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The sustainable valorization of discarded resources remains a challenge, and their requirements are crucial for long-term development. In this sense, we characterize biofuels of the diesel range obtained with used vegetable oils subjected to hydrodeoxygenation with Ni supported on tire rubber carbon obtained by the pyrolysis of waste tires. Under optimal reaction conditions, the vegetable oil conversion was 81.2 % with a selectivity of 82.3 % to C10–C18 alkanes, which is supported by the results of the catalyst characterization. A vertical direct injection engine was used to compare the behavior of the renewable biofuel and petroleum diesel blends. In comparison to petroleum diesel, the blends with renewable biofuel showed minimal power loss. In addition, the use of blends containing biofuels allowed a reduction of 25 % of CO and HC, as well as a decrease of 48 % is smoke compared to petroleum diesel, due to the fact that renewable biofuels improved evaporation after injection, reduced the density, and did not contain aromatic components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The management and improvement of air quality are global challenges aimed at protecting human health and environmental resources. For this purpose, in addition to legislative and scientific indications, numerous tools are available: measurement methods and tools for estimating and forecasting. As a collection of data presenting an emission of a pollutant (to air), emission inventories support the knowledge of sources impacting air quality by estimating atmospheric emissions within a specific (wide or limited) reference area. There are several methodological approaches for their definition, which can be classified into bottom–up or top–down methods. This paper aims to review the methodological approaches described in the literature that apply the top–down approach for the disaggregation of atmospheric emissions with high spatial and temporal resolution. The proxy variables used to apply this approach are identified, as well as the spatial and temporal resolution obtained by the authors. The results show that population density and land use are the most common parameters with respect to most of the emission sources and for numerous atmospheric pollutants. The spatial resolution of the disaggregation described in the literature varies from a few hundred metres to several kilometres, in relation to the territorial extension of the study areas. The results of the review help support the selection of the best and most popular proxy variables used to scale emissions inventories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental protection is becoming increasingly important in the maritime sector, particularly in the port area. Both sectors have a significant impact on the environment due to activities such as cargo handling, road and rail traffic and marine vessel operations. One of the significant aspects of port operations is emissions to the atmosphere. However, building atmospheric emission inventories in ports is a challenging task that includes intensive data collection campaigns as well as significant financial investments in data processing and analysis. This assists the decision-makers to undertake timely corrective actions and curb adverse impacts. However, current methodologies for building emission inventories have a considerable time lag since emissions are evaluated weeks or months after they have occurred. This paper aims at solving this issue by providing a methodology for building air emission inventories in real-time using IoT data sources with an emphasis on building comprehensive emission inventories in an automated fashion. To validate the approach, an atmospheric emission inventory was built based on Internet of Things (IoT) data for the port of Piraeus. The results indicate that nitrogen oxides (NOX) emissions are prevalent during both operating phases of vessels, followed by sulphur oxides (SOX) emissions. Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) and particulate matter (PM) emissions are considerably lower. Emissions during hotelling time are on average 7.1 time higher than the emission generated during the vessel manoeuvring time. In the discussion section, the advantages and constraints of the approach are given with guidelines for further refinement of the proposed methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studied the effect of blending low‐viscous Pinus oil with high‐viscous Millettia Pinnata oil on CI engine characteristics. The three blends of a combination of Pinus oil and Millettia Pinnata oil (P70K30, P50K50, and P30K70) were tested in a single‐cylinder water‐cooled computerized diesel engine coupled with an eddy current dynamometer by varying the load from 0% to 100%. The performance result establishes a positive correlation between BTE and the amount of Pinus oil in the blended fuel. Among the tested biofuel samples, P70K30 has the highest brake thermal efficiency of 29.73% but is 4.8% lower than diesel. At full load, the BSFC and BSEC of P70K30 show a 7.4% and 8.6% drop compared to diesel fuel but are higher than P50K50 and P30K70. Among the tested biofuel samples, a maximum in‐cylinder pressure of 70.96 bar was observed for P70K30, which is higher than P50K50 and P30K70 but lower than diesel. The net heat release rate and rate of pressure rise were found to be 48.26 J/oCA and 5.57 bar/oCA for P70K30, the highest among all tested conditions. Cycle‐to‐cycle variations were studied by calculating the standard deviation, range, and coefficient of variation for the in‐cylinder peak pressure of 100 cycles. The P70K30 has a coefficient of variation of 1.24%, which is higher than the P50K50 and P30K70 but lower than diesel. The P‐v diagram concludes that the three tested biofuels have strong thermodynamic properties since they have a good expansion rate and a pattern similar to diesel fuel. The emissions results show that increasing the amount of Pinus oil in blended fuel increases the NOx to 1410 ppm emissions and decreases the CO to 0.18%, HC to 44 ppm, and smoke to 76.6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The development and operation of oil fields in Western Siberia has a significant impact on various components of the environment. In particular, natural complexes of existing specially protected natural areas and promising areas that are significant for the conservation of biological diversity and landscapes are affected. In connection with the projected development of a system of specially protected natural areas in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, the aim of the work is to assess the likely pollution of municipalities in the region by emissions from the combustion of associated petroleum gas to provide decision support when choosing locations for promising protected areas. The paper presents a general description of chronic thermal and gas-chemical pollution of the atmosphere by products of associated petroleum gas combustion, zones of probable atmospheric pollution as a result of gas combustion are modeled, an assessment is made of the dynamics of the state of vegetation for the territories of municipalities, within the boundaries of which it is planned to create protected natural areas, and recommendations are given for designing such territories.

