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To promote radiation protection and health promotion among returning residents (returnees) in coastal areas of Fukushima, eHealth principles were used to develop a new application tool (app) that can record radiation exposure and health status while providing comprehensive support to returnees. Intended users are returnees and health and welfare workers. After assessing their needs, a flowchart and prototype for operational logic were created using commercially available software tools. Professional developers will focus on improving the user interface and ensuring data security. The finished app will be compatible with mobile telephones and tablets. Utility and ease of use are paramount to serve returnees of all ages effectively.

After the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident, intercultural friction and aversion arose between evacuees and host community residents in relocation areas. We examined whether a belief in group interdependence—the extent to which an individual believes that group function is realized through interdependence with related other groups—is consistent with positive interactions between evacuees and hosts. A door‐to‐door survey of 77 evacuees and 75 hosts revealed that residents with an integrated social identity interacted favorably with both ingroup and outgroup members, and that a belief in group interdependence was consistent with the integration of social identity between the evacuee and host communities. Those findings suggest that a belief in group interdependence can reduce intercultural conflict by allowing both immigrants and host residents to acquire an integrated social identity without the dilemma of internalizing different cultures into an individual's mind.

We developed a mobile application (app) to help communication between support providers and residents who have returned from evacuation after the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident. Surveys were conducted among returning residents and support providers in coastal areas of Fukushima Prefecture, from which application functions and layout were decided. App functions were included to estimate external exposure, monitor health, and facilitate interactive health counseling.

We developed a mobile application (app) to help communication between support providers and residents who have returned from evacuation after the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident. Surveys were conducted among returning residents and support providers in coastal areas of Fukushima Prefecture, from which application functions and layout were decided. App functions were included to estimate external exposure, monitor health, and facilitate interactive health counseling.

Healthcare students are key resources after nuclear disasters. Healthcare students at Fukushima Medical University volunteered after the Great East Japan Earthquake and Fukushima nuclear accident. At the time of the disaster, healthcare students, who were in a position between medical and non-medical people, listened to the various concerns and worries of victims. Specifically, they established the Fukushima WILL – a disaster medical club. These activities have continued for about 10 years after the Fukushima disaster. In this paper, we introduce lessons from and perspectives for healthcare student volunteer activities during disasters. When volunteering, healthcare students needed to acquire sufficient medical knowledge and skills as well as display effective communication skills considering the background of the affected people. In addition, to respond to potential future disasters, healthcare students need to proactively, independently, and repeatedly learn about diseases that are likely to occur in shelters and how to prevent them. Seminars and workshops should be implemented to ensure students are taught these lessons and provided daily training on disaster response.

Following the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power station (FDNPS) accident, numerous initiatives emerged to address the needs of evacuees, including those eligible to return home. These came from multiple channels, timely in many cases, but in retrospect, needing better coordination. By embracing eHealth, we are attempting to coordinate efforts in Fukushima intended to link returnees with health information and care providers, not only for radiological protection in particular, but also for health promotion in general. We aim to establish a comprehensive support system for residents in municipalities around the FDNPS by developing a digital application for interactive communication regarding radiation and health promotion and to link the tool to other resources provided by local health care providers and radiation specialists. This paper explains the progress of our innovative trial to introducing eHealth in areas affected by the FDNPS accident. Based on international recommendations for developing a digital tool in response to a nuclear accident, we designed a comprehensive support package including development and implementation of the application, data management, and health counselling and ethical considerations arising from such outreach. Our trial of connecting disaster-affected citizens to health services using informatics could serve as a model eHealth program for long-term restoration after a nuclear accident.

福島第一原発事故の避難者をめぐるコンフリクトの論文

Healthcare students are key resources after nuclear disasters. Healthcare students at Fukushima Medical University volunteered after the Great East Japan Earthquake and Fukushima nuclear accident. At the time of the disaster, healthcare students, who were in a position between medical and non-medical people, listened to the various concerns and worries of victims. Specifically, they established the Fukushima WILL – a disaster medical club. These activities have continued for about 10 years after the Fukushima disaster. In this paper, we introduce lessons from and perspectives for healthcare student volunteer activities during disasters. When volunteering, healthcare students needed to acquire sufficient medical knowledge and skills as well as display effective communication skills considering the background of the affected people. In addition, to respond to potential future disasters, healthcare students need to proactively, independently, and repeatedly learn about diseases that are likely to occur in shelters and how to prevent them. Seminars and workshops should be implemented to ensure students are taught these lessons and provided daily training on disaster response.

