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1. Whodunit: Classifying Code as Human Authored or GPT-4 Generated -- A case study on CodeChef problems

Author

Idialu, Oseremen Joy, Mathews, Noble Saji, Maipradit, Rungroj, Atlee, Joanne M., and Nagappan, Mei

Subjects
Computer Science - Software Engineering
Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) assistants such as GitHub Copilot and ChatGPT, built on large language models like GPT-4, are revolutionizing how programming tasks are performed, raising questions about whether code is authored by generative AI models. Such questions are of particular interest to educators, who worry that these tools enable a new form of academic dishonesty, in which students submit AI generated code as their own work. Our research explores the viability of using code stylometry and machine learning to distinguish between GPT-4 generated and human-authored code. Our dataset comprises human-authored solutions from CodeChef and AI-authored solutions generated by GPT-4. Our classifier outperforms baselines, with an F1-score and AUC-ROC score of 0.91. A variant of our classifier that excludes gameable features (e.g., empty lines, whitespace) still performs well with an F1-score and AUC-ROC score of 0.89. We also evaluated our classifier with respect to the difficulty of the programming problem and found that there was almost no difference between easier and intermediate problems, and the classifier performed only slightly worse on harder problems. Our study shows that code stylometry is a promising approach for distinguishing between GPT-4 generated code and human-authored code., Comment: 13 pages, 5 figures, MSR Conference

Published
2024
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2. Comprehending Variability in Analysis Results of Software Product Lines

Author

Toledo, Rafael F., Atlee, Joanne M., and Xiong, Rui Ming

Subjects
Computer Science - Software Engineering
Abstract

Analyses of a software product line (SPL) typically report variable results that are annotated with logical expressions indicating the set of product variants for which the results hold. These expressions can get complicated and difficult to reason about when the SPL has lots of features and product variants. Previous work introduced a visualizer that supports filters for highlighting the analysis results that apply to product variants of interest, but this work was weakly evaluated. In this paper, we report on a controlled user study that evaluates the effectiveness of this new visualizer in helping the user search variable results and compare the results of multiple variants. Our findings indicate that the use of the new visualizer significantly improves the correctness and efficiency of the user's work and reduces the user's cognitive load in working with variable results.

Published
2023

3. Applying Declarative Analysis to Software Product Line Models: An Industrial Study

Author

Shahin, Ramy, Hackman, Robert, Toledo, Rafael, S, Ramesh, Atlee, Joanne M., and Chechik, Marsha

Subjects
Computer Science - Software Engineering
Abstract

Software Product Lines (SPLs) are families of related software products developed from a common set of artifacts. Most existing analysis tools can be applied to a single product at a time, but not to an entire SPL. Some tools have been redesigned/re-implemented to support the kind of variability exhibited in SPLs, but this usually takes a lot of effort, and is error-prone. Declarative analyses written in languages like Datalog have been collectively lifted to SPLs in prior work, which makes the process of applying an existing declarative analysis to a product line more straightforward. In this paper, we take an existing declarative analysis (behaviour alteration) written in the Grok declarative language, port it to Datalog, and apply it to a set of automotive software product lines from General Motors. We discuss the design of the analysis pipeline used in this process, present its scalability results, and provide a means to visualize the analysis results for a subset of products filtered by feature expression. We also reflect on some of the lessons learned throughout this project., Comment: MODELS'21 pre-print

Published
2021

6. Long-Term Average Cost in Featured Transition Systems

Author

Olaechea, Rafael, Fahrenberg, Uli, Atlee, Joanne M., and Legay, Axel

Subjects
Computer Science - Software Engineering
Abstract

A software product line is a family of software products that share a common set of mandatory features and whose individual products are differentiated by their variable (optional or alternative) features. Family-based analysis of software product lines takes as input a single model of a complete product line and analyzes all its products at the same time. As the number of products in a software product line may be large, this is generally preferable to analyzing each product on its own. Family-based analysis, however, requires that standard algorithms be adapted to accomodate variability. In this paper we adapt the standard algorithm for computing limit average cost of a weighted transition system to software product lines. Limit average is a useful and popular measure for the long-term average behavior of a quality attribute such as performance or energy consumption, but has hitherto not been available for family-based analysis of software product lines. Our algorithm operates on weighted featured transition systems, at a symbolic level, and computes limit average cost for all products in a software product line at the same time. We have implemented the algorithm and evaluated it on several examples.

