attalea butyracea contained in non-infested endocarps and from bruchid beetle larvae contained in infested endocarps. Using the energy assimilation and time of handling by rodents for both types of endocarps, I quantitatively demonstrated that both infested and non-infested endocarps produce a similar energy input. This finding is consistent with the previous hypothesis that there is a trade-off between the energy content and the time required to extract the insect larvae compared with the seeds in endocarps of Attalea butyracea.

Identification of the mechanisms enabling stable coexistence of species with similar resource requirements is a central challenge in ecology. Such coexistence can be facilitated by species at higher trophic levels through complex multi-trophic interactions, a mechanism that could be compromised by ongoing defaunation. We investigated cascading effects of defaunation on Pachymerus cardo and Speciomerus giganteus, the specialized insect seed predators of the Neotropical palm Attalea butyracea, testing the hypothesis that vertebrate frugivores and granivores facilitate their coexistence. Laboratory experiments showed that the two seed parasitoid species differed strongly in their reproductive ecology. Pachymerus produced many small eggs that it deposited exclusively on the fruit exocarp (exterior). Speciomerus produced few large eggs that it deposited exclusively on the endocarp, which is normally exposed only after a vertebrate handles the fruit. When eggs of the two species were deposited on the same fruit, Pachymerus triumphed only when it had a long head start, and the loser always succumbed to intraguild predation. We collected field data on the fates of 6569 Attalea seeds across sites in central Panama with contrasting degrees of defaunation and wide variation in the abundance of vertebrate frugivores and granivores. Speciomerus dominated where vertebrate communities were intact, whereas Pachymerus dominated in defaunated sites. Variation in the relative abundance of Speciomerus across all 84 sampling sites was strongly positively related to the proportion of seeds attacked by rodents, an indicator of local vertebrate abundance. Synthesis. We show that two species of insect seed predators relying on the same host plant species are niche differentiated in their reproductive strategies such that one species has the advantage when fruits are handled promptly by vertebrates and the other when they are not. Defaunation disrupts this mediating influence of vertebrates and strongly favours one species at the expense of the other, providing a case study of the cascading effects of defaunation and its potential to disrupt coexistence of non-target species, including the hyperdiverse phytophagous insects of tropical forests.

Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi infection, is a zoonosis of humans, wild and domestic mammals, including dogs. In Panama, the main T. cruzi vector is Rhodnius pallescens, a triatomine bug whose main natural habitat is the royal palm, Attalea butyracea. In this paper, we present results from three T. cruzi serological tests (immunochromatographic dipstick, indirect immunofluorescence and ELISA) performed in 51 dogs from 24 houses in Trinidad de Las Minas, western Panama. We found that nine dogs were seropositive (17.6% prevalence). Dogs were 1.6 times more likely to become T. cruziseropositive with each year of age and 11.6 times if royal palms where present in the peridomiciliary area of the dog’s household or its two nearest neighbours. Mouse-baited-adhesive traps were employed to evaluate 12 peridomestic royal palms. All palms were found infested with R. pallescens with an average of 25.50 triatomines captured per palm. Of 35 adult bugs analysed, 88.6% showed protozoa flagellates in their intestinal contents. In addition, dogs were five times more likely to be infected by the presence of an additional domestic animal species in the dog’s peridomiciliary environment. Our results suggest that interventions focused on royal palms might reduce the exposure to T. cruzi infection.

Rhodnius prolixus, a blood-sucking triatomine with domiciliary anthropophilic habits, is the main vector of Chagas disease. The current paradigm of Trypanosoma cruzi transmission in Columbia includes a sylvatic and domiciliary cycle co-existing with domestic and sylvatic populations of reservoirs. The aim of this study is to evaluate the population densities and relative abundance of triatomines and mammals that may be involved in the sylvatic cycle of Chagas disease to clarify the epidemiological scenario in an endemic area in the province of Casanare. Insect vectors on Attalea butyracea palms were captured using both manual searches and bait traps. The capture of mammals was performed using Sherman and Tomahawk traps. We report an infestation index of 88.5% in 148 palms and an index of T. cruzi natural infection of 60.2% in 269 dissected insects and 11.9% in 160 captured mammals. High population densities of triatomines were observed in the sylvatic environment and there was a high relative abundance of reservoirs in the area, suggesting a stable enzootic cycle. We found no evidence of insect domiciliation. Taken together, these observations suggest that eco-epidemiological factors shape the transmission dynamics of T. cruzi, creating diverse scenarios of disease transmission.