被ばく医療に必要な資機材のリスト

原子力災害医療における国内機関の体制と運用について解説した

被ばく患者診療に関してのマニュアル的文書となる「被ばく医療診療手引き」の編集作業

手引きの経緯、目的、概要について解説した。

放射線リスクなどの高度な専門知識を要する課題には，専門家と住民の間で情報や意見を交換するリスクコミュニケーションが求められる．しかし，専門家と住民との間に知識や関心のズレが生じることで，コミュニケーションが円滑に進まなくなる場合は少なくない．福島県立医科大学では，そのようなズレの調整役を担う自治体の保健師や地域の相談員らと連携して，福島の住民とのリスクコミュニケーションを目指してきた．本稿では，これまでのリスクコミュニケーションの実践例として，県内各地の保健師ら向けの出前講座や，特定の地域における住民との協働的な意思決定，福島県外の防災意識を高める机上演習を取り上げ，それらについて専門家と住民の間に調整役が入る三者モデルの重要性から考察する．

The purpose of this study was to identify the needs of stakeholders in developing a mobile application (MP) to be used by returning residents and providers of healthcare and medical/social services. The needs assessment of the residents revealed that among the elderly, ownership of smartphones and tablets was low and they were less likely to use the applications themselves.

町民への放射線状況に関する広報誌。今号のトピックスは広野町の個人の外部被ばく線量の状況についての紹介。そのほか、町内各地の空間線量率、放射線健康対策委員会委員によるコラムが内容。

To promote radiation protection and health promotion among returning residents (returnees) in coastal areas of Fukushima, we are applying eHealth principles to develop a new app that can record radiation exposure and health status while providing comprehensive support to returnees. Intended users are returnees and health and welfare workers. After assessing their needs, we flowcharted the app and prototyped its operational logic with commercially available software tools. Professional developers will focus on improving the user interface and ensuring data security. The finished app will be compatible with mobile phones and tablets. To effectively serve elderly and child-rearing generations of returnees, utility and ease-of-use are paramount., ICRP International Conference on Recovery After Nuclear Accidents Radiological Protection Lessons from Fukushima and Beyond

東日本大震災と東京電力福島第一原子力発電所事故による長期の避難生活と、社会心理的要因の変化が、住民の健康に悪影響を及ぼすことが明らかになっている。そのような中で避難指示解除により、震災前の居住地へ帰還する住民の健康サポートが課題となっている。本研究は、帰還住民及び住民をサポートする保健医療行政などが継続的支援のために利用できるモバイルアプリケーション（以下MA）を開発する上での、ステークホルダーのニーズを明らかにすることを目的とした。, 第40回医療情報学連合大会 第21回日本医療情報学会学術大会

After the Fukushima disaster, healthcare professionals were expected to function as risk communicators to the public. The purpose of this study was to explore whether there were associations between a set of risk communication competencies and having attended any of the on-site workshops that were conducted over eight years since the Fukushima disaster as part of an in-service training program for Fukushima's public health nurses (PHNs). A survey was conducted by mail from August 20 to October 8, 2019, involving 754 PHNs in Fukushima Prefecture using an anonymous self-administered questionnaire. The survey's valid response rate was 81.3% (613 responses). Respondents were asked to rate themselves on seven risk communication competencies (increasing residents' health knowledge, tailoring communication to residents' satisfaction, responding to residents' concerns, alleviating residents' distress, building trust, supporting health-related behavioral change, and supporting health-related self-efficacy) and on two items related to change in professional perspective after the Fukushima disaster (acquisition of specialized knowledge and skills and heightened professional awareness). Participation in a health literacy workshop significantly predicted four of the risk communication competencies, namely, responding to residents' concerns (OR = 1.49 (95% CI: 1.01–2.21)), alleviating residents' distress (1.65 (1.12–2.44)), building trust (1.90 (1.27–2.83)), supporting health-related self-efficacy (1.50 (1.02–2.20)), and the two changes in professional perspective, acquisition of specialized knowledge and skills (1.74 (1.15–2.62)) and heightened professional awareness (1.62 (1.09–2.43)). The study suggested that the health literacy on-site workshops had multifaceted effects in enhancing the risk communication competencies of healthcare professionals since the Fukushima disaster.

