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1. Impact of Continental Freshwater Runoff on Coastal Sea Level

Author: Rui M. Ponte, Christopher G. Piecuch, Jamal Uddin Khan, Sherin V. Raju, Fabrice Papa, Fabien Durand, Melanie Becker, Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMRi 7266 (LIENSs), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Indo-French Cell for Water Sciences (IFCWS), Indian Institute of Science [Bangalore] (IISc Bangalore), Institute of Water and Flood Management, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), ANR-17-CE03-0001,DELTA,Les deltas sous l'impact du changement global(2017), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), and La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Baroclinity, Observational techniques, Forcing (mathematics), 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Current (stream), Geophysics, Oceanography, 13. Climate action, Geochemistry and Petrology, Others, Barotropic fluid, Environmental science, 14. Life underwater, Temporal scales, Surface runoff, Sea level, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; Freshwater discharge to the coastal ocean is a fundamental component of the global water cycle. It can impact coastal sea level over a broad range of spatial and temporal scales. Here we review the status of the current knowledge based on observational and modeling approaches. The main limitation in studies of the influence of rivers on coastal sea level has been the lack of consolidated discharge databases. We first provide an inventory of the main data sources currently available. We then review the existing knowledge about the runoff forcing of coastal sea level, differentiating between the mass and steric height contributions. Both mechanisms are important for coastal sea level budget, although they act on different scales. The mass contribution is related to a global ocean response that is established on relatively short timescales through barotropic processes while the steric contribution is associated with more of a regional adjustment that takes place on longer timescales by means of baroclinic dynamics. While numerical models required to simulate the runoff impact on coastal sea level variability have been improving over the past decades , a similar evolution is awaited for observational techniques, both for in situ observation and for remote sensing.
Published: 2019
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2. 10-year satellite-constrained fluxes of ammonia improve performance of chemistry transport models

Author: Anne Cozic, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Lieven Clarisse, Sabine Eckhardt, Yves Balkanski, Pierre-François Coheur, Martin Van Damme, Didier Hauglustaine, Karen Cady-Pereira, Mark W. Shephard, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Spectroscopy, Quantum Chemistry and Atmospheric Remote Sensing (SQUARES), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Calcul Scientifique (CALCULS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, North china, 010501 environmental sciences, engineering.material, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Late summer, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Ammonia, Phénomènes atmosphériques, medicine, Sulfate, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], business.industry, Seasonality, medicine.disease, lcsh:QC1-999, lcsh:QD1-999, chemistry, Agriculture, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, engineering, Satellite, Fertilizer, business, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: In recent years, ammonia emissions have been continuously increasing, being almost 4 times higher than in the 20th century. Although an important species, as its use as a fertilizer sustains human living, ammonia has major consequences for both humans and the environment because of its reactive gas-phase chemistry that makes it easily convertible to particles. Despite its pronounced importance, ammonia emissions are highly uncertain in most emission inventories. However, the great development of satellite remote sensing nowadays provides the opportunity for more targeted research on constraining ammonia emissions. Here, we used satellite measurements to calculate global ammonia emissions over the period 2008 2017. Then, the calculated ammonia emissions were fed to a chemistry transport model, and ammonia concentrations were simulated for the period 2008 2017. The simulated concentrations of ammonia were compared with ground measurements from Europe, North America and Southeastern Asia, as well as with satellite measurements. The satellite-constrained ammonia emissions represent global concentrations more accurately than state-of-theart emissions. Calculated fluxes in the North China Plain were seen to be more increased after 2015, which is not due to emission changes but due to changes in sulfate emissions that resulted in less ammonia neutralization and hence in larger atmospheric loads. Emissions over Europe were also twice as much as those in traditional datasets with dominant sources being industrial and agricultural applications. Four hot-spot regions of high ammonia emissions were seen in North America, which are characterized by high agricultural activity, such as animal breeding, animal farms and agricultural practices. South America is dominated by ammonia emissions from biomass burning, which causes a strong seasonality. In Southeastern Asia, ammonia emissions from fertilizer plants in China, Pakistan, India and Indonesia are the most important, while a strong seasonality was observed with a spring and late summer peak due to rice and wheat cultivation. Measurements of ammonia surface concentrations were better reproduced with satellite-constrained emissions, such as measurements from CrIS (Cross-track Infrared Sounder)., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Published: 2021
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3. Emergence of a novel Enterobacter kobei clone carrying chromosomal-encoded CTX-M-12 with diversified pathogenicity in northeast China

Author: Kai Zhou, Baohong Wang, Vincent Cattoir, Richard Bonnet, Wei Yu, Yonghong Xiao, John W. A. Rossen, Ping Shen, Zhejiang University, Brunel University London [Uxbridge], SYNAPSE, Laboratoire Images, Signaux et Systèmes Intelligents (LISSI), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), School of Engineering and Design, University Medical Center Groningen [Groningen] (UMCG), Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), CHU Clermont-Ferrand, USC2018 Microbes, Intestine, Inflammation and Host Susceptibility, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte (M2iSH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne (CRNH d'Auvergne), Unité de Recherche Risques Microbiens (U2RM), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), CHU Caen, Normandie Université (NU)-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Clermont Ferrand, Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte - Clermont Auvergne (M2iSH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne (CRNH d'Auvergne), and Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, clone (Java method), Enterobacter kobei, CTX-M-12, 030106 microbiology, E. cloacae, Biology, Microbiology, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, Plasmid, Journal Article, lcsh:RC109-216, GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries), Gene, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Biofilm, E. kobei, Chromosome, [SDV.BBM.BM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, bacterial infections and mycoses, Pathogenicity, community-acquired infection, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, 3. Good health, 030104 developmental biology, Infectious Diseases, ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING
Abstract: A rare CTX-M gene bla CTX-M-12 used to be carried on plasmids was detected in the chromosome of three clinical E. kobei strains. They shared a new sequence type assigned as ST591, and were differed by 57 single-nucleotide polymorphisms. An intra-clonal diversification on the capacity of biofilm formation was detected.
Published: 2017
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4. Atmospheric ammonia variability and link with particulate matter formation: a case study over the Paris area

Author: C. Viatte, T. Wang, M. Van Damme, E. Dammers, F. Meleux, L. Clarisse, M. W. Shephard, S. Whitburn, P. F. Coheur, K. E. Cady-Pereira, C. Clerbaux, TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Spectroscopy, Quantum Chemistry and Atmospheric Remote Sensing (SQUARES), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), and Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER)
Subjects: Pollution, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, Atmospheric model, 010501 environmental sciences, Infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Chemistry, medicine, Precipitation, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Particulates, Seasonality, medicine.disease, lcsh:QC1-999, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, HYSPLIT, Environmental science, Spatial variability, lcsh:Physics, Sciences exactes et naturelles
Abstract: The Paris megacity experiences frequent particulate matter (i.e.PM2.5, particulate matterwith a diameter less than 2.5 µm) pollution episodes in spring(March–April). At this time of the year, large numbers of the particlesconsist of ammonium sulfate and nitrate which are formed from ammonia(NH3) released during fertilizer spreading practices and transportedfrom the surrounding areas to Paris. There is still limited knowledge of theemission sources around Paris, their magnitude, and their seasonality. Using space-borne NH3 observation records of 10 years (2008–2017) and5 years (2013–2017) provided by the Infrared Atmospheric SoundingInterferometer (IASI) and the Cross-Track Infrared Sounder (CrIS)instrument, regional patterns of NH3 variabilities (seasonal andinterannual) are derived. Observations reveal identical high seasonalvariability with three major NH3 hotspots found from March to August.The high interannual variability is discussed with respect to atmospherictotal precipitation and temperature. A detailed analysis of the seasonal cycle is performed using both IASI andCrIS instrument data, together with outputs from the CHIMERE atmosphericmodel. For 2014 and 2015, the CHIMERE model shows coefficients ofdetermination of 0.58 and 0.18 when compared to IASI and CrIS,respectively. With respect to spatial variability, the CHIMERE monthlyNH3 concentrations in spring show a slight underrepresentation overBelgium and the United Kingdom and an overrepresentation in agricultural areasin the French Brittany–Pays de la Loire and Plateau du Jura region, as wellas in northern Switzerland. In addition, PM2.5 concentrationsderived from the CHIMERE model have been evaluated against surfacemeasurements from the Airparif network over Paris, with which agreement wasfound (r2 = 0.56) with however an underestimation during springpollution events. Using HYSPLIT cluster analysis of back trajectories, we show that NH3total columns measured in spring over Paris are enhanced when air massesoriginate from the north-east (e.g. the Netherlands and Belgium), highlightingthe importance of long-range transport in the NH3 budget over Paris.Variability in NH3 in the north-east region is likely to impact NH3concentrations in the Parisian region since the cross-correlation functionis above 0.3 (at lag = 0 and 1 d). Finally, we quantify the key meteorological parameters driving the specificconditions important for the formation of PM2.5 from NH3 in theÎle-de-France region in spring. Data-driven results based on surfacePM2.5 measurements from the Airparif network and IASI NH3measurements show that a combination of the factors such as a low boundarylayer of ∼500 m, a relatively low temperature of 5 ∘C, a high relative humidity of 70 %, and wind from the north-eastcontributes to a positive PM2.5 and NH3 correlation., info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Published: 2020
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5. CMIP5 model selection for ISMIP6 ice sheet model forcing: Greenland and Antarctica

Author: Christopher M. Little, Cécile Agosta, Heiko Goelzer, Sophie Nowicki, Helene Seroussi, Thomas J. Bracegirdle, Fiammetta Straneo, Nicolas C. Jourdain, Tore Hattermann, Alice Barthel, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Glaces et Continents, Climats et Isotopes Stables (GLACCIOS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), Norwegian Polar Institute, Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research [Utrecht] (IMAU), Utrecht University [Utrecht], NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California-University of California, British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), ANR-15-CE01-0015,AC-AHC2,Circulation atmosphérique et changement de cycle hydrologique pour l'Arctique(2015), ANR-15-CE01-0005,TROIS-AS,Vers un système de modélisation régionale océan / calotte / atmosphère(2015), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Sub Dynamics Meteorology, and Marine and Atmospheric Research
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0207 environmental engineering, Forcing (mathematics), 02 engineering and technology, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Atmosphere, 020701 environmental engineering, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, lcsh:Environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Earth-Surface Processes, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, VDP::Mathematics and natural science: 400, lcsh:GE1-350, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Géologie et minéralogie, Continental shelf, Model selection, lcsh:QE1-996.5, VDP::Technology: 500, VDP::Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400, Ice-sheet model, lcsh:Geology, Sea surface temperature, VDP::Teknologi: 500, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, Climate model, théorie et applications [Econométrie et méthodes statistiques], Ice sheet
Abstract: The ice sheet model intercomparison project for CMIP6 (ISMIP6) effort brings together the ice sheet and climate modeling communities to gain understanding of the ice sheet contribution to sea level rise. ISMIP6 conducts stand-alone ice sheet experiments that use space- and time-varying forcing derived from atmosphere-ocean coupled global climate models (AOGCMs) to reflect plausible trajectories for climate projections. The goal of this study is to recommend a subset of CMIP5 AOGCMs (three core and three targeted) to produce forcing for ISMIP6 stand-alone ice sheet simulations, based on (i) their representation of current climate near Antarctica and Greenland relative to observations and (ii) their ability to sample a diversity of projected atmosphere and ocean changes over the 21st century. The selection is performed separately for Greenland and Antarctica. Model evaluation over the historical period focuses on variables used to generate ice sheet forcing. For stage (i), we combine metrics of atmosphere and surface ocean state (annual- and seasonal-mean variables over large spatial domains) with metrics of time-mean subsurface ocean temperature biases averaged over sectors of the continental shelf. For stage (ii), we maximize the diversity of climate projections among the best-performing models. Model selection is also constrained by technical limitations, such as availability of required data from RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 projections. The selected top three CMIP5 climate models are CCSM4, MIROC-ESM-CHEM, and NorESM1-M for Antarctica and HadGEM2-ES, MIROC5, and NorESM1-M for Greenland. This model selection was designed specifically for ISMIP6 but can be adapted for other applications., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Published: 2020
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6. NH3 emissions from large point sources derived from CrIS and IASI satellite observations

