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Objective: Refraining from intake of allergic foods, chronic inflammation and immunosuppressive drug use are factors associated with anemia in atopic dermatitis (AD). In this study, we aimed to investigate the frequency of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and comorbid risk factors affecting this frequency in children with AD. Method: The medical records of 100 children aged 0-6 years with AD (patient group) and 100 healthy children of the same age group without AD (control group) were treated in Sivas Numune State Hospital from May 2019 to October 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Results: In our study, the frequency of AD in children with AD (15%) was significantly higher than in healthy children (5%) (p<0.001). Early-onset AD, increased SCORAD severity index scores, concomitant food sensitivities, especially multiple food sensitivities, asthma, skin infection, breastfeeding for more than 6 months and presence of multiple atopic conditions were associated with a higher frequency of AD in children with AD. However, hay fever, family history of atopy, exposure to cigarette smoke, large family size, consanguinity and parental socioeconomic status were not significantly associated with a higher prevalence of AD in children with AD. Conclusion: The prevalence of AD was significantly higher in children with AD compared to healthy children. Therefore, improving clinicians’ self awareness of screening and monitoring for AD in children with AD is essential to minimize the burden of AD disease. More comprehensive further studies are needed to investigate the link between IDA and AD and relevant influencing factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, itchy, recurrent, and recurrent inflammatory skin disease that affects 2-20% of the population, especially in childhood. Its pathophysiology is complex and occurs as a result of genetic, immunological, and environmental factors, especially epithelial-barrier dysfunction. We determined the frequency of food sensitization and vitamin D deficiency in patients with AD. Methods: This cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted by examining the files of patients who were admitted to the pediatrics allergy and immunology outpatient clinic with AD. A total of 72 patients with eczema were included in the study. Results: 37.5% (n=27) of the patients were girls. The mean age was 3.8±3.6 years. Food sensitization was proven in 40.2% (n=29) of all cases included in the study. Vitamin D deficiency was found in 30.6% (n=22) of the cases. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels were found to be lower in the patient group than in the control group. The limitation of our study is that it was retrospective and blood tests could not be re-evaluated after treatment in all patients. Conclusion: In patients with AD, serum vitamin D levels were significantly lower. We examined vitamin D deficiency in AD patients who applied to us as a clinical team. According to our study, we can say that both food sensitization and vitamin D deficiency should be investigated in AD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The prevalence of food allergy (FA) has gradually increased. Bloody stool is among the symptoms associated with non-immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated FA in infants. In our study, we shared the clinical characteristics of the patients who applied to our clinic with bloody stool. Material and Methods: The data of the patients with bloody stool were reviewed. Patients' characteristics and the time of onset of tolerance in patients with FA were recorded, retrospectively. Results: The 110 patient files were reviewed. 68% of the patients were diagnosed with FA (63 proctocolitis/12 enterocolitis), 22% with an anal fissure, and 9% with nonspecific colitis. The most common causative food was cow milk (57%), the second was the combination of egg and milk (24.2%), and the third was egg (18.2%). The presence of atopic dermatitis (AD) and eosinophil count at the time of admission did not affect tolerance development time but it was shown that skin prick test (SPT) positivity and the high level of total IgE at the time of admission delayed the development of tolerance [(p=0.02), (r=0.510, p=0.009)]. Conclusion: Bloody stool is one of the common complaints in infants. It does not always indicate a FA. The clinic is mild when the underlying disease is non-IgE mediated FA. However, accompanying IgE-type sensitivities negatively affect the prognosis. Elevated total IgE and SPT positivity at the time of diagnosis may give an impression that tolerance of baked products could be delayed in this type of allergy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, itchy, and recurrent inflammatory skin disease. AD, which is known as a childhood disease because of its common occurrence, is also an important health problem in adults. With increasing prevalence rates throughout each year, particularly in developed countries, AD has a heterogeneous clinical presentation that varies with age and different degrees of severity. The treatment includes the use of topical or systemic agents after identifying the needs of the patients. Especially, the identification of molecules responsible for pathogenesis recently has allowed the development of tailored treatments. With a better understanding of both the disease and the economic burden of AD recently, studies have gained momentum on diagnosis, treatment, and quality of life. Guidelines and consensus reports addressing diagnostic and therapeutic approaches have been published in our country, too, in parallel to publications in various countries. In this age of rapid information sharing, all kinds of information need to be updated frequently and become further useful. For this purpose, it is planned to develop a current consensus guideline under the leadership of the Dermatoimmunology and Allergy Association, with the contributions of the Cosmetology and the Dermatology Academy Association, Kayseri Dermatology and the Venereal Diseases Association, and Manisa Dermatology and the Venereal Diseases Association, and through the participation of faculty members experienced in the diagnosis and treatment of AD. The topics and the authors were chosen in December 2020. All Medline data published in the years between 1980 and 2021, current AD diagnosis and treatment guidelines, meta-analytical studies, and expert opinions and experiences were reviewed, and section drafts were developed. Literature data and section drafts were assessed and discussed during a meeting held in March 2021 with the participation of all authors. Then, the sections were finalized via e-mail correspondences and submitted as a final consensus report. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ümraniye Pediatri Dergisi is the property of KARE Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: Atopic dermatitis and chronic spontaneous urticaria are allergic skin diseases with recurrent attacks. In this study, disease activity score and laboratory parameters were investigated in patients with atopic dermatitis and chronic spontaneous urticaria. Ma- terial and Methods: A total of 68 patients including 33 atopic dermatitis and 35 chronic spontaneous urticaria patients from the dermatology outpatient clinics were enrolled in this study. Serum levels of total immunoglobulin E (IgE), blood eosinophil and basophil counts; prevalence of sensitization to aeroallergens, and disease activity scores were compared between the two groups. Results: A higher eosinophil count in the peripheral blood was observed in atopic dermatitis patients com- pared to chronic spontaneous urticaria patients. Disease activity scores (SCORAD index) were positively correlated with the eosinophil count and total IgE levels. Furthermore, it was found that the basophil count increased while total IgE levels and SCORAD index scores decreased in the chronic period of the disease. Total IgE levels and SCORAD index scores were higher in atopic dermatitis patients with a positive skin prick test. In chronic spontaneous urticaria patients, it was observed that basophil counts and total IgE levels were correlated, but there was not a correlation between disease activity scores, skin prick test results, and levels of other laboratory parameters. Conclusion: The relationship of serum parameters, especially IgE levels, with the disease activity was found to be significant only in atopic dermatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Atopic march is a model that explains the progression of allergic diseases from atopic dermatitis (AD) to allergic asthma and rhinitis. In our study, while evaluating the presence of allergen sensitivity and allergic diseases in patients who were diagnosed with AD and followed up until the age of at least 5 years, we wanted to investigate how much the definition of classical atopic gait responded to expectations. Material and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the file records of patients diagnosed with atopic dermatitis, whose ages were 2 years and under at the time of application and followed up regularly until at least 5 years of age. We recorded the clinical and laboratory findings. We noted the allergic disease status and allergen sensitivity of the patients when they were 5 years old. Results: Forty-one patients with a diagnosis of AD who met the criteria were identified. During the application, we found food sensitivity in 28 (68.3%) patients. When 41 patients reached the age of 5, 13 (31.7%) were diagnosed with asthma and 12 (29.2%) were diagnosed with allergic rhinitis. Conclusion: We found the frequency of asthma and allergic rhinitis higher in patients with AD than in the normal population. However, we could not show a relationship between food sensitivity and the development of asthma and/or allergic rhinitis. Effective skin care in AD can be protective for developing of allergic diseases. In order for clinicians to understand the heterogeneity of atopic disease models in children and to eliminate this variability, infants with AD should be followed up in later life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with unexplained points in its pathogenesis. Altered expressions of microRNAs (miRNA, miR) in plasma can serve as markers that distinguish diseased individuals from healthy controls AD. In the present study, plasma expression levels of miR-1910-3p, miR-4649-3p, miR-4296 and miR-210 were investigated in AD. Material and Method: Forty patients with AD and forty healthy control subjects were included in the present study. Quantitative realtime PCR was used to measure miRNAs. Results: The mean plasma miR-4296 level was higher in the patient group (p < 0.001). There was a significant negative correlation between SCORAD scores and miR-210 levels (r:-0.340, p=0.032). miR-210 levels decreased with increasing disease severity. In logistic regression analyses, an increase in plasma miR-4296 levels was found to be statistically significant (OR =5.464, p<0.001). Moreover, although not significant in other analyzes, a decrease in the miR-1910-3p was shown statistically significant. Conclusion: MiRNAs are crucial in the pathogenesis of AD. Increased miR-4296 seems to be significantly better at discriminating AD patients from healthy individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pamukkale Medical Journal is the property of Pamukkale Journal of Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Given the role of the interaction between gut microbiome with dermatological diseases, namely "gut-skin axis", the present author proved that gut restoration should alleviate canine atopic dermatitis (CAD), which was the purpose of the study. A 4-week, open-label, non-controlled case series involved 8 -owned dogs with CAD which had received no previous treatment. Evaluations included Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index version 4 (CADESI-04 scores), Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pruritus scores and Polycheck in vitro allergen specific tests. Faecal samples were analysed by dual indexing one-step PCR and 16S rRNA targeted metagenomics for detecting gut microbiota alterations before and after fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) capsule treatment twice daily for 4 weeks. All cases were presenting pruritus and all of those dogs showed elevated IgE levels. CADESI scores decreased on days 28 (4-21) compared to day 0 initial values (50-128). Similarly, decreased VAS scores were detected on days 28 (0-2) in contrast to prior values (6-10). Regarding epidermal barrier functioning epidermal hydration (55-100 vs. 4-24) and pH (6.-7.8 vs. 4.2-5.7) values were elevated after FMT treatment in contrast to prior ranges, respectively. Alpha diversity revaled both richness and diversity of gut microbiota were improved for all cases on day 28. Furthermore at the end of trial Firmicutes: Bacteroidetes ratio was <8, the benchmark detected for healthy dogs. The present study supports a potential benefit of FMT capsule treatment against CAD. This safe and tolerant treatment modality directed against CAD shifted the gut microbiome composition towards a healthy state for all 8 dogs enrolled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Design: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic, recurrent, and itchy inflammatory skin disease. Various therapeutic agents are available, but severe side effects may limit their usage. Recently, dupilumab, a human monoclonal antibody that targets the interleukin-4 (IL-4) receptor alpha subunit of heterodimeric IL-4 and IL-13 receptors, is approved and might be used in patients with resistant AD, with the permission of the Ministry of Health. Materials and Methods: This study aimed to retrospectively evaluate the clinical characteristics of patients and dupilumab treatment responses in our center. This study included patients with AD who were unresponsive to conventional treatments and treated with dupilumab. Sociodemographic, laboratory data, previous treatments, and responses along with disease severity scores [eczema area and severity index (EASI)] before and after dupilumab were evaluated through the electronic files of patients. Results: A total of 21 patients (13 males and 8 females) between June 2019 and March 2021 were identified. The mean age of patients was 40.57±15.21 years. The mean duration of dupilumab treatment was 6.59±5.88 months. The mean EASI score at the beginning of dupilumab was 15.35±8.03, whereas 4.6±2.9 after treatment. A 70-100% improvement was found in approximately 75% of the patients. No side effects were observed that required treatment discontinuation or dose changes. Conclusion: Our study has the highest number of reported patients in our country, which revealed that dupilumab is highly effective and safe for conventional treatment-resistant AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pamukkale Medical Journal is the property of Pamukkale Journal of Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, recurrent inflammatory skin disease usually caused by genetic predisposition, immune dysregulation, epidermal barrier dysfunction and interaction of environmental factors. Atopic dermatitis is part of atopic march and is often accompanied by food allergy. Aeroallergenic sensitization at early age is not an expected finding. Here, we present five cases with moderate-severe atopic dermatitis during infancy, in whom food allergy was detected and the symptoms improved only partially despite elimination and treatment. Sensitization was investigated in patients with a history of intense exposure to cats by specific IgE and skin prick test in infants with atopic dermatitis who had food allergy and persistant findings. Egg allergy was detected in four of the cases, wheat allergy in one. Cat allergy was present in all. Elimination diet was started in all cases. When exposure to cats was reduced, a marked improvement in the findings of atopic dermatitis was observed in all cases. Allergic diseases are increasing day by day. Unexpected aeroallergenic sensitization is now more common in the early stages of life. Allergic patients, regardless of age, should be questioned in detail for aeroallergen exposure. If it is detected; necessary preventive measures should be taken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic skin disease affecting mainly children with an increasing prevalence worldwide. AD is a complex trait resulting from genetic predisposition, skin barrier dysfunction, immune dysregulation, and environmental factors. The major risk factors for AD are a family history of atopy (eczema, asthma, or allergic rhinitis) and the loss-of-function mutations in the filaggrin (FLG) gene. This review highlights the role of the genetic abnormalities identified in AD, from the susceptibility loci in genome-wide associations to epigenetic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atopic dermatitis (Ad), an important dermatological problem for humans, similar to dogs. Although it is known that leaky gut-related increase in intestinal permeability and deterioration of the intestinal microbiota play a role in the disease, there are still unknowns regarding in term of both diagnosis and treatment. In this study, based on the relationship between atopic dermatitis and intestinal microbiota; 1) determination of whether Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactbacillus paracasei and probiotic enema can be used in the treatment of itching, which is the leading symptom, 2) aimed to evaluate the administration of one of the new, up-to-date probiotherapy options that are promising for role model treatment by rectal enema, also known as proctolysis, in contrast to problems of absorption in oral administration. In our study, a total of 12 dogs with Ad as different ages, breeds, and both sexes were included. Cases which had no previous treatment history, showed clinical findings compatible with Favrot criteria and atopy accompanying with increasing allergen-specific IgE level, were determined in the light of allergen-specific IgE levels (before treatment), CADESI-04 scores and clinical findings, and then rectal enema with nutraceuticals. Probiotic enema with Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactbacillus paracasei was applied 10-15 cm forward from the rectum via foley catheter or rectal catheter. Pruritus of 12 dogs with Ad applied probiotherapy by rectal enema were ceased significantly between 0 and 10 days. In conclusion, it has been observed that L. plantarum and L. paracasei strains, which can be evaluated in antipruritic lactic acid bacteria, can be used for both clinical improvement and relief of itching in dogs with atopic dermatitis at the recommended and applied dose/time in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Repetitive wheezing in children today is an important problem. It isimportant to identify preventable risk factors in children with recurrentwheezing complaints. Asking for risk factors and making suggestions can preventboth recurrent admission and persistent bronchial damage. The present research was conducted to evaluate therisk factors of recurrent wheezing in children. Methods: Thiscross-sectional study was performed with 50 children with recurrent wheezing.Previous medical history and sociodemographic features of children weresearched.Results: The60%(n=30) of participants were male , %40 (n=20) were female. The mean age andbirth weight of children were calculated 49.1 ± 48 months and 3227.2 ± 680.6 grrespectively. Children with recurrent wheezing had significantly diverse ratiosin terms of the type of delivery (p=0,007),breast feding (p lt;0.001),vaccinations (p lt;0.001),atopic dermatitis (p lt;0.001),child care (p=0.003),natal and postnatal maternal smoking (p lt;0.001, p=0.007), asthma history of the parents and siblings(p lt;0.001), rural-urbansettlement (p=0.021), andmoisture and warming shape of family house (p=0.002).Conclusion: Recurrentwheezing is an important health problem in childhood. Sociodemographic, environmental preventiveapproaches must be considered in the treatment modalities of patients.

Atopik dermatit, genellikle çocukluk çağında başlayan tekrarlayıcı, hayat tarzındaki değişikliklere bağlı olarak insidansı giderek artmakta olan, yaşam kalitesini olumsuz yönde etkileyen bir hastalıktır. Ailesel veya kişisel astım, saman nezlesi, mevsimsel rinit öyküsü ve serum IgE seviyelerinde yükselme genellikle vardır. Atopik dermatit prevalansı %2-20 arasında değişir. Çocukların %10-15’ini, erişkinlerin ise %2-10’unu tutar. Atopik dermatit, infant ve erken çocukluk döneminde daha etkin bir hastalıktır. Hastaların %60’ında başlangıç yaşı yaşamın ilk bir yılı, %85’inde ise 5 yaş altındadır. Son 40 yılda insidansın giderek arttığı gözlemlenmiştir. Kuşaktan kuşağa düzensiz geçtiği tespit edilmiştir. Atopide herediter geçiş üzerine birçok araştırma yapılmıştır. Ama kalıtım modu tam olarak tespit edilememiştir. Atopik dermatit, erişkinlerde daha çok kadınlarda, çocuklarda ise daha çok erkeklerde görülmektedir. Atopik dermatitin sebebi hala bilinmemektedir. Yapılan çalışmalarda, atopik diatezin laboratuar ve klinik çalışmaları sonucunda 2 majör hipoteze ulaşılmıştır: İmmünolojik hipotez ve B blokaj teorisi. Atopik dermatit klinik olarak 3 evreye ayrılır: İnfantil atopik dermatit, çocukluk çağı atopik dermatit, adult ve adolesan.

Recently, dupilumab treatment in atopic dermatitis (AD) has been an effective and safe option in terms of adverse effects. However, combination therapies can sometimes be better at increasing efficacy or reducing adverse effects or cumulative doses. Early combination therapies may be more rational, especially considering that dupilumab treatment alone is less effective and has a late-onset efficacy. Here, we discussed dupilumab and a short-term narrowband ultraviolet B combination therapy in a child with AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic skin disease that develops under the influence of genetic and environmental factors and usually starts in infancy. It is the first step of the process defined as atopic march. It can be an early sign of the development of allergic diseases such as asthma and allergic rhinitis. Especially in patients with atopic sensitivity to food and inhalant allergens, the emergence of other atopic diseases is more common. Although the role of these sensitivities in atopic dermatitis is controversial, it has been determined that some patients may trigger eczematous skin lesions. In this report, the role