The Fukushima Health Management Survey (FHMS) was implemented in the wake of the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. The primary purpose of this survey was to monitor the long-term health of residents, promote their future well-being and confirm whether long-term low-dose radiation exposure affects health. The FHMS results indicated very low-radiation exposure doses among residents and that no discernible increased incidence of radiation-related health effects could be expected. However, psychological distress was found to be far greater among people in Fukushima than those in other areas affected by the accident’s preceding Great East Japan Earthquake and the resultant tsunami. Additionally, prevalence of lifestyle-related health problems such as being overweight, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia and liver dysfunction increased among evacuees. Thyroid examinations of asymptomatic individuals, using ultrasound techniques, also contributed to public concern and fear about the health effects of radiation. The FHMS ultimately revealed that ethical considerations are important in the design and implementation of health surveillance and epidemiological studies.

The concept of chemical topology has generated considerable interest among chemists and one of the state-of-the-art topics is Mobius topology in cyclic π-conjugated molecules. In this regard, expanded porphyrins have been extensively studied because of their facile topological interconversions and attractive optoelectronic properties. A typical example involves [28]hexaphyrins: they show topological conversion between planar Huckel and twisted Mobius topologies owing to their flexible structure. With this in mind, we designed a [28]hexaphyrin where one dimethine pyrrole unit was replaced with dithieno[3,4-b:3′,4′-d]thiophene (β-DTT), aiming at a reversible switching between macrocyclic and cross-conjugated π-systems by a change in molecular topologies. Considering that the β-DTT unit can offer both macrocyclic and cross-conjugated π-circuits, we envisioned that a combination of the topological interconversion of [28]hexaphyrin with the two π-circuits of the β-DTT unit would enable a reversible switching between macrocyclic and cross-conjugated π-circuits on Mobius and Huckel topologies, respectively, by a simple conformational change. Unexpectedly, the hexaphyrin revealed a unique, unprecedented π-system switching between a Mobius cross-conjugated π-system and a Huckel antiaromatic π-system, which was fully supported by both experimental and theoretical investigations. Meanwhile, the [28]hexaphyrin was also found to be redox interconvertible with the corresponding [26]hexaphyrin with a Huckel cross-conjugated π-system. These results demonstrate that the β-DTT unit is a new effective motif to realize π-system switching by changing molecular and π-system topologies. Importantly, external stimuli, i.e., solvent, as well as oxidation/reduction can be used to trigger the topological changes in expanded porphyrins with the help of the β-DTT unit.

The Fukushima nuclear accident in March 2011 posed major threats to public health. In response, medical professionals have tried to communicate the risks to residents. To investigate forms of risk communication and to share lessons learned, we reviewed medical professionals’ activities in Fukushima Prefecture from the prefectural level to the individual level: public communication through Fukushima Health Management Surveys, a Yorozu (“general”) health consultation project, communications of radiological conditions and health promotion in Iitate and Kawauchi villages, dialogues based on whole-body counter, and science communications through online media. The activities generally started with radiation risks, mainly through group-based discussions, but gradually shifted to face-to-face communications to address comprehensive health risks to individuals and well-being. The activities were intended to support residents’ decisions and to promote public health in a participatory manner. This article highlights the need for a systematic evaluation of ongoing risk communication practices, and a wider application of successful approaches for Fukushima recovery and for better preparedness for future disasters.