Author: Dammers, E., McLinden, C.A., Griffin, D., Shephard, M.W., Graaf, S. van der, Lutsch, E., Schaap, M., Gainairu-Matz, Y., Fioletov, V., Damme, M. van, Whitburn, S., Clarisse, L., Cady-Pereira, K., Clerbaux, C., Coheur, P. francois, Erisman, J.W., Environment and Climate Change Canada, Air Quality Research Division [Toronto], Cluster Earth and Climate [Amsterdam], Department of Earth Sciences [Amsterdam], Vrije universiteit = Free university of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU)-Vrije universiteit = Free university of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, TNO Climate, Air and Sustainability [Utrecht], The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Spectroscopie de l'atmosphère, Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Louis Bolk Institute (LBI), VU University Amsterdam-VU University Amsterdam, Earth and Climate, and Hydrology and Geo-environmental sciences
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Phénomènes atmosphériques, Urbanisation, Environment, Environment & Sustainability
Abstract: Ammonia (NH3) is an essential reactive nitrogen species in the biosphere and through its use in agriculture in the form of fertilizer (important for sustaining humankind). The current emission levels, however, are up to 4 times higher than in the previous century and continue to grow with uncertain consequences to human health and the environment. While NH3 at its current levels is a hazard to environmental and human health, the atmospheric budget is still highly uncertain, which is a product of an overall lack of measurements. The capability to measure NH3 with satellites has opened up new ways to study the atmospheric NH3 budget. In this study, we present the first estimates of NH3 emissions, lifetimes and plume widths from large (>∼ 5 kt yr-1) agricultural and industrial point sources from Cross-Track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) satellite observations across the globe with a consistent methodology. The same methodology is also applied to the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) (A and B) satellite observations, and we show that the satellites typically provide comparable results that are within the uncertainty of the estimates. The computed NH3 lifetime for large point sources is on average 2:35±1:16 h. For the 249 sources with emission levels detectable by the CrIS satellite, there are currently 55 locations missing (or underestimated by more than an order of magnitude) from the current Hemispheric Transport Atmospheric Pollution version 2 (HTAPv2) emission inventory and only 72 locations with emissions within a factor of 2 compared to the inventories. The CrIS emission estimates give a total of 5622 kt yr-1, for the sources analyzed in this study, which is around a factor of ∼ 2:5 higher than the emissions reported in HTAPv2. Furthermore, the study shows that it is possible to accurately detect short-and long-Term changes in emissions, demonstrating the possibility of using satellite-observed NH3 to constrain emission inventories., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Published: 2019
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7. ATMOSPHERIC GAS ABSORPTION KNOWLEDGE IN THE SUB-MILLIMETER: Modeling, field measurements, and uncertainty quantification

Author: Mario Mech, Viju O. John, Jérôme Vidot, Stuart Fox, Vinia Mattioli, Emma Turner, Carlos De Breuck, Ralf Bennartz, Eli J. Mlawer, Christophe Accadia, Michael Bremer, Tobias Wehr, Alan J. Geer, Alain Smette, Pascal Brunel, Catherine Prigent, Susanne Crewell, Sabatino Di Michele, Maria P. Cadeddu, Domenico Cimini, Frank S. Marzano, Juan R. Pardo, Patrick Eriksson, European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA (UMR_8112)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut für Geophysik und Meteorologie [Köln], Universität zu Köln = University of Cologne, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Wales Institute of Social and Economic Research, Data and Methods (WISERD), Cardiff University, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Southern Observatory (ESO), Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique [Liège], Université de Liège, Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis of the National Research Council (IMAA), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), UK Met Office, Centre de Météorologie Spatiale, Direction des Opérations pour la Prévision (DIROP), Météo-France -Météo-France, Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Nashville], Vanderbilt University [Nashville], United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites, Department of Energy (US), Swedish National Space Agency, Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Universität zu Köln, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Météo France, Ecosystèmes littoraux et côtiers (ELICO), Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Ecosystèmes littoraux et côtiers - UMR 8013 (ELICO)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Materials science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Field (physics), radiometry, radiative transfer, modeling, 020206 networking & telecommunications, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Computational physics, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Uncertainty quantification, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: 5 pags., 1 fig., descripción no proporcionada por scopus, The workshop was hosted by the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), Darmstadt, Germany. Maria Cadeddu is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research, Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Infrastructure Basic Energy Sciences, under contract DE-AC02-06CH11357. Patrick Ericksson is was supported by the Swedish National Space Agency. Ralf Bennartz was supported by NASA USPI Grant NNX17AJ09G.
Published: 2019
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8. Towards Comprehensive Observing and Modeling Systems for Monitoring and Predicting Regional to Coastal Sea Level

Author: Rui M. Ponte, Mark Carson, Mauro Cirano, Catia M. Domingues, Svetlana Jevrejeva, Marta Marcos, Gary Mitchum, R. S. W. van de Wal, Philip L. Woodworth, Michaël Ablain, Fabrice Ardhuin, Valérie Ballu, Mélanie Becker, Jérôme Benveniste, Florence Birol, Elizabeth Bradshaw, Anny Cazenave, P. De Mey-Frémaux, Fabien Durand, Tal Ezer, Lee-Lueng Fu, Ichiro Fukumori, Kathy Gordon, Médéric Gravelle, Stephen M. Griffies, Weiqing Han, Angela Hibbert, Chris W. Hughes, Déborah Idier, Villy H. Kourafalou, Christopher M. Little, Andrew Matthews, Angélique Melet, Mark Merrifield, Benoit Meyssignac, Shoshiro Minobe, Thierry Penduff, Nicolas Picot, Christopher Piecuch, Richard D. Ray, Lesley Rickards, Alvaro Santamaría-Gómez, Detlef Stammer, Joanna Staneva, Laurent Testut, Keith Thompson, Philip Thompson, Stefano Vignudelli, Joanne Williams, Simon D. P. Williams, Guy Wöppelmann, Laure Zanna, Xuebin Zhang, Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), University of Hamburg, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies and Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), National Oceanography Centre [Southampton] (NOC), University of Southampton, Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avancats (IMEDEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Universidad de las Islas Baleares (UIB), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Division Hydrographie Océanographie et Météorologie Militaire (HOM), Service hydrographique et océanographique de la Marine, LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMRi 7266 (LIENSs), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Agence Spatiale Européenne (ESA), European Space Agency (ESA), Echanges Côte-Large (ECOLA), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences [Boulder] (ATOC), University of Colorado [Boulder], Bangor University, Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM), Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Institute of Marine Sciences, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] (AOPP), University of Oxford [Oxford], CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research (CSIRO), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Marine and Atmospheric Research, LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), University of Oxford, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), Australian Research Council, National Science Foundation (US), Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Natural Environment Research Council (UK), Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (UK), Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, and European Commission
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, coastal impacts, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, integrated observing system, lcsh:QH1-199.5, coastal, Ocean Engineering, Aquatic Science, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Data assimilation, 14. Life underwater, impacts, lcsh:Science, Sea level, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Global and Planetary Change, coastal sea level, business.industry, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Ocean current, Environmental resource management, Geodetic datum, Future sea level, sea-level trends, Current (stream), coastal adaptation, 13. Climate action, observational gaps, coastal ocean modeling, Environmental science, lcsh:Q, Coastal impacts, business, Downscaling
Abstract: A major challenge for managing impacts and implementing effective mitigation measures and adaptation strategies for coastal zones affected by future sea level (SL) rise is our limited capacity to predict SL change at the coast on relevant spatial and temporal scales. Predicting coastal SL requires the ability to monitor and simulate a multitude of physical processes affecting SL, from local effects of wind waves and river runoff to remote influences of the large-scale ocean circulation on the coast. Here we assess our current understanding of the causes of coastal SL variability on monthly to multi-decadal timescales, including geodetic, oceanographic and atmospheric aspects of the problem, and review available observing systems informing on coastal SL. We also review the ability of existing models and data assimilation systems to estimate coastal SL variations and of atmosphere-ocean global coupled models and related regional downscaling efforts to project future SL changes. We discuss (1) observational gaps and uncertainties, and priorities for the development of an optimal and integrated coastal SL observing system, (2) strategies for advancing model capabilities in forecasting short-term processes and projecting long-term changes affecting coastal SL, and (3) possible future developments of sea level services enabling better connection of scientists and user communities and facilitating assessment and decision making for adaptation to future coastal SL change., RP was funded by NASA grant NNH16CT00C. CD was supported by the Australian Research Council (FT130101532 and DP 160103130), the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) Working Group 148, funded by national SCOR committees and a grant to SCOR from the U.S. National Science Foundation (Grant OCE-1546580), and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO/International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (IOC/IODE) IQuOD Steering Group. SJ was supported by the Natural Environmental Research Council under Grant Agreement No. NE/P01517/1 and by the EPSRC NEWTON Fund Sustainable Deltas Programme, Grant Number EP/R024537/1. RvdW received funding from NWO, Grant 866.13.001. WH was supported by NASA (NNX17AI63G and NNX17AH25G). CL was supported by NASA Grant NNH16CT01C. This work is a contribution to the PIRATE project funded by CNES (to TP). PT was supported by the NOAA Research Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program through its sponsorship of UHSLC (NA16NMF4320058). JS was supported by EU contract 730030 (call H2020-EO-2016, “CEASELESS”). JW was supported by EU Horizon 2020 Grant 633211, Atlantos.
Published: 2019
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9. Concepts and Terminology for Sea Level: Mean, Variability and Change, Both Local and Global

Author: Natalya Gomez, Mark E. Tamisiea, Detlef Stammer, Rui M. Ponte, Roderik S. W. van de Wal, Jason Lowe, John A. Church, Stephen M. Griffies, Robert E. Kopp, Chris W. Hughes, Gonéri Le Cozannet, Felix W. Landerer, Ichiro Fukimori, Jonathan M. Gregory, National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom, NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Bangor University, Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], Rutgers University [Camden], Rutgers University System (Rutgers), Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM), Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), University of Hamburg, Center for Space Research [Austin] (CSR), University of Texas at Austin [Austin], University of Leeds, Sub Dynamics Meteorology, and Marine and Atmospheric Research
Subjects: History, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, Global warming, Subject (philosophy), Public policy, Climate change, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Ambiguity, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Terminology, 01 natural sciences, Epistemology, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Order (exchange), Geochemistry and Petrology, Sea level, 14. Life underwater, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, Concepts
Abstract: International audience; Changes in sea level lead to some of the most severe impacts of anthropogenic climate change. Consequently, they are a subject of great interest in both scientific research and public policy. This paper defines concepts and terminology associated with sea level and sea-level changes in order to facilitate progress in sea-level science, in which communication is sometimes hindered by inconsistent and unclear language. We identify key terms and clarify their physical and mathematical meanings, make links between concepts and across disciplines, draw distinctions where there is ambiguity, and propose new terminology where it is lacking or where existing terminology is confusing. We include for-mulae and diagrams to support the definitions.
Published: 2019
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10. Present and future of L-Band radiometry

Author: Rajat Bindlish, Dara Entekhabi, Jean-Pierre Wigneron, Yann Kerr, Nicolas Reut, Gary Lagerloef, Lars Kaleschke, Jacqueline Boutin, Nemesio Rodriguez-Fernandez, Tong Lee, Simon Yueh, Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), ESR. Station d'Economie et Sociologie rurales, Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Université de Hambourg, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)
Subjects: L band, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 0208 environmental biotechnology, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, 020801 environmental engineering, L band radiometry, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Radiometry, Satellite, Uniqueness, Orbit (control theory), Microwave radiometry, 021101 geological & geomatics engineering, Remote sensing
Abstract: International audience; After almost 9 years in orbit L band satellite radiometry has demonstrated its impacts and values for a wide range of science and applications. In some cases it has demonstrated its uniqueness for assessing key environmental variables and in many others its high impact.
Published: 2018
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11. Antimicrobials: a global alliance for optimizing their rational use in intra-abdominal infections (AGORA) (vol 11, 33, 2016)