Published
2016

7. Proceedings 6th Workshop on Formal Methods and Analysis in SPL Engineering

Author

Atlee, Joanne M. and Gnesi, Stefania

Subjects
Computer Science - Software Engineering, Computer Science - Logic in Computer Science
Abstract

The workshop aims at reviewing the state of the art and the state of the practice in which formal methods and analysis approaches are currently applied in SPLE. This leads to a discussion of a research agenda for the extension of existing formal approaches and the development of new formal techniques for dealing with the particular needs of SPLE. To achieve the above objectives, the workshop is intended as a highly interactive event fostering discussion and initiating collaborations between the participants from both communities.

Published
2015
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8. Detecting Feature Interactions in FORML Models

Author

Beidu, Sandy, Atlee, Joanne M., Goos, Gerhard, Founding Editor, Hartmanis, Juris, Founding Editor, Bertino, Elisa, Editorial Board Member, Gao, Wen, Editorial Board Member, Steffen, Bernhard, Editorial Board Member, Woeginger, Gerhard, Editorial Board Member, Yung, Moti, Editorial Board Member, ter Beek, Maurice H., editor, Fantechi, Alessandro, editor, and Semini, Laura, editor

Published
2019
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12. Three Cases of Feature-Based Variability Modeling in Industry

Author

Berger, Thorsten, Nair, Divya, Rublack, Ralf, Atlee, Joanne M., Czarnecki, Krzysztof, Wąsowski, Andrzej, Hutchison, David, Series editor, Kanade, Takeo, Series editor, Kittler, Josef, Series editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., Series editor, Kobsa, Alfred, Series editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Series editor, Mitchell, John C., Series editor, Naor, Moni, Series editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, Series editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Series editor, Steffen, Bernhard, Series editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Series editor, Tygar, Doug, Series editor, Weikum, Gerhard, Series editor, Dingel, Juergen, editor, Schulte, Wolfram, editor, Ramos, Isidro, editor, Abrahão, Silvia, editor, and Insfran, Emilio, editor

Published
2014
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13. A Common Framework for Synchronization in Requirements Modelling Languages

Author

Esmaeilsabzali, Shahram, Day, Nancy A., Atlee, Joanne M., Hutchison, David, Series editor, Kanade, Takeo, Series editor, Kittler, Josef, Series editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., Series editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Series editor, Mitchell, John C., Series editor, Naor, Moni, Series editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, Series editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Series editor, Steffen, Bernhard, Series editor, Sudan, Madhu, Series editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Series editor, Tygar, Doug, Series editor, Vardi, Moshe Y., Series editor, Weikum, Gerhard, Series editor, Petriu, Dorina C., editor, Rouquette, Nicolas, editor, and Haugen, Øystein, editor

Published
2010
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15. Semantically Configurable Code Generation

Author

Prout, Adam, Atlee, Joanne M., Day, Nancy A., Shaker, Pourya, Hutchison, David, editor, Kanade, Takeo, editor, Kittler, Josef, editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., editor, Mattern, Friedemann, editor, Mitchell, John C., editor, Naor, Moni, editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, editor, Pandu Rangan, C., editor, Steffen, Bernhard, editor, Sudan, Madhu, editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, editor, Tygar, Doug, editor, Vardi, Moshe Y., editor, Weikum, Gerhard, editor, Czarnecki, Krzysztof, editor, Ober, Ileana, editor, Bruel, Jean-Michel, editor, Uhl, Axel, editor, and Völter, Markus, editor

Published
2008
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16. Reflections on Software Engineering 2004, the ACM/IEEE-CS Guidelines for Undergraduate Programs in Software Engineering