Industrial wastewater causes several environmental and health issues due to its composition, and hydrogen sulfide is one of the main contaminants from various industrial activities, including tannery wastewater treatment plants. This study aimed to evaluate the application of a modified tannin to remove hydrogen sulfide, chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, color, and turbidity from tannery wastewater and to reduce the atmospheric emission of sulfides. The wastewater was treated using modified tannin, aluminum sulfate, and a combination of both. Gaseous sulfide emissions were analyzed qualitatively using paper soaked in lead acetate. The qualitative methodology of hydrogen sulfide in the atmosphere was efficient to identify the most critical areas in the tannery. The wastewater treatment tests showed that the best option was the combination of both coagulants, in a 50:50 ratio, resulting in a total coagulant dosage of 3,000 mg/L. The removal efficiencies achieved were 13.8% sulfides, 23.3% chemical oxygen demand, 9.1% total nitrogen, 97.3% turbidity, and 96.4% color. This treatment technique promotes the replacement of 50% of the aluminum sulfate currently used in the tannery by a non-toxic coagulant and does not require chemicals to adjust the pH of the wastewater. HIGHLIGHTS Qualitative analysis of hydrogen sulfide can indicate critical areas in the industry.; A combination of modified tannin and aluminum sulfate was efficient in the treatment of tannery wastewater.; The treatment technique promoted the replacement of 50% of the aluminum sulfate with a non-toxic coagulant.; The increase in the removal of sulfides may contribute to the reduction in atmospheric emissions of the gas.;

Shipping emissions are a major source of particulate matter in the atmosphere. The volatility of gaseous and particulate phase ship emissions are poorly known despite their potentially significant effect on the evolution of the emissions and their secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation potential. An approach combining a genetic optimisation algorithm with volatility modelling was used on volatility measurement data to study the volatility distribution of a ship engine's emissions in real-world conditions. The fuels used were marine gas oil (MGO) and methanol. The engine was operated with 50% and 70% loads with and without active NOx after-treatment with selective catalytic reduction (SCR). The volatility distributions were extended to higher volatilities by combining the speciation information of the gas phase volatile organic compounds with particle phase volatility distributions and organic carbon measurements. These measurements also provided the emission factors of the gas and particle phase emissions. The results for the particle phase volatility matched well with the existing results placing most of the volatile organic mass in the intermediate volatile organic compounds (IVOC). The IVOCs also dominated the speciated gas phase. Partitioning of the emissions in the gas and particle phases was affected significantly by the total organic mass concentration, underlining the importance of the effect of the dilution on the phase of the emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research work was developed in the urban center of the Bolívar canton (Calceta parish), which had the objective of determining the levels of Carbon Monoxide in said study area. For the purpose of this study, it began with the identification of the areas that generate higher levels of Carbon Monoxide (CO) within the urban area of the canton in question; For this, the field method was used, applying an observation sheet; and, for the monitoring of CO levels, a calibrated Crowcon tetra 3 portable gas meter was used. Likewise, the polluting factors that affect the emission of CO in the study area were identified, through a survey applied to a sample of 200 people. Finally, the results obtained were compared with the permissible limits of Carbon Monoxide (CO) proposed by the current environmental regulations of Ecuador. As results, it was obtained that the highest levels of CO were 3810 µg/m3 corresponding to the Civic Square and 3708 µg/m3 in the Terrestrial Terminal; while, in the Central Market area, values of 2708 µg/m3 were recorded and in the Municipal GAD of 2436 µg/m3; with lower levels, the University bus stop was determined with 2217 µg/m3. Consequently, the recorded data derives from the high vehicular flow in these areas, which occurs especially from 12:30 PM to 1:00 PM, on Fridays and Saturdays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fugitive emissions are unintentionally produced by pipeline leakage and evaporation in industrial processes and contribute 5% of Global Greenhouse Gas emissions (GHG). Frictional wear and thermal fatigue in vehicle exhaust pipe couplings and joints can cause leaks that are not visible and difficult to quantify. It is therefore essential to trace and document these sources. In this work, an experimental survey was conducted on buses in accordance with Regulation (EC) N° 715/2007 of the European Parliament. Statistical methods by means of a priori analysis aided by G ∗ Power 3.1 software was used to define the required sample. Three random sample groups were stratified and fugitive gases were encased and piped into a bronze tube 5 mm in diameter and 500 mm in length. A Horiba PG-300 analyzer was used to analyze the samples using chemiluminescence and infrared methods. The results proved the existence of fugitive emissions in all samples analyzed with variations of (3.000–27.500 ppm) among the samples for C O 2 , (6.0–138.5 ppm) and (2.0–5.0 ppm) for C O and N O x , respectively. Statistical analysis showed that engine mileage had no significant influence on N O x emissions, while C O and C O 2 emissions increased with mileage. Analysis using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) indicated a trend of increasing concentrations of C O 2 and C O for both explanatory variables, mileage and usage time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The climate crisis has long been a looming threat. While focus has been on carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide is a potent greenhouse gas with 298 times the warming potential of carbon dioxide and deserves attention. Almost three quarters of nitrous oxide is emitted from agricultural soil management, including the use of nitrogenous fertilizers. The inherent connection between agriculture and climate not only reveals the problems but also the solutions. Managing soil health especially nitrogenous compounds can reduce nitrous oxide emissions, fertilizer input, and costs to farmers. Concerns about climate are directly tied to food production, and a growing population will only exacerbate the situation: approximately half of food production currently relies on fertilizers, and the expected doubling of food demand in the forthcoming years will augment this reliance on fertilizers for sustaining and increasing yields. Now, more than ever, understanding and preserving soil nutrient health with relation to fertilizer use is necessary. While conservation efforts have been made, there is a lack of attention toward fertilizers and nitrous oxide. This article explores the technological advancements of the field including biotechnology, electrochemistry, enhanced fertilizer products, and farming practices that have the potential to limit fertilizer use, reduce nitrous oxide emissions, and create greener fertilizer production processes. Policy and research gaps are unraveled to reveal that the federal government should address these issues through the following policy recommendations:Improving Current USDA Conservation Programs. Increasing access to current conservation programs and measuring effectiveness of these programs.Farm Bill Updates for 2023. Reauthorizing the Farm Bill to include appropriations for market creation and adaptation, increasing nutrient management plans, and standardized labeling.Expansion of State Fertilizer Programs. Using current state legislation, other states should expand their fertilizer oversight, value land grant universities, and recognize AAPFCO guidance.Increasing Sustainable Domestic Production of Fertilizers. Decreasing reliance on other nations and controlling production processes for sustainable production.Congressional Approval for Authorizing EPA Greenhouse Gas Regulation. Clarifying EPA authority on how to regulate greenhouse gas emissions, including nitrous oxide. These recommendations will allow for the necessary education and oversight of fertilizer production and use and related technologies, which directly impact nitrous oxide