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Many adolescents use the emergency department as their sole resource for primary care and sexual health care. This provides an opportunity to prevent sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancy as well as to educate teenagers about their bodies and sexual health. There is no standard curriculum on sexual health as part of pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) fellowship education. Our goal is to evaluate what is taught in PEM fellowship about adolescent sexual health.We administered an anonymous questionnaire to both PEM fellows and program directors (PDs). The questionnaire was distributed through the PEM Program Director Survey Committee. The questionnaire was sent to 88 PDs and 305 fellows total. An introductory email explaining the purpose of the study and a link to the online questionnaire was sent. The questionnaire was created using SurveyMonkey (www.surveymonkey.com). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.We achieved a 43% survey response rate from PDs (38 of 88) and a 24% survey response rate from fellows (73 of 305). The PD respondents included 61% females, and almost all (86%) are between ages 35 and 54 years. Seventy-three percent of the fellows are female, and they are all between 25 to 44 years old. There was a great deal of variability in the amount of adolescent sexual health education PDs provide their fellows in the form of lectures and bedside teaching cases. A majority of survey respondents (86% of fellows and 66% of the PDs) agreed that there should be a standard PEM curriculum to teach about adolescent sexual health. More than half (53% of PDs and 56% of fellows) are not satisfied with the number of training opportunities for adolescent sexual health.We found variability in adolescent sexual health training during PEM fellowship, although fellows and PDs agree that there should be a standardized curriculum. We recommend that the American Board of Pediatrics form a committee to decrease variability in the training of PEM fellows on adolescent sexual health.

Malrotation and midgut volvulus are conditions commonly described in infants, typically diagnosed within the first month of life. We present an unusual occurrence of high-grade obstruction because of malrotation and volvulus in an adolescent male. His symptoms at presentation, abdominal pain and vomiting, were similar to previous episodes in which he had been diagnosed with constipation or viral gastroenteritis and discharged home. His main criteria for admission for this occurrence were related to his degree of dehydration.

Background We hypothesized that the high-dose opioid requirement in patients carrying the rs4680-GG variant in the COMT gene encoding catechol-O-methyltransferase would be greater for patients taking morphine than for those taking oxycodone, thus providing a much-needed biomarker to inform opioid selection for cancer pain. Methods A randomized, multicenter, open-label trial was conducted at a Japanese hospital’s palliative care service. Patients with cancer pain treated with regular doses of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or acetaminophen were enrolled and randomized (1:1) into morphine (group M) and oxycodone (group O) groups. The minimum standard dose of immediate-release (IR) oral opioids was repeatedly administered by palliative care physicians to achieve pain-reduction goals (Pain reduction ≥ 33% from baseline and up to ≤ 3 on a numerical rating scale). The primary endpoint was the proportion of subjects requiring high-dose opioids on day 0 with the GG genotype. Results Of 140 participants who developed cancer-related pain among 378 subjects registered and pre-screened for the genotype, 139 were evaluated in the current study. Among patients carrying a COMT rs4680-GG genotype, 48.3% required high-dose opioids in group M, compared with the 20.0% in group O (95% CI, 3.7%-50.8%; P = .029). Of those with the non-GG genotype, 41.5% treated with morphine and 23.1% with oxycodone required high-dose opioids (95% CI, 3.3%-38.3%; P = 0.098). Conclusion Using the COMT rs4680 genotype alone is not recommended for selecting between morphine and oxycodone for pain relief.

The aims of the study were (1) to compare targeted and routine HIV screening in a pediatric emergency department (PED) and (2) to compare provider documented HIV risk assessment with adolescent perception of HIV risk assessment conducted during the PED visit.This prospective study ran concurrent to a PED routine HIV screening pilot. Adolescents could be tested for HIV by the PED provider per usual care (targeted testing); if not tested, they were approached for the routine screening pilot. A subset of adolescents completed a questionnaire on HIV risk. χ 2 analysis compared adolescents with targeted testing and routine screening. HIV-tested patients were asked if HIV risk was assessed; κ analysis compared this with documentation in the provider note.Over 4 months, 107 adolescents received targeted testing and 344 received routine screening. One 14-year-old patient tested positive by routine screening; this adolescent had 2 PED visits without targeted testing within 60 days. Compared with routine screening, adolescents with targeted testing were more likely female (82% vs 57%, P0.001), 16 years or older (71% vs 44%, P0.001), or had genitourinary/gynecologic concerns (48% vs 6%, P0.001). Adolescents with HIV risk factors were missed by targeted testing but received routine screening. Adolescents with documented HIV risk assessment were more likely to receive targeted testing. There was moderate agreement (κ = 0.61) between provider documentation and adolescent perception of HIV risk assessment.There are gaps in PED HIV risk assessment and testing, which may miss opportunities to diagnose adolescent HIV. Routine HIV screening addresses these gaps and expands adolescent HIV testing in the PED.