Author: Sartelli, M., Weber, D. G., Ruppe, E., Bassetti, M., Wright, B. J., Ansaloni, L., Catena, F., Coccolini, F., Abu-Zidan, F. M., Coimbra, R., Moore, E. E., Moore, F. A., Maier, R. V., De Waele, J. J., Kirkpatrick, A. W., Griffiths, E. A., Eckmann, C., Brink, A. J., Mazuski, J. E., May, A. K., Sawyer, R. G., Mertz, D., Montravers, P., Kumar, A., Roberts, J. A., Vincent, L., Watkins, R. R., Lowman, W., Spellberg, B., Abbott, I. J., Adesunkanmi, A. K., Al-Dahir, S., Al-Hasan, M. N., Agresta, F., Althani, A. A., Ansari, S., Ansumana, R., Augustin, G., Bala, M., Balogh, Z. J., Baraket, O., Bhangu, A., Beltrán, Anna Maria, Bernhard, M., Biffl, W. L., Boermeester, M. A., Brecher, S. M., Cherry-Bukowiec, J. R., Buyne, O. R., Cainzos, M. A., Cairns, K. A., Camacho-Ortiz, A., Chandy, S. J., Jusoh, A. Che, Chichom-Mefire, A., Colijn, C., Corcione, F., Cui, Y., Curcio, D., Delibegovic, S., Demetrashvili, Z., De Simone, B., Dhingra, S., Diaz, J. J., Di Carlo, I., Dillip, A., Di Saverio, S., Doyle, M. P., Dorj, G., Dogjani, A., Dupont, H., Eachempati, S. R., Enani, M. A., Egiev, V. N., Elmangory, M. M., Ferrada, P., Fitchett, J. R., Fraga, G. P., Guessennd, N., Giamarellou, H., Ghnnam, W., Gkiokas, G., Goldberg, S. R., Gomes, C. A., Gomi, H., Guzman-Blanco, M., Haque, M., Hansen, S., Hecker, A., Heizmann, W. R., Herzog, T., Hodonou, A. M., Hong, S. K., Kafka-Ritsch, R., Kaplan, L. J., Kapoor, G., Karamarkovic, A., Kees, M. G., Kenig, J., Kiguba, R., Kim, P. K., Kluger, Y., Khokha, V., Koike, K., Kok, K. Y., Kong, V., Knox, M. C., Inaba, K., Isik, A., Iskandar, K., Ivatury, R. R., Labbate, M., Labricciosa, F. M., Laterre, P. F., Latifi, R., Lee, J. G., Lee, Y. R., Leone, M., Leppaniemi, A., Li, Y., Liang, S. Y., Loho, T., Maegele, M., Malama, S., Marei, H. E., Martin-Loeches, I., Marwah, S., Massele, A., McFarlane, M., Melo, R. B., Negoi, I., Nicolau, D. P., Nord, C. E., Ofori-Asenso, R., Omari, A. H., Ordonez, C. A., Ouadii, M., Pereira Junior, G. A., Piazza, D., Pupelis, G., Rawson, T. M., Rems, M., Rizoli, S., Rocha, C., Sakakushev, B., Sanchez-Garcia, M., Sato, N., Segovia Lohse, H. A., Sganga, G., Siribumrungwong, B., Shelat, V. G., Soreide, K., Soto, R., Talving, P., Tilsed, J. V., Timsit, J. F., Trueba, G., Trung, N. T., Ulrych, J., Van Goor, H., Vereczkei, A., Vohra, R. S., Wani, I., Uhl, W., Xiao, Y., Yuan, K. C., Zachariah, S. K., Zahar, J. R., Zakrison, T. L., Corcione, A., Melotti, R. M., Viscoli, C., Viale, P., Universita 'La Sapienza' Roma (Istituto CNR), Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome] (UNIROMA), Universidade de Aveiro, Laboratoire matériaux et microélectronique de Provence (L2MP), Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille 3-Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur de Côte d'Ivoire, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), National Defence University of Malaysia [Kuala Lumpur], Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems (MPI-PKS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Plant Physiology, and Biophysical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR48, Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dipartimento di Fisica 'Giuseppe Occhialini' = Department of Physics 'Giuseppe Occhialini' [Milano-Bicocca], Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca = University of Milano-Bicocca (UNIMIB), Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), Zhejiang University, Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], INSB-INSB-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca [Milano] (UNIMIB), and COMBE, Isabelle
Subjects: [SDV.MHEP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology, Carbapenems, Antimicrobial Resistance, Invasive Candidiasis, Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus, Tigecycline, [SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology
Abstract: International audience; Intra-abdominal infections (IAI) are an important cause of morbidity and are frequently associated with poor prognosis, particularly in high-risk patients.The cornerstones in the management of complicated IAIs are timely effective source control with appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Empiric antimicrobial therapy is important in the management of intra-abdominal infections and must be broad enough to cover all likely organisms because inappropriate initial antimicrobial therapy is associated with poor patient outcomes and the development of bacterial resistance.The overuse of antimicrobials is widely accepted as a major driver of some emerging infections (such as C. difficile), the selection of resistant pathogens in individual patients, and for the continued development of antimicrobial resistance globally. The growing emergence of multi-drug resistant organisms and the limited development of new agents available to counteract them have caused an impending crisis with alarming implications, especially with regards to Gram-negative bacteria.An international task force from 79 different countries has joined this project by sharing a document on the rational use of antimicrobials for patients with IAIs. The project has been termed AGORA (Antimicrobials: A Global Alliance for Optimizing their Rational Use in Intra-Abdominal Infections). The authors hope that AGORA, involving many of the world's leading experts, can actively raise awareness in health workers and can improve prescribing behavior in treating IAIs.
Published: 2017
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12. Comparison of SMOS and SMAP soil moisture retrieval approaches using tower-based radiometer data over a vineyard field

Author: Ernesto Lopez-Baeza, Yann Kerr, Peggy O'Neill, Ahmad Al Bitar, P. Richaume, Heather Lawrence, Roberto Fernandez Moran, Gabrielle De Lannoy, Jean-Pierre Wigneron, Richard de Jeu, Arnaud Mialon, Simone Bircher, Mike Schwank, Thomas J. Jackson, Maciej Miernecki, University of Hamburg, Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Universitat de València (UV), Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Vrije universiteit = Free university of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture [Beltsville] (USDA), Gamma Remote Sensing, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), VU University Amsterdam, Earth and Climate, and Amsterdam Global Change Institute
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Mean squared error, Meteorology, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Soil Science, 02 engineering and technology, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Physics::Geophysics, 14. Life underwater, Computers in Earth Sciences, Time series, 021101 geological & geomatics engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, Atmospheric sounding, Valencia Anchor Station, Radiometer, Geology, Inversion (meteorology), SMAP, 15. Life on land, Brightness temperature, Soil water, Environmental science, Radiometry, Soil moisture retrieval, ELBARA, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, SMOS
Abstract: International audience; The objective of this study was to compare several approaches to soil moisture (SM) retrieval using l-band microwave radiometry. The comparison was based on a brightness temperature (TB) data set acquired since 2010 by the L-band radiometer ELBARA-II over a vineyard field at the Valencia Anchor Station (VAS) site. ELBARA-II, provided by the European Space Agency (ESA) within the scientific program of the SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) mission, measures multiangular TB data at horizontal and vertical polarization for a range of incidence angles (30°–60°). Based on a three year data set (2010–2012), several SM retrieval approaches developed for spaceborne missions including AMSR-E (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS), SMAP (Soil Moisture Active Passive) and SMOS were compared. The approaches include: the Single Channel Algorithm (SCA) for horizontal (SCA-H) and vertical (SCA-V) polarizations, the Dual Channel Algorithm (DCA), the Land Parameter Retrieval Model (LPRM) and two simplified approaches based on statistical regressions (referred to as ‘Mattar’ and ‘Saleh’). Time series of vegetation indices required for three of the algorithms (SCA-H, SCA-V and ‘Mattar’) were obtained from MODIS observations. The SM retrievals were evaluated against reference SM values estimated from a multiangular 2-Parameter inversion approach. As no in situ SM data was used, the evaluation made here is relative to the use of this specific reference data set. The results obtained with the current base line algorithms developed for SMAP (SCA-H and -V) are in very good agreement with the ‘reference’ SM data set derived from the multi-angular observations (R2 ≈ 0.90, RMSE varying between 0.035 and 0.056 m3/m3 for several retrieval configurations). This result showed that, provided the relationship between vegetation optical depth and a remotely-sensed vegetation index can be calibrated, the SCA algorithms can provide results very close to those obtained from multi-angular observations in this study area. The approaches based on statistical regressions provided similar results and the best accuracy was obtained with the ‘Saleh’ methods based on either bi-angular or bipolarization observations (R2 ≈ 0.93, RMSE ≈ 0.035 m3/m3). The LPRM and DCA algorithms were found to be slightly less successful in retrieving the ‘reference’ SM time series (R2 ≈ 0.75, RMSE ≈ 0.055 m3/m3). However, the two above approaches have the great advantage of not requiring any model calibrations previous to the SM retrievals.
Published: 2014
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13. Use of atmospheric angular momentum forecasts for UT1 predictions: analyses over CONT08

Author: D.A. Salstein, D. Gambis, Sébastien Lambert, Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Rotation de la Terre et géodésie spatiale, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Systèmes de référence célestes, and Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER)
Subjects: Angular momentum, Meteorology, Atmospheric circulation, International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service, Ranging, law.invention, Geophysics, Geochemistry and Petrology, law, Universal Time, Environmental science, Computers in Earth Sciences, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Interplanetary spaceflight, Orbit determination, Reference frame
Abstract: International audience; Real-time orbit determination and interplanetary navigation require accurate predictions of the orientation of the Earth in the celestial reference frame and in particular that for Universal Time UT1. Much of the UT1 variations over periods ranging from hours to a couple of years are due to the global atmospheric circulation. Therefore, the axial atmospheric angular momentum (AAM) forecast series may be used as a proxy index to predict UT1. Our approach taking advantage of this fact is based on an adaptive procedure. It involves incorporating integrations of AAM estimates into UT1 series. The procedure runs on a routine basis using AAM forecasts that are based on the two meteorological series, from the US National Centers for Environmental Prediction and the Japan Meteorological Agency. It is pertinent to test the prediction method for the period that includes the special CONT08 campaign over which we expect a significant improvement in UT1 accuracy. The studies we carried out were aimed both to compare atmospheric forecasts and analyses, as well as to compare the skills of the UT1 forecasts based on the method with atmospheric forecasts and that using current statistical processes, as applied to the C04 Earth orientation parameters series derived by the International Earth rotation and Reference Systems service (IERS). Here we neglect the oceanic sub-diurnal and diurnal variations, as these signals are expected to be smaller than the UT1-equivalent of 100 mu s, when averaged over a few days. The prediction performances for a 2-day forecast are similar, but at a forecast horizon of a week, the AAM-based forecast is roughly twice as skillful as the statistically based one.
Published: 2011
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14. Satellite and In Situ Salinity: Understanding Near-Surface Stratification and Subfootprint Variability

Author: Ludovic Brucker, Andrea Santos-Garcia, Tong Lee, Jacqueline Boutin, Alexander Soloviev, Emmanuel P. Dinnat, Brian Ward, Wenqing Tang, Nicolas Reul, William E. Asher, Nadya T. Vinogradova, Nicolas Kolodziejczyk, Julian Schanze, Kyla Drushka, Jessica Anderson, Thomas Meissner, Yi Chao, Christophe Maes, Thierry Delcroix, W.L. Jones, R. Drucker, Lisan Yu, Gilles Reverdin, Interactions et Processus au sein de la couche de Surface Océanique (IPSO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UCLA Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering (JIFRESSE), University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California-University of California-NASA, Remote Sensing Solutions, University of Washington [Seattle], Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Oceanography [Seattle], Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Ifremer, Centre de Toulon, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Earth and Space Research Institute [Seattle] (ESR), Nova Southeastern University (NSU), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Universities Space Research Association (USRA), GSFC Cryospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Electrical and Computer Engineering Department [Orlando], University of Central Florida [Orlando] (UCF), Laboratoire de physique des océans (LPO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Remote Sensing Systems [Santa Rosa] (RSS), Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), National University of Ireland [Galway] (NUI Galway), CNES, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)-NASA, Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Mesoscale meteorology, Stratification (water), 02 engineering and technology, [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, western equatorial pacific, barrier layer, tropical oceans, north-atlantic, ocean salinity, 14. Life underwater, Water cycle, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 021101 geological & geomatics engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, Radiometer, boundary-layer, pacific warm pool, Salinity, Ocean dynamics, band radiometer/scatterometer observations, 13. Climate action, polar-regions, air-sea interaction, Environmental science, Satellite, Microwave
Abstract: Remote sensing of salinity using satellite-mounted microwave radiometers provides new perspectives for studying ocean dynamics and the global hydrological cycle. Calibration and validation of these measurements is challenging because satellite and in situ methods measure salinity differently. Microwave radiometers measure the salinity in the top few centimeters of the ocean, whereas most in situ observations are reported below a depth of a few meters. Additionally, satellites measure salinity as a spatial average over an area of about 100 × 100 km2. In contrast, in situ sensors provide pointwise measurements at the location of the sensor. Thus, the presence of vertical gradients in, and horizontal variability of, sea surface salinity complicates comparison of satellite and in situ measurements. This paper synthesizes present knowledge of the magnitude and the processes that contribute to the formation and evolution of vertical and horizontal variability in near-surface salinity. Rainfall, freshwater plumes, and evaporation can generate vertical gradients of salinity, and in some cases these gradients can be large enough to affect validation of satellite measurements. Similarly, mesoscale to submesoscale processes can lead to horizontal variability that can also affect comparisons of satellite data to in situ data. Comparisons between satellite and in situ salinity measurements must take into account both vertical stratification and horizontal variability.
Published: 2016
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15. Using First- and Second-Order Variograms for Characterizing Landscape Spatial Structures From Remote Sensing Imagery