Computed tomography (CT) is an essential tool in modern medicine and is frequently used to diagnose a wide range of conditions, particularly in industrial countries, such as Japan and Germany. However, markedly higher doses of ionizing radiation are delivered during CT imaging than during conventional X-ray examinations. To assess pediatric CT practice patterns, data from three university hospital databases (two in Japan and one in Germany) were analyzed. Anonymized data for patients aged 0 to 14 years who had undergone CT examinations between 2008 and 2010 were extracted. To assess CT practice, an interdisciplinary classification scheme for CT indications, which incorporated the most common examination types and radiosensitive tissues, was developed. The frequency of CT examinations was determined according to sex, age at examination, and indications. A total of 5182 CT examinations were performed in 2955 children. Overall, the frequency of CT examinations at the Japanese university hospitals did not differ significantly from that at the German hospital. However, differences were detected in the age distribution of the patients who underwent CT examinations (the proportion of patients ?5 years of age was significantly higher in Japan than in Germany) and in the indications for CT. Substantial practice differences regarding the use of CT in pediatric health care were detected between the three hospitals. The results of this study point towards a need for approaches such as clinical guidelines to reduce unwarranted medical radiation exposures, particularly abdominal and head CT, in the Japanese health system., Journal of Radiation Research, 58(1), pp.135-141; 2017

We synthesized for the first time octaphyrins with a dithieno[3,4-b:3',4'-d]thiophene core as thiophene-fused dithiaoctaphyrins with a cross-conjugated structure. The octaphyrins revealed cross-conjugated and macrocyclic 36π-electron networks.

This study examined the degree to which goals perceived by occupational therapists (OTs) matched those perceived by their clients.A total of 100 clients and 79 OTs were recruited from seven subacute rehabilitation wards in Japan. Matched pairs of OTs and their clients were independently asked for their perception about the clients' occupational therapy goals through semi-structured interviews.Collectively, the OTs reported 239 goals, while the clients reported 161 goals. While both the OTs and the clients reported a high level of client engagement in the goal setting process, 79% of the goal statements were mismatched between pairs of OTs and their clients. Goal matching was slightly better for goals about activities of daily living or participation than for goals about body structure or body function.Although most OTs and their clients perceived that they engaged in goal-setting together, only 21% of reported goals actually matched between OTs and clients. It would also be worth investigating whether there is any correlation between the content of goals, patient engagement in goal setting, degree of goal matching, and health outcomes achieved by clients following discharge from rehabilitation services.Implications for rehabilitationAlthough most occupational therapists (OTs) and their clients perceived that they engaged in goal-setting together, 79% of the goals independently reported by OTs and their clients did not match in seven post-acute rehabilitation wards across Japan.Goals were slightly more likely to match if the topic of the goals related to instrumental activities of daily living or participation (30.3%) or basic activities of daily living (24.7%) than if the topic of the goals were about body structure or body function (11.2%); however, the overall rate of goal matching was low.Japanese OTs need to develop more effective methods for recording or communicating goals in ways that clients can understand; this may be the same for other countries.

The experiences of the Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear accidents showed that dosimetry was the essential tool in the emergency situation for decision making processes, such as evacuation and application of protective measures. However, at the consequent post-accidental phases, it was crucial also for medical health surveillance and in further adaptation to changed conditions with regards to radiation protection of the affected populations. This review provides an analysis of the experiences related to the role of dosimetry (dose measurements, assessment and reconstruction) regarding health preventive measures in the post-accidental periods on the examples of the major past nuclear accidents such as Chernobyl and Fukushima. Recommendations derived from the review are called to improve individual dose assessment in case of a radiological accident/incident and should be considered in advance as guidelines to follow for having better information. They are given as conclusions.

It is crucial to examine how risk perception, risk trade-off view, and provision of risk information affect demands for countermeasures against multiple risks after a nuclear disaster. We investigated factors associated with the perceived dread risk of radiation exposure or diabetes and the self-rated risk trade-off view. We examined how the risk perception, self-rated risk trade-off view, and provision of risk information affected the perceived magnitude of the risks and the demands for countermeasures. We distributed an online questionnaire to 2806 panelists aged 20–69 years in the Fukushima Prefecture in 2018 and received 1044 valid responses. Both the perceived dread risk of radiation exposure and diabetes was associated with evacuation experience and trustworthy sources of information. The self-rated risk trade-off view was associated with gender, occupation, educational background, trustworthy sources of information, and a diabetes diagnosis. The perceived magnitude of radiation risk and the demand for countermeasures were governed by the perceived dread risk of radiation rather than the types of information provided or the self-rated risk trade-off view. Conversely, the perceived magnitude of diabetes risk and the demand for countermeasures were associated with both the perceived dread risk of diabetes and the self-rated risk trade-off view. The provision of risk comparison information slightly enhanced the demand for societal countermeasures against diabetes. The perceived dread risk is more strongly associated with the perceived magnitude of the risk and the demands for countermeasures than provided information. Development of a self-rated risk trade-off view is useful for encouraging countermeasures against diabetes.

Since the Fukushima disaster, medical professionals have been involved in risk communication with residents affected. This is an urgent issue, and an important aspect of global disaster preparedness is defining the essential characteristics of professional risk communication, and training medical professionals and students to conduct effective risk communication. Using a narrative of risk trade-offs between radionuclides in the diet and traffic accidents as an example, we introduce the seven essential characteristics required by medical professionals and authorities involved in risk communication: (1) risk assessment, (2) differentiating between risk acceptance and risk trade-offs, (3) understanding differences in risk quality, (4) understanding how to frame information given residents' values, (5) giving attention to coping with too-high risk, (6) building trust and (7) fully considering how information is provided. Furthermore, we introduce an example of lectures at which participants can voluntarily learn the seven essential characteristics of risk communication through group discussions.

Fluoride (F- ) ion sensing is an important topic due to its roles in health, medical, and environmental sciences. In this regard, colorimetric sensors with a near infrared (NIR) optical response are useful in biological systems because they can avoid interference from endogenous chromophores. Although calix[n]phyrins are highly attractive as sensors with the NIR optical response, studies on calix[n]phyrins are still limited owing to their intrinsic instability against ambient light and air. In this study, we report the synthesis and characterization of a new calix[5]phyrin bearing one sp3 -hybridized carbon atom as a π-expanded calix[n]phyrin. Upon addition of tetrabutylammonium fluoride, the calix[5]phyrin exhibited distinct NIR absorptions at 908 and 1064 nm as well as a visible color change. Importantly, it revealed an excellent selectivity for F- ion. These results demonstrate that calix[5]phyrins are promising colorimetric and NIR sensors of F- ion.

Following the Fukushima nuclear accident in 2011, the central government provided health and radiation-related information that was incomplete, difficult to understand and contradictory, leading to widespread distrust in the community. Thus, from 2013 to 2014, we developed and implemented a series of health literacy training workshops for local public health nurses, often the first health care professionals with whom members of the community interact. The results from our program evaluation revealed that the task of paraphrasing professional terms and skills related to relaying numeric information to the community were difficult for the nurses to acquire. In 2016, to further support the communication efforts of public health nurses, we developed a pocket-size "health literacy toolkit" that contained a glossary explaining radiation-related terms in plain language and an index to measure the accessibility of both text and numerical information, so that nurses could calibrate and appreciate the literacy demand of information. This case study documents an interprofessional collaborative effort for the development of the toolkit, and highlights the iterative process of building health literacy skills in health care professionals.

With the recent tensions between Japan, Korea, and surrounding countries, Korea has begun to raise questions about the safety of radiation doses in foods and at Olympic venues in Fukushima (1). However, these allegations are not based on scientific evidence; the international scientific community has already resolved that radiation doses from the Fukushima nuclear accident in 2011 are limited (2, 3). The current doses in Fukushima residents from external exposures are comparable to or lower than exposures in other countries (4), and additional doses from internal exposures are also negligible (

Past nuclear disasters, such as the atomic bombings in 1945 and major accidents at nuclear power plants, have highlighted similarities in potential public health effects of radiation in both circumstances, including health issues unrelated to radiation exposure. Although the rarity of nuclear disasters limits opportunities to undertake rigorous research of evidence-based interventions and strategies, identification of lessons learned and development of an effective plan to protect the public, minimise negative effects, and protect emergency workers from exposure to high-dose radiation is important. Additionally, research is needed to help decision makers to avoid premature deaths among patients already in hospitals and other vulnerable groups during evacuation. Since nuclear disasters can affect hundreds of thousands of people, a substantial number of people are at risk of physical and mental harm in each disaster. During the recovery period after a nuclear disaster, physicians might need to screen for psychological burdens and provide general physical and mental health care for many affected residents who might experience long-term displacement. Reliable communication of personalised risks has emerged as a challenge for health-care professionals beyond the need to explain radiation protection. To overcome difficulties of risk communication and provide decision aids to protect workers, vulnerable people, and residents after a nuclear disaster, physicians should receive training in nuclear disaster response. This training should include evidence-based interventions, support decisions to balance potential harms and benefits, and take account of scientific uncertainty in provision of community health care. An open and joint learning process is essential to prepare for, and minimise the effects of, future nuclear disasters.