Introduction Pain is one of the most important symptoms in terms of prevalence and a major cause of distress in patients with cancer. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze and identify the factors that influence the worsening of pain in patients with cancer necessitating opioid dose escalation. Methods The study was conducted in a single center. This study is a retrospective cohort study of 390 adult cancer patients. The primary endpoint was dose escalation for strong opioids. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a logistic regression model to evaluate the relationships of factors with opioid dose escalation for cancer pain. Results Polypharmacy was associated with opioid dose escalation (aOR = 2.54, 95% CI = 1.486-4.370, p = 0.001). Conversely, alcohol consumption was associated with a reduced need for dose escalation (aOR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.376-0.985, p = 0.043). Conclusion The results of this study indicate that moderate alcohol consumption does not reduce the efficacy of opioids in patients with cancer pain. Meanwhile, patients receiving polypharmacy may be able to more rapidly alleviate their pain via early opioid dose modification.

Background Although adjuvant analgesics are used to treat opioid-refractory cancer pain, there is insufficient evidence to support this practice and limited data to guide the choice depending on cancer pain pathophysiology, dose titration and starting dose. This survey aimed to clarify the current use of adjuvant analgesics for treating opioid-refractory cancer pain. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we sent an online survey questionnaire to 208 certified palliative care specialists. Primary outcomes were (i) effective pathophysiological mechanism of cancer pain and (ii) initiating doses and time period to the first response to each adjuvant analgesic therapy. Results In total, 87 (42%) palliative care specialists responded. Of all patients with cancer pain, 40% of patients (median) with refractory cancer pain were prescribed adjuvant analgesics. Additionally, 94.3, 93.1 and 86.2% of palliative care specialists found dexamethasone/betamethasone effective for neuropathic pain caused by tumor-related spinal cord compression, pregabalin effective for malignant painful radiculopathy and dexamethasone/betamethasone effective for brain tumor or leptomeningeal metastases-related headache, respectively. The median starting dose of pregabalin, dexamethasone/betamethasone, lidocaine and ketamine were 75, 4, 200, and 50 mg/day, respectively, and the median time to the first response of those medications were 5, 3, 2 and 3 days, respectively. Conclusions Many palliative care specialists select adjuvant analgesics depending on the pathophysiological mechanism of cancer pain in each case. They used such adjuvant analgesics in low doses for cancer pain with short first-response periods.

Objectives: Contraception use reduces teen pregnancy, and long-acting reversible contraception is recommended as first-line treatment. Since many adolescents use the emergency department (ED) as a ...

Duloxetine has some effect against cancer neuropathic pain (CNP); however, predictors of duloxetine response are unclear. This study sought to identify predictors of duloxetine response in patients with CNP. Patients (N = 70) with CNP unresponsive to or intolerant of opioid–pregabalin combination therapy, with a brief pain inventory-short form (BPI-SF) Item 5 score (average pain) ≥ 4, and with a total hospital anxiety and depression scale score < 20, were randomized to a duloxetine or a placebo group. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to identify predictors of duloxetine response as a secondary analysis with the change in the average pain score on day 10 from day 0 as the dependent variable, and the following five covariates; baseline (day 0) average pain score, baseline opioid dose, continuation/discontinuation of pregabalin, and items 20 and 21 score of the short-form McGill pain questionnaire 2 (SF-MPQ-2) as independent variables. Of the four domains (continuous pain, intermittent pain, neuropathic pain, and affective descriptors) score of SF-MPQ-2 on day 0, significant differences were observed in the neuropathic pain domain (p = 0.040) in change on the average pain between day 10 and day 0 in the duloxetine group. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that patients with a high score for SF-MPQ-2 Item 21 (tingling pain) on day 0 had a significantly greater change in average pain between day 10 and day 0 (p = 0.046). Patients with a high score for SF-MPQ-2 Item 21 might benefit more from duloxetine.

Purpose of review Adolescents and young adults continue to contribute to new HIV infections despite improved antiretroviral regimens and HIV preexposure and postexposure prophylaxis (PrEP and PEP). Knowledge about nonoccupational HIV PEP (nPEP) is relevant and important for all pediatricians as adolescents present under a variety of circumstances disclosing past sexual activity. Recent findings nPEP is effective in preventing HIV infection, and newer regimens have been shown to increase compliance amongst users, have less side effects, and lead to less HIV resistance. Yet, research on physician prescription practices shows a lack of knowledge regarding appropriate HIV nPEP medication regimens, dosing, and follow-up recommendations. Updated national guidelines are available to providers who may be unfamiliar with indications and drug regimens for nPEP. Studies also provide different strategies to increase nPEP use and compliance among patients as well as ways to increase provider awareness of appropriate nPEP prescription. Summary Research of HIV nPEP shows that it is effective when used correctly, but there needs to be increased education and awareness to increase provider prescription and patient use as well as institutional changes to help patients complete the full course of medication.