Author: Denis Allard, Frédéric Baret, Sébastien Garrigues, Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), Biostatistique et Processus Spatiaux (BioSP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Environnement Méditerranéen et Modélisation des Agro-Hydrosystèmes (EMMAH), and Avignon Université (AU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Stochastic modelling, STOCHASTIC SIMULATION, télédétection, géostatistique, variogramme, 0211 other engineering and technologies, modélisation spatiale, Image processing, 02 engineering and technology, Geostatistics, POISSON LINE MOSAIC MODEL, 01 natural sciences, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, REMOTE SENSING, VARIOGRAM, LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE, MULTI-GAUSSIAN MODEL, Ingénierie assistée par ordinateur, paysage, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, végétation, Variogram, 021101 geological & geomatics engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, Vegetation, [INFO.INFO-IA]Computer Science [cs]/Computer Aided Engineering, 15. Life on land, Computer Aided Engineering, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Spatial variability, Scale (map), Geology, simulation stochastique
Abstract: International audience; The spatial structures displayed by remote sensing imagery are essential information characterizing the nature and the scale of spatial variation of Earth surface processes. This paper provides a new approach to characterize the spatial structures within remote sensing imagery using stochastic models an geostatistic metrics. Up to now, the second-order variogram has been widely used to describe the spatial variations within an image. In this paper, we demonstrate its limitation to discriminate distinct image spatial structures. We introduce a different geostatistic metric, the first-order variogram, which used in combination with the second-order variogram, will prove its efficiency to describe the image spatial structures. We then develop a method based on the simultaneous use of both first- and second-order variogram metrics to model the image spatial structures as the weighted linear combination of two stochastic models: a Poisson line mosaic model and a multi-Gaussian model. The image spatial structures are characterized by the variance weight and the variogram range related to each model. This method is applied to several SPOT-HRV Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) images from the VALERI database in order to characterize the nature of the processes structuring different types of landscape. The mosaic model is an indicator of strong NDVI discontinuities within the image mainly generated by anthropogenic processes such as the mosaic pattern of crop sites. The multi-Gaussian model shows, evidence of diffuse and continuous variation of NDVI generally engendered by ecological and environmental processes such as the fuzzy pattern observed over forest and natural vegetation sites.
Published: 2007
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16. Sources of discrepancies between satellite-derived and land surface model estimates of latent heat fluxes

Author: Lipton, Alan, Liang, Pan, Jiménez, Carlos, Moncet, Jean-Luc, Aires, Filipe, Prigent, Catherine, Lynch, Richard, Galantowicz, John, d'Entremont, Robert, Uymin, Gennady, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR), Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA (UMR_8112)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Environmental, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences [Lowell], University of Massachusetts [Lowell] (UMass Lowell), University of Massachusetts System (UMASS)-University of Massachusetts System (UMASS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), and École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)
Subjects: [PHYS]Physics [physics], [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2015
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17. Sensitivity analysis for climate change impacts, adaptation & mitigation projection with pasture models

Author: Bellocchi, Gianni, Ehrhardt, Fiona, Rich, Conant, Nuala, Fitton, Matthew, Harrison, Mark, Lieffering, Minet, Julien, Martin, Raphaël, Moore, Andrew, Myrgiotis, Vasileios, Rolinski, Susanne, Ruget, Francoise, Snow, Val, Wang, Hong, Wu, Lianhai, Ruane, Alex, Soussana, Jean-François, UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Collège de Direction (CODIR), Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, (SFIRC), Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, Agresearch Ltd, Université de Liège, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Environnement Méditerranéen et Modélisation des Agro-Hydrosystèmes (EMMAH), Avignon Université (AU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Agriculture and Agri-Food [Ottawa] (AAFC), Rothamsted Research, Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), and AgMIP
Subjects: changement climatique, sol, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, prairie, gaz à effet de serre, carbone, Milieux et Changements globaux
Abstract: National audience; The development of climate adaptation services requires an improved accuracy in model projections for climate change impacts on pastures. Moreover, changes in grassland management need to be tested in terms of their adaptation and mitigation potential. Within AgMIP (Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project), based on the C3MP protocol for crops, we explore climate change impacts on future greenhouse gas emissions and removals in temperate grassland systems. Site calibrated models are used to provide projections under probabilistic climate change scenarios, which are defined by a combination of air temperature, precipitation and atmospheric CO2 changes. This design provides a test of yield, greenhouse gas emissions (N2O and CH4) and C sequestration sensitivity to climate change drivers. Moreover, changes in animal stocking density and in grazing vs. cutting are explored to test potential mitigation and adaptation options. This integrated approach has been tested for 12 models applied to 19 grassland sites over three continents and is seen as a pre-requisite for the use of models in the development of climate adaptation and mitigation services for grazing livestock.
Published: 2015

18. A comparison of minor trace gas retrievals from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) and the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI)

Author: Cady-Pereira, Karen, Shephard, Mark W., Henze, Daven, Millet, Dylan B., Gombos, Daniel, van Damme, Martin, Clarisse, Lieven, Coheur, Pierre-François, Pommier, Matthieu, Clerbaux, Cathy, Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), Environment and Climate Change Canada, University of Colorado [Boulder], University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System, Spectroscopie de l'atmosphère, Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Cardon, Catherine
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph]
Abstract: International audience; The advent of hyperspectral infrared instruments orbiting the Earth has allowed for detecting and measuring numerous trace gas species that play important roles in atmospheric chemistry and impact air quality, but for which there is a dearth of information on their distribution and temporal variability. Here we will present global and regional comparisons of measurements from the NASA TES and the European MetOp IASI instruments of three of these gases: ammonia (NH3), formic acid (HCOOH) and methanol (CH3OH). Ammonia is highly reactive and thus very variable in space and time, while the sources and sinks of methanol and formic acid are poorly quantified: thus space-based measurements have the potential of significantly increasing our knowledge of the emissions and distributions of these gases.IASI and TES have many similarities but some significant differences. TES has significantly higher spectral resolution (0.06 cm-1), and its equator crossing times are ~1:30 am and 1:30 pm, local time, while IASI has lower resolution (0.5 cm-1) and an earlier equator crossing time (9:30 am and 9:30 pm), which leads to lower thermal contrast; however IASI provides much greater temporal and spatial coverage due to its cross-track scanning. Added to the instrumental differences are the differences in retrieval algorithms. The IASI team uses simple but efficient methods to estimate total column amounts of the species above, while the TES team performs full optimal estimation retrievals.We will compare IASI and TES total column measurements averaged on a 2.5x2.5 degree global grid for each month in 2009, and we will examine the seasonal cycle in some regions of interest, such as South America, eastern China, and the Midwest and the Central Valley in the US. In regions where both datasets are in agreement this analysis will provide confidence that the results are robust and reliable. In regions where there is disagreement we will look for the causes of the discrepancies, which will lead to better algorithms, most immediately for the NPP CrIS instrument, which combines the coverage of IASI with the equator crossing time of TES.
Published: 2014

19. Use of SAPHIR and GMI for intercalibration of polar orbiting passive microwave water vapor sounders

Author: Payne, Vivienne, Wilheit, Thomas, Wang, James, Jones, W., Datta, S., Santos-Garcia, Adrea, Brogniez, Hélène, Clain, Gaëlle, Luo, M., Moncet, Jean-Luc, Mlawer, Eli, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Texas A&M University [College Station], Science Systems and Applications, Inc. [Lanham] (SSAI), University of Central Florida [Orlando] (UCF), SPACE - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), and Cardon, Catherine
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2014

20. Compared performances of microwave passive soil moisture retrievals (SMOS) and active soil moisture retrievals (ASCAT) using land surface model estimates (MERRA-LAND)

Author: Marie Parrens, Philippe Richaume, Amen Al-Yaari, R. Fernandez, Yann Kerr, Ahmad Al Bitar, Agnès Ducharne, Wouter Dorigo, G. De Lannoy, Rolf H. Reichle, Arnaud Mialon, Jean-Pierre Wigneron, Wolfgang Wagner, Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Milieux Environnementaux, Transferts et Interactions dans les hydrosystèmes et les Sols (METIS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Vienna University of Technology, Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), Universitat de València (UV), IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society (GRSS). USA., Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Biome, Climate change, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Land cover, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, Scatterometer, Arid, Tundra, biomes, ASCAT, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, soil moisture, Water content, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, Remote sensing, SMOS
Abstract: International audience; Performances of two global satellite-based surface soil moisture (SSM) retrievals with respect to model-based SSM derived from the MERRA (Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications) rea-nalysis were explored in this paper: (i) Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS; passive) Level-3 SSM (SMOSL3) and (ii) the Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT; active) SSM. Temporal correlation was used to investigate the performance of SMOSL3 and ASCAT SSM products during the period 05/2010–2012 on a global basis. Both SMOSL3 and ASCAT (slightly better) captured well (R>0.70) the long-term variability of the modelled SSM, particularly, over the Indian subcontinent, the Great Plains of North America, and the Sahel. However, ASCAT had negative correlations in arid regions, in particular across the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula. This may be due to complex scattering mechanisms over very dry surfaces. To explore the land cover dependence of the analyzed statistical indicators, the global correlation results were averaged per biome extracted from a global map of biomes. In general, SMOSL3 and ASCAT performances behaved differently from one biome to another. For SMOSL3, the highest average correlation was observed over “tropical semi-arid” (R = ∼ 0.5) and “temperate semi-arid” biomes, whereas for ASCAT, the highest correlations were observed over “tropical semi-arid” (R = ∼ 0.7) and “tropical humid” biomes. The poorest agreement for both SMOSL3 and ASCAT was generally found over “tundra” and “desert temperate” biomes, particularly for ASCAT. This study showed that the performance of both SMOSL3 and ASCAT is highly dependent on vegetation. We also showed that both of them provide complementary information on SSM, which implies a potential for data fusion which would be pertinent for the ESA climate change initiative (CCI).
Published: 2014
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21. THIRSTY - A new thermal infrared mission concept for Earth science

Author: Hook, Simon, Lagouarde, Jean-Pierre, Crebassol, Philippe, Boissin, Benoît, Gamet, Philippe, Varinois, Arnaud, Bret-Dibat, Thierry, Goullioud, Renaud, Johnson, Wayne, Fisher, Joshua, Hulley, Glynn, Lum, Karen, Mercury, Michael, Diaz, Ernesto, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, Toulouse, and Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER)
Subjects: [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences
Abstract: International audience; The Thermal InfraRed SpaTial System (THIRSTY) is a joint mission concept being developed by CNES and NASA that is nearing the end of its Phase 0 activities. THIRSTY is science-driven and during the Phase 0 activities, the team has utilized the key science objectives to develop the measurement needs and mission concept. The science of the THIRSTY mission is focused on addressing questions related to evaporation stress and water use. However, the measurements will be useful for a broad range of other studies related to urban environments, coastal and inland waters, and solid earth and natural disasters. The THIRSTY mission is driven by the need to address two main science questions related to ecosystem stress and water use. These are 1) how is the terrestrial biosphere responding to changes in water availability and 2) can agricultural vulnerability be reduced through advanced monitoring of consumptive use and improved drought detection. These questions are being further refined by the mission concept team together with input from the science community. THIRSTY represents a confluence of two earlier concepts being developed by CNES and NASA. On the CNES side, the mission draws from the MISTIGRI (Micro Satellite for Thermal Infrared Ground surface Imaging) concept. This 200 kg satellite was composed of a 4 band thermal infrared (TIR) instrument and a 4 band visible-near infrared (VNIR) instrument, mounted on a Myriade spacecraft (CNES low cost product line). MISTIGRI was a sampling mission that would acquire tens of 25km x25 km scenes from parts of the globe with 50 m spatial resolution and a revisit of 1 day. On the NASA side, THIRSTY provides the measurements needed for part of the Hyperspectral Infrared Imager (HyspIRI) mission. The HyspIRI payload includes a visible shortwave infrared imaging spectrometer and a mid and thermal infrared multispectral scanner. THIRSTY would provide the data needed to satisfy the measurement requirements of the mid and thermal infrared multispectral scanner. The HyspIRI mid and thermal infrared instrument has 60 m spatial resolution, 8 spectral channels, global coverage and a revisit time of 5 days both day and night. The THIRSTY concept will provide high spatial resolution data (
Published: 2014