of allergens in atopic dermatitis are reviewed in the light of current literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Food allergen sensitization patterns vary among patients with atopic dermatitis in different countries. The aim of this study was to determine the food sensitization patterns of infants with food-triggered atopic dermatitis. Material and Methods: The study was a retrospective evaluation of atopic dermatitis patients who were followed at the Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Clinic of our hospital. Among these patients, those who had both positive skin prick test and positive serum specific IgE to a food were included in the study. The diagnosis of food sensitization was confirmed upon improvement with an elimination diet Results: A total of 204(74.5% boys) atopic dermatitis patients less than 1 year of age were found to have food-trigerred atopic dermatitis. Median age at diagnosis was 3 months(interquartile range: 1-5.8). When skin prick test and serum specific IgE results were analyzed, we found sensitivity to egg in 85.8%, milk in 35.5%, wheat in 3.9%, walnut in 1.5%, peanut in 2.5%, and fish in 2% of the patients. None of the patients showed sensitivity to soybean. Conclusion: Our findings indicated that a large portion of our patients were male, egg was the most common food sensitivity, the prevalence of peanut sensitivity was less than other countries and none of the patients had soy sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, itchy, inflammatory skin disease that progresses with exacerbations. This study was planned to determine how atopic dermatitis affects the quality of life of patients and their families. Material and Methods: One hundred twenty patients with atopic dermatitis, as diagnosed using the Hanifin Rajka diagnostic criteria, and their families were included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups as active and remission. Disease severity was classified as mild, moderate, and severe according to the SCORAD index. Total IgE, peripheral eosinophil counts, and allergy skin tests were performed. Literate patients completed the Childrens' Dermatology Life Quality Index by themselves. The Infants' Dermatology Life Quality Index was completed by their families. Also, the Family Dermatological Quality of Life Index was completed by one of the parents for each patient. Results: Among the 120 patients who participated in the study, 76 (63.33%) were male and 44 (36.66%) were female. The mean age was 4.36±3.52 years. The quality of life survey scores were statistically significantly lower in the remission group compared with the active group (p<0.05). The quality of life questionnaire scores were higher in the group with a severe SCORAD index (p<0.05). There was no significant correlation between total IgE, peripheral eosinophil count, skin test results, and questionnaire scores (p>0.05). At least one allergen susceptibility was detected in 65% of the patients who underwent allergy skin tests. Conclusion: Quality of life was affected negatively in patients with atopic dermatitis and their families. In this study, the quality of life survey results were found to be higher in the active group and the group with a high SCORAD index compared with the remission group and the group with a low SCORAD index. Based on this finding, we can conclude that quality of life is negatively affected by high disease activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study, aimed to determine the effect of bathing habits and moisturizer use on the severity of atopic dermatitis in pediatric patients and determine the families' attitudes. Material and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, data were collected by administering a questionnaire containing questions about bathing frequency, bathing duration, bathing methods, bath products used, and moisturizers used by mothers for children atopic dermatitis. The SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) score was used to determine the severity of atopic dermatitis. Serum total immunoglobulin (Ig) E, eosinophil percentage, and skin prick test results were obtained from the patient's health record. Results: The study was attended by the mothers of 49 boys and 51 girls (age 6 months to 15 years old) with atopic dermatitis. When the patients were grouped according to the SCORAD score, 48 had mild, 49 had moderate, and three had severe atopic dermatitis. The frequency of washing with bath was high in patients grouped according to SCORAD (p=0.001). Patients with severe atopic dermatitis more often take a bath in the winter than those with mild and moderate atopic dermatitis (22.45%) (p=0.034). No significant relationship was found between moisturizer use, bathing frequency, and bath products used and severity of atopic dermatitis. Conclusion: Bathing can be more effective than taking a shower. In the treatment of atopic dermatitis, the use of moisturizers, type of bathing, and bathing products used in addition to medications may be important and must be evaluated comprehensively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Skin prick test (SPT) is mainly used for diagnosis and follow-up of diseases like atopic dermatitis (AD), chronic urticaria (CU), allergic asthma (AA) and allegic rhinitis (AR). The aim of current study is to explore the results of SPT retrospectively which were performed in Dermatology Outpatient Allergy Unit (DOAU) for identifying indications and positivity. Methods: Results of SPT which were performed on 2014-2016 were investigated based on archives of DOAU. Results of SPT were analyzed from the SPT Forms which were prepared for each patient. Results: SPT were performed on 1916 individuals who admitted to DOAU during 2015-2016. AA was determined in 941, AR in 133 and dermatological diseases were 842 patients. SPT positive results, for at least one or more allergen agents, of patients with AA, AR and dermatological diseases were 92.1%, 71.4% and 50% respectively. Dermatological diseases included; except CU in 69 patients and AD in 55 patients. In the remaining 718 patients were diagnosed with dermatitis, idiopathic generalised pruritus (IGP) and other dermatological disorders. SPT positivity rates in CU was 55.1%, 52.7% in AD and 48.6% in several dermatological diseases. Conclusions: As a result, the rate of SPT positivity in patients with AA and AR were higher than both CU, AD and several dermatological diseases. The reason of this may be related with lesser role of type 1 hypersensivity reaction in etiopathogenesis of CU and AD, and/or improper SPT indications who were directed with diagnosis of several dermatological diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: While being seen more often than the other seeds, prevalence of sesame allergy has been estimated to be 0.1-0.2%. There have been limited studies about sesame allergy in children, and it is frequently in the form of case reports. In our study, evaluating clinical and laboratory features in cases with sesame allergy was aimed. Method: In our cross sectional-descriptive study, a retrospective review of 804 (%20.8) children who received evaluation by the diagnosis of food allergy and/or atopic dermatitis in a population of 3863 patients applied to the pediatric allergy outpatient clinic from February 2017 to June 2019 has been conducted. Information including the demographic characteristics, presenting symptoms and laboratory examinations of 7 patients (0.87%) with sesame allergy were recorded. Results: The median age of 7 