production from agricultural soils. While solving the climate crisis is multifaceted, attention must be drawn to the agricultural sector and using practices that reduce nitrous oxide emissions while ensuring crop yields to sustain the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollutant emissions into the atmosphere derived from port activities can be transported to surrounding regions and cities depending on wind speed and direction, having an impact on air quality. In this research, emissions of atmospheric pollutants (NOx, CO, NMHCs, CO2, SO2, TSP, PM2.5 and PM10) were estimated for: tanks, container, roll-on/roll-off (RO-RO), bulk carriers and general cargo ships, using emission factors in the hoteling and maneuvering stage in the port area of Veracruz, Mexico, during 2019 and 2020 despite the suspension period of activities due to the SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic. Among the total estimated emissions, CO2 presented the highest values for 2019 (31,177 kg/year) and 2020 (29,003 kg/year), whereas CH4 presented the lowest values with 0.294 kg/year for 2019 and 0.273 kg/year for 2020. The highest estimated emissions for CO2, NOx and SO2 occurred in the maneuvering stage in 2019 for bulk carriers, tanks and container ships. Likewise, the highest estimated emissions were during the hoteling stage of the container ships in 2020. This study will provide an updated ship emissions inventory for the Gulf of Mexico region where the Port of Veracruz is located. In addition, SO2 and PM2.5 measurements were performed from October 2019 to December 2020. PM2.5 concentrations exceeded the Mexican Ambient Air Quality Standard (MAAQS) value of 45 µg m−3 for the 24-h average concentration several times, on the opposite, SO2 exhibited concentrations up to 20 times lower than the 24-h MAAQS value of 40 ppb. Results showed that pollutant emissions in the port of Veracruz exhibited a seasonal variability, modifying their dispersion and the possible effects. Our main conclusion is that current port area is the major source of pollutant emissions (SO2 and PM2.5) throughout the year, whereas the expansion area of the port of Veracruz does not represent still a significant rise of pollutant emissions, but it is expected that the growth of port activity will directly increase the concentrations of pollutants emitted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The partial radiation doses on the population from radionuclides contained in various environmental components due to gas aerosol releases of nuclear power facilities are estimated. Calculations were carried out for facilities with promising reactors of two different types, VVER-1200 and BREST-OD-300, in the complex with enterprises of the stationary nuclear fuel cycle. The CROM code recommended by the IAEA was used as an assessment tool. Ranking of partial radiation doses forming the total dose from atmospheric releases was made. It is shown that the controlled radionuclides in the list of Sanitary Rules for the Design and Operation of Nuclear Power Plants are not the main dose-forming radionuclides for the facilities under consideration. The Methodological Guidelines for the Organization of Radioecological Monitoring of Agroecosystems in the area of impact of radiation hazardous facilities also do not pay attention to radionuclides, which are significant in terms of dose formation. The results of the calculations presented in this article can be used in the development of radioecological monitoring programs aimed at assessing public exposure from atmospheric releases within compliance with dosimetric constraints (quotas) for the nuclear power facilities considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we identify the current atmospheric sulfur dioxide emissions of the Veracruz port, an important Mexican seaport experiencing rapid growth, and its influence on the surrounding areas. Sulfur dioxide emissions based on port activity, as well as meteorology and air quality simulations, are used to assess the impact. It was found that using marine fuel with low sulfur content reduces emissions by 88%. Atmospheric emission estimates based on the bottom-up methodology range from 3 to 7 Mg/year and can negatively impact air quality up to 3 km downwind. After evaluating different characteristics of vessels in CALPUFF, it was found that maximum sulfur dioxide concentrations ranging between 50 and 88 µg/m3 for a 24-h average occurred 500 m from the port. During 2019, five days had unsatisfactory air quality. The combination of a shallow planetary boundary layer, low wind speed, and large atmospheric emissions significantly degraded local air quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arctic ship traffic has increased significantly due to continuous sea ice loss and resource extraction. The shipping sector is an important contributor to atmospheric emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO x) and sulphur dioxide (SO 2), and an increase in ship activity will lead to significant increases in these emissions. However, there is a lack of studies linking ship activities and the associated emissions with recent Arctic resource development activities. This study aims to assess the relationship between sector-specific developments (fishing, tourism, trade, oil, gas, mining, and "others") and ship traffic, and the associated emissions from 2013 to 2023 along the Northern Sea Route (NSR), using time series analysis and linear regression. In addition, the relationships were further used to predict future ship-associated emissions by 2030, utilizing a combination of regression models and Holt-Winters' trend and seasonal forecast. Results showed a 61% increase in distance travelled, 115% increase in NO x emissions, and 68% increase in SO 2 emissions from 2013 to 2023. A strong positive linear relationship between oil and gas production and the ship-associated emissions of NO x and SO 2 was found, with a coefficient of determination as high as 0.97. The oil sector emerged as the largest contributor to emissions from 2017 onward. Projections indicate that NO x and SO 2 emissions will be more than doubled, reaching 12,400 and 1200 tonnes, respectively, by 2030, of which the oil sector accounts for 45 and 61% of the total emissions. This highlights the need for further emissions reduction measures, especially with expanding Arctic oil projects, in order to mitigate the environmental impact of increased resource-driven shipping along the NSR. • Arctic ship traffic and the associated emissions have steadily increased since 2013. • Ship emissions has a strong positive correlation with oil and gas production. • Oil-related shipping is the main driver to increased emissions of NO x and SO 2. • NO x and SO 2 emissions may more than double by 2030. • Projections highlights the urgency for further emissions reduction measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maritime traffic has increased worldwide, generating the need to modernize and expand ports. The Port of Veracruz, a central hub on the Gulf of Mexico, is expanding to meet maritime demand. While the project has benefits, it can also have negative aspects, such as air pollution. One activity that can significantly impact air emissions during port expansion is dredging. Therefore, the objective of this study was to quantify the atmospheric emissions of criteria pollutants, toxics, and greenhouse gases generated by the dredging activity. For this purpose, emissions estimates resulting from the in-situ dredged volume was integrated considering two types of dredges, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency methodology with a bottom-up approach and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Automatic Identification System data with a 1 min resolution. The top emissions for criteria pollutants were 70 ± 4.7 Mg/yr of carbon monoxide, for toxics 13 ± 1 Mg/yr of volatile organic compounds, and for greenhouse gases 41,000 ± 4,034 Mg/yr of carbon dioxide, primarily in hotelling. These findings provide vital information for environmental management during port modernization, maintenance, and expansion. [Display omitted] • Dredging is a growing activity worldwide. • Estimation of atmospheric emissions using an AIS approach for port vessels. • Hotelling is the operational mode that contributes the most to atmospheric emissions. • Low SO 2 emissions are due to the low sulfur content in marine diesel fuel (500 ppm). • Maneuvering areas and berths are the areas with the highest atmospheric pollutant emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The city of La Laguna is one of the largest urban areas of the Canary Islands archipelago, located on