Cancer-related neuropathic pain (CNP) requires therapy involving multiple pharmaceuticals, including anticonvulsants and antidepressants; however, strong evidence to support this practice is limited. This study is a cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey. As the standard dose of adjuvant analgesics for CNP refractory to opioid therapy is not clear, the purpose of this study is to clarify the opinions of specialists about the usage of duloxetine and pregabalin for patients with CNP refractory to opioid therapy. Two hundred and eight certified palliative care specialists were surveyed and a total of 87 (42%) responses were analyzed. Twenty-five percent of specialists had considered increasing duloxetine doses up to 60 mg/day and 58% had considered increasing pregabalin doses up to 300 mg/day for CNP refractory to opioid therapy. However, 23% of the specialists succeeded in increasing duloxetine doses up to 60 mg/day and 17% in increasing pregabalin doses up to 300 mg/day, respectively.

Purpose Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are disproportionally prevalent in adolescents, and adolescents often present to the pediatric emergency department (PED) for STI care. Prior studies have found low rates of sexual history documentation and STI testing in the PED. However, these studies have had limited sample sizes because of the burden of manual chart review. We aimed to estimate the rate of sexual history documentation and identify factors associated with STI testing in a large cohort of adolescents using natural language processing (NLP). Methods We applied a validated NLP algorithm to all adolescent visits over a three-year period to the PED at a single large children's health care organization with a chief complaint potentially related to an STI. We utilized NLP to determine the prevalence of sexual history documentation in these patients. We applied logistic regression models to determine associations between sexual history documentation, patient demographic factors, and STI testing. Results Of the 1,987 patient encounters included, only 56% had a sexual history documented, and only 40% of all patients were tested for STIs. Patients were more likely to have a sexual history documented and to be tested for STIs if they were of non-Hispanic black race/ethnicity, were >15 years of age, and had nonprivate insurance. Patients with a sexual history documented were seven times more likely to have STI testing ordered. Of patients tested (n = 728), 25% were positive for an STI. Conclusions Despite presenting to the PED with symptoms potentially related to an STI, many adolescents are not receiving recommended sexual health care. Rates of sexual history documentation and STI testing varied by demographic factors including race, age, and insurance status. Utilizing NLP technology allowed us to examine a larger sample size than previously documented in the adolescent sexual history and PED literature. This study highlights critical opportunities to improve sexual health provision and equity of care provided in the PED.

Background: Alexithymia is a central concept in the field of psychosomatic disease. Patients afflicted with alexithymia have difficulties identifying feelings preventing them from responding well to psychotherapy. This study aims to evaluate in detail which steps of emotional expression (Steps 1–5) proposed by Kennedy-Moore et al. (Kennedy-Moore E and Watson JC. Expressing emotion. In: Salovey P, editor. Expressing Emotion. New York: Guilford; c1999. p. 8-18) are disrupted in alexithymia to enable the administration of effective treatment to such patients and identify appropriate methods of intervention for each step. Methods: To investigate the relationship between the Japanese version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (J-DERS) total score and subscales and the 20-item version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) subscales, multiple linear regression was performed using the former as dependent variables. The psychological examination records of eligible patients were retrospectively investigated. To evaluate the effect of alexithymia on each step of the process of emotional expression, the scores on the total and subscale J-DERS of the group that scored high on TAS-20 were compared with those of the group that scored low on TAS-20. Results: Of the 188 total subjects, 106 (56%) were included in the analysis. The median total J-DERS score was significantly different (p < 0.01) between the high-scoring group (defined as 52 points or higher) and the low-scoring group on the TAS-20, with a median score of 42.0 (interquartile range (IQR) 52.8 [upper limit]–31.0 [lower limit]) and 29.5 (IQR 37.3–23.0), respectively. Similarly, a significant difference was seen with each subscale (p < 0.01). Thus, disruption of the process of emotional expression in alexithymic patients is not only observed in Step 3 but also in Steps 4 and 5. Of the three TAS-20 subscales, only difficulty in identifying feelings correlated with the J-DERS total score and subscales (p < 0.01).Conclusions: The results indicate that, when dealing with alexithymic patients individually in a clinical setting, therapeutic intervention should be adapted to Steps 3, 4, and 5 as appropriate for the patient, and that assessing each step using J-DERS may be more clinically useful.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) is comprised of highly effective methods (the subdermal implant and intrauterine devices) available to adolescents and young adults (AYAs). Professional medical societies endorse LARC use in AYAs and, more recently, have emphasized the importance of using a reproductive justice framework when providing LARC. This article reviews reproductive justice, discusses contraceptive coercion, examines bias, and highlights interventions that promote equitable reproductive healthcare. RECENT FINDINGS: Research indicates that both bias and patient characteristics influence provider LARC practices. AYA access to comprehensive LARC services is limited, as counseling, provision, management, and removal are not offered at all sites providing reproductive healthcare to AYAs. Interventions aimed at addressing provider bias and knowledge, clinic policies, confidentiality concerns, insurance reimbursement, and systems of oppression can improve AYA access to equitable, comprehensive contraceptive care. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated inequities in reproductive healthcare, as well as provided unique innovations to decrease barriers, including telemedicine LARC services. SUMMARY: Clinicians who care for AYAs should honor reproductive autonomy by approaching contraceptive services with a reproductive justice lens. This includes implementing patient-centered contraceptive counseling, increasing access to LARC, eliminating barriers to LARC removal, and committing to systemic changes to address healthcare inequities.