Author

Atlee, Joanne M., LeBlanc, Richard J., Jr., Lethbridge, Timothy C., Sobel, Ann, Thompson, J. Barrie, Hutchison, David, editor, Kanade, Takeo, editor, Kittler, Josef, editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., editor, Mattern, Friedemann, editor, Mitchell, John C., editor, Naor, Moni, editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, editor, Pandu Rangan, C., editor, Steffen, Bernhard, editor, Sudan, Madhu, editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, editor, Tygar, Dough, editor, Vardi, Moshe Y., editor, Weikum, Gerhard, editor, Inverardi, Paola, editor, and Jazayeri, Mehdi, editor

Published
2006
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17. Semantic Variations Among UML StateMachines

Author

Taleghani, Ali, Atlee, Joanne M., Hutchison, David, editor, Kanade, Takeo, editor, Kittler, Josef, editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., editor, Mattern, Friedemann, editor, Mitchell, John C., editor, Naor, Moni, editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, editor, Pandu Rangan, C., editor, Steffen, Bernhard, editor, Sudan, Madhu, editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, editor, Tygar, Dough, editor, Vardi, Moshe Y., editor, Weikum, Gerhard, editor, Whittle, Jon, editor, Harel, David, editor, and Reggio, Gianna, editor

Published
2006
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28. Message from the MASE 2019 Chair

Author

Juergen Dingel, Atlee Joanne, and Alessio Bucaioni

Subjects
Multimedia, Computer science, computer.software_genre, computer
Published
2019

30. State-based model checking of event-driven system requirements

Author

Atlee, Joanne M. and Gannon, John

Subjects
Validation, Event-Driven Systems, Safety, Quality Control, Quantitative Methods, Algorithm, Modeling, Specifications, Requirements Analysis, Error Analysis, New Technique, Control Engineering, Solid State
Published
1993

32. Trace checking for dynamic software product lines

Author

Olaechea, Rafael, Atlee, Joanne, Legay, Axel, Fahrenberg, Uli, the 13th International Conference, and UCL - SST/ICTM/INGI - Pôle en ingénierie informatique

Subjects
Service (systems architecture), business.industry, Computer science, Quality of service, 020207 software engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Formal Methods, Dynamic software, Reliability engineering, Product variant, Software, 020204 information systems, Product (mathematics), 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Key (cryptography), business, TRACE (psycholinguistics)
Abstract

A key objective of self-adaptive systems is to continue to provide optimal quality of service when the environment changes. A dynamic software product line (DSPL) can benefit from knowing how its various product variants would have performed (in terms of quality of service) with respect to the recent history of inputs. We propose a family-based analysis that simulates all the product variants of a DSPL simultaneously, at runtime, on recent environmental inputs to obtain an estimate of the quality of service that each one of the product variants would have had, provided it had been executing. We assessed the efficiency of our DSPL analysis compared to the efficiency of analyzing each product individually on three case studies. We obtained mixed results due to the explosion of quality-of-service values for the product variants of a DSPL. After introducing a simple data abstraction on the values of quality-of- service variables, our DSPL analysis is between 1.4 and 7.7 times faster than analyzing the products one at a time.

Published
2018

37. RE 05: engineering successful products

Author

Atlee, Joanne M. and Wieringa, Roel J.

Subjects
Software development/engineering, Market trend/market analysis, Software engineering -- Research, Software engineering -- Forecasts and trends, Computer software industry -- Conferences, meetings and seminars
Published
2006

38. Trace checking for dynamic software product lines

Author

UCL - SST/ICTM/INGI - Pôle en ingénierie informatique, Olaechea, Rafael, Atlee, Joanne, Legay, Axel, Fahrenberg, Uli, the 13th International Conference, UCL - SST/ICTM/INGI - Pôle en ingénierie informatique, Olaechea, Rafael, Atlee, Joanne, Legay, Axel, Fahrenberg, Uli, and the 13th International Conference

Abstract

A key objective of self-adaptive systems is to continue to provide optimal quality of service when the environment changes. A dynamic software product line (DSPL) can benefit from knowing how its various product variants would have performed (in terms of quality of service) with respect to the recent history of inputs. We propose a family-based analysis that simulates all the product variants of a DSPL simultaneously, at runtime, on recent environmental inputs to obtain an estimate of the quality of service that each one of the product variants would have had, provided it had been executing. We assessed the efficiency of our DSPL analysis compared to the efficiency of analyzing each product individually on three case studies. We obtained mixed results due to the explosion of quality-of-service values for the product variants of a DSPL. After introducing a simple data abstraction on the values of quality-of- service variables, our DSPL analysis is between 1.4 and 7.7 times faster than analyzing the products one at a time.