the volcanic island of Tenerife (Spain), whose energy demand results in a large carbon footprint due to the typical fossil fuel dependency of oceanic islands. In 2019, La Laguna joined the initiative under the new Climate and Energy Pact and has been working ever since to achieve the EU target of reducing by 55% greenhouse gases emissions by 2030. In this work, we present the results obtained from the study conducted of emissions of the city, focused on buildings, equipment and facilities (1), public lighting (2), transportation (3) and agriculture, forestry and fishing (4) sectors. To this end, emissions in 2009 were studied and compared with those in 2019, resulting in a 4% to 48% carbon dioxide emissions reduction in the last decade. To achieve the goal of reductions of more than 55% by 2030, the city council prepared a Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan (SECAP), in which they propose that successfully implemented measures would achieve a 64% reduction in emissions in the municipality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the light of the 21st century, after two devastating world wars, humanity still has not learned to solve their conflicts through peaceful negotiations and dialogue. Armed conflicts, both international and within a single state, still cause devastation, displacement, and death all over the world. Not to mention the consequences that war has on the environment. Due to a lack of published research about war impact on modern air quality, this work studies air pollution evolution during the first months of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict. Satellite images of NO2, CO, O3, SO2, and PM2.5 over Ukrainian territory and PM2.5 land monitoring data for Kyiv were analyzed. The results showed that NO2 and PM2.5 correlated the most with war activities. CO and O3 levels increased, while SO2 concentrations reduced four-fold as war intensified. Drastic increases in pollution (especially PM2.5) from bombing and structural fires, raise additional health concerns, which might have serious implications for the exposed local and regional populations. This study is an invaluable proof of the impact any armed conflict has on air quality, the population, and environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shipping emissions are a major source of particulate matter in the atmosphere. The volatility of gaseous and particulate phase ship emissions are poorly known despite their potentially significant effect on the evolution of the emissions and their secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation potential. An approach combining a genetic optimisation algorithm with volatility modelling was used on volatility measurement data to study the volatility distribution of a ship engine’s emissions in real-world conditions. The fuels used were marine gas oil (MGO) and methanol. The engine was operated with 50% and 70% loads with and without active NOx after-treatment with selective catalytic reduction (SCR). The volatility distributions were extended to higher volatilities by combining the speciation information of the gas phase volatile organic compounds with particle phase volatility distributions and organic carbon measurements. These measurements also provided the emission factors of the gas and particle phase emissions. The results for the particle phase volatility matched well with the existing results placing most of the volatile organic mass in the intermediate volatile organic compounds (IVOC). The IVOCs also dominated the speciated gas phase. Partitioning of the emissions in the gas and particle phases was affected significantly by the total organic mass concentration, underlining the importance of the effect of the dilution on the phase of the emissions.

Many measurements, tools, and approaches are used to identify and track the influence of human activities on the physicochemical status of streams. Commonly, chemical concentrations are utilized, but in some areas, such as downstream of coal mines, capacity indices such as specific conductivity have also been used to estimate exposure and risk. However, straightforward tools such as conductivity may not identify human influences in areas with saline groundwater inputs, diffuse exposure pathways, and few discharges of industrial wastewater. Researchers have further suggested in conductivity relative to alkalinity may also reveal human influences, but little has been done to evaluate the utility and necessity of this approach. Using data from 16 example sites in the Peace, Athabasca, and Slave Rivers in northern Alberta (but focusing on tributaries in Canada's oil sands region) available from multiple regional, provincial, and national monitoring programs, we calculated residual conductivity and determined if it could identify the potential influence of human activity on streams in northern Alberta. To account for unequal sampling intervals within the compiled datasets, but also to include multiple covariates, we calculated residual conductivity using the Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE). The Pearson residuals of the GEEs were then plotted over time along with three smoothers (two locally weighted regressions and one General Additive Model) and a linear model to estimate temporal patterns remaining relative to known changes in human activity in the region or adjacent to the study locations. Although there are some inconsistencies in the results and large gaps in the data at some sites, many increases in residual conductivity correspond with known events in northern Alberta, including the potential influence of site preparation at oil sands mines, reductions in particulate emissions, mining, spills, petroleum coke combustion at one oil sands plant, and hydroelectric development in the Peace basin. Some differences in raw conductivity measurements over time were also indicated. Overall, these analyses suggest residual conductivity may identify broad influences of human activity and be a suitable tool for augmenting broad surveillance monitoring of water bodies alongside current approaches. However, some anomalous increases without apparent explanations were also observed suggesting changes in residual conductivity may also be well-suited for prompting additional and more detailed studies or analyses of existing data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The change in composition of coke oven gas on removing hydrogen is calculated. The influence of this process on the combustion products is determined. The variation in concentration of the coke oven gas's components as hydrogen is removed is studied. The influence of the hydrogen content on the calorific value of coke oven gas and hence on its consumption in coke production and on the toxic emissions to the atmosphere is shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This paper studies and quantifies the environmental benefits of implementing a new telemedicine service for users of the public health system in a rural area of Alicante (Spain). The proposed telemedicine service is based on carrying out 20% of the follow-on consultations with a specialist virtually from the Reference Health Centres with the support of qualified staff. This way of providing medical care remotely will be a good transition to fully online medical services, especially for the elderly. The proposed model avoids the displacement of users to the Alcoy Hospital, reducing the distances to be travelled, which will be directly reflected in a reduction of the emission of pollutants (carbon footprint) generated by patients' vehicles. Methods: Data from the Alcoy Health Department were used for 2019, the last year of normal activity of the health centres before Covid-19. Using data from the Department's health management report and the emission factors of the vehicles, we calculated the distances, hours, litres of fuel saved, as well as the tonnes of CO2 equivalent, CO2, CH4 and N2O. Results: With the implementation of this type of telemedicine, journeys would be avoided, saving 447,279 km, 7,580 h and 38,019 L of fuel. The emission into the atmosphere of 79.26 metric tons of CO2, 74.5 kg of CH4 and 487.28 kg of N2O per year would be avoided. Conclusions: The implementation of this telemedicine service contributes to a high degree to: (a) increasing the environmental sustainability of the rural health sector thanks to the reduction of traffic emissions (saving 9% of pollutants compared to the current system), (b) decongesting the health system by reducing face-to-face visits to specialists, (c) increasing the quality of life of patients by avoiding road travel (d) promoting the digitalisation of the rural population.