Patients with end-stage heart failure may require hospitalization for the treatment of respiratory distress. Morphine may be used to relieve symptoms. However, use of morphine is problematic because heart failure is often associated with renal dysfunction. In this case report, intravenous fentanyl infusion reduced dyspnea in a patient with end-stage heart failure who was on dialysis induction to treat renal failure. The patient was able to eat and sleep after administration of an intravenous fentanyl solution and experienced no apparent respiratory depression as a side effect of fentanyl. There have been few reports of dyspnea relief with fentanyl infusion. Because of its adjustable duration of effect, intravenous fentanyl may be a more effective and useful option than rapid or extended-release agents in cases such as this one.

Studies show that in a group of five women- your mother, sister, aunt, daughter, girlfriend- two of them will have an abortion by age forty-four (1). Although this statistic varies by several factors including race and marital status, abortion is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures in the United States and Canada (1, 2). Abortion is a safe, legal and common procedure, yet it is not routinely taught in medical schools (3, 4). In fact, there are no requirements that abortion be included in medical school curricula (5). Because it is so common, it is important for medical students to learn about abortion- the technical aspects of the different types of procedures, as well as the social, global and public health issues involved in abortion provision. Regardless of an individual physician's personal beliefs about abortion, every physician has a responsibility to help patients achieve optimal mental and physical health, to inform patients of their reproductive health options, and to serve as patient advocates. Only through comprehensive education and training will future physicians be able to meet the reproductive health needs of women.

In the past 10-15 years, paediatric transgender care has emerged at the forefront of several general practice and subspecialty guidelines and is the topic of continuing medical education for various medical disciplines. Providers in specialties ranging from family medicine, paediatrics and adolescent medicine to endocrinology, gynaecology and urology are caring for transgender patients in increasing numbers. Current and evolving national and international best practice guidelines recommend offering a halt of endogenous puberty for patients with early gender dysphoria, in whom impending puberty is unacceptable for their psychosocial health and wellness. Pubertal blockade has implications for fertility preservation, transgender surgical care and psychosocial health, all of which must be considered and discussed with the patient and their family and/or legal guardian before initiation.

Anxiety can make it difficult for patients to manage their illness. Therefore, it is important to reduce their anxiety if possible. However, few studies have examined the efficacy of drugs in the treatment of anxiety in patients with cancer. Our case had failed to respond to benzodiazepines, and it was difficult to use a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) as the next drug. This case report describes the effective use of quetiapine to treat anxiety. We report this rare case along with a literature review. Few studies have assessed the treatment of anxiety in patients with rare cancers. In our case, quetiapine effectively alleviated anxiety associated with cystic adenoid carcinoma. However, in clinical practice, it is possible that anxiety is treated without differentiating the effects of cancer status, e.g. life prognosis, treatment progress. In our patient, benzodiazepines had no effect on anxiety. Thus, different drugs may be required to treat anxiety associated with cancer. The present study demonstrated that quetiapine is a useful modality for the palliative care of patients with rare cancer and intractable anxiety. Quetiapine may be an effective alternative to benzodiazepines (BZ) and SSRIs for treating anxiety in patients with cancer. However, further investigation is needed to clarify the efficacy of treatments for anxiety associated with rare cancers.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend universal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) screening starting at 13 years, which has been implemented in many general U.S. emergency departments (EDs) but infrequently in pediatric EDs. We aimed to 1) implement a pilot of routine adolescent HIV screening in a pediatric ED and 2) determine the unique barriers to CDC-recommended screening in this region of high HIV prevalence.This was a prospective 4-month implementation of a routine HIV screening pilot in a convenience sample of adolescents 13 to 18 years at a single pediatric ED, based on study personnel availability. Serum-based fourth-generation HIV testing was run through a central laboratory. Parents were allowed to remain in the room for HIV counseling and testing. Data were collected regarding patient characteristics and HIV testing quality metrics. Comparisons were made using chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. Regression analysis was performed to assess for an association between parent presence at the time of enrollment and adolescent decision to participate in HIV screening.Over 4 months, 344 of 806 adolescents approached consented to HIV screening (57% female, mean ± SD = 15.1 ± 1.6 years). Adolescents with HIV screening were more likely to be older than those who declined (p = 0.025). Other blood tests were collected with the HIV sample for 21% of adolescents; mean time to result was 105 minutes (interquartile range = 69 to 123) and 79% were discharged before the result was available. Having a parent present for enrollment was not associated with adolescent participation (adjusted odds ratio = 1.07, 95% CI = 0.67 to 1.70). Barriers to testing included: fear of needlestick, time to results, cost, and staff availability. One of 344 tests was positive in a young adolescent with Stage 1 HIV.Routine HIV screening in adolescents was able to be implemented in this pediatric ED and led to the identification of early infection in a young adolescent who would have otherwise been undetected at this stage of disease. Addressing the unique barriers to adolescent HIV screening is critical in high-prevalence regions and may lead to earlier diagnosis and treatment in this vulnerable population.

PURPOSE Cancer treatment can alter patient appearance, leading to psychological, social, and behavioral issues. This study aimed to investigate distress and difficulties related to appearance concerns in Japanese cancer patients and to identify information and support needs among them. METHODS We conducted a questionnaire survey using the Derriford Appearance Scale 59 (DAS59) among cancer patients with a prior history of chemotherapy, molecular targeted therapy, or immunotherapy, who were recruited from the Departments of Medical Oncology and Psychosomatic Medicine, Kindai University Hospital. RESULTS Participants were 114 patients with a mean age of 62.9 years; 70.2% were female, 86.0% had metastatic or locally advanced unresectable cancer, and 78.1% had concerns about some aspect of their appearance. Mean DAS59 full-scale score was 77.7 ± 36.4. Younger and female participants were found to have higher full-scale scores in univariate analysis (P

IntroductionManagement of neuropathic cancer pain (NCP) refractory to regular opioids remains an important challenge. The efficacy of pregabalin for NCP except chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) has already been confirmed in two randomised controlled trials (RCTs) compared with placebo. Duloxetine offers the potential of analgesia in opioid refractory NCP. However, there are no RCT of duloxetine for the management of opioid-refractory NCP as a first line treatment. Both classes of drugs have the potential to reduce NCP, but there has been no head-to-head comparison for the efficacy and safety, especially given differing side effect profiles.Methods and analysisAn international, multicentre, double-blind, dose increment, parallel-arm, RCT is planned. Inclusion criteria include: adults with cancer experiencing NCP refractory to opioids; Brief Pain Inventory (BPI)-item 3 (worst pain) of ≥4; Neuropathic Pain on the Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs Pain Scale of ≥12 despite of an adequate trial of regular opioid medication (≥60 mg/day oral morphine equivalent dose). Patients with CIPN are excluded.The study will recruit from palliative care teams (both inpatients and outpatients) in Japan and Australia. Participants will be randomised (1:1 allocation ratio) to duloxetine or pregabalin arm. Dose escalation is until day 14 and from day 14 to 21 is a dose de-escalation period to avoid withdrawal effects. The primary endpoint is defined as the mean difference in BPI item 3 for worst pain intensity over the previous 24 hours at day 14 between groups. A sample size of 160 patients will be enrolled between February 2020 and March 2023.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval was obtained at Osaka City University Hospital Certified Review Board and South Western Sydney Local Health District Human Research Ethics Committee. The results of this study will be submitted for publication in international journals and the key findings presented at international conferences.Trial registration numbersjRCTs051190097, ACTRN12620000656932.

Background Non-organic lesions or diseases of unknown origin are sometimes misdiagnosed as “psychogenic” disorders or “psychosomatic” diseases. For the quality of life and safety of patients, recent attention has focused on diagnostic error. The aim of this study was to clarify the factors that affected misdiagnoses in psychosomatic medicine by examining typical cases and to explore strategies that reduce diagnostic errors. Case presentation The study period was from January 2001 to August 2017. The data of patients who had visited the Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Kindai University Hospital and its branches, Sakai Hospital and Nihonbashi Clinic, were collected. All patients were aged 16 years or over. Multiple factors, such as age, sex, presenting symptoms, initial diagnosis, final diagnosis, sources of re-diagnosis and types of diagnostic errors were retrospectively analyzed from the medical charts of 20 patients. Among them, four typical cases can be described as follows. Case 1; a 79-year-old woman, initially diagnosed with psychogenic vomiting due to depression that was changed to gastric torsion as the final diagnosis. Case 2; a 24-year-old man, diagnosed with an eating disorder that was later changed to esophageal achalasia. Case 10; a 60-year-old woman’s diagnosis changed from conversion disorder to localized muscle atrophy. Case 19; a 68-year-old man, appetite loss from depression due to cancer changed to secondary adrenal insufficiency, isolated ACTH deficiency (IAD). Conclusion This study showed that multiple factors related to misdiagnoses were combined and had a mutual influence. However, they can be summarized into two important clinical observations, diagnostic system-related problems and provider issues. Provider issues contain mainly cognitive biases such as Anchoring, Availability, Confirmation bias, Delayed diagnosis, and Representativeness. In order to avoid diagnostic errors, both a diagnostic system approach and the reduction of cognitive biases are needed. Psychosomatic medicine doctors should pay more attention to physical symptoms and systemic examination and can play an important role in accepting a perception of patients based on a good, non prejudicial patient/physician relationship.