22. Comparison of SMOS and SMAP retrieval algorithms based on in situ L-band observations at the VAS site

Author: Miernecki, Maciej, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Kerr, Yann H., Lopez-Baeza, Ernesto, De Jeu, Richard, O'Neill, Peggy, Casal, Tânia, Mecklenburg, Susanne, Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universitat de València (UV), VU University Amsterdam, Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), European Space Agency (ESA), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), and Vrije universiteit = Free university of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU)
Subjects: télédétection par satellite, Earth Sciences, projet smos, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Sciences de la Terre, radiométrie, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: National audience
Published: 2013

23. Calibration and validation of soil moisture retrieval alogorithms over low vegetation using ground based L band radiometer

Author: Miernecki, Maciej, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Kerr, Yann H., Lopez-Baeza, Ernesto, De Jeu, Richard, O'Neill, Peggy, Casal, Tânia, Mecklenburg, Susanne, Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universitat de València (UV), Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije universiteit = Free university of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), European Space Agency (ESA), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), and VU University Amsterdam
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], télédétection, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, humidité du sol, température de brillance, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, radiométrie
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2013

24. Green leaf area and fraction of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by vegetation

Author: Ranga B. Myneni, Marie Weiss, Sanmay Ganguly, G. Zhang, Hirofumi Hashimoto, Kumaresh Singh, Cristina Milesi, Jian Bi, Ramakrishna R. Nemani, Frédéric Baret, Aleixandre Verger, Arindam Samanta, Environnement Méditerranéen et Modélisation des Agro-Hydrosystèmes (EMMAH), Avignon Université (AU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Osaka University [Osaka], Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, United States, affiliation inconnue, Bay Area Environmental Research Institute (BAER), NASA Advanced Supercomputing Division (NAS), NASA, Department of Earth and Environment [Boston], Boston University [Boston] (BU), Department of Science and Environmental Policy [Monterey Bay], California State University [Monterey Bay] (CSUMB), Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), Risk Management Solutions, and Jonathan Hanes
Subjects: Accuracy and precision, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Pixel, Advanced very-high-resolution radiometer, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, 01 natural sciences, Green leaf, Geography, 13. Climate action, Photosynthetically active radiation, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer, Leaf area index, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing
Abstract: International audience; Leaf Area Index (LAI), the area of leaves per unit ground area, and the Fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FPAR; 400–700 nm) absorbed by vegetation are important biophysical variables for quantifying the cycling of water, carbon and nutrients through ecosystems. The LAI/FPAR products from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor and the Système Pour l’Observation de la Terre (SPOT) sensor have a large Earth science community user base and the ease of access, provision of pixel quality and validation information have greatly aided the use of these products. Recent research efforts focusing on inter-sensor product consistencies have developed a foundation upon which mature algorithms and a validation framework can act synergistically to further refine the accuracy and precision of these existing long-term products. This chapter provides a brief overview of the recent progresses in LAI/FPAR estimation algorithms and resulting biophysical products from the AVHRR, MODIS, SPOT and Landsat data
Published: 2013
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25. Satellite-based constraints on seasonal methanol emissions from terrestrial landscapes

Author: Millet, Dylan B., Wells, K. C., Hu, L., Cady-Pereira, K., Xiao, Y., Shephard, M. W., Clerbaux, Cathy, Clarisse, L., Coheur, Pierre-François, Apel, E. C., De Gouw, J., Warneke, C., Singh, H. B., Goldstein, A. H., Sive, B. C., University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System, Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), Environment and Climate Change Canada, TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Spectroscopie de l'atmosphère, Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), and Cardon, Catherine
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph]
Abstract: Methanol (CH3OH) is the most abundant non-methane volatile organic compound in the atmosphere, with a global burden of 3-4 Tg, and is an important precursor of carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, and ozone. Here we employ an ensemble of new methanol measurements from nadir-viewing space-based sensors (TES, IASI) to better understand seasonal methanol emissions from terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. Analyzing one full year of satellite data, we find that the GEOS-Chem model, driven with MEGANv2.1 biogenic emissions, underestimates observed methanol concentrations throughout the midlatitudes in springtime, with the timing of the seasonal peak in model emissions 1-2 months too late. We attribute this discrepancy to an underestimate of emissions from new leaves in MEGAN, and apply the satellite data to better quantify the seasonal change in methanol emissions for midlatitude ecosystems. Our results enable a more realistic simulation of atmospheric methanol on the basis of IASI, TES, and ground-based measurements. We further employ the adjoint of GEOS-Chem in an inverse analysis to evaluate what constraints the satellite data can provide on methanol emission rates from different plant functional types.
Published: 2012

26. A comparison of ISCCP land surface temperature with other satellite and in situ observations

Author: Jimenez, Carlos, Prigent, Catherine, Catherinot, Julie, Rossow, William, Liang, Pan, Moncet, Jean-Luc, Universidad de Antioquia = University of Antioquia [Medellín, Colombia], Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), and École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL)
Subjects: [PHYS]Physics [physics], [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2012
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27. Tropospheric methanol observations from space: retrieval evaluation and constraints on the seasonality of biogenic emissions

Author: Allen H. Goldstein, Lu Hu, Lieven Clarisse, Hanwant B. Singh, Carsten Warneke, Mark W. Shephard, Y. Xiao, Eric C. Apel, Barkley C. Sive, J. A. de Gouw, Cathy Clerbaux, Dylan B. Millet, Kelley C. Wells, Karen Cady-Pereira, Pierre-François Coheur, Spectroscopie de l'atmosphère, Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Atmospheric and Climate Applications, Inc. (ACApps), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Atmospheric Chemistry Division [Boulder], National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management [Berkeley] (ESPM), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Appalachian State University, University of North Carolina System (UNC), University of California [Berkeley], and University of California-University of California
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Chemical transport model, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Télédétection, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, 010501 environmental sciences, Infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer, Atmospheric sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Article, Troposphere, lcsh:Chemistry, Phénomènes atmosphériques, medicine, Leaf area index, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Seasonality, 15. Life on land, medicine.disease, lcsh:QC1-999, Trace gas, Sciences de la terre et du cosmos, Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Satellite, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: Methanol retrievals from nadir-viewing space-based sensors offer powerful new information for quantifying methanol emissions on a global scale. Here we apply an ensemble of aircraft observations over North America to evaluate new methanol measurements from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) on the Aura satellite, and combine the TES data with observations from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) on the MetOp-A satellite to investigate the seasonality of methanol emissions from northern midlatitude ecosystems. Using the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model as an intercomparison platform, we find that the TES retrieval performs well when the degrees of freedom for signal (DOFS) are above 0.5, in which case the model:TES regressions are generally consistent with the model:aircraft comparisons. Including retrievals with DOFS below 0.5 degrades the comparisons, as these are excessively influenced by the a priori. The comparisons suggest DOFS >0.5 as a minimum threshold for interpreting retrievals of trace gases with a weak tropospheric signal. We analyze one full year of satellite observations and find that GEOS-Chem, driven with MEGANv2.1 biogenic emissions, underestimates observed methanol concentrations throughout the midlatitudes in springtime, with the timing of the seasonal peak in model emissions 1-2 months too late. We attribute this discrepancy to an underestimate of emissions from new leaves in MEGAN, and apply the satellite data to better quantify the seasonal change in methanol emissions for midlatitude ecosystems. The derived parameters (relative emission factors of 11.0, 0.26, 0.12 and 3.0 for new, growing, mature, and old leaves, respectively, plus a leaf area index activity factor of 0.5 for expanding canopies with leaf area index, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Published: 2012
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28. Subsurface emission effects in AMSR-E measurements: Implications for land surface microwave emissivity retrieval

Author: Jean-Luc Moncet, Alan E. Lipton, Christopher Grassotti, Gennady Uymin, Catherine Prigent, John F. Galantowicz, Pan Liang, Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), and Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Ecology, Diurnal temperature variation, Equator, Paleontology, Soil Science, Forestry, Vegetation, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Geochemistry and Petrology, Brightness temperature, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Emissivity, International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project, Environmental science, Precipitation, Moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, Remote sensing
Abstract: International audience; An analysis of land surface microwave emission time series shows that the characteristic diurnal signatures associated with subsurface emission in sandy deserts carry over to arid and semiarid regions worldwide. Prior work found that diurnal variation of Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) brightness temperatures in deserts was small relative to International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project land surface temperature (LST) variation and that the difference varied with surface type and was largest in sand sea regions. Here we find more widespread subsurface emission effects in Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS (AMSR-E) measurements. The AMSR-E orbit has equator crossing times near 01:30 and 13:30 local time, resulting in sampling when near-surface temperature gradients are likely to be large and amplifying the influence of emission depth on effective emitting temperature relative to other factors. AMSR-E measurements are also temporally coincident with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) LST measurements, eliminating time lag as a source of LST uncertainty and reducing LST errors due to undetected clouds. This paper presents monthly global emissivity and emission depth index retrievals for 2003 at 11, 19, 37, and 89 GHz from AMSR-E, MODIS, and SSM/I time series data. Retrieval model fit error, stability, self-consistency, and land surface modeling results provide evidence for the validity of the subsurface emission hypothesis and the retrieval approach. An analysis of emission depth index, emissivity, precipitation, and vegetation index seasonal trends in northern and southern Africa suggests that changes in the emission depth index may be tied to changes in land surface moisture and vegetation conditions.
Published: 2011
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29. Discrepancies between MODIS and ISCCP land surface temperature products analyzed with microwave measurements

Author: Moncet, Jean-Luc, Liang, Pan, Lipton, Alan E., Galantowicz, John F., Prigent, Catherine, Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instrumentation et télédétection, Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères = Laboratory for Studies of Radiation and Matter in Astrophysics and Atmospheres (LERMA), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY)
Subjects: [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract: International audience; This paper compares land surface temperature (LST) products from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP). With both sources, the LST data are derived from infrared measurements. For ISCCP, LST is a secondary product in support of the primary cloud analyses, but the LST data have been used for several other purposes. The MODIS measurements from the Aqua spacecraft are taken at about 01:30 and 13:30 local time, and the ISCCP three-hourly data, based on several geostationary and polar orbiting satellites, were interpolated to the MODIS measurement times. For July 2003 monthly averages over all clear-sky locations, the ISCCP-MODIS differences were +5.0 K and +2.5 K for day and night, respectively, and there were areas with differences as large as 25 K. The day-night differences were as much as ˜10 K higher for ISCCP than for MODIS. The MODIS measurements were more consistent with independent microwave measurements from AMSR-E, by several measures, with respect to day-night differences and day-to-day variations.
Published: 2011
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30. Land surface microwave emissivities derived from AMSR-E and MODIS measurements with advanced quality control

Author: Catherine Prigent, Alan E. Lipton, Jean-Luc Moncet, Gennady Uymin, John F. Galantowicz, Christopher Grassotti, Pan Liang, Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instrumentation et télédétection, Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères = Laboratory for Studies of Radiation and Matter in Astrophysics and Atmospheres (LERMA), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Meteorology, Cloud cover, Soil Science, Climate change, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Microwave emissivity, Geochemistry and Petrology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Emissivity, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, Remote sensing, Ecology, Spacecraft, business.industry, Paleontology, Forestry, Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Homogeneous, Environmental science, Moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer, business, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Microwave
Abstract: International audience; A microwave emissivity database has been developed with data from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS (AMSR-E) and with ancillary land surface temperature (LST) data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the same Aqua spacecraft. The primary intended application of the database is to provide surface emissivity constraints in atmospheric and surface property retrieval or assimilation. An additional application is to serve as a dynamic indicator of land surface properties relevant to climate change monitoring. The precision of the emissivity data is estimated to be significantly better than in prior databases from other sensors due to the precise collocation with high-quality MODIS LST data and due to the quality control features of our data analysis system. The accuracy of the emissivities in deserts and semiarid regions is enhanced by applying, in those regions, a version of the emissivity retrieval algorithm that accounts for the penetration of microwave radiation through dry soil with diurnally varying vertical temperature gradients. These results suggest that this penetration effect is more widespread and more significant to interpretation of passive microwave measurements than had been previously established. Emissivity coverage in areas where persistent cloudiness interferes with the availability of MODIS LST data is achieved using a classification-based method to spread emissivity data from less-cloudy areas that have similar microwave surface properties. Evaluations and analyses of the emissivity products over homogeneous snow-free areas are presented, including application to retrieval of soil temperature profiles. Spatial inhomogeneities are the largest in the vicinity of large water bodies due to the large water/land emissivity contrast and give rise to large apparent temporal variability in the retrieved emissivities when satellite footprint locations vary over time. This issue will be dealt with in the future by including a water fraction correction. Also note that current reliance on the MODIS day-night algorithm as a source of LST limits the coverage of the database in the Polar Regions. We will consider relaxing the current restrictions as part of future development.
Published: 2011
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31. Satellite monitoring of ammonia: A case study of the San Joaquin Valley