Purpose \nThe accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant has raised concerns about radiation exposure, including medical radiation exposure such as X-ray and CT, in residents of Fukushima. \nMaterials and methods \nWe compared the numbers and the ratio of outpatients less than 10 years old who underwent imaging examinations [e.g., CT, X-ray, MRI, ultrasonography (US), etc.] at Fukushima Medical University hospital in Fukushima, Japan before (April 1, 2008–March 31, 2011) and after (April 1, 2011–March 31, 2014) the accident. \nResults \nThe number of outpatients less than 10 years old decreased after the accident. The number of outpatients less than 10 years old who underwent CT and X-ray examinations also significantly decreased after the accident (p < 0.001, p < 0.01, respectively). \nConclusion \nOur results suggest that the number of pediatric radiological examinations decreased after the accident in Fukushima. We should continue to communicate with patients and their families to ensure that they understand the risks and benefits of radiological imaging in order to overcome their concerns about the nuclear disaster.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of social identity on psychological distress in areas where residents had been evacuated to after the Fukushima nuclear accident. In a door-to-door survey, we surveyed 74 evacuees and 81 host community residents in a relocation area in Fukushima to evaluate whether social support mitigated evacuees’ and hosts’ distress and whether the social identity of each community affected distress. Social support mitigated distress in both evacuees and hosts. The construction and effect of social identity differed between groups: Evacuees had high original community (ingroup) identity, and their host community (outgroup) identity decreased their distress. Hosts had high host community (ingroup) identity but low evacuee community (outgroup) identity. Hosts with high ingroup identity who integrated outgroup identity had increased distress. These results suggest that management of social identity in addition to social support is important for mitigating psychological distress after the nuclear accident, and that support for individuals should be focused on management of both host and evacuee communities in relocation areas.

After the Tokyo Electric Power Company Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident on March 11, 2011, the reconstruction of early internal radiation doses in residents of Fukushima plays a major role in evaluating their future heath risk, including thyroid cancer by internal radioiodine. Internal radioactivity was measured using a whole body counter (WBC) at the Nagasaki University Medical School to evaluate the health risks of residents and short term visitors in Fukushima. Measurable (131)I, (134)Cs and (137)Cs were detected altogether in 49 out of 196 people who were in Fukushima prefecture at any time during March 11 and April 20, 2011. In 49 people, the 90 percentile of the thyroid equivalent dose by (131)I and the committed effective dose (total effective dose over a lifetime) by the sum of (134)Cs and (137)Cs was 3 mSv and 0.06 mSv, respectively. The radionuclide intakes in early evacuees who left Fukushima before March 16 were more than five times as high as in the responders who moved to Fukushima later. The intake ratio of (131)I/(137)Cs of the earlier evacuees was approximately three. The spatial analysis of 16 evacuees to the south indicated a reduction of internal radioactivity depending on the distance from the nuclear power plant. Among them, high internal (131)I radioactivity in 6 people in a particular evacuation route could be explained by the arrival of a radioactive cloud with a high airborne (131)I/(137)Cs ratio to the environment, as predicted by atmospheric dispersion simulations. Overall, the actual internal radioactivity assessed by a WBC examination comparatively agreed with the predicted airborne radioactivity. These results suggest that the accurate estimation of internal doses in the first week after the radiological accident is critical for the dose reconstruction. The evaluation of internal doses of residents based on their evacuation routes and the advanced estimation of airborne radioactivity from the atmospheric dispersion model should continue to be assessed.

As an urgent response to serious radiological accidents in the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, the radiation emergency medical assistance team (REMAT) from Nagasaki University landed at Fukushima on March 14, 2011, two days after the initiation of radiation crisis by the hydrogen explosion at Unit-1 reactor. During a succession of unexpected disasters, REMAT members were involved in various activities for six days, such as setting the base for radiological triage at the Fukushima Medical University, considerations for administration of stable iodine, and risk communication with health care workers. This report briefly describes what happened around REMAT members and radiation doses measured during their activities., Radiation Measurements, 55, pp.22-25; 2013