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Abstract Aims/Introduction Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) were reported to increase hemoglobin levels in short‐term clinical trials. Whether it is also true in real clinical practice is unknown. Materials and Methods This is a retrospective cohort study. Inclusion criterion was diabetes patients who visited our outpatient clinic from January 2019 to August 2020. Exposure of interest was the use of SGLT2i. Outcomes were hemoglobin levels. For the cross‐sectional analyses, non‐linear regression models were fitted with restricted cubic splines to investigate the association between hemoglobin levels and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) for users and non‐users of SGLT2i. For the case–control study, cases (anemia defined as hemoglobin 15 mL/min/1.73 m2. For the case–control study, 197 cases and controls were matched. Conditional logistic regression showed that the use of SGLT2i was associated with significantly lower prevalence of anemia (odd ratio 0.35, 95% confidence interval 0.21–0.58). Adjusted mean differences in hemoglobin levels between users and propensity score‐matched non‐users of SGLT2i were 7.0 g/L (95% confidence interval 3.0–10.0 g/L) at 6 months. Among SGLT2i users, the odds of an increase in 6‐month hemoglobin were similar across eGFR categories, except for eGFR