Author: Cathy Clerbaux, Mark W. Shephard, Karen Cady-Pereira, Franck Dentener, Lieven Clarisse, Martin Van Damme, Federico Karagulian, Daniel Hurtmans, Pierre-François Coheur, Spectroscopie de l'atmosphère, Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Soil Science, 010501 environmental sciences, Aquatic Science, Infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer, Oceanography, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Atmosphere, Troposphere, Altitude, Geochemistry and Petrology, Ammonia, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Inversion temperature, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Ecology, Paleontology, Forestry, Remote sensing, Depth sounding, Geophysics, Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Environmental science, San Joaquin, Infrared
Abstract: International audience; Atmospheric ammonia (NH3) has recently been observed with infrared sounders from space. Here we present 1 year of detailed bidaily satellite retrievals with the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer and some retrievals of the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer over the San Joaquin Valley, California, a highly polluted agricultural production region. Several sensitivity issues are discussed related to the sounding of ammonia, in terms of degrees of freedom, averaging kernels, and altitude of maximum sensitivity and in relation to thermal contrast and concentration. We also discuss their seasonal dependence and sources of errors. We demonstrate boundary layer sensitivity of infrared sounders when there is a large thermal contrast between the surface and the bottom of the atmosphere. For the San Joaquin Valley, large thermal contrast is the case for daytime measurements in spring, summer, and autumn and for nighttime measurements in autumn and winter when a large negative thermal contrast is amplified by temperature inversion.
Published: 2010
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32. Validation of version-4.61 methane and nitrous oxide observed by MIPAS

Author: Payan, Camy-Peyret, Oelhaf, Wetzel, Maucher, Keim, Pirre, Huret, Engel, Volk, M. C., Kuellmann, Kuttippurath, Cortesi, Bianchini, Mencaraglia, Raspollini, Redaelli, Vigouroux, De Mazière, Mikuteit, Blumenstock, Velazco, Notholt, Mahieu, Duchatelet, Smale, Wood, Jones, Piccolo, Payne, Bracher, Glatthor, Stiller, Grunow, Jeseck, Butz, Laboratoire de Physique Moleculaire pour l'Atmosphere et l'Astrophysique (LPMAA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung (IMK), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Laboratoire de physique et chimie de l'environnement (LPCE), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut für Atmosphäre und Umwelt [Frankfurt/Main] (IAU), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Institute of Environmental Physics and Remote Sensing [Bremen] (IUP/IFE), University of Bremen, Istituto di Fisica Applicata 'Nello Carrara' (IFAC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Dipartimento di Fisica [L'Aquila], Università degli Studi dell'Aquila [L'Aquila] (UNIVAQ.IT), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique [Liège], Université de Liège, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Lauder] (NIWA), University of Wollongong, Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] (AOPP), University of Oxford [Oxford], Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Umweltphysik [Heidelberg], Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Università degli Studi dell'Aquila = University of L'Aquila (UNIVAQ), University of Wollongong [Australia], University of Oxford, Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University, and Università degli Studi dell'Aquila (UNIVAQ)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, Nitrous oxide, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Chemistry, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:QC1-999, 010305 fluids & plasmas, SCIAMACHY, Troposphere, lcsh:Chemistry, Earth sciences, remote sensing, Atmospheric composition and structure, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, 0103 physical sciences, ddc:550, Positive bias, Methane, Stratosphere, lcsh:Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing
Abstract: The ENVISAT validation programme for the atmospheric instruments MIPAS, SCIAMACHY and GOMOS is based on a number of balloon-borne, aircraft, satellite and ground-based correlative measurements. In particular the activities of validation scientists were coordinated by ESA within the ENVISAT Stratospheric Aircraft and Balloon Campaign or ESABC. As part of a series of similar papers on other species [this issue] and in parallel to the contribution of the individual validation teams, the present paper provides a synthesis of comparisons performed between MIPAS CH4 and N2O profiles produced by the current ESA operational software (Instrument Processing Facility version 4.61 or IPF v4.61, full resolution MIPAS data covering the period 9 July 2002 to 26 March 2004) and correlative measurements obtained from balloon and aircraft experiments as well as from satellite sensors or from ground-based instruments. In the middle stratosphere, no significant bias is observed between MIPAS and correlative measurements, and MIPAS is providing a very consistent and global picture of the distribution of CH4 and N2O in this region. In average, the MIPAS CH4 values show a small positive bias in the lower stratosphere of about 5%. A similar situation is observed for N2O with a positive bias of 4%. In the lower stratosphere/upper troposphere (UT/LS) the individual used MIPAS data version 4.61 still exhibits some unphysical oscillations in individual CH4 and N2O profiles caused by the processing algorithm (with almost no regularization). Taking these problems into account, the MIPAS CH4 and N2O profiles are behaving as expected from the internal error estimation of IPF v4.61 and the estimated errors of the correlative measurements.
Published: 2009
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33. Regional modeling of carbonaceous aerosols over Europe—focus on secondary organic aerosols

Author: Sophie Moukhtar, Catherine Liousse, Bertrand Bessagnet, Christian Seigneur, Michael Schulz, B. Guillaume, Betty K. Pun, Laurent Menut, Alma Hodzic, Gabriele Curci, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre of Excellence CETEMPS, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila = University of L'Aquila (UNIVAQ), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry [Toronto], York University [Toronto], Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X), Università degli Studi dell'Aquila (UNIVAQ), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Isoprene, Air pollution, Secondary organic aerosols, 010501 environmental sciences, medicine.disease_cause, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Mediterranean Basin, behavioral disciplines and activities, chemistry.chemical_compound, medicine, Environmental Chemistry, Organic carbon, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Total organic carbon, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Modeling, Particulates, Aerosol, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Atmospheric chemistry, Monoterpenes, Elemental carbon
Abstract: International audience; In this study, an improved and complete secondary organic aerosols (SOA) chemistry scheme was implemented in the CHIMERE model. The implementation of isoprene chemistry for SOA significantly improves agreement between long series of simulated and observed particulate matter concentrations. While simulated organic carbon concentrations are clearly improved at elevated sites by adding the SOA scheme, time correlation are impaired at low level sites in Portugal, Italy and Slovakia. At several sites a clear underestimation by the CHIMERE model is noticed in wintertime possibly due to missing wood burning emissions as shown in previous modeling studies. In Europe, the CHIMERE model gives yearly average SOA concentrations ranging from 0.5μg/m3 in the Northern Europe to 4μg/m3 over forested regions in Spain, France, Germany and Italy. In addition, our work suggests that during the highest fire emission periods, fires can be the dominant source of primary organic carbon over the Mediterranean Basin, but the SOA contribution from fire emissions is low. Isoprene chemistry has a strong impact on SOA formation when using current available kinetic schemes.
Published: 2009
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34. Multivariate quantification of landscape spatial heterogeneity using variogram models

Author: Jeffrey T. Morisette, Denis Allard, Sébastien Garrigues, Frédéric Baret, Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), Biostatistique et Processus Spatiaux (BioSP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Environnement Méditerranéen et Modélisation des Agro-Hydrosystèmes (EMMAH), and Avignon Université (AU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: [SPI.OTHER]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Other, Spatial correlation, VARIOGRAM, MULTIVARIATE VARIOGRAM MODEL, STATIONARITY, DIGITAL IMAGE, LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE, RED AND NEAR INFRARED, SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY, LINEAR MODEL, LENGTH SCALE, SPATIAL STRUCTURE, MODERATE SPATIAL RESOLUTION, NDVI, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, télédétection, variogramme, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Soil Science, modélisation spatiale, 02 engineering and technology, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, hétérogénéité spatiale, 01 natural sciences, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, lumière rouge et infra rouge, modèle linéaire, paysage, Computers in Earth Sciences, végétation, Variogram, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 021101 geological & geomatics engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, Geology, Vegetation, Spectral bands, 15. Life on land, Spatial heterogeneity, échelle, Autre (Sciences de l'ingénieur), image numérique, Environmental science, Spatial variability, Scale (map)
Abstract: International audience; The monitoring of earth surface processes at a global scale requires high temporal frequency remote sensing observations provided up to now by moderate spatial resolution sensors (from 250 m to 7 kin). Non-linear estimation processes of land surface variables derived from remote sensing data can be biased by the surface spatial heterogeneity within the moderate spatial resolution pixel. Quantifying this surface spatial heterogeneity is thus required to correct non-linear estimation processes of land surface variables. The first step in this process is to properly characterize the scale of spatial variation of the processes structuring the landscape. Since the description of land surface processes generally involves various spectral bands, a multivariate approach to characterize the surface spatial heterogeneity from multi-spectral remote sensing observations has to be established. This work aims at quantifying the landscape spatial heterogeneity captured by red and near infrared high spatial resolution images using direct and cross-variograms modeled together with the geostatistical linear model of coregionalization. This model quantifies the overall spatial variability and correlation of red and near infrared reflectances over the scene. In addition, it provides an explicit understanding of the landscape spatial structures captured by red and near infrared reflectances and is thus appropriate to describe landscapes composed of areas with contrasted red and near infrared spectral properties. The application of the linear model of coregionalization to 18 contrasted landscapes provides a spatial signature of red and near infrared spectral properties characterizing each type of landscape. Low vegetation cover sites are characterized by positive spatial correlation between red and near infrared. The mosaic pattern of vegetation fields and bare soil fields over crop sites generates high and negative spatial correlation between red and near infrared and increases the spatial variability of red and near infrared. On forest sites, the important amount of vegetation limits the spatial variability of red and the shadow effects mainly captured by near infrared induce a low and positive spatial correlation between red and near infrared. Finally, the linear model of coregionalization applied to red and near infrared is shown to be more powerful than the univariate variogram modeling applied to NDVI because the second order stationarity hypothesis on which variogram modeling relies is more frequently verified for red and near infrared than for NDVI.
Published: 2008
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35. Snow and Climate : Snow-cover parameterization and modeling

Author: Brun, Eric, Yang, Zong-Liang, Essery, Richard, Cohen, Judah, Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), School of Geosciences Grant Institute, University of Edinburgh, and Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER)
Subjects: couverture de neige, modèles de climat, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], modèles, histoire, équivalent en eau, précipitations, [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, neige, cycle hydrologique
Abstract: 56 pages
Published: 2008

36. Validation and data characteristics of methane and nitrous oxide profiles observed by MIPAS and processed with Version 4.61 algorithm