Seeds of the palm Attalea butyracea (formerly known as Scheelea zonensis in Panama and Scheelea rostrata in Costa Rica—Bradford & Smith 1977, Forget et al. 1994, Henderson 1995) are contained within stony endocarps. For the purposes of this paper, individual fruits or their seed-bearing endocarps will be referred to as diaspores; all of the seeds of a given fruit are surrounded by the stony wall of a single indehiscent endocarp. Although single-seeded diaspores are the norm for A. butyracea, twoand three-seeded diaspores are also produced. The frequency of multiseeded diaspore production is reported to vary within the geographic range of A. butyracea. Smith (1975) and Bradford & Smith (1977) found that 23% of diaspores were two-seeded and 4% were three-seeded in Guanacaste, Costa Rica, while the respective frequencies for Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama were 5% and 0.2%. They proposed that the frequency of multiseeded fruits in A. butyracea varies geographically as a result of evolutionary responses by populations of A. butyracea to historical differences in the relative risks of attack by rodent vs. insect seed-predators, primarily by beetles in the family Bruchidae (Bradford & Smith 1977, Smith 1975). Bradford & Smith (1977) showed that predation by rodents accounted for a significantly higher proportion of seed mortality for undispersed diaspores found directly beneath adult palms in their Panamanian site as compared to

The leaves of the wine palm (Attalea butyracea) are collected and harvested along the Magdalena River Valley in Colombia. Young leaves are used as a ceremonial symbol on Palm Sunday, and expanded leaves are used for thatching and for making handicrafts. In order to document leaf production and to evaluate the effect of leaf extraction on growth and development, we marked 80 individuals under extractive conditions and 40 individuals under non-extractive conditions and we followed leaf production during seven months. We also studied inflorescence production for one year, to evaluate the potential of A. butyracea as a source of sap for sugar manufacture. Leaf production in juveniles and sub-adults was correlated to the number of expanded leaves. Leaf production in adults was correlated to the number of expanded leaves and to stem size. Palms flower throughout the year, and several inflorescences develop simultaneously. The flowering peak occurs during the drier season. Inflorescence production was correlated to the stem height and to the number of expanded leaves, and it is probably affected by leaf harvest. We recommend leaf extraction only from individuals with stem over 3 m and with more than 25 expanded leaves. Inflorescence production of A. butyracea gives the palm a potential for sap extraction. En el valle seco del río Magdalena en Colombia se cosechan las hojas de la palma de vino (Attalea butyracea) para la comercialización. Los cogollos son usados como Ramo Bendito durante la Semana Santa, y las hojas expandidas para la construcción de techos y de artículos artesanales. Con el fin de documentar la producción de hojas y evaluar el efecto de su extracción sobre el crecimiento y el desarrollo, marcamos y monitoreamos durante siete meses 80 individuos en un área de reserva no cosechada y 40 individuos en un potrero donde se realiza cosecha. Adicionalmente, estudiamos la producción y el desarrollo de inflorescencias durante un año, para evaluar el potencial de A. butyracea para la producción de savia como fuente de azúcar a partir de las inflorescencias. La producción de hojas en individuos juveniles y subadultos estuvo correlacionada con el número de hojas expandidas, y en adultos estuvo correlacionada con el número de hojas expandidas y con la altura del tallo. Las palmas florecen a lo largo del año y producen varias inflorescencias simultáneamente. La producción de inflorescencias estuvo correlacionada con la altura y el número de hojas expandidas, y probablemente es afectada por la cosecha de hojas. Recomendamos cosechar únicamente las hojas de las palmas que tengan tallo mayor a 3 m y más de 25 hojas expandidas. La producción de inflorescencias sugiere que A. butyracea tiene potencial para la extracción de savia a través de las inflorescencias.

Se realizó el estudio anatómico del raquis y la lámina foliar de Attalea butyracea y A. maripa, con el propósito de caracterizarlas, compararlas y aportar información de posible valor taxonómico. La investigación se efectúo sobre material foliar colectado en jardines botánicos y se procesó siguiendo las técnicas clásicas para su estudio con microscopía óptica. Las dos especies presentaron varios rasgos comunes, pero se distinguen por: el ancho de las regiones costales e intercostales en la epidermis abaxial, la presencia de hipodermis uni o biestratificada, de paquetes de rafidios, de un anillo interrumpido o no de esclerénquima en la nervadura central y por la variación en el número de vasos del metaxilema. An anatomical study was performed of the rachis and the leaf blade of Attalea butyracea and Attalea maripa, in order to characterize, compare and provide information of potential taxonomic value. The investigation was performed on leaf material, collected in botanical gardens and was processed according to standard techniques for light microscopy. The two species share common features, but are distinguished by: the width of the rib and intercostal regions in the epidermis, the presence of unilateral or biestratificaded hypodermis, raphides packages, broken or not ring of sclerenchyma in the midrib and the variation in the number of metaxylem vessels. 71-83 damyer@cantv.net.ve Anual

Natural enemies, especially host-specific enemies, are hypothesised to facilitate the coexistence of plant species by disproportionately inflicting more damage at increasing host abundance. However, few studies have assessed such Janzen-Connell mechanisms on a scale relevant for coexistence and no study has evaluated potential top-down influences on the specialized pests. We quantified seed predation by specialist invertebrates and generalist vertebrates, as well as larval predation on these invertebrates, for the Neotropical palm Attalea butyracea across ten 4-ha plots spanning 20-fold variation in palm density. As palm density increased, seed attack by bruchid beetles increased, whereas seed predation by rodents held constant. But because rodent predation on bruchid larvae increased disproportionately with increasing palm density, bruchid emergence rates and total seed predation by rodents and bruchids combined were both density-independent. Our results demonstrate that top-down effects can limit the potential of host-specific insects to induce negative-density dependence in plant populations.