The main sources of anthropogenic emissions into the atmosphere of Murmansk are emissions from thermal power plants and boiler houses operating on fuel oil. As a result of the analysis of the dynamics of pollutant emissions from stationary anthropogenic sources for the period 1997–2019 it has been established that the level of air pollution is assessed as low; there is a tendency towards a decrease in gross emissions from stationary sources. The main pollutants from thermal power plants are sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, and benzo(a)pyrene. Together with gaseous and liquid substances, fuel oil ash and products of incomplete underburning of fuel, which include heavy metals V, Ni, Cr, Pb, Fe, Sn, enter the atmospheric air. Technogenic compounds of heavy metals and other pollutants from the enterprises of the power unit, falling out with dust or precipitation on the surface and catchment areas of lakes, affect the formation of the chemical composition of surface soils, waters and bottom sediments of water bodies. This is reflected in an increase in the concentration of heavy metals (in particular, V and Ni) in the water and bottom sediments of the lakes of Murmansk in comparison with the background values.

Fugitive emissions are unintentionally produced by pipeline leakage and evaporation in industrial processes and contribute 5% of Global Greenhouse Gas emissions (GHG). Frictional wear and thermal fatigue in vehicle exhaust pipe couplings and joints can cause leaks that are not visible and difficult to quantify. It is therefore essential to trace and document these sources. In this work, an experimental survey was conducted on buses in accordance with Regulation (EC) N° 715/2007 of the European Parliament. Statistical methods by means of a priori analysis aided by G∗Power 3.1 software was used to define the required sample. Three random sample groups were stratified and fugitive gases were encased and piped into a bronze tube 5 mm in diameter and 500 mm in length. A Horiba PG-300 analyzer was used to analyze the samples using chemiluminescence and infrared methods. The results proved the existence of fugitive emissions in all samples analyzed with variations of (3.000–27.500 ppm) among the samples for CO2, (6.0–138.5 ppm) and (2.0–5.0 ppm) for CO and NOx, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that engine mileage had no significant influence on NOx emissions, while CO and CO2 emissions increased with mileage. Analysis using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) indicated a trend of increasing concentrations of CO2 and CO for both explanatory variables, mileage and usage time.

Retrofitting thermal power plants is a valuable opportunity to guide Taiwan's electricity generation towards sustainability. Using an existing power plant nearing decommissioning as a case study, we hypothesized about fuel source options for retrofitting the power plant and compared the resulting impact on lifecycle atmospheric emissions. Our use of the lifecycle assessment (LCA) methodology reflected Taiwan's heavy reliance on the imports and shipping of primary energy sources. We found that after accounting for the contribution of liquefaction and regasification (17%), gas-fired electricity still has significantly lower lifecycle greenhouse gases (GHGs) than coal or fuel oil (FO). In addition, we found that if natural gas (NG) is selected to achieve the greenhouse gas reduction of thermal power, the co-benefit of air pollution reduction can also be achieved at the same time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollutant emissions from the TU-154, TU-214, and Airbus A321 airplanes are calculated. The pollutant emissions decrease in that sequence. The annual emissions from those airplanes are determined during takeoff and landing cycles at Domodedovo airport. With increase in the number of takeoff and landing cycles, the CO and NOx emissions remain at a high level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In accordance with the Russian environmental legislation, all coal-fired thermal power plants (TPPs) producing a significant impact on the environment shall be equipped with means for automatically measuring and accounting the atmospheric emissions of polluting substances and for transmitting the information on them to the state fund of state environment monitoring data. Automatic emission monitoring and accounting systems (AEM&AS) can be installed either in the gas flues of each boiler unit and in the smoke stack. The rules of and requirements for constructing AEM&AS have been stipulated by the relevant regulation and legal acts. Nonetheless, there are still certain problems concerned with arranging continuous monitoring of polluting emissions in the operating equipment. The article discusses matters concerned with ensuring the realiability of instrumental measurements of the content of marker substances in the flue gases from TPPs. Nonuniformity of the concentration and temperature fields of gas flow in the boiler gas conduit is a factor that introduces the largest contribution in the error of measuring the concentration of any gas mixture component. It is shown that compliance with the requirements of the Russian Federation national standard GOST R EN 15259-2015 does not seem to be possible under the actual conditions in which automatic gas flue monitoring systems are introduced at operating power installations. Smoke stacks are an exception from this statement but subject to fulfilling a number of requirements. Single-point probes for taking gas samples in the gas flue control section must be installed at special representative control points determined from the section calibration results. It is shown that, even though the gas conduit measurement section has preliminarily been calibrated, it is not always possible to obtain a representative point that would characterize the average integral (over the section) concentration of marker substances in the entire operating range of loads and use it for automatic monitoring of emissions. To ensure the required reliability of continuous measurements in the control section, it is recommended to install multipoint sampling probes. A procedure for calculating the geometrical characteristics of a multipoint probe that yields an averaged gas sample over its operating length is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wood carbonization is made at an enclosed environment with controlled addition of atmospheric air producing, besides charcoal, other coproducts such as condensable and non‐condensable gases. These gases, which represent 70% of the dry wood mass, are released into the atmosphere, decreasing air quality and producing environmental and social impacts. In this context, it is necessary to develop technologies capable to convert these gases into usable products or transform them into heat and power. The incineration of gases from charcoal kilns opens new opportunities of business because the energy provided by burners can be utilized for drying the wood to be introduced into the kilns and for generation of electricity. On the other hand, condensable gases can also be used on a route to recover and purify the pyroligneous acid. Pyroligneous acid finds application in diverse areas, as antiseptic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti‐inflammatory, herbicide, pesticide, plant growth enhancer, antitermitic activities; is a source for valuable chemicals; and provides smoked flavor and aroma for food. The main objective of this review is to explore the potential use of wood pyrolysis coproducts, aiming to subsidize and to encourage the technological development of equipment for use of these coproducts. This paper highlights the potential benefits arising from pyroligneous acid application and discusses the charcoal cogeneration technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is to develop a methodology and study the results of calculating the load of direct and indirect emissions on final demand based on the data from the aggregated costs-emissions scheme of Ukraine. The article examines the total load of carbon dioxide, nitric oxide and methane emissions on the end use of three groups of economic activities of the Ukrainian economy in 2017. The largest emitter is the secondary sector (industry), whose share in the total load of emissions is about 50 % for carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, and methane. The tertiary sector (the services sector) is the second largest emitter. During 2013–2017, there observed a downward trend in the load of emissions on the final demand of the studied sectors, especially for 2013–2014. A scenario “reduction in the total economic cost of production ? change in emissions” is developed and implemented. It characterizes the elasticity of the release of all emissions to the total economic cost of production – a decrease in the total cost by 1 % leads to a relative decrease in the release of all emissions by 1.41 %, 1.62 %, 1.71 %. Prospects for further research are the expansion of the calculation scheme to 10 economic activities, 19 economic activities, 42 economic activities, 10 types of emissions; application of uniform methodological approaches and single arrays for comparative environmental and economic research; elaboration of a costs-emissions scheme with additional technologies “processing of emissions” and quadrants “interbranch flows of economic activities for processing emissions”, “additional release of emissions in processing emissions” for Ukraine.