Published
2018

44. Merging Features in Featured Transition Systems

Author

Atlee, Joanne M., Beidu, Sandy, Fahrenberg, Uli, Legay, Axel, University of Waterloo [Waterloo], Efficient STAtistical methods in SYstems of systems (ESTASYS), Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-LANGAGE ET GÉNIE LOGICIEL (IRISA-D4), Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CentraleSupélec-Télécom Bretagne-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Télécom Bretagne-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)

Subjects
[INFO.INFO-FL]Computer Science [cs]/Formal Languages and Automata Theory [cs.FL], [INFO]Computer Science [cs]
Abstract

International audience; Featured Transition Systems (FTSs) is a popular representation for software product lines: an entire product line is compactly represented as a single transition-machine model, in which feature-specific behaviour is guarded by feature expressions that are satisfied (or not) by the presence or absence of individual features. In previous work, FTS models were mono-lithic in the sense that the modeller had to construct the full FTS model of the product line in its entirety. To allow for modularity of FTS models, we propose here a language for extending an existing FTS model with new features. We demonstrate the language using a running example and present results about the language's expressivity, commutativity of feature extensions, feature interactions, and resolution of such interactions.

Published
2015

45. Measuring Behaviour Interactions between Product-Line Features

Author

Atlee, Joanne M., Fahrenberg, Uli, Legay, Axel, University of Waterloo [Waterloo], Efficient STAtistical methods in SYstems of systems (ESTASYS), Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-LANGAGE ET GÉNIE LOGICIEL (IRISA-D4), Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), CentraleSupélec-Télécom Bretagne-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Télécom Bretagne-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Inria Rennes, Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[INFO.INFO-FL]Computer Science [cs]/Formal Languages and Automata Theory [cs.FL], 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, 020207 software engineering, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], 02 engineering and technology
Abstract

International audience; We suggest a method for measuring the degree to which features interact in feature-oriented software development. To this end, we extend the notion of simulation between transition systems to a similarity measure and lift it to compute a behaviour interaction score in featured transition systems. We then develop an algorithm which can compute the degree of feature interactions in a featured transition system in an efficient manner.

Published
2014

46. Feature Interactions: The Next Generation (Dagstuhl Seminar 14281)

Author

Apel, Sven, Atlee, Joanne M., Baresi, Luciano, and Zave, Pamela

Subjects
000 Computer science, knowledge, general works, Computer Science
Abstract

The feature-interaction problem is a major threat to modularity and impairs compositional development and reasoning. A feature interaction occurs when the behavior of one feature is affected by the presence of another feature; often it cannot be deduced easily from the behaviors of the individual features involved. The feature-interaction problem became a crisis in the telecommunications industry in the late 1980s, and researchers responded with formalisms that enable automatic detection of feature interactions, architectures that avoid classes of interactions, and techniques for resolving interactions at run-time. While this pioneering work was foundational and very successful, it is limited in the sense that it is based on assumptions that hold only for telecommunication systems. In the meantime, different notions of feature interactions have emerged in different communities, including Internet applications, service systems, adaptive systems, automotive systems, software product lines, requirements engineering, and computational biology. So, feature interactions are a much more general concept than investigated in the past in the context of telecommunication systems, but a classification, comparison, and generalization of the multitude of different views is missing. The feature-interaction problem is still of pivotal importance in various industrial applications, and the Dagstuhl seminar "Feature Interactions: The Next Generation" gathered researchers and practitioners from different areas of computer science and other disciplines with the goal to compare, discuss, and consolidate their views, experience, and domain-specific solutions to the feature-interaction problem.

Published
2014
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