Genetic differences in humans cause clinical difficulties in opioid treatment. Previous studies indicate that a single nucleotide polymorphism in the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene (rs4680; p.Val158Met) may present as a predictive biomarker for the response to morphine treatment. In our previous pilot exploratory study, patients with a G/G genotype were demonstrated to require a higher dose of morphine, compared with patients with A/A and A/G genotypes. In the present study, the aim was to replicate the findings in an independent cohort of opioid-treatment-naive patients exhibiting various types of cancer. This prospective study was conducted from 2011 to 2012 at the Kindai University Faculty of Medicine. A total of 50 patients with opioid-treatment naive and histologically confirmed malignant neoplasms who were scheduled to undergo opioid treatment were evaluated in the present study. Assessments were conducted pre-treatment (day 1), post-treatment (day 1), and one week after treatment (day 8). The required dose of morphine on day 1 was significantly higher for patients with the G/G genotype of COMT, compared with those with the A/A and A/G genotypes (P=0.013). The results of the present study provide additional evidence that the COMT genotype may be a predictive biomarker for the response to morphine treatment.

© 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. Purpose: Duloxetine has some effect against cancer neuropathic pain (CNP); however, predictors of duloxetine response are unclear. This study sought to identify predictors of duloxetine response in patients with CNP. Methods: Patients (N = 70) with CNP unresponsive to or intolerant of opioid–pregabalin combination therapy, with a brief pain inventory-short form (BPI-SF) Item 5 score (average pain) ≥ 4, and with a total hospital anxiety and depression scale score < 20, were randomized to a duloxetine or a placebo group. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to identify predictors of duloxetine response as a secondary analysis with the change in the average pain score on day 10 from day 0 as the dependent variable, and the following five covariates; baseline (day 0) average pain score, baseline opioid dose, continuation/discontinuation of pregabalin, and items 20 and 21 score of the short-form McGill pain questionnaire 2 (SF-MPQ-2) as independent variables. Results: Of the four domains (continuous pain, intermittent pain, neuropathic pain, and affective descriptors) score of SF-MPQ-2 on day 0, significant differences were observed in the neuropathic pain domain (p = 0.040) in change on the average pain between day 10 and day 0 in the duloxetine group. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that patients with a high score for SF-MPQ-2 Item 21 (tingling pain) on day 0 had a significantly greater change in average pain between day 10 and day 0 (p = 0.046). Conclusion: Patients with a high score for SF-MPQ-2 Item 21 might benefit more from duloxetine.

Context Although opioids and pregabalin are widely used for cancer-related neuropathic pain (CNP), no clinical trials exist to determine which medications are effective when an opioid-pregabalin combination therapy fails. Objectives We investigated the efficacy of duloxetine for CNP nonresponsive or intolerant to opioid-pregabalin combination therapy. Methods A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed at 12 specialized palliative care services in Japan. Patients with CNP average pain scores (Brief Pain Inventory [BPI]–Item 5) ≥ 4 in the previous 24 hours and nonresponsive or intolerant to opioid-pregabalin combination therapy were eligible. Patients with chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathies were excluded. Patients were administered duloxetine 20 mg/day titrated to 40 mg/day or placebo for 10 days. The primary endpoint was BPI-Item 5 on Day 10. Responder analysis measured proportions of patients with 30% and 50% pain decreases. Results Seventy patients were enrolled. Complete case analysis revealed mean BPI-Item 5 on Day 10 of 4.03 for Group D vs. 4.88 for Group P (P = 0.053). Baseline observation carried forward analysis revealed mean BPI-Item 5 on Day 10 of 4.06 and 4.91 for Groups D and P, respectively (P = 0.048). Clinically meaningful pain improvement (≥30%) was reported by 44.1% (n = 15) of patients in Group D vs. 18.2% (n = 6) in Group P (P = 0.02); 32.4% (n = 11) vs. 3.0% (n = 1) of patients in Groups D and P, respectively, reported pain reduction ≥ 50% (P = 0.002). Conclusion Adding duloxetine to opioid-pregabalin therapy might have clinical benefit in alleviating refractory CNP. Further studies are needed to conclude the efficacy of adding duloxetine.

Introduction The concept of “oligometastasis” has emerged as a basis on which to identify patients with stage IV non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who might be most amenable to curative treatment. Limited data have been available regarding the survival of patients with node-negative oligometastatic NSCLC. Patients and methods Consecutive patients with advanced NSCLC who attended Kindai University Hospital between January 2007 and January 2016 were recruited to this retrospective study. Patients with regional lymph node–negative disease and a limited number of metastatic lesions (≤5) per organ site and a limited number of affected organ sites (1 or 2) were eligible. Results Eighteen patients were identified for analysis during the study period. The most frequent metastatic site was the central nervous system (CNS, 72%). Most patients (83%) received systemic chemotherapy, with only three (17%) undergoing surgery, for the primary lung tumor. The CNS failure sites for patients with CNS metastases were located outside of the surgery or radiosurgery field. The median overall survival for all patients was 15.9 months, with that for EGFR mutation–positive patients tending to be longer than that for EGFR mutation–negative patients. Conclusion Cure is difficult to achieve with current treatment strategies for NSCLC patients with synchronous oligometastases, although a few long-term survivors and a smaller number of patients alive at last follow-up were present among the study cohort. There is an urgent clinical need for prospective evaluation of surgical resection as a treatment for oligometastatic NSCLC, especially negative for driver mutations.