Pollutant emissions into the atmosphere derived from port activities can be transported to surrounding regions and cities depending on wind speed and direction, having an impact on air quality. In this research, emissions of atmospheric pollutants (NOx, CO, NMHCs, CO2, SO2, TSP, PM2.5 and PM10) were estimated for: tanks, container, roll-on/roll-off (RO-RO), bulk carriers and general cargo ships, using emission factors in the hoteling and maneuvering stage in the port area of Veracruz, Mexico, during 2019 and 2020 despite the suspension period of activities due to the SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic. Among the total estimated emissions, CO2 presented the highest values for 2019 (31,177 kg/year) and 2020 (29,003 kg/year), whereas CH4 presented the lowest values with 0.294 kg/year for 2019 and 0.273 kg/year for 2020. The highest estimated emissions for CO2, NOx and SO2 occurred in the maneuvering stage in 2019 for bulk carriers, tanks and container ships. Likewise, the highest estimated emissions were during the hoteling stage of the container ships in 2020. This study will provide an updated ship emissions inventory for the Gulf of Mexico region where the Port of Veracruz is located. In addition, SO2 and PM2.5 measurements were performed from October 2019 to December 2020. PM2.5 concentrations exceeded the Mexican Ambient Air Quality Standard (MAAQS) value of 45 µg m−3 for the 24-h average concentration several times, on the opposite, SO2 exhibited concentrations up to 20 times lower than the 24-h MAAQS value of 40 ppb. Results showed that pollutant emissions in the port of Veracruz exhibited a seasonal variability, modifying their dispersion and the possible effects. Our main conclusion is that current port area is the major source of pollutant emissions (SO2 and PM2.5) throughout the year, whereas the expansion area of the port of Veracruz does not represent still a significant rise of pollutant emissions, but it is expected that the growth of port activity will directly increase the concentrations of pollutants emitted.

Iron ore sintering is the main process of fines agglomeration for ironmaking with relevant particulate matter and trace element emissions of integrated steel plants. Due to the high environmental and human health impacts caused by trace elements, legislations are becoming more stringent for regulating emissions of the trace elements. This review consolidates several studies in the sector, focusing on the sources, behavior, and technologies employed to control emissions of trace elements during iron ore sintering. The emission of trace elements is strongly dependent on the characteristics of raw materials, operating parameters and technologies used for their abatement. Iron ore is the main responsible material for emissions of trace elements during sintering as it undergoes a series of physicochemical transformations throughout the process. In general, trace elements may remain in the solid-state, volatilize during combustion and recondense in the cleaning system, or remaining in the gaseous state during the flue gas treatment. Although most trace elements are retained in air pollution control devices in the form of particulates, volatile and semi-volatile elements (As, Se, Hg, Cd, etc) can remain as gases or concentrate in the finer particulates. Modern technologies have demonstrated high efficiency in removing these elements from the flue gases.

Nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2) are the primary emissions in cement industry. Small quantities of heavy metals also may be emitted. Heavy metal emissions from cement plants depend on their content in fuels and raw materials, industrial technology and emission control measures. During the cement production process at high temperatures many heavy metals present in the fuel and the raw materials evaporate and then condense on the clinker and partly on fine particles in the flue gas. The latter portion of the metals finds its way to the atmosphere after passing through the emission control equipment. The contents of heavy metals, released into the air by Gubbio in cement industry and fallout to the ground in the surrounding area of dispersion of gaseous emissions, were investigated. The analyses revealed the presence of various traces of heavy metals, namely arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) in atmospheric emissions of cement industry. Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium and Nickel, like most inorganic compounds, meet the classification criteria as carcinogenic substances pursuant to EC Regulation 1272/2008 and carcinogenic according to Dir. 2004/37/EC.

Reagent treatment of wastewater used in coke quenching is environmentally and economically assessed, in terms of the cost of the coagulants and flocculants, the environmental penalties for excessive atmospheric emissions (per 1 t of pollutants beyond the permissible level), correction coefficients, and the relative hazard levels of the pollutants. The annual savings for a plant generating wastewater at a rate of 1500 t/day is 573.8 million rub. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composition of atmospheric emissions from air vents of tanks containing liquid coking products is considered. It is found that the laws for ideal gases and ideal solutions may be used to calculate the concentration of components in the gas phase above a liquid product of complex composition. Practical formulas are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we identify the current atmospheric sulfur dioxide emissions of the Veracruz port, an important Mexican seaport experiencing rapid growth, and its influence on the surrounding areas. Sulfur dioxide emissions based on port activity, as well as meteorology and air quality simulations, are used to assess the impact. It was found that using marine fuel with low sulfur content reduces emissions by 88%. Atmospheric emission estimates based on the bottom-up methodology range from 3 to 7 Mg/year and can negatively impact air quality up to 3 km downwind. After evaluating different characteristics of vessels in CALPUFF, it was found that maximum sulfur dioxide concentrations ranging between 50 and 88 µg/m3 for a 24-h average occurred 500 m from the port. During 2019, five days had unsatisfactory air quality. The combination of a shallow planetary boundary layer, low wind speed, and large atmospheric emissions significantly degraded local air quality.

