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Chiral β-ketonitriles bearing a stereogenic carbon center at the α-position are an important class of compounds, many of which serve as useful synthetic intermediates for the preparation of chiral 1,3-aminoalcohols, β-hydroxy nitriles, and related derivatives. Although the enantioselective electrophilic cyanation of enolate equivalents is one of the most promising approaches for the synthesis of chiral β-ketonitriles, the available methods are largely limited to reactions of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds. Herein, we report on enantioselective electrophilic cyanation of boron enolates, which are readily prepared from α,β-unsaturated ketones and diisopinocampheylborane (Ipc2 BH) to afford chiral β-ketonitriles with a high level of enantioselectivity. The present method is scalable and provides facile access to both enantiomers of chiral β-ketonitriles. Analysis of the in situ generated boron enolates by NMR revealed that hydroboration proceeds in a stereospecific manner, providing α,α-disubstituted boron enolates in the form of single isomers. Furthermore, the results of DFT calculations suggest that the cyanation of the boron enolates with p-toluenesulfonyl cyanide (TsCN) proceeds in a highly enantioselective manner through a unique six-membered ring transition state.

Post-partum depression affects 10-13% of Japanese women, but many do not receive appropriate treatment or support. This intervention study evaluated the effectiveness of home visits by mental health nurses for Japanese women with post-partum depression. Eighteen post-partum women met the inclusion criteria and were randomly allocated into the intervention (n = 9) or control (n = 9) group at 1-2 months after giving birth. The intervention group received four weekly home visits by a mental health nurse. Control group participants received usual care. Two women in the intervention group did not complete the study. Depressive symptoms and quality of life were measured at 1 and 6 weeks' postintervention. In addition, participants completed an open-ended questionnaire on satisfaction and meaning derived from the home visits. Women in the intervention group had significant amelioration of depressive symptoms over time and reported positive benefits from the home visits, but there were no statistically significant differences between groups. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed at times 2 and 3 between groups in terms of increased median scores of physical, environmental, and global subscales, and the total average score of the World Health Organization/quality of life assessment instrument. On the psychological subscale, significant differences (P = 0.042) were observed between groups at time 2. The qualitative analysis of comments about home visitation revealed four categories related to 'setting their mind at ease', 'clarifying thoughts', 'improving coping abilities', and 'removing feelings of withdrawal from others'. These results suggest that home visits by mental health nurses can contribute to positive mental health and social changes for women with post-partum depression. A larger trial is warranted to test this approach to care.

本研究の代表者らは、《まちの保健室》事業の趣旨に基づき看護系大学で展開される「専門相談」の一環として、精神看護学担当教員による『こころの健康相談』を立ち上げ、平成15年度より実践している。これまでの活動実績と、来談者のニーズおよび相談の成果に関する調査結果から、当活動は地域の関連専門機関との補完的な役割を担い得るという実践的意義が示唆された。そこで、今回は、当活動独自のアプローチと役割の探求を目的として、相談記録の質的帰納的分析ならびに地域の関連機関の専門職への面接調査を実施した。平成17・18年度の全相談件数65件に関する相談記録を分析した結果、、、、、、、、などのアプローチの要素が抽出され、来談者のニーズに応じて組み合わされていることが明らかになった。また、地域の関連機関に所属する専門職のうち研究協力に同意の得られた10名(医師5名、精神保健福祉士2名、臨床心理士2名、保健師1名)に対する面接調査の結果、、、といった当活動への認識、、、などの役割期待が語られるとともに、活動頻度を増やすことや連携体制についての提案が得られた。以上の結果および考察を踏まえて、大学を拠点とした看護師による『こころの健康相談』の実践活動について、概念モデルの試案を作成した。今後は妥当性の検討および精錬を重ね、活動の普及と人材育成に貢献し得る実践モデルを開発することが課題である。, As a part of the specialized consultations developed at a nursing-affiliated university based on the concepts of the Town Healthcare Room project, the researchers in this study have been undertaking mental health nursing consultations since 2003. The needs and the benefits of the consultees were examined by ongoing interview surveys and the written questionnaire surveys of the consulties. As a result, it is suggested that these activities can cover complementary roles with related specialized organizations. Then with the goal of finding an original approach to these activities, we undertook a qualitative analysis of the approach offered by the consultation process and conducted studies via related regional organizations on the awareness of and role expectations toward the activities. The following findings were obtained. A qualitative analysis of the records of 65 consultations in 2005 and 2006 revealed the elements of the approach, including the recipience of worries, the recognition of one's own strengths, a review of the stress situation, an increase in coping competence, advice on psycho-education, the provision of specialized knowledge regarding illness and treatment, an assessment of mental state, and the provision of information on social resources, as well as a variety of techniques combined to address the needs of the consultees. Of specialists who belonged to regional organizations, ten persons agreed to cooperate in the research (five physicians, two mental health welfare workers, two clinical psychologists, and one public health nurse). As a result of the interview surveys, we heard about awareness of the activities, including their "ease of use," "feeling safe to talk about issues," and "nurse's own role," as well as their coverage of areas that specialized organizations can not cover, regional contributions that can only be made by a university, the specialized nature of nursing, and other role expectations, and at the same time we received suggestions to step up the frequency of the activities and proposals regarding the liaison system. In view of the above findings and considerations, we prepared a proposal for a concept model of mental health nursing consultation activities based at a university.

本研究の代表者らは、《まちの保健室》事業の趣旨に基づき看護大学教員が展開する『専門相談』の一環として、精神看護学担当教員による『こころの健康相談』を立ち上げ、平成15年度より実践している。1年間の活動実績から、来談者にとっての、精神神経科や心療内科に求めるものとは異なるニーズが示唆された。そこで、2年目の活動実績の検討ならびに継続来談者への面接調査を行い、来談者のニーズおよび相談の効果について検討した。その結果、相談件数は1年目の約1.8倍に増加しており、来談理由については、精神的問題をもつ子どもの親としての悩みや家族関係のストレスが過半数を占めていた。自分自身の健康問題では抑うつ状態が最も多く、その半数は神経科に通院服薬中であり、その他に通院中の心療内科から紹介された人もいた。これらのことから、来談者の多くは精神科・神経科、心療内科などの医療機関の活用もしくは補完的な機能に関するニーズを有しているものと考えられた。継続来談者への面接調査の結果をも含めて検討した結果、(1)専門的な判断や助言、(2)じっくりと話を聴いてもらうこと、(3)適切な社会資源の情報、などに関するニーズが明らかになった。相談による効果については、継続来談者には、(1)心理的な安定が得られた、(2)問題解決への動機づけが高まった、(3)専門的な情報や助言を主体的に活用するようになった、(4)状況の改善や自己効力感の高まりが得られた、(5)悩みはありながらも安定した生活を営めるようになった、などの前向きな変化がみられた。, In accordance with the purpose of the "Community Healthcare Room" project, in 2003 the representatives of this research set up the Mental Health Consultation Room with a base at the College of Nursing Art and Science, University of Hyogo. Since then, mental health nursing consultation has been provided by faculty members teaching mental health and psychiatric nursing. This paper reports the results of a study that examined the needs of clients and effects of the consultations, through a review of activities during the second year of the project's operation and interviews with those who continue to visit the consultation office. The number of consultation cases in the second year increased to 1. 8 times the number seen in the first year. As for the reasons for visiting the mental health consultation room, the majority of reasons cited were worries as a parent who has a child with mental health problems or stress from family relationships. Among visitors who had their own health problems, the largest number of people complained about depressive moods, half of whom see a psychiatric doctor regularly and take medication. There were some people who visited the consultation room on the recommendation of their psychiatric doctors. From these findings, it is suggested that many visitors expect the consultation room to perform complementary functions with a medical institution such as a psychiatric clinic and psychosomatic medicine clinic. As a result of examining the results of interviews with those continuing to go to the consultation room, in addition to findings from past activities, the following needs of visitors have been identified : (1) professional judgment and advice ; (2) active listening ; and (3) information on and referral to appropriate social resources. Regarding the effects of consultation, the following positive changes were seen in visitors (1) increased mental stability ; (2) increased motivation for solving problems ; (3) more proactivity in seeking professional information and advice ; (4) improved conditions and increased selfefficacy ; and (5) becoming able to have a stable life despite someworries.

出産は女性や家族にとって喜ばしい出来事である一方で、周産期に何らかの精神健康上の問題により苦悩する女性が少なくないことも知られている。特に産後うつ病の罹患率は約13%と高く、また母親の精神状態は、児の発達などにも影響すると報告されている。しかし、わが国では、産後の精神健康状態やソーシャルサポートの実態について十分に明らかにされておらず、支援体制づくりは轍の課題とされている。そこで今回、産後の女性の抑うつ症状を中心とした精神状態とソーシャルサポートの実態およびそれらの関係を明らかにすることを目的として質問紙調査を行った。A県内3市で実施された4ヶ月乳児健康診査に訪れた母親で、研究協力に応じた女性582名に質問紙を配布し、後日郵送にて329名(回収率56.5%)から回答を得た。質問内容は、背景因子、精神健康状態、非専門的・専門的サポートの実態であった。得られたデータについて、SPSSを用いて統計的に分析した。結果は以下の通りである。1) EPDS (Edinburgh postnatal Depression Scale)の平均値は5.19(SD4.40)で、産後うつ病のスクリーニングにおける区分点(8/9点)以上だった者は全体の18.5%(61名)であった。2)パートナーや親などの非専門家からのサポート状況については、様々なサポートを得、それに満足を感じているる者が多い一方で、自分からは全くあるいはあまり支援を求めないという者が47名(14.4%)いた。3)産後に何かの心身の不調を自覚した者は120名(36.5%)で、そのうち専門家・専門機関に相談した者は38名であった。4)EPDS得点に有意な影響力を持つ要因は、自尊感情得点、母親役割に対する自己評価得点、パートナーからサポートに対する満足度、年齢、女性の身体的健康度、子どもの健康状態、義理の親からの「親に話を聞く」サポート、休息のなさに対するストレス認知であった。以上から、周期メンタルヘルスに関する今後の課題や看護の役割として、パートナーや親への教育的関わり、健診を利用した母親への精神的ケア、女性が必要とするときに適切な専門的サポートが受けられるようにすることの必要性について検討した。, Postnatal depression affects approximately 13% of all women. It is widely recognized to negatively influence mother-child interaction, children's development, and the mental health of husbands. However the actual conditions of postnatal mental health, social support, and the relation between the two has not been demonstrated adequately among Japanese mothers. Development of a mental health support system for perinatal women is of crucial importance in Japan. This study investigates the actual conditions of postnatal mental health, social support, and the relation between mental health and the availability of support to postnatal mothers after 4 months. Data was collected from 329 postnatal Japanese mothers. Depressive symptoms, self-esteem, postnatal stress, and demographic data were assessed via administering a questionnaire. The following four results were obtained. 1) 61 women (18.5%) scored 9 or more on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). 2) 47 women didn't seek support despite needing it. 3) 120 women felt out of shape during the postnatal stage, however only 38 women consulted with medical professionals, and 251 women did not receive any education about mental health in the perinatal period. 4) EPDS scores were significantly effected by the following factors : self-esteem, emotional support from husbands, self-appraisal as a mother, physical condition, age, emotional support from their parents-in-law, the health status of their babies, and inadequate rest. These results suggest that improving the mental health service at a political level, development of professional knowledge about postnatal mental health, and more education for perinatal women, partners, parents and community, are required.

The psychometric properties of the Japanese Test of Self-Conscious Affect-3 (TOSCA-3), a self-report measure of self-conscious emotions, were examined in Japanese university students. Confirmatory factor analyses showed good fits of the theory-driven model for 6 emotions to the data. The subscales of the TOSCA-3 showed moderate correlations and internal consistency. Only the Shame subscale was greater among younger students, but women had higher shame and guilt than men. Social desirability moderately influenced some subscales. Test-retest reliability was good for shame and guilt. Time 1 shame predicted time 2 depression a week later. The Japanese version of the TOSCA-3 is a reliable and valid measure of self-conscious emotions among a Japanese population.

Post-partum depression affects 10-13% of Japanese women, but many do not receive appropriate treatment or support. This intervention study evaluated the effectiveness of home visits by mental health nurses for Japanese women with post-partum depression. Eighteen post-partum women met the inclusion criteria and were randomly allocated into the intervention (n = 9) or control (n = 9) group at 1-2 months after giving birth. The intervention group received four weekly home visits by a mental health nurse. Control group participants received usual care. Two women in the intervention group did not complete the study. Depressive symptoms and quality of life were measured at 1 and 6 weeks' postintervention. In addition, participants completed an open-ended questionnaire on satisfaction and meaning derived from the home visits. Women in the intervention group had significant amelioration of depressive symptoms over time and reported positive benefits from the home visits, but there were no statistically significant differences between groups. Significant differences (P0.05) were observed at times 2 and 3 between groups in terms of increased median scores of physical, environmental, and global subscales, and the total average score of the World Health Organization/quality of life assessment instrument. On the psychological subscale, significant differences (P = 0.042) were observed between groups at time 2. The qualitative analysis of comments about home visitation revealed four categories related to 'setting their mind at ease', 'clarifying thoughts', 'improving coping abilities', and 'removing feelings of withdrawal from others'. These results suggest that home visits by mental health nurses can contribute to positive mental health and social changes for women with post-partum depression. A larger trial is warranted to test this approach to care.

Rat liver microsomal glutathione S-transferase (MGST1) is known to be activated by trypsin, however, it has not been clarified whether MGST1 is activated by a protease present in liver. In the present study we purified the MGST1 activating protease from liver microsomes and finally identified that the protease is hepsin, a type II transmembrane serine protease. When the protease was incubated with the purified MGST1 or liposomal MGST1 at 4 degrees C, MGST1 activity was increased 3-4.5 fold after 3-6 d. In electrophoretic and immunoblot analyses after the incubation of MGST1 with the protease MGST1 dimer and its degraded fragment were detected. These results suggest that the rat liver microsomal hepsin functions as MGST1 activating/degrading enzyme.

To elucidate the mechanism for formation of zinc-containing bacteriochlorophyll a in the photosynthetic bacterium Acidiphilium rubrum, we isolated homologs of magnesium chelatase subunits (bchI, -D, and -H). A. rubrum bchI and -H were encoded by single genes located on the clusters bchP-orf168-bchI-bchD-orf320-crtI and bchF-N-B-H-L as in Rhodobacter capsulatus, respectively. The deduced sequences of A. rubrum bchI, -D, and -H had overall identities of 59. 8, 40.5, and 50.7% to those from Rba. capsulatus, respectively. When these genes were introduced into bchI, bchD, and bchH mutants of Rba. capsulatus for functional complementation, all mutants were complemented with concomitant synthesis of bacteriochlorophyll a. Analyses of bacteriochlorophyll intermediates showed that A. rubrum cells accumulate magnesium protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester without detectable accumulation of zinc protoporphyrin IX or its monomethyl ester. These results indicate that a single set of magnesium chelatase homologs in A. rubrum catalyzes the insertion of only Mg(2+) into protoporphyrin IX to yield magnesium protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester. Consequently, it is most likely that zinc-containing bacteriochlorophyll a is formed by a substitution of Zn(2+) for Mg(2+) at a step in the bacteriochlorophyll biosynthesis after formation of magnesium protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester.