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We synthesized molecular weight-controlled and fluorine-containing PAEs (MWCPAEs) using decafluorobiphenyl (DFBP), 2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane (Bis A), and 2,2-Bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) hexafluoropropane (Bis AF). Later, commercially available PEEK and the MWCPAEs were sulfonated (SPEEK and SMWCPAE) and blended to fabricate blend membranes (BMs). All BMs have been prepared by solution casting method in 5 wt%-20 wt% concentrations using N,N-dimethylacetamide. The effects of chemical structures, sulfonation levels, MW and compositions on the membrane properties are discussed. We obtained miscible and mechanically compatible BMs. The highest proton conductivity (238.9 mS/cm) was determined for SPEEK70/S-DFBP-Bis-A based blend membrane (Mw: 48.355, 5wt. %). All chemical, mechanical, thermal, and hydrolytic properties of the BMs are comparable with, or better than, that of Nafion. We suggest that designing polymeric structures with desired MWs and sulfonation levels may enable enhanced properties and can help to design materials with on demand properties.

In order to improve the thermal stability and flexibility, cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) was modified with toluene diisocyanate–hydroxyethyl methacrylate (TDI–HEMA) adduct in various molar ratios. The obtained oligomer was characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies. Gloss, cross-hatch, contact angle, and Taber abrasion tests were all used to investigate the film forming performance of the modified CAB oligomers on glass plates. The UV-cured free films of the synthesized oligomers were examined in terms of the mechanical tests. By using the synthesized CAB oligomers, coating formulations were prepared and applied onto cotton fabrics in order to make the cotton fabrics more durable in outdoor environments. The existence of the coating layer on the fabric surfaces was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The coated UV-cured fabrics were evaluated separately in terms of abrasion, thermal conductivity, and air and water vapor permeability properties. Results proved that the oligomer (50%-CAB) in which 50% of the hydroxyl groups of CAB were reacted with TDI–HEMA adduct showed the best mechanical properties with the highest tensile strength and modulus values. Considering the coated fabrics, the least deformation against abrasion, the highest air/water vapor permeability, and the best thermal conductivity were all recorded in 50%-CAB coated sample.

In this research, toluene diisocyanate-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (TDI-HEMA) adduct was used to modify the hydroxyl groups on cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) structure. The obtained oligomer was characterized by Fourier transform infrared and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopies, and gel permeation chromatography, respectively. Then, the UV-cured free films of the modified CAB oligomers were investigated in terms of thermal degradation, physicochemical, wettability, and mechanical properties. The chemical modification process was performed in various percentages; then, the contribution of the unreacted hydroxyl groups of CAB on the wettability, thermal degradation, and air/water vapor permeability properties were all investigated. The mechanical properties, thermal stability, and surface wettability character of pure CAB were improved with TDI-HEMA adduct modification. Electrospinning was used to obtain a fibrous layer in order to search the air/water vapor permeability properties. Modification of CAB caused decline in air/water vapor barrier character and thus enhanced the permeability properties.

In this study, the hydroxyl groups of cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) oligomer were reacted with toluene diisocyanate-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (TDI-HEMA) adduct, in order to improve properties of CAB such as flexibility, thermal stability etc. Then the obtained modified CAB oligomer was characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR analysis. UV-curable coating formulations were prepared by using the modified CAB oligomer, and then applied on cotton fabrics in order to reinforce cotton fabrics and make them durable to outdoor environments. Cotton fabrics were treated with a commercial washing detergent, alkali solution, and an enzyme prior to the UV-coating, in order to increase the adhesion between the cotton fabric and coating layer. Washed and coated fabrics were evaluated in terms of absorbency, tensile, and adhesion properties, respectively. Light microscopy was employed to observe the effects of washing processes on fibre, and to show the abrasion deformation on coated fabric. Results proved that the best washing process in fibrillation was found as enzymatic washing due to the having the highest adhesion strength and the least deformation against abrasion.

In this work, sol–gel-based non-stick ceramic coating formulations were prepared and coated onto aluminum panels in order to investigate their surface properties. The effect of the addition of optimal amount of fluorine-containing silane compound (FAS) on the surface and adhesion properties were also investigated. The morphology, structure, and elemental chemical composition of the coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), energy dispersion spectrum (SEM/EDAX), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. Moreover, several properties of the coatings such as cross-cut adhesion, hardness, gloss, and contact angle (CA) were determined. When fluorine was introduced, the pencil hardness was increased to 6H. Fluorinated non-stick ceramic coatings were found to have good adhesion on the aluminum substrates.

The preparation of 2,6-Bis(m-amino phenoxy) benzoyl naphthalene-based polyimides for solid polymer electrolytes was reported. Li-salt and PEO bearing polyimide membranes were prepared. Thermo-gravimetric analysis results reveal that the PI/PEO/LiCF3SO3 polymer electrolyte membranes are thermally stable up to 500°C. The “Tg” values are in the range 167–221.5°C according to dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The conductivities of Li-salt and PEO containing PI membranes are in the range of 10−7–10−5 S/cm. The conductivity increases with incorporation of PEO and Li+ concentration. The linear sweep voltammetry experiments showed that no peaks were observed between 1.75 and 4.5 V.

In this research, UV-curable acrylated epoxy-based oligomer adhesive formulations containing vinylphosphonic acid (VPA) were prepared to adhere cord fabrics onto the rubber surfaces. In order to enhance the peel strength between cord and rubber, an alkali treatment was applied onto the cord fabrics prior to the adhesive application process. Adhesive formulations and alkali-treated cords were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. By changing the VPA ratio in adhesive formulation, peel strength, flame retardancy, and thermal properties were evaluated. Results proved that the 10% VPA-included adhesive formulation provided highest char yield values supporting the flame retardancy property and the highest peel strength value of 50.8 N/cm between the cord fabric and rubber surfaces.

In the present work a series of copolyimide (PI) hybrid films that contained zeolite 4A were prepared and the effect of surface modification of zeolite on physical and electrical properties of hybrid films was investigated. (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane was used to modify the zeolite surface. DC conductivity measurements were performed at room temperature and the capacitance was measured in the temperature range of 295–458 K in a vacuum ambient in the dark. The surface modification of zeolite contributed to thermal, mechanical and hydrophobicity properties of PI hybrid films. Morphological investigation also indicated that the interface between polyimide and zeolite phases improved when modified zeolite was used. Dielectric measurements revealed that dielectric constant of the films increased with increasing temperature and decreased with increasing frequency. Variation in dielectric constants of zeolite-doped and modified zeolite-doped films showed opposite behaviors with zeolite loading, due to different interaction types between polymer and zeolite.

In this study, a novel hybrid copolyimide was synthesized from copolyamic acid solutions (PAAs) obtained by the reaction between bis(3-aminophenoxy-4-phenyl)phenylphosphine oxide ( m -BAPPO), 3,3′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS) and 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA), followed by thermal imidization. Hybrid materials containing 5% SiO 2 were synthesized by sol–gel technique. The polyimide–silica hybrids were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the weight loss of hybrids is shifted to the higher temperature compared to the neat copolyimide. The contact angle measurements confirmed the hydrophobic surface of hybrids. Moreover, the gas permeability measurements were also done to take a step for forthcoming gas separation studies. The tensile modulus and strength of the copolyimides are good.

This paper reports the preparation and characterization of 10-methacryloyloxydecyl-dihydrogenphosphate (MDP)-based UV-curable proton-conducting polymer membranes (UVcPMs). Poly(ethylene glycol diacrylate) (PEGDA), as cross-linking agent, and N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (NVP), as reactive diluent, were used to arrange the mechanical and physical properties of the resulting membrane. The membrane formulation polymerized under UV irradiation and membranes were characterized by using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and electrochemical impedans spectroscopy (EIS). The water uptakes, the volume swelling ratio and ion exchange capacity (IEC) measurement of the membranes were performed. The IEC values increase with an increase in MDP monomer content. Proton conductivities were measured as a function of the weight fraction of MDP content of the membrane. The conductivities are of the order of 10−4–10−3 Scm−1. The morphology of the membranes was also investigated by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). MDP-based UV-cured polymers are first reported as polyelectrolyte membranes.

In this study, bisphenol-A-based acrylated epoxy oligomers were prepared and utilized to improve the adhesion strength of polyester cords onto rubber. The structure of the oligomers was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Ultraviolet-curable adhesive formulations were prepared by using acrylated epoxy oligomers and applied onto the polyester cord fabric by a dip-coating method and irradiated. Ultraviolet-cured coatings were characterized by thermal and scanning electron microscope analysis, contact angle measurements. In the second stage of the experiment, ultraviolet-cured polyester cords were adhered onto rubber under heat and pressure. The prepared adhesive formulation was expected to improve the adhesion strength. The adhesion strength of the coated material was evaluated by using peel test as a function of the carboxyl/epoxide ratio. The adhesion strength of 18.0 N/cm was obtained when the carboxyl/epoxide ratio was set as 1. It was observed that peel strength, contact angle, and surface energy values of acrylated epoxies strongly depend on the acrylic acid content of the oligomer.

In this study, we prepared photo-crosslinked modified HAP (hydroxy apatite)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite nanofiber scaffold for cell growth applications. HAP was synthesized and then modified with 4-vinylbenzene boronic acid (VBBA) to obtain 4-VBBA-HAP. By means of the simultaneous UV electrospinning technique 4-VBBA-HAP/PVA composite was obtained. The structure and morphology of electrospun membranes were investigated by scanning electron microscopy) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy technique. Nanofibers were treated with collagen solution via the spraying method. For the cell culture applications ECV304 and SAOS cells were seeded on the chosen electrospun fibrous scaffolds.

In this study, a polypropylene (PP) mesh was used to prepare proton- and Li+ conducting composite membranes for fuel cells and lithium rechargeable batteries, respectively. For the preparation of Li+ conducting membrane, polypropylene mesh was first immersed in an electrolyte solution, which was composed of LiBF4 and ethylene carbonate. Then the swollen membrane was immersed in an acetone solution of polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA), polyvinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoro-propylene and photoinitiator. Finally, PP fabric was taken out from the solution and exposed to UV irradiation. Furthermore, proton conducting membranes were prepared by immersing the PP mesh into a mixture of vinyl phosphonic acid, PEGDA and photoinitiator. Afterwards, samples were cured under UV light. PP-reinforced membranes designed for fuel cell applications exhibited a room temperature conductivity of 3.3×10-3 mS/cm, while UV-cured electrolyte for Li batteries showed ionic conductivities in the range of 1.61×10-3–5.4×10-3 S/cm with respect to temperature. In addition, for lithium-doped composite polymer electrolyte (CPE), the electrochemical stability window was negligible below 4.75 V vs. Li/Li+. It is concluded that lithium-doped CPE has suitable electrochemical stability to allow the use of high-voltage electrode couples.

In this work, the effects of two different diamine monomers con­taining phosphine oxide on the thermal, mechanical and morphological pro­perties of copolyimides and their hybrid materials were investigated. The gas separation properties of the synthesized copolyimides were also analyzed. The two different diamine monomers containing phosphine oxide were bis(3-ami­nophenyl]phenylphosphine oxide (BAPPO) and bis[4-(3-aminophenoxy)phe­nyl)­phenylphosphine oxide ( m -BAPPO). In the synthesis of the copolyimides, 3,3′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (3,3′-DDS) was also used as the diamine, as well as 2,2-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane dianhydride (6FDA). Copo­ly­imide films were prepared by thermal imidization. Furthermore, hybrid mat­erials containing 5 % SiO 2 were synthesized by the sol–gel technique. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spec­tros­copy (NMR) confirmed the expected structures. Dynamic mechanical anal­ysis (DMA) demonstrated that the m -BAPPO-based copolyimides had lower glass transition temperatures ( T g ) than the BAPPO-based ones. The thermal decom­position temperature of the m -BAPPO-containing copolyimide without silica was shifted to a higher value. The moduli and strength values of the BAPPO diamine-containing copolyimide and its hybrid were higher than those of the m -BAPPO-containing materials. Contact angle measurements showed their hydrophobicity. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis showed the dis­persion of the silica particles in the copolyimides. These copolyimides may be used in the coating industry. The CO 2 permeability and the perm­selectivity were the highest, among the other values found in this study, when the m -BAPPO-containing copolyimide in the absence of silica was used. The gas permeabilities obtained from this work were in the decreasing order: P CO 2 > P O 2 > P N 2 .

Novel fluorinated poly(arylene ether)'s are synthesized from polycondensation of bis (p-hydroxy-tetrafluoro) phenyl) phenyl phosphine oxide (PFPPO-OH) with 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone (DCDPS) and 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane (Bisfenol A) (Copolymer 1a) or 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) hexafluoropropane (Bisphenol AF) (Copolymer lb). The fluorinated copolymers have been blended with sulphonated poly(ether ether ketone)-SPEEK by solvent casting method. The water uptake and proton conductivity of the blend membranes decreases with the increase of copolymer content as expected, but proton conductivity values are still comparable to that of Nafion117 (R) membrane. Addition of hydrophobic copolymer lb to the SPEEK caused increase in water vapor transmission. Methanol permeability of the membranes is decreased to 8.2 x 10(-8) cm(2) s(-1) and 1.3 x 10(-8) cm(2) s(-1) by addition of Copolymer la and lb, respectively and they are much lower than that of Nafion (R) 117 (1.21E-06 (cm(2) s(-1)). The blend membranes endure up to 6.5 h before it