Author: Payan, Camy-Peyret, Oelhaf, Wetzel, Maucher, Keim, Pirre, Huret, Engel, Volk, M. C., Kuellmann, Kuttippurath, Cortesi, Bianchini, Mencaraglia, Raspollini, Redaelli, Vigouroux, De Mazière, Mikuteit, Blumenstock, Velazco, Notholt, Mahieu, Duchatelet, Smale, Wood, Jones, Piccolo, Payne, Bracher, Glatthor, Stiller, Grunow, Jeseck, Pfeilsticker, Butz, A, Laboratoire de Physique Moleculaire pour l'Atmosphere et l'Astrophysique (LPMAA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung (IMK), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Laboratoire de physique et chimie de l'environnement (LPCE), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut für Atmosphäre und Umwelt [Frankfurt/Main] (IAU), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Remote Sensing Department [Bremen] (IFE), Institute of Environmental Physics [Bremen] (IUP), University of Bremen-University of Bremen, Istituto di Fisica Applicata 'Nello Carrara' (IFAC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), University of L'Aquila [Italy] (UNIVAQ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique [Liège], Université de Liège, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Lauder] (NIWA), University of Wollongong, Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] (AOPP), University of Oxford [Oxford], Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), Institut für Meteorologie [Berlin], Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Umweltphysik [Heidelberg], Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), University of Wollongong [Australia], Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), University of Oxford, Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University, Laboratoire de Physique Moleculaire pour l'Atmosphere et l'Astrophysique ( LPMAA ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung ( IMK ), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie ( KIT ), Laboratoire de physique et chimie de l'environnement ( LPCE ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut für Atmosphäre und Umwelt [Frankfurt/Main] ( IAU ), Institute of Remote Sensing [Bremen] ( IFE ), Institute of Environmental Physics [Bremen] ( IUP ), Istituto di Fisica Applicata 'Nello Carrara' ( IFAC ), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] ( CNR ), University of L'Aquila [Italy] ( UNIVAQ ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Lauder] ( NIWA ), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] ( AOPP ), Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Atmospheric and Environment Research ( AER ), and Freie Universität Berlin [Berlin]
Subjects: [ SDU.OCEAN ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Nitrous oxide, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Systematic deviation, Remote sensing, 01 natural sciences, Methane, SCIAMACHY, 010309 optics, chemistry.chemical_compound, Atmospheric composition and structure, chemistry, 13. Climate action, 0103 physical sciences, Satellite, Positive bias, Algorithm, Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; The ENVISAT validation programme for the atmospheric instruments MIPAS, SCIAMACHY and GOMOS is based on a number of balloon-bone, aircraft and ground-based correlative measurements. In particular the activities of validation scientists were coordinated by ESA within the ENVISAT Stratospheric Aircraft and Balloon Campaign of ESABC. As part of a series of similar papers on other species [this issue] and in parallel to the contribution of the individual validation teams, the present paper provides a synthesis of comparisons performed between MIPAS CH4 and N2O profiles produced by the current ESA operational software (Instrument Processing Facility version 4.61 or IPF v4.61) and correlative measurements obtained from balloon and aircraft experiments as well as from satellite sensors or from ground-based instruments. The MIPAS-E CH4 values show a positive bias in the lower stratosphere of about 10%. In case of N2O no systematic deviation with respect to the validation experiments could be identified. The individual used MIPAS data version 4.61 still exhibits some unphysical oscillations in individual CH4 and N2O profiles caused by the processing algorithm (with almost no regularization). Taking these problems into account, the MIPAS CH4 and N2O profiles are behaving as expected from the internal error estimation of IPF v4.61.
Published: 2007
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37. Global 2-D intercomparison of sectional and modal aerosol modules

Author: Weisenstein, D. K., Penner, J. E., Herzog, M., Xiaohong Liu, Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, and EGU, Publication
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere
Abstract: International audience; We present an intercomparison of several aerosol modules, sectional and modal, in a global 2-D model in order to differentiate their behavior for tropospheric and stratospheric applications. We model only binary sulfuric acid-water aerosols in this study. Three versions of the sectional model and three versions of the modal model are used to test the sensitivity of background aerosol mass and size distribution to the number of bins or modes and to the prescribed width of the largest mode. We find modest sensitivity to the number of bins (40 vs. 150) used in the sectional model. Aerosol mass is found to be reduced in a modal model if care is not taken in selecting the width of the largest lognormal mode, reflecting differences in sedimentation in the middle stratosphere. The size distributions calculated by the sectional model can be better matched by a modal model with four modes rather than three modes in most but not all situations. A simulation of aerosol decay following the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo shows that the representation of the size distribution can have a signficant impact on model-calculated aerosol decay rates in the stratosphere. Between 1991 and 1995, aerosol extinction and surface area density calculated by two versions of the modal model adequately match results from the sectional model. Calculated effective radius for the same time period shows more intermodel variability, with a 20-bin sectional model performing much better than any of the modal models.
Published: 2007

38. Investigative modeling of new pathways for secondary organic aerosol formation

Author: B. K. Pun, C. Seigneur, EGU, Publication, and Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, Box model, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Model parameters, Particulates, behavioral disciplines and activities, lcsh:QC1-999, Aerosol, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Critical parameter, lcsh:QD1-999, Computational chemistry, Environmental chemistry, Isoprene, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: Recent advances in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) research are reviewed and the status of current understanding is investigated using a box model of SOA formation. Benzene and isoprene are newly identified precursors that are included in this SOA model; these precursors form SOA via secondary products. The model is also extended to include some representation of aqueous partitioning and the formation of high molecular weight products via oligomerization. Experimental data and empirical relationships are used where possible, because a detailed representation of SOA formation is not supported by the current state of information. Sensitivity studies are conducted with the SOA model and SOA predictions are found to be very sensitive to the treatment of the interactions between particulate water and organic compounds. While uncertainties due to model formulation are significant, influential model parameters include the aerosol partitioning ratios for several small products of isoprene and the partitioning constants for unidentified products (currently, the partitioning constants are derived by fitting experimental data). The pH value used as the reference for the activation of oligomerization is also a critical parameter. Recommendations for future work needed to improve SOA models include the elucidation of the water-organic relationship, the extent of phase separation, and laboratory experiments conducted under conditions more relevant to ambient studies (e.g., lower concentrations, higher relative humidity).
Published: 2007

39. Validation and data characteristics of methane and nitrous oxide profiles observed by MIPAS and processed with version 4.61 algorithm

Author: Payen, Sébastien, Bureau, Jérôme, Camy-Peyret, Claude, Grunow, K., Payne, V., Bracher, A., Wetzel, G., Pirre, Michel, Kuttippurath, J., Glatthor, N., Stiller, G., Cortesi, U., Raspollini, P., Blumenstock, T., Mikuteit, S., Vigouroux, C., Engel, A., Volk, M. C., Piccolo, C., Butz, A., Laboratoire de Physique Moleculaire pour l'Atmosphere et l'Astrophysique (LPMAA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut für Meteorologie [Berlin], Freie Universität Berlin, Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), Institute of Environmental Physics and Remote Sensing [Bremen] (IUP/IFE), University of Bremen, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Laboratoire de physique et chimie de l'environnement (LPCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Environmental Physics [Bremen] (IUP), Istituto di Fisica Applicata 'Nello Carrara' (IFAC), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Institut für Atmosphäre und Umwelt [Frankfurt/Main] (IAU), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] (AOPP), University of Oxford, Institut für Umweltphysik [Heidelberg], Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University, Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), University of Oxford [Oxford], and Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg]
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere
Abstract: The ENVISAT validation programme for the atmospheric instruments MIPAS, SCIAMACHY and GOMOS is based on a number of balloon-bone, aircraft and ground-based correlative measurements. In particular the activities of validation scientists were coordinated by ESA within the ENVISAT Stratospheric Aircraft and Balloon Campaign or ESABC. In parallel to the contribution of the individual validation teams, the present work provides a synthesis of comparisons performed between MIPAS CH4 and N2O profiles produced by the current ESA operational software (Instrument Processing Facility version 4.61 or IPF v4.61) and correlative measurements obtained from balloon and aircraft experiments as well as from satellite sensors or from ground-based instruments.
Published: 2006

40. Toward a better quantitative understanding of polar stratospheric ozone loss

Author: Frieler, K., Rex, M., Salawitch, R.J., Canty, T., Streibel, M., Stimpfle, R.M., Pfeilsticker, K., Dorf, M., Weisenstein, D.K., Godin-Beekmann, Sophie, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Department of Chemistry [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology [Harvard], Harvard University [Cambridge], Institut für Umweltphysik [Heidelberg], Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Harvard University, and Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph]
Abstract: Previous studies have shown that observed large O3 loss rates in cold Arctic Januaries cannot be explained with current understanding of the loss processes, recommended reaction kinetics, and standard assumptions about total stratospheric chlorine and bromine. Studies based on data collected during recent field campaigns suggest faster rates of photolysis and thermal decomposition of ClOOCl and higher stratospheric bromine concentrations than previously assumed. We show that a model accounting for these kinetic changes and higher levels of BrO can largely resolve the January Arctic O3 loss problem and closely reproduces observed Arctic O3 loss while being consistent with observed levels of ClO and ClOOCl. The model also suggests that bromine catalysed O3 loss is more important relative to chlorine catalysed loss than previously thought.
Published: 2006
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41. Operational trace gas retrieval algorithm for the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer

Author: Turquety, Solène, Hadji-Lazaro, Juliette, Clerbaux, Cathy, Hauglustaine, D., Clough, S., Cassé, V., Schlüssel, P., Mégie, Gérard, Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment
Abstract: International audience; The Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) is a nadir‐viewing remote sensor due for launch on board the European Metop satellites (to be launched in 2005, 2010, and 2015). It is dedicated to the study of the troposphere and the lower stratosphere to support operational meteorology as well as atmospheric chemistry and climate studies. For this purpose, it will record high resolution atmospheric spectra in the thermal infrared, allowing the measurement of several infrared absorbing species. This paper describes the clear‐sky retrieval scheme developed in the framework of the preparation of the IASI mission for the operational, near real time, retrieval of O3, CH4, and CO concentrations. It includes the inversion module, based on a neural network approach, as well as an error analysis module. The studies undertaken on test simulations have shown that a performance of the order of 1.5%, 2%, and 5% for the retrieval of total columns of O3, CH4, and CO, respectively, can be achieved, and of the order of 28%, 15%, and 9% for the retrieval of partial columns of O3 between the surface and 6, 12, and 16 km high, respectively. The efficiency of the algorithm is demonstrated on the atmospheric measurements provided by the Interferometric Monitor for Greenhouse Gases (IMG)/ADEOS, allowing to obtain the first remote‐sensing simultaneous distributions of ozone and its two precursors, CO and CH4.
Published: 2004
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42. Effect of unresolved high frequency signals in altimeter records inferred from tide gauge data

Author: Ponte, R. M., Lyard, Florent, Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), Echanges Côte-Large (ECOLA), Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography
Abstract: International audience; Rapid sea level signals are poorly resolved, or "aliased," by the TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter, due to its ∼10-day repeat cycle (Nyquist period TN∼ 20 days). To assess the potential for temporal aliasing in the altimeter data, the authors analyze hourly sea level records from a set of 110 island and coastal tide gauges. Time series are detided to focus on nontidal effects. Large variance is found at periods
Published: 2002
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43. Validation of NO2 and HNO3 measurements from the Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer (ILAS) with the version 5.20 retrieval algorithm

Author: David G. Johnson, Kenneth W. Jucks, Hermann Oelhaf, Takakiyo Nakazawa, Farahnaz Khosrawi, Yasuhiro Sasano, Gerald Wetzel, Shuji Aoki, Hitoshi Irie, Hiroshi Kanzawa, Bhaswar Sen, G. C. Toon, Hideaki Nakajima, Rolf Müller, Andreas Engel, Wesley A. Traub, Tatsuya Yokota, Takafumi Sugita, Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory [Nagoya] (STEL), Nagoya University, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology [Tokyo] (RCAST), The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [TITECH Tokyo], Tokyo Institute of Technology [Tokyo] (TITECH), Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), Laboratoire de Physique moléculaire et applications (LPMA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), NASA Langley Research Center [Hampton] (LaRC), Laboratoire de physique et chimie de l'environnement (LPCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), and Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Instrumentation, Soil Science, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Altitude, Geochemistry and Petrology, 0103 physical sciences, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Stratosphere, Retrieval algorithm, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, Remote sensing, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Ecology, Spectrometer, Northern Hemisphere, Paleontology, Forestry, On board, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Environmental science, Satellite
Abstract: [1] Measurements of CFC-12 were made by the Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer (ILAS) between 57°N and 72°N in the Northern Hemisphere and between 64°S and 89°S in the Southern Hemisphere. ILAS was launched on 17 August 1996 on board the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS). The ILAS validation balloon campaigns were carried out from Kiruna, Sweden (68°N, 21°E), in February and March 1997 and from Fairbanks, Alaska (65°N, 148°W), in April and May 1997. During these validation balloon campaigns, CFC-12 was measured with the in situ instruments ASTRID, BONBON, and SAKURA and the remote sensing spectrometers MIPAS-B, FIRS-2, and MkIV. ILAS version 6.0 CFC-12 profiles obtained at the nearest location to the validation balloon measurement are compared with these validation balloon measurements. The quality of ILAS CFC-12 data processed with the version 6.0 algorithm improved significantly compared to previous versions. Low relative differences between ILAS CFC-12 and the correlative measurements of about 10% were found between 13 and 20 km. The comparison of vertical profiles shows that ILAS CFC-12 data are useful below about 20–22 km inside the vortex and below about 25 km outside the vortex. However, at greater altitudes the relative percentage difference increases very strongly with increasing altitude. Further, correlations of CFC-12 with N2O show a good agreement with the correlative measurements for N2O values of N2O > 150 ppbv. In summary, ILAS CFC-12 data are now suitable for scientific studies in the lower stratosphere.
Published: 2002
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44. Evaluation and intercomparison of global atmospheric transport models using 222Rn and other short‐lived tracers