[Display omitted] The cement industry is considered to be an important anthropogenic thallium (Tl) emission source, and yet few reports have been released concerning the fate of Tl during cement production and the emissions of Tl from cement plants (CPs). In this study, three precalciner CPs in the Guizhou province in southwest China were systematically investigated, with all input/output solid materials collected and analyzed. Despite using different raw materials, strong Tl enrichment during the clinker production was observed in all three CPs, with enrichment factors ranging from 85 to 148. Tl concentrations in limestone and most other raw materials were low (0.032–4.163 mg kg−1), but they were 100–700 times higher in the raw meal and kiln tail dust due to circulation and enrichment inside the system. Only a low percentage (3–8 %) of Tl exited the system via the clinker and stack emissions. Atmospheric emission factors of Tl from the three CPs ranged from 0.168 to 0.980 mg Tl tonne−1 clinker, with an average of 0.674 mg Tl tonne−1 clinker. Annual atmospheric Tl emissions from all the CPs were estimated to be 54 kg·yr−1 in Guizhou province and 964 kg·yr−1 over all of China in 2018. Shuttling kiln tail dust may reduce the Tl enrichment during clinker production, and Tl recycled from this material may have commercial value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the regional dynamics of atmospheric emissions of 12 post-Soviet countries depending on changes in gross domestic product (GDP) or gross regional product (GRP), volumes and structure of industrial output, and changes in the structure of the fuel balance and energy intensity. During the 1990s crisis, pollution declined in all countries and most regions, but more slowly than production due to the dirtiest industries being more resilient to the crisis. The most persistent was pollution in regions and countries with high volumes of emissions. During the period of economic growth, pollution increased, primarily in hydrocarbon production regions. Regional differences in emissions are mainly due to industrial output for Russia and Ukraine, with a high consistency of production and pollution trends. In Russia, gross emissions are geographically linked to GRP; in Ukraine, a decline in production in the eastern regions has led to a shift in pollution to areas with concentrated populations. In Kazakhstan, the territorial structure of emissions is determined by the volumes of electricity produced by coal generation and the location of energy-intensive industries. In the post-Soviet space, inherited development factors determine pollution from the energy sector, where the most obsolete funds and structure of the fuel balance have been preserved. At the same time large industrial regions in countries have a general tendency to stabilize the level of emissions, while small regions either reduce their emissions, or, conversely, increase them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) are an important anthropogenic mercury (Hg) source in China, and it is crucial to understand the environmental impacts of this detrimental element emitted from this source. In the present study, field experiments were conducted for measuring Hg in ambient atmosphere and upland agricultural soils within a radius of 10 km surrounding a large scale coal-fired power plant (1550 MW) in Tangshan, Hebei province. Short-term (20 min) average of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM or Hg0) in ambient air varying from 1.5 to 9.0 ng/m3 and total Hg (THg) in surface agricultural soil (0–20 cm) varying from 9.2 to 43.5 μg/kg at different sites were observed. THg in two soil cores decreased with depth, with concentrations being 2–2.5 times higher in the surface layer than that in the deep layer (50–60 cm), indicating the possibility of the atmospheric input of Hg. Based on the information of the total atmospheric Hg emission since this CFPP's operation in 1970s and the increased THg in nearby soils, it was estimated that about 3.9% discharged Hg has accumulated in the nearby agricultural soils. The low retention rate of the total emitted Hg by soils is a result of high proportion of Hg0 (79.5%) in stack gas emission and potential loss of Hg from soil surface reemission. The positive shifting (~ 0.5‰) of Hg isotopic signature (δ202Hg) from deep soil to surface soil reflected Hg deposition from nearby CFPP emissions that are featured with much heavier Hg isotopic signatures inherited from feed coal (δ202Hg: –0.50‰) and different combustion products (δ202Hg: –0.95 to 3.71‰) compared with that in deep soil layer (δ202Hg: ca –1.50‰). Overall, this study demonstrated that this CFPP has a slight but distinguishable effect on the elevation of ambient GEM and agricultural soil THg in the local environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, energy, environment and enviroeconomic analyses are applied to the turbofan engine used in aviation industry. The CO2 emissions of the turbofan engine are calculated and cost of the CO2 emissions for a daily period are evaluated. The energy efficiencies of the overall turbofan engine system, high pressure turbine, low pressure turbine and the combustion chamber are found as 19.7%, 26.2%, 29.2% and 90%, respectively. The CO2 emissions releasing in a day are calculated as 358.9 tonCO2/day, while the CO2 emissions price in a day are calculated as 5742.52 US$/day for the turbofan engine. Also, 3.35 kg carbon dioxide is released into the air as a result of 1 kg of kerosene burning. Environmental and the enviroeconomic results of this study can be useful for developing environmentally sustainable turbofan engines as well as for researches and designers in aviation industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The atmospheric Pb emissions (1901–2019), from one of the world's largest non-ferrous metallurgical complexes (Met-Mex in Torreón, México), were estimated based on historical records of modifications in the design, processes, and production volumes. Eight historical periods, with differing amounts of Pb emissions, were distinguished: (1) Essentially no controls (1901–1960); (2) migration to limited controls (1961–1972) by conversion to a Pb-Zn smelter-refining complex and installation of SO2 collectors in 1961–1963; (3) completion to limited control (1973–1977) by the installation of a third H2SO4 collector and a low-efficiency filtration system; (4) maintenance of limited control with no changes (1978–1987); (5) migration to strict control (1988 to 1998) by updating H2SO4 collectors and installation of fertilizer and SO2 liquid extraction plants; (6) completion to strict control (1999–2000) by the installation of state-art technology filtration systems and roofing working areas; (7) migration to abatement (2001–2003) by implantation of good management practices; and (8) maintenance of abatement following good management practices (2004–2019). Based on differences between those periods, we reconstructed the evolution of the Pb emission reduction efficiency (ER in %) and Pb emission factors (EF in gram/ton) for the Torreón complex. Pb emitted by the complex over the past 118 years totaled 23,350–27,580 t, with most of it (63–75%) occurring when emission controls were negligible (pre-1960 period). In comparisons with other facilities worldwide (e.g., the USA, Canada, and Europa), the modification in Met-Mex for control the Pb emission occurred several years. Emissions from the primary Pb-Zn smelter-refining are released mostly to the atmosphere from the sintering, smelting, drossing, and refining. While Pb emissions from the facility have declined by over an order of magnitude to contemporary levels (≤ 12.6 t/year), the current Pb rates still account for atmospheric Pb levels that are 2–3 times higher the USEPA standard and still constitutes a major health threat in Torreón. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landfill biogas (LFG)is mainly composed bymethane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)(both are greenhouse gases). These gases, when not properly managed, may causeseveral problems related to air pollution at local and global scales. Even when used (in cases of energy recovery, for example), a large amount of the biogas generated in the process of waste decomposition in landfills can escape through the cover layer as fugitive emissions, which requires pathways to measure and mitigate such emissions(essentially greenhouse gases). In such context, the present work focused on showing the main aspects related to the fugitive emissions from the cover layer in landfills and the problems related to the odour produced by these units, as well as the gas control and measurement methods. This review was prepared from scientific articles of databases commonly used in research areas as Sanitation and Environmental Geotechnics. In addition to the articles, theses and dissertations, reports, national and international standards and protocols, governmental laws and communications, regarding to the disposal of municipal solid waste, agreements for mitigating greenhouse gases (GHG), etc., were also searched. At last, the present work also brings an approach to the Brazilian situation, both from the local scenery regarding the Solid Waste National Policy (PNRS, Brazilian abbreviation) and the international environment with the confirmation of the greenhouse emission targets for Brazil in the Conference of Parties (COP-21) in Paris.