Frugivorous and granivorous vertebrates often discriminate against seeds and fruits infested by insects (Sallabanks & Courtney 1992). Insects may actively render seed or fruit unpalatable or unusable to vertebrates as a strategy to maximize the amount of food available to themselves (Janzen 1977). Nevertheless, vertebrates sometimes do not differentiate between sound and infested seeds or fruits (Dixon et al. 1997, Weckerly et al. 1989), or even prefer insect-infested seeds and fruits to sound ones (Sallabanks & Courtney 1992, Semel & Andersen 1988, Steele et al. 1996, Valburg 1992). Possible reasons for vertebrates to prefer infested seeds include: (1) seeds with larvae having a higher nutritional value than sound ones, because larvae synthesize fat and/or proteins (Sallabanks & Courtney 1992, Valburg 1992) or other nutrients such as vitamins (Havera & Smith 1979, Semel & Andersen 1988, Steele et al. 1996); (2) seeds with larvae tasting better than sound seeds (Borowicz 1988); and (3) seeds with larvae may be more easily opened and consumed than sound seeds (Borowicz 1988).

A total of 167 nymphs and adults of Rhodnius pallescens was collected from the basal parts of dead fronds of two palm trees (Attalea butyracea) in the town of Los Chiles, province of Alajuela, Costa Rica, close to the Nicaraguan border. Previous records of this species in the same habitat come from Panama and Colombia. A group of 32 insects examined for Trypanosoma cruzi revealed that all were infected. By examining their hemolymph, none of 24 of the insects was found infected with T. rangeli. Balb/c mice inoculated with the T. cruzi strain from infected insects showed a typical acute myocarditis reaction with numerous groups of parasites among the heart fibers at autopsy. The geographical distribution of R. pallescens as well as its possible presence in other Central American countries and in Mexico where it is still unknown, coinciding with the distribution of the same species of palm tree, is discussed. Likewise, the potential of R. pallescens in becoming adapted to domestic environments is analyzed in light of recent information, and the epidemiological implications of the phenomenon are also discussed. En la población de Los Chiles. Provincia de Alajuela, Costa Rica, cerca de la frontera con Nicaragua, se recolectó un total de 167 ejemplares (ninfas y adultos) de Rhodnius pallensces, encontrados en la base de las hojas muertas de dos palmeras (Attalea butyracea). La especie había sido reportada previamente de Panama y Colombia colonizando la misma palmera. El examen de 32 insectos reveló que todos estaban infectados con Trypanosoma cruzi y no fue posible demostrar la presencia de T. rangeli en la hemolinfa de 24 insectos. La inoculación en ratones Balb/c con heces de los insectos infectados, mostró una moderada parasitemia y una típica miocarditis aguda con numerosos grupos de parásitos en las fibras cardíacas. Se analiza la distribución geográfica de R. pallescens, así como su posible presencia en los países centroamericanos y en México, en donde la especie es aún desconocida, en coincidencia con la distribución de la misma especie de palmera. Asimismo, se discute el potencial de R. pallescens de adaptarse a ecotopos domésticos y las implicaciones epidemiológicas del fenómeno.

Normal 0 21 false false false ES X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Attalea butyracea (Mutis ex L.f.) Wess. Boer is a massive and abundant palm that grows in dry areas of northern, central and eastern Colombia, where it ranks as one of the most useful plants. Thirty-six uses in eight use categories are recorded for this species in Colombia, including food, animal feed, medicine, construction, and technological and cultural uses. Most uses have only minor, local relevance, but some of them have potential that is worth exploring. The potential of the palm as a source of sugar, oil, palm heart, fiber, animal feed, and activated charcoal is discussed. Sugar production seems particularly promising; if the palm can be tapped through the inflorescence in the same way that other palms are tapped in Asia, sugar production in an integrated agrosilvopastoral system could be comparable to that of sugarcane planted for jaggery production. We suggest that this palm also has potential as a source of biofuel. Resumen Attalea butyracea (Mutis ex L.f.) Wess. Boer es una palma corpulenta, abundante en zonas secas del norte, centro y oriente de Colombia, donde llega a ser una de las plantas mas utiles. Registramos treinta y seis usos en ocho categorias de uso para esta especie en Colombia, incluyendo alimento humano y animal, medicina, construccion, y usos tecnologicos y culturales. La mayoria de los usos tienen solo importancia menor y local, pero algunos tiene potencial que vale la pena explorar. Discutimos el potencial de la palma como fuente de azucar, aceite, palmito, fibra, alimento animal y carbon activado. La produccion de azucar parece particularmente prometedora; si se pudiera sangrar la palma por las inflorescencias como se hace con otras palmas en Asia, la produccion de azucar en un sistema agrosilvopastoril integrado seria comparable a la de la cana de azucar que se planta para panela. Sugerimos que esta palma tambien tiene potencial como fuente de biocombustible.