patients who were included in the study was 11 months and all were males. All the patients had symptoms of atopic dermatitis, there was accompanying anaphylaxis related to Cow's Milk Protein Allergy in one patient. Among the patients; median eosinophil count was:780/mm3, median total IgE level was: 264 IU/L, median sesame specific IgE level was: 2.7 IU/L. Conclusion: With the growing trend of using seeds such as sesame in our daily diet, hypersensitivity reactions are being reported with ever increasing rates Because of its frequent consumption, it carries importance in our country. A careful history taking, together with inclusion of edible seeds in food allergy testing panels and confirmation of diagnosis by challenge testing in the suspected cases may be contributing to the rise in the frequency of diagnosing sesame allergy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advances in omic analyses and the accurate determination of DNA sequencing of genomes of human-related microbial communities have helped increase the knowledge of the function and structure of human microbiota in diseased and healthy states. However there is still not much work done in this regard. In this study, three important autoimmune diseases, Psoriasis, Rheumatoid Arthritis and Atopic Dermatitis were selected. Firstly the transcriptional regulation for these diseases were integrated with metabolic pathways using omic tools. Secondly the link between human intestinal microbial species and these diseases were revealed. The results have shown that there is a mutual group of microbial species among the selected diseases. These are intensively species of Firmicutes, Deltaproteobacteria, Bacteriodetes and Actinobacteria phyla. Another noteworthy aspect of this study is that the microbial species of the Tenericutes phyla are intensely present in atopic dermatitis and rheumatoid arthritis but not in psoriasis. These results display that human gut microbiota has a role in complex autoimmune diseases. This study showed that not only genes and proteins, but also metabolites, microbiota and pathogen groups should be examined and analyzed in detail in order to comprehend the mechanism of a disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Atopic dermatitis (AD) in studies conducted by the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), children aged 6-7 years accounted for less than 2% in Iran, 16% in Japan and Sweden, and 13-14 years in Albania less than 1%, and over 15% in Northern Europe. House dust mite (HDM) sensitivity confers a distinct phenotype in AD. The current study aimed to determine the factors influencing the disease severity in HDMsensitized AD patients. Materials and Methods: Thirty-three patients with HDMsensitized AD were enrolled in the study. The medical charts were retrospectively evaluated for complaints, age at admission and diagnosis, delivery, gender, atopy in family, sensitizations, eosinophil counts, immunoglobulin and Vitamin D levels, treatment modalities and response to treatment. Results: The chief complaint was pruritus in 81.8%, rash in 45.5% and dryness in 9.1% of patients. Objective SCORAD (scoring atopic dermatitis) at admission was 45±15. Severe AD was detected in 21 patients according to their objective SCORAD index. Accompanying allergic diseases were allergic asthma (AA) in 71.9%, allergic rhinitis (AR) in 62.5% and food allergy in 27.3% of the patients. Sixteen (57.1%) patients showed decreased vitamin D levels. When familial atopy, type of delivery, and gender were set as grouping items, age at disease onset and diagnosis, laboratory parameters and objective SCORAD were similar in HDM-sensitized AD patients. On the other hand, patients with low vitamin D levels had significantly low levels of serum IgG and IgA and significantly high levels of specific IgE D1 (p=0.046, p=0.036, p=0.0023 respectively) when compared to those with normal vitamin D levels. In addition, serum vitamin D levels were found to have a strong negative correlation with specific IgE D1 levels (p=0.002, r= -0.617). Conclusion: HDM-sensitized AD has a severe and persistent phenotype. The correlation between low levels of vitamin D and high levels of D1-specific IgE in addition to lower levels of IgG and IgA in vitamin D deficient patients warrants further investigation of immunoregulatory effects of vitamin D in HDM-sensitized AD patients in larger sample sizes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Atopic dermatitis is the most common chronic inflammatory, pruritic skin disease of childhood. Role of vitamin D due to its immunomodulatory effects on the pathogenesis of the disease is being discussed recently. In our study, we planned to investigate the correlation between vitamin D deficiency and presence and severity of atopic dermatitis. Methods: Sixty-two patients under the age of five, admitted to Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital Pediatrics Allergy outpatient clinic with the diagnosis of atopic dermatitis were included in the study. Control group consisted of thirty healthy children admitted to our outpatient clinic of children's health. Eosinophil counts, total IgE and specific IgE levels of the patients with atopic dermatitis were recorded from their patient files. Disease severity was evaluated using SCORAD index. Patients with SCORAD index scores of <25, 25-50, and >50 points were classified in mild, moderate and severe disease groups. Vitamin 25(OH)D levels of ≥30, 21-29, and ≤20 ng/ml were accepted as sufficient, inadequate and deficient vitamin levels. P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: There were no significant differences in age and sex between cases with atopic dermatitis, and the control group. In %22.6 (n=14) of the atopic dermatitis patients and %3 (n=10) of the control group vitamin D deficiency was detected. Mean 25(OH) D vitamin levels of the patients with low and moderate SCORAD index scores were 39.47±18.49 and 25.07±13.74 points, respectively, without any statistically significant difference between both groups (p=0.059). Conclusion: In our study, we found no correlations between vitamin D levels and development of atopic dermatitis or disease severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Design: Atopic dermatitis (AD) has a complicated etiopathogenesis and difficulties in diagnosis and treatment from time to time. Because of the disease which different approaches can be seen rationalize the need for an algorithm for the diagnosis, classification, etiopathogenesis, diagnostic tests and therapeutic approach. Therefore, authors from Dermatoallergy Working Group of the Turkish Society of Dermatology aimed to create an AD guideline for the diagnosis, treatment and followup. Materials and Methods: Each section of the guideline has been written by a different author. The prepared sections were evaluated in part by e-mail correspondence and have taken its final form after revision in the last meeting held by the participation of all authors. Results: The guideline includes the diagnosis, classification, etiopathogenesis, diagnostic tests and therapeutic approach of AD. Lesions show age-related morphology and distribution. There are no in vivo/in vitro tests that have high sensitivity and specificity that can be used to identify AD and trigger factors. The first step of treatment consists of moisturizers, topical corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors, respectively. Moisturizers are used therapeutically in all forms of AD. Topical corticosteroids are the first agents