Children and adolescents may present to the urgent care center with complaints such as vaginal bleeding and discharge, trauma, and pregnancy.

Genetic differences in humans cause clinical difficulties in opioid treatment. Previous studies indicate that a single nucleotide polymorphism in the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene (rs4680; p.Val158Met) may present as a predictive biomarker for the response to morphine treatment. In our previous pilot exploratory study, patients with a G/G genotype were demonstrated to require a higher dose of morphine, compared with patients with A/A and A/G genotypes. In the present study, the aim was to replicate the findings in an independent cohort of opioid-treatment-naïve patients exhibiting various types of cancer. This prospective study was conducted from 2011 to 2012 at the Kindai University Faculty of Medicine. A total of 50 patients with opioid-treatment naïve and histologically confirmed malignant neoplasms who were scheduled to undergo opioid treatment were evaluated in the present study. Assessments were conducted pre-treatment (day 1), post-treatment (day 1), and one week after treatment (day 8). The required dose of morphine on day 1 was significantly higher for patients with the G/G genotype of COMT, compared with those with the A/A and A/G genotypes (P=0.013). The results of the present study provide additional evidence that the COMT genotype may be a predictive biomarker for the response to morphine treatment.

Purpose Cancer pain is a multidimensional experience that includes physiological, sensory, affective, cognitive, behavioral, and sociocultural dimensions. Few prospective studies have examined the relationship between a patient’s expectation of pain improvement and the pain prognosis. The aim of this prospective study was to investigate whether patients’ expectation to pain reduction was associated with pain intensity after morphine treatment in opioid treatment-naïve patients with various types of cancer. Methods The subjects were patients scheduled for cancer pain treatment with morphine who were taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs daily. Morphine treatment was performed according to the standard method, including titration (NCCN Guidelines™, Adult Cancer Pain). Simple regression analysis was performed between pain intensity numerical rating scale (NRS) (day 8) as the dependent variable, expectation of pain decrease NRS (day 1), tumor types, and the following covariates as independent variables: patients’ characteristics such as age, gender, PS (day 1), genotype of catechol-O-methyltransferase, total scores of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (day 1), and pain intensity NRS (day 1). Multiple regression analysis was performed using forced entry methods with pain intensity NRS (day 8) as the dependent variable, and expectation of pain decrease NRS (day 1) and the covariates as independent variables that had a p value

Carnitine deficiency is reportedly associated with increased pain sensation in diabetes mellitus and fibromyalgia, but the association between serum carnitine concentration and cancer pain has not been fully elucidated. We investigated the incidence of carnitine deficiency in patients with cancer pain, and examined the effect of the patients' demographic and clinical characteristics on pain intensity and carnitine deficiency. The serum carnitine concentration was measured in 50 patients with cancer pain receiving non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, but not opioids. Multivariate regression analysis was used to determine the association of carnitine concentration, pain intensity, age and gender with hemoglobin and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations. Carnitine deficiency was detected in 9 of the patients (18.0%) and found to be significantly correlated with an elevated CRP concentration (P=0.039). In conclusion, although there does not appear to be an association between carnitine deficiency and cancer pain, it may be affected by inflammation or infection.

Background Cancer care is currently the most important medical issue in Japan. Total pain of cancer patients consists of a combination of four factors: physical, psychological, social distress, and spiritual pain. Previous studies showed female cancer patients ask for more psychological support and seem to suffer different types of distress compared with male patients, for example, appearance-related symptoms. However, other factors of cancer distress related to gender have not been defined comprehensively. The aim of this study is to clarify the gender differences in cancer distress types in order to elucidate the measures that should be taken in Japan to improve the quality of whole cancer care based on gender-based medicine. Methods The data of new patients who had visited the psycho-oncology outpatient service of Kinki University Hospital during the period of May 2013 to October 2015 were collected. Demographic factors and all assessed items were extracted from the patients’ medical charts retrospectively. Based on an inquiry of cancer patients in 2010, each item representing the four factors of “total pain” of cancer patients was chosen, i.e., physical distress (pain, changes in appearance), psychological distress (anxiety, depression), social distress (family problems, job-related problems), and spiritual pain; together with sexuality issues, and answers were analyzed. Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS) was used for the assessment of psychological distress. Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test were performed for gender differences in the cancer distress types. Pearson’s analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis were performed for the association of gender with each item. Results The data of 101 cancer patients were analyzed and there were more female patients than male patients (female: male ratio = 71:30). Female cancer patients were more likely to suffer from psycho-social issues such as changes in appearance, family problems and sexuality issues than male patients, and male patients were more likely to have spiritual pain. Conclusions There were gender differences in the distress types of cancer patients. In order to improve the quality of whole cancer care, more intensive intervention by medical professionals and social support is needed from the viewpoint of gender-based medicine and psycho-oncology.

Background As the number of immigrants to Japan increases, the health problems of foreign nationals also have an increasing impact on Japanese medical institutions. The aim of this study was to clarify the Japan–specific health problems related to both the physical and psychological symptoms of foreign nationals from the viewpoint of psychosomatic medicine. The second aim was to clarify the measures that should be taken in Japan and similar countries where immigration may still be considered less than common. Case Presentation The study period was from June 2004 to May 2015. The data of non-Japanese patients who had visited the Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Kinki University Hospital and its branches, Sakai Hospital and Nihonbashi Clinic, were collected. All patients were aged 16 years or over. Multiple factors, such as age, sex, nationality, length of stay, marital status, employment status, level of Japanese proficiency, clinical symptoms, physical and psychiatric diagnosis, psycho-social factors and therapy were retrospectively analyzed from the medical charts of 20 non-Japanese patients. Cases were divided into two groups; early onset and late onset cases. This study showed that multiple factors related to the health problems of non-Japanese patients were combined and had a mutual influence, however, they can be summarized into two important clinical observations. These are 1) cultural differences, and 2) language barriers related to both the physical and psychological symptoms of non-Japanese patients from the viewpoint of psychosomatic medicine. Conclusions Future efforts should focus on sensitizing health care professionals in Japan to the psychosomatic problems of non-Japanese patients as well as on facilitating medical systems with services such as medical professional interpreters and liaison-consultation models. It is essential to take measures against language barriers and to promote the field of transcultural psychiatry and psychosomatic medicine in Japan. In addition, the Japanese government should introduce a more comprehensive social support system for non-Japanese people.

A considerable body of research has focused on neural responses evoked by emotional facial expressions, but little is known about mother-specific brain responses to infant facial emotions. We used near-infrared spectroscopy to investigate prefrontal activity during discriminating facial expressions of happy, angry, sad, fearful, surprised and neutral of unfamiliar infants and unfamiliar adults by 14 mothers and 14 age-matched females who have never been pregnant (non-mothers). Our results revealed that discriminating infant facial emotions increased the relative oxyHb concentration in mothers' right prefrontal cortex but not in their left prefrontal cortex, compared with each side of the prefrontal cortices of non-mothers. However, there was no difference between mothers and non-mothers in right or left prefrontal cortex activation while viewing adult facial expressions. These results suggest that the right prefrontal cortex is involved in human maternal behavior concerning infant facial emotion discrimination., Neuroscience Research, 70(2), pp.183-188; 2011

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Examining global trends of adolescent sexual behavior is essential to inform clinical practice as well as for developing interventions and educational strategies to ensure healthy sexual development in young people. RECENT FINDINGS: Most young people begin sexual activity in their teenage years. Extensive research has been conducted to elucidate risk and protective factors for sexual activity in adolescence and to evaluate the success of different sex education programs in influencing these factors. Some risk and protective factors were similar globally whereas others differed by sex and community. Research findings suggest that comprehensive sex education which includes skills-based interventions is effective in changing youth behavior. In addition research points towards the importance of addressing larger structural and contextual issues such as gender equality poverty and education in improving the sexual health of adolescents. SUMMARY: Adolescents begin their sexual lives in their teen years; therefore clinicians need to focus on positive ways to help teenagers develop healthy relationships while providing guidance around reducing risky sexual behaviors.

Objectives: A psychometric scale for assessing cancer-related worry among cancer patients, called the Brief Cancer-Related Worry Inventory (BCWI), was developed. Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey for item development was conducted of 112 Japanese patients diagnosed with breast cancer, and test–retest validation analysis was conducted using the data from another prospective study of 20 lung cancer patients. The questionnaire contained 15 newly developed items for cancer-related worry, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, The Impact of Event Scale Revised, and the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-8. Results: Exploratory factor analysis of the 15 items yielded a 3-factor structure including (1) future prospects, (2) physical and symptomatic problems and (3) social and interpersonal problems. A second-order confirmatory factor analysis identified a second-order factor called cancer-related worry and confirmed the factor structure with an acceptable fit (chi-square (df=87)=160.16, P=0.001; GFI=0.83; CFI=0.92; RMSEA=0.09). The internal consistency and test–retest reliability were confirmed with the lung cancer sample. Multidimensional scaling found that cancer-related worry is separate from anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Conclusion: Our study succeeded in developing and confirming the validity and reliability of a BCWI. The study also confirmed the discriminable aspects of cancer-related worry from anxiety, depression, and PTSD symptoms. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.