The article considers the possibility of using wind energy for energy supply as a means of reducing the negative impact of the fuel and energy complex on the quality of the urban habitat. The rate of the development of wind energy increases every year, along with increasing demands on the quality of the urban environment. In the modern world, along with the growing needs of mankind for energy resources, the greening of the fuel and energy complex is becoming a priority task, the solution of which for each region needs to be looked for individually. By the example of Volgograd Oblast, the authors make the assessment of the impact of the fuel and energy complex on the environment on the basis of the largest power supply facilities of the city of Volgograd: CHP-2, CHP-3 and VGRES. As an alternative to traditional energy sources, the use of wind energy is suggested. For this purpose, the potential of wind energy development in the city of Volgograd is being studied, the optimal territories for the location of the wind farm are determined taking into account the additional conditions (relief and local winds). As a result of the research, the authors propose the location of the wind farm at the Ergeninskaya Height - for power supply of the southern districts in Volgograd. To ensure the needs of the southern districts of Volgograd with the electric power and decrease in negative impact of CHP-2, CHP-3 and VGRES on the quality of the urban environment the authors offer to place some of the wind power stations with ten high-speed wind generators with possible total average development of each station of 30 million kWh a year. In this case it will be possible to reduce the negative impact of CHP-2 by 10 % on average, that will exclude about 150 kg of emissions a year. With eight wind power stations with 10 wind turbines that provide the consumer it is possible to avoid the negative impact of CHP completely. These measures can significantly improve the quality of the urban environment / Рассматривается возможность использования для энергообеспечения ветровой энергии как средства снижения негативного влияния ТЭК на качество городской среды обитания. Темпы развития ветровой энергетики с каждым годом увеличиваются, так же как и требования к качеству городской среды. В современном мире потребности человечества в энергоресурсах возрастают, и экологизация ТЭК становится приоритетной задачей, пути решения которой для каждого региона необходимо искать индивидуально. На примере Волгоградской области проводится оценка влияния ТЭК на окружающую среду на основе данных крупнейших объектов энергообеспечения Волгограда: ТЭЦ-2, ТЭЦ-3 и ВГРЭС. Как альтернатива традиционным источникам энергии предлагается использование энергии ветра. Для этого проводится исследование потенциала развития ветровой энергетики Волгограда, определяются оптимальные территории для размещения ВЭС с учетом дополнительных условий (рельефа и локальных ветров). В результате исследования авторами было предложено размещение ВЭС на Ергенинских высотах — для энергообеспечения южных районов Волгограда. Для обеспечения потребностей южных районов города Волгограда электроэнергией и снижения негативного влияния ТЭЦ-2, ТЭЦ-3 и ВГРЭС на качество городской среды обитания предлагается разместить несколько ВЭС с десятью быстроходными ветрогенераторами с возможной суммарной средней выработкой каждой ВЭС 30 млн кВт·ч в год. При размещении нескольких таких комплексов можно снизить негативное влияние от ТЭЦ-2 в среднем на 10 %, что исключит порядка 150 кг выбросов в год. При размещении восьми ВЭС с 10 ветроустановками для обеспечения потребителя можно полностью исключить негативное влияние ТЭЦ. Эти меры могут значительно улучшить качество городской среды обитания

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a broad class of air pollutants which act as precursors to tropospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosols. Total UK emissions of anthropogenic VOCs peaked in 1990 at 2,840 kt yr−1 and then declined to approximately 810 kt yr−1 in 2017 with large reductions in road transport and fugitive fuel emissions. The atmospheric concentrations of many non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) in the UK have been observed to fall over this period in broadly similar proportions. The relative contribution to emissions from solvents and industrial processes is estimated to have increased from approximately 35% in 1990 to approximately 63% in 2017. In 1992, UK national monitoring quantified 19 of the 20 most abundant individual anthropogenic VOCs emitted (all were NMHCs), but by 2017 monitoring captured only 13 of the top 20 emitted VOCs. Ethanol is now estimated to be the most important VOC emitted by mass (in 2017 approx. 136 kt yr−1 and approx. 16.8% of total emissions) followed by n-butane (52.4 kt yr−1) and methanol (33.2 kt yr−1). Alcohols have grown in significance representing approximately 10% of emissions in 1990 rising to approximately 30% in 2017. The increased role of solvent emissions should now be reflected in European monitoring strategies to verify total VOC emission reduction obligations in the National Emissions Ceiling Directive. Adding ethanol, methanol, formaldehyde, acetone, 2-butanone and 2-propanol to the existing NMHC measurements would provide full coverage of the 20 most significant VOCs emitted on an annual mass basis. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Air quality, past present and future'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]