Author: Run-Lie Shia, Gé Verver, Johann Feichter, K. S. Law, S. R. Beagley, Peter H. Zimmermann, Margaret Brown, Yves Balkanski, Philip J. Rasch, D. A. Rotman, Oliver Wild, I. Köhler, William L. Grose, Christophe Genthon, Hu Yang, Jane Dignon, Michel Ramonet, Michael J. Prather, Masaru Chiba, Prasad S. Kasibhatla, J. de Grandpré, Daniel Bergmann, Daniel J. Jacob, Peter van Velthoven, Mark A. Kritz, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Deianeira Z. Stockwell, Joyce E. Penner, Claire E. Reeves, W. T. Blackshear, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Cambridge, USA] (EPS), Harvard University [Cambridge], University of California [Irvine] (UCI), University of California, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), Laboratoire de Modélisation du Climat et de l'Environnement (LMCE), York University [Toronto], Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), NASA Langley Research Center [Hampton] (LaRC), Department of Applied Mathematics [Seattle], University of Washington [Seattle], Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Department of Chemistry [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences [Atlanta], Georgia Institute of Technology [Atlanta], DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Atmospheric Sciences Research Center (ASRC), University at Albany [SUNY], State University of New York (SUNY)-State University of New York (SUNY), Centre des Faibles Radioactivités, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Harvard University, University of California [Irvine] (UC Irvine), University of California (UC), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Convection, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Soil Science, Magnitude (mathematics), Zonal and meridional, 010501 environmental sciences, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Latitude, Troposphere, Geochemistry and Petrology, Atmospheric convection, Synoptic scale meteorology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), 14. Life underwater, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Ecology, Paleontology, Forestry, Numerical diffusion, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Environmental science
Abstract: International audience; Simulations of 222Rn and other short‐lived tracers are used to evaluate and intercompare the representations of convective and synoptic processes in 20 global atmospheric transport models. Results show that most established three‐dimensional models simulate vertical mixing in the troposphere to within the constraints offered by the observed mean 222Rn concentrations and that subgrid parameterization of convection is essential for this purpose. However, none of the models captures the observed variability of 222Rn concentrations in the upper troposphere, and none reproduces the high 222Rn concentrations measured at 200 hPa over Hawaii. The established three‐dimensional models reproduce the frequency and magnitude of high‐222Rn episodes observed at Crozet Island in the Indian Ocean, demonstrating that they can resolve the synoptic‐scale transport of continental plumes with no significant numerical diffusion. Large differences between models are found in the rates of meridional transport in the upper troposphere (interhemispheric exchange, exchange between tropics and high latitudes). The four two‐dimensional models which participated in the intercomparison tend to underestimate the rate of vertical transport from the lower to the upper troposphere but show concentrations of 222Rn in the lower troposphere that are comparable to the zonal mean values in the three‐dimensional models.
Published: 1997
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45. Interannual signals in length of day and atmospheric angular momentum

Author: R. Abarco del Rio, D. Gambis, D. A. Salstein, Spaceflight Dynamics Department, International Earth Rotation Service, Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), and EGU, Publication
Subjects: Angular momentum, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Latitude, Atmosphere, Troposphere, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), lcsh:Science, Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Oscillation, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, lcsh:QC801-809, Geology, Astronomy and Astrophysics, lcsh:QC1-999, lcsh:Geophysics. Cosmic physics, Amplitude, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Polar, lcsh:Q, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: Atmospheric angular momentum (AAM) and length of day (LOD) series are investigated for their characteristics on interannual time scales during the half-century period 1949 to 1998. During this epoch, the interannual variability in LOD can be separated naturally into three bands: a quasi-biennial, a triennial-quadrennial and one at six-seven years. The atmosphere appears to excite the first two bands, while it does not contribute to the last. Considering the quasi-biennial (QB) band alone, the atmosphere appears to excite most of its signal in LOD, but it arises from separate fluctuations with stratospheric and tropospheric origin. Thus, although close in frequency, stratospheric and tropospheric processes differ in their amplitude and phase variability. The time shift can be noted especially during the strong El Niño events of 1982-83 and 1997-98 when both processes have positive phase and thus combine to help produce particularly strong peak in AAM and LOD. In addition, we have reconfirmed the downward propagation in the stratosphere and upward propagation in the troposphere of AAM observed in earlier studies for other variables. In the triennial-quadrennial (TQ) band, time-variable spectral analyses reveal that LOD and AAM contain strong variability, with periods shorter than four years before 1975 and longer thereafter. This signal originates mainly within the troposphere and propagates upwards from the lower to the higher layers of the troposphere. According to a zonal analysis, an equatorial poleward mode, strongly linked to the SOI, explains more than 60% of the total variability at these ranges. In addition, this study also indicates that an equatorward mode, originating within polar latitudes, explains, on average, more than 15% of the triennial-quadrennial oscillation (TQO) variability in AAM, and up to 30% at certain epochs. Finally, a six year period in LOD noted in earlier studies, as well as in lengthier series covering much of the century, is found to be absent in atmospheric excitations, and it is thus likely to arise from mantle/core interactions.Key words: Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (general circulation) - Solar physics, astrophysics and astronomy (celestial mechanics)
Published: 2000
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46. Sensitivity analysis of a model of CO2exchange in tundra ecosystems by the adjoint method

Author: C. Waelbroeck, J.-F. Louis, Laboratoire de Modélisation du Climat et de l'Environnement (LMCE), and Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Soil Science, Flux, Perturbation (astronomy), Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Atmospheric sciences, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Carbon cycle, Geochemistry and Petrology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Sensitivity (control systems), [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Nitrogen cycle, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, Positive feedback, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Ecology, Paleontology, Primary production, Forestry, 15. Life on land, Tundra, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Climatology, Environmental science
Abstract: International audience; A model of net primary production (NPP), decomposition, and nitrogen cycling in tundra ecosystems has been developed. The adjoint technique is used to study the sensitivity of the computed annual net CO2 flux to perturbations in initial conditions, climatic inputs, and model's main parameters describing current seasonal CO2 exchange in wet sedge tundra at Barrow, Alaska. The results show that net CO2 flux is most sensitive to parameters characterizing litter chemical composition and more sensitive to decomposition parameters than to NPP parameters. This underlines the fact that in nutrient-limited ecosystems, decomposition drives net CO2 exchange by controlling mineralization of main nutrients. The results also indicate that the shortterm (1 year) response of wet sedge tundra to CO2-induced warming is a significant increase in CO2 emission, creating a positive feedback to atmospheric CO2 accumulation. However, a cloudiness increase during the same year can severely alter this response and lead to either a slight decrease or a strong increase in emitted CO2, depending on its exact timing. These results demonstrate that the adjoint method is well suited to study systems encountering regime changes, as a single run of the adjoint model provides sensitivities of the net CO2 flux to perturbations in all parameters and variables at any time of the year. Moreover, it is shown that large errors due to the presence of thresholds can be avoided by first delimiting the range of applicability of the adjoint results.
Published: 1995
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47. The Polar Amplification Model Intercomparison Project (PAMIP) contribution to CMIP6: investigating the causes and consequences of polar amplification

Author: Doug Smith, Xiangdong Zhang, Michael Sigmond, John C. Fyfe, Jin-Ho Yoon, Yannick Peings, Jinro Ukita, Vladimir M. Kattsov, Judah Cohen, Clara Deser, Javier García-Serrano, Rym Msadek, Thomas Jung, Daniela Matei, James A. Screen, Department of Chemistry [Bath], University of Bath [Bath], National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), Institut Català de Ciènces del Clima (IC3), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Department of Earth System Science [Irvine] (ESS), University of California [Irvine] (UCI), University of California-University of California, Niigata University, Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)
Subjects: Coupled model intercomparison project, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Global warming, Polar Amplification, Climate change, Antarctic sea ice, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Arctic ice pack, PAMIP, lcsh:Geology, 13. Climate action, Climatology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Sea ice, Polar amplification, Environmental science, Climate model, CMIP6, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Polar amplification – the phenomenon where ex- ternal radiative forcing produces a larger change in surface temperature at high latitudes than the global average – is a key aspect of anthropogenic climate change, but its causes and consequences are not fully understood. The Polar Am- plification Model Intercomparison Project (PAMIP) contri- bution to the sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6; Eyring et al., 2016) seeks to improve our under- standing of this phenomenon through a coordinated set of numerical model experiments documented here. In partic- ular, PAMIP will address the following primary questions: (1) what are the relative roles of local sea ice and remote sea surface temperature changes in driving polar amplification? (2) How does the global climate system respond to changes in Arctic and Antarctic sea ice? These issues will be addressed with multi-model simulations that are forced with different combinations of sea ice and/or sea surface tempera- tures representing present-day, pre-industrial and future con- ditions. The use of three time periods allows the signals of interest to be diagnosed in multiple ways. Lower-priority tier experiments are proposed to investigate additional aspects and provide further understanding of the physical processes. These experiments will address the following specific ques- tions: what role does ocean–atmosphere coupling play in the response to sea ice? How and why does the atmospheric re- sponse to Arctic sea ice depend on the pattern of sea ice forcing? How and why does the atmospheric response to Arctic sea ice depend on the model background state? What have been the roles of local sea ice and remote sea surface temper- ature in polar amplification, and the response to sea ice, over the recent period since 1979? How does the response to sea ice evolve on decadal and longer timescales? A key goal of PAMIP is to determine the real-world sit- uation using imperfect climate models. Although the exper- iments proposed here form a coordinated set, we anticipate a large spread across models. However, this spread will be exploited by seeking “emergent constraints” in which model uncertainty may be reduced by using an observable quantity that physically explains the intermodel spread. In summary, PAMIP will improve our understanding of the physical pro- cesses that drive polar amplification and its global climate impacts, thereby reducing the uncertainties in future projec- tions and predictions of climate change and variability.
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48. Low-frequency excitation of length of day and polar motion by the atmosphere

Author: David A. Salstein, Christian Bizouard, Olivier de Viron, Laura Fernández, Observatoire Royal de Belgique (ORB), Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Rotation de la Terre et géodésie spatiale, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Consejo de Investigaciones Cientficas y Técnicas
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Angular momentum, Phase (waves), Soil Science, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Atmosphere, Geochemistry and Petrology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Torque, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, Earth's rotation, Physics, Ecology, Paleontology, Forestry, Geodesy, Computational physics, Geophysics, Amplitude, Space and Planetary Science, Polar motion, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Order of magnitude
Abstract: International audience; Results of a 100-year run of the Hadley Centre general circulation model are used to compute monthly values of the three components of atmospheric torque on the Earth and of the associated atmospheric angular momentum series. All these results are compared with equivalent ones from the National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalyses for the overlap period since 1948. We find some important differences; consequently, our results should be taken as an order of magnitude of the effect. We also compute the effect of the atmosphere on length of day (LOD) and polar motion by the use of both the torque and the angular momentum approaches. We find comparable amplitude with both torque and angular momentum for the polar motion; the axial torque, however, related to LOD, appears to be unphysical. The excitation of long-period LOD variation is in phase with the observed variation but much smaller. The low-frequency polar motion is only coherent with the observation at certain particular periods.
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49. Atmospheric torque on the Earth and comparison with atmospheric angular momentum variations

Author: David A. Salstein, O. de Viron, Véronique Dehant, Christian Bizouard, Observatoire Royal de Belgique (ORB), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Angular momentum, Soil Science, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Geochemistry and Petrology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Torque, Friction torque, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, Earth's rotation, Physics, Ecology, Paleontology, Spherical harmonics, Forestry, Mechanics, Geophysics, Amplitude, Classical mechanics, Orders of magnitude (time), Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Order of magnitude
Abstract: International audience; The purpose of this paper is to compute atmospheric torques on the Earth, including the oceans, with an emphasis on the equatorial components. This dynamic approach is an alternative method to the classical budget-based angular momentum method for viewing atmospheric effects on Earth's orientation in space. The expression of the total torque interaction between the atmosphere and the Earth is derived from the angular momentum balance equation. Such a torque is composed of three parts due to pressure, gravitation, and friction. Each of these torque components is evaluated numerically by a semi-analytical approach involving spherical harmonic approximations, and their orders of magnitude are intercompared. For the equatorial components the pressure and gravitational torques have far larger amplitudes than that of the friction torque; these two major torques have the same order of magnitude but opposite signs, and the value of the sum of the torques is shown to be close to the equatorial components of the atmospheric angular momentum time derivative s, as would be expected in a consistent model-based analysis system. The correlation between the two time series is shown to be very good at low frequency and decrease slowly with increasing frequency. The correlation is still significant (≥ 0.7) up to 0.5 cycle per day, but the correlation coefficient reduces to 0.5 at the diurnal frequency band, indicating the difficulty of calculating rapidly changing model-based torques within an atmospheric analysis system.
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