to be used when moisturizers are inadequate. Topical calcineurin inhibitors should be used in lesions resistant to corticosteroids, for proactive treatment, special areas. Antimicrobials agents and antiseptics should only be added to treatment when clinical signs of infection are present. And in topical treatment-resistant cases, second-line treatment is phototherapy or oral cyclosporine. The biologic agent, dupilumab, is promising in the treatment of severe AD. Conclusion: AD is a disease that can be challenging for the physician in terms of treatment and follow-up. Depending on evidence-based data (and individual experiences), this guideline will have a leading role in the diagnosis and treatment of AD and help the physician to overcome the challenges in the management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Dermatology / Turk Dermatoloji Dergisis is the property of Galenos Yayinevi Tic. LTD. STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common disease during infancy. The data on food hypersensitivity (FH) in the first six months and especially in the first three months of life is limited in children with AD. The aim of this study was to find out the frequency of FH and related factors in infants with AD in regard to their referral age. Materials and Methods: Infants younger than 1 years of age who were diagnosed as AD at the Ankara Training and Research Hospital’s Department of Pediatrics were included in our study. The demographic features, nutritional status, disease severity and skin test results were recorded. A diagnosis of FH was made in the presence of a positive skin test with the related allergen. All the patients with FH had resolution of the symptoms with the elimination of the relevant food from the diet. Results: One-hundred and ten patients (70% male) were included. In patients younger than 3 months of age, the SCORAD-index and total IgE levels were higher in the patients with FH compared to patients without FH [(25.2(20.9-34.9) vs. 19.2(13.1-24.2), (p=0.034) and 22.2(11.6-52.6)kU/L vs. 4(4-10)kU/L, (p=0.04), respectively]. In patients aged between 3 and 6 months of age, the SCORAD index, total IgE and eosinophil levels were higher in patients with FH compared to patients without FH [36.2(29.3-44.7) vs. 18.8(13.3-26.7), (p<0.001)], [42.1(6.3-283)kU/L vs. 8.3(4.8-8.3)kU/L, (p=0.033)], [7.5%(3.9-9.7) vs. 3.5%(1.8-5.8), (p=0.01)]. In patients older than 6 months of age, the SCORAD index, eosinophil and IgE levels were similar between patients with and without FH. Conclusion: In infants with AD, the prevalence of food allergy in early life (≤3 months) might be higher in patients with a higher SCORAD index and IgE levels. These laboratory features are useful tools in order to predict food hypersensitivity and in relevant clinical conditions food allergy, and might avoid unnecessary testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atopic dermatitis is a recurrent disease that usually starts in childhood with increasing incidence due to changes in lifestyle, affecting quality of life in a negative way. Familial or personal asthma, hay fever, seasonal rhinitis, and elevation in serum IgE levels are common. The prevalence of atopic dermatitis ranges from 2-20%. It accounts for 10-15% of children and 2-10% of adults. Atopic dermatitis is a more effective disease in infancy and early childhood. Onset age of disease is in first year of life for 60% of patients, and below 5 years of age for 85%. It has been observed that the incidence has increased gradually over the last 40 years. It has been determined that it has passed unevenly. A lot of research has been done on hereditary transition in atopic dermatitis. But the hereditary mode has not been fully identified. Atopic dermatitis is seen more in women adults, and more in boys children. The cause of atopic dermatitis is still unknown. In the studies performed, 2 major hypotheses were reached as a result of atrophic diathesis laboratory and clinical studies: Immunological hypothesis and B blocking theory. Atopic dermatitis is clinically divided into three stages: Infantile atopic dermatitis, childhood atopic dermatitis, adult and adolescent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: We aimed to demonstrate the effect of neonatal sepsis on the development of allergic diseases at later ages. Materials and Methods: For the study, 126 children who were diagnosed with sepsis in the neonatal period, and hospitalized between 2001 and 2003 were recruited, and divided into two groups. Group one consisted of children who had sepsis in the neonatal period. Group two children were chosen from among group one's siblings as controls in whom genetic and environmental factors leading to allergic diseases were similar. The prevalence of allergic diseases were compared between the two groups. The Turkish version of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Children questionnaire was used via the face-to-face methodology. Additionally, total blood count was studied for potential eosinophilia, total immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels were measured, and skin prick tests were performed on each subject. Results: Total IgE levels and sensitivity to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinea were significantly lower (p<0.05) in group one. Also the prevalence of asthma and allergic symptoms were significantly less common (p<0.05) in the first group. Interestingly, we found no significant difference in the prevalence of allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis between the two groups. Conclusion: The present study highlighted that contact with severe infections such as sepsis in the neonatal period can be a cause of decreased sensitivity to environmental allergens and the prevalence of asthma in childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aims of the study were to evaluate the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) colonization and to determine the risk factors related to colonization. Materials and Methods: Nasal swab cultures were obtained from all participants. Lesional skin swabs were taken from atopic children and fingertip skin swabs were taken from healthy controls. The severity of atopic dermatitis was evaluated by using the SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) and Eczema Severity and Scoring Index (EASI) scores at the beginning and also at the end of the study after a year of follow-up. Serum total IgE levels were measured. Atopic status was evaluated by skin prick tests. Results: Nasal S. aureus colonization was higher in children with atopic dermatitis compared to healthy controls (p=0.034). Both nasal and skin S. aureus colonization was associated with disease severity (p=0.047, p=0.04, respectively). Nasal S. aureus colonization was significantly associated with male gender, high serum total IgE levels, extrinsic atopic dermatitis and skin S. aureus colonization (p<0.05). Skin S. aureus colonization was only associated with nasal S. aureus colonization (p=0.012). In logistic regression analysis, female gender [p=0.04, adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR):0.15, 95% Coefficient Interval (CI): 0.28-0.916], and having non-colonized skin with S.aureus (p=0.027, aOR:0.14, 95% CI:0.26-0.807) were associated with lower risk for nasal S. aureus colonization, whereas, high serum total IgE levels were associated with increased risk for nasal S. aureus colonization (p=0.026, aOR:1.04; 95% CI: 1.001-1.008). Conclusion: Nasal S. aureus colonization is high in children with atopic dermatitis. Both nasal and skin S. aureus colonization are associated with disease severity. Male gender, high serum IgE levels and skin S. aureus colonization are associated with nasal S. aureus colonization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The Internet is a very widely used information source and frequently used to obtain information about health, in particular. The aim of this study was to investigate, with reference to the international guidelines, the contents of Turkish web pages, prepared to provide information about atopic dermatitis (AD). Materials and Methods: The web sites evaluated in this study were obtained through the search engine http://www.google.com. tr/, using the keywords atopic dermatitis and eczema. Sites were classified according to their source and were examined in terms of definition, diagnostic methods, and treatment recommendations with reference to the international guidelines. Results: In the analysis according to source, most of the pages (29%) were blog/forum pages, prepared by unknown persons, and personal physician pages (22%). While the proportion of sites with video information was 6%, the proportion of social networking sites was 2%. In the analysis according to their content, complete and accurate information in terms of diagnosis and treatment of AD were found in child health and disease and child allergy and immunology specialist personal pages, the page of associations and the Internet encyclopedia Wikipedia. While the most accurate treatment approaches were non-pharmacological treatment (17%) and prophylactic treatment (25%), topical medications were defined in an insufficient number of sites. The number of sites with proposals of alternative medicine was found to be quite high (28%). Conclusion: Despite the large number of Internet sites providing information on atopic dermatitis, many sites were not based on medical resources, and there was a lot of content that was incomplete or incorrect, mainly involving reviews by users. We believe that Internet sites need to be reviewed for their content and the existing information needs to be improved in terms of reliability and timeliness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Pediatric Infection / Çocuk Enfeksiyon Dergisi is the property of Journal of Pediatric Infection / Cocuk Enfeksiyon Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: Egg allergy is the second frequently seen childhood allergy after cow milk allergy (0.5-2.5%). During infancy the patients frequently present with urticaria and atopic dermatitis, however, in some cases with anaphylactic reactions as well. Herein, it is aimed to investigate the clinical features of children with egg allergy and impact of age group on clinical features. Methods: This is a retrospective, cross-sectional study consisting of 59 patients with diagnosis of IgE-mediated egg allergy established during September 2013-2015. Diagnosis was done by positive food provocation test or by a history of anaphylactic reaction against egg protein. Patients under 2 years of age were enrolled as Group I and those over 2 years as Group II, and the demographic, clinical and biochemical findings of both groups were compared. Results: Mean age of the patients was 27.1±13.8 months, mean age of onset of symptoms was 7.8±8.2 months. Of the patients 33.9% were girls and 66.1% were boys. Patients presented with cough 28.8% (n=17), dyspnea 28.8% (n=17), urticaria 18.6% (n=11), restlessness 16.9% (n=10), vomiting 10.1% (n=7), and diarrhea 8.4% (n=5). Patients were diagnosed as atopic dermatitis (72.8%; n=43), asthma (28.8%: n=17), urticaria/angioedema (18.6%; n=11), colitis (10.1%; n=6), and anaphylaxis (3.3%; n=2). Regarding the distribution of symptoms and diagnoses, diagnosis of asthma and symptoms of cough and dyspnea were significantly higher in cases over 2 years of age (p<0.05). Conclusion: Clinical features and laboratory findings of egg allergy can vary according to age. Respiratory symptoms outstand in patients over 2 years of age. So, clinical features and diagnostic tests should be evaluated in consideration of age groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Dermatology / Turk Dermatoloji Dergisis is the property of Galenos Yayinevi Tic. LTD. STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: The aim of the study is to measure serum levels of TSLP and TARC, to evaluate their relationships with disease severity and to compare the results with the levels of healthy children. Methods: The severity of atopic dermatitis was determined by scoring atopic dermatitis score (SCORAD). Skin prick test was performed to evaluate atopic status. Serum TSLP and TARC levels were measured in all participants. Results: Serum levels of TSLP and TARC were significantly higher in children with atopic dermatitis than those of healthy controls (p=0.001, p=0.004, respectively). While, there was an association between disease severity and serum TARC levels (p=0.014), no association was found between TSLP, and severity of disease (p=0.80). There was no correlation between TSLP and TARC (p=0.576), however, TARC was negatively correlated with age of the children with atopic dermatitis (r= -0.426, p=0.038). In receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, area under Curve (AUC) which was calculated serum TSLP level in the prediction of the presence of atopic dermatitis was 0.780 [95% confidence interval (0.640-0.885), p<0.001]. The sensitivity of serum TSLP level of 30,41 pg/mL was 72% and the specificity 84% in the prediction of the presence of atopic dermatitis. The AUC was 0,738 [95% Confident Interval (0,595-0,852), p=0.0007] for serum TARC level to estimate atopic dermatitis. The sensitivity and specificity of serum TARC level of 242.68 pg/mL were 72%, and 68% in the prediction of atopic dermatitis. Conclusion: Serum levels of TSLP and TARC are closely related with the presence of atopic dermatitis in infants. Serum TARC level is associated with the severity of atopic dermatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The mothers of children diagnosed with atopic dermatitis (AD) may be impacted in many different ways. Aim of the present study was to compare quality of life, anxiety, depression, and alexithymia symptoms between mothers of children diagnosed with AD and mothers of healthy children. Method: The study included 34 mothers of children who were diagnosed with AD between June 2012 and July 2013 and 35 mothers of healthy children. In the study, Short Form 36 (SF-36) Health Survey was used to evaluate quality of life, while the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS) was used to evaluate alexithymia level, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was used to evaluate anxiety symptoms, and the Beck Depression Scale (BDS) was used to evaluate depression symptoms. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the mothers of AD patients and control subjects in terms of quality of life, anxiety, depression, and alexithymia. In addition, there was no significant difference in disease severity or symptoms scale scores between the two groups. Conclusion: These results may suggest that mothers' mental health is not affected in the early stage of the disease. In later stages of the disease, mothers of children with AD may become psychologically affected. Long-term follow up studies are required to clarify this distinction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most frequent inflammatory skin disease in childhood. Atopic dermatitis, as the first manifestation of atopic march may continue as asthma and allergic rhinitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the early prognosis of AD in children. Material and Methods: Children who were diagnosed with AD before three years old between March 2009 and January 2012, and were followed for at least 2 years in the Pediatric Allergy Department of our tertiary hospital were enrolled in this study. Persistence of AD symptoms and development of asthma and/or allergic rhinitis were explored. Results: One hundred and four patients (59 male, 45 female) were included in the study. Atopic dermatitis persisted in 14 (13.5%) patients. Fourteen patients (13.5%) developed allergic rhinitis and 16 (15.4%) patients developed asthma. Food allergy was found to be a risk factor for persistence of AD lesions (OR (5.1) CI (1.4-18.3) (p=0.011).The presence of parental asthma (OR (6.2) (1.4-27.6) p=0,015) and persistence of AD lesions (OR (7.2) (1.7-34.9) p=0.007) were found to be risk factors for the development of asthma and/or allergic rhinitis. Conclusion: Persistence of atopic dermatitis and development of asthma and/or allergic rhinitis were significantly lower in our study group than in the literature. Long-term follow-up of patients with AD is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: An inverse association between markers of exposure to orofecal pathogens such as hepatitis A and allergic disease has been reported. However, the findings of studies have not been consistent. In this study we compared to the frequency of allergic symptoms and asthma in children with hepatitis A seropositive and seronegative. Materials and Methods: This study was performed in 499 children admitted to our Hospital and in whom we determined specific IgG in serum to hepatitis A virus (HAV). The demographical findings of the children were recorded. They were examined by using ISAAC (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood) questionnaire. Results: The mean age of 449 children was 9.28±2.24 (1-16y) years. 47.7% of the children were female and 52.3% were male. Anti-HAV IgG serology was found positive in 261 children and negative in 238 children. The frequency of physician-diagnosed asthma that kept them awake at night ≤1 per week on average by this itchy rash were found to be high in children with hepatitis A seronegative. Attacks of wheezing in the last 12 months, speech-limiting wheeze and rhinoconjunctivitis in the last 12 months were high in children with hepatitis A seropositive. Conclusion: The frequency of physician-diagnosed asthma is higher in children with hepatitis A seronegative. Significant differences between the two groups in terms of allergic symptoms were observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a multifactorial skin disease manifested by the interaction between environmental factors, immune system and the genes predisposing to the disease. It affects the quality of life of patients and their family considerably. The prevelance for children is 10-20% in developed countries, while frequency of AD is considered as rising all over the world. According to the studies conducted in our country, the frequency is about 4.9% to 8.1%. Currently, there are two main hypothesis accepted to explain disease pathogenesis; inside-outside and outside-inside hypotheses. However, these are even not able to define the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying AD in all details. In the recent years, genetic studies have revealed significant role of filaggrin gene in the pathogenesis of AD. Further, epidermal barier dysfunction is found to play an important role in the pathogenesis by causing dryness and pruritus in skin and cause predisposition to infections with some viruses and bacteria. In this review, recent data about genetic, immunologic mechanisms and the dysfunction of epidermal barier complex underlying the pathogenesis of AD will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Measles mum ps rubella vaccine is considered as a potential allergen in children with egg allergy and although it is suggested to adm inester the vaccine without any evaluation in egg allergic patients, parents and health caregiver share doubts about vaccination. Aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical reactions in patients with egg allergy after MMR vaccine adm inistration as a single dose without perform ing a skin test. Materials and Methods: Patients who were followed with diagnosis of egg allergy in our clinic between June 2013 and November 2014 were included in this study. Each patient received MM R vaccine subcutaneously as single dose without perform ing skin test with vaccine at age 9 and/or 12 months of age. Patients were followed up for 1 hour at clinic under supervision. Results: Fifty-eigth patients with egg allergy received 110 dose MMR vaccine during study. The mean age was 17.8 ± 4.4 (9-26) months and 63.8% (n= 37) were male. The mean age at diagnosis was 6.7 ± 2.7 (1-13) months. Forty eigth patients (82.8%) had atopic dermatitis, 8 patients (13.8%) had urticaria, one patient (1.7%) had anaphylaxis and one patient (1.7%) had food protein induced enterocolitis induced by egg allergy. Urticaria occurred after application of vaccine in a patient who had egg associated urticaria and atopic dermatitis. The frequency of reaction after vaccination was found as 0.9% (1/110) dose. After 3 months, skin test with MMR vaccine was found negative. Then, the patient received MMR vaccine again as a single dose and there was not any reaction. Conclusion: MMR vaccine can be administered as single dose without skin test to patients with egg allergy, especially patients who have atopic dermatitis. However, intervention equipment for possible allergic reaction should be available in center where the vaccines are applicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic relapsing skin disorder which is multifactorial in origin. Topical and systemic therapies are used in atopic dermatitis treatment in addition to moisturizers and avoidance of irritants. In approximately 10% of the cases, atopic dermatitis is severe and systemic treatment is necessary. Wet-wrap treatment is a topical systemic treatment which should be considered before the other systemic therapies in patients with moderate-severe atopic dermatitis who are refractory to conventional topical therapies. Wet-wrap is a crisis intervention treatment and indicated in children between the ages of 6 months-10 years and in adults. Wet-wrap consists of the stages of deep cleaning, hydration, administration of topical corticosteroids on lesions or moistening of this region and covering of the area with wet and dry dressing, respectively. There are variations on the recommended topical corticosteroids and the dilution ratios. Wet dressings act as a barrier against trauma, reduces itching, accelerates the healing of epithelial barrier and increases the effectiveness of topical corticosteroids. Wet-wrap therapy has been found to be effective in the majority of observational and controlled studies. Wet-wrap therapy is considered to be safe up to 1-2 weeks. In general, the side effects of the treatment are small in number and temporary. In conclusion, wet-wrap therapy is an effective treatment for moderate/severe atopic dermatitis in patients unresponsive to conventional topical treatments. Wet-wrap therapy should be considered in the treatment atopic dermatitis before the other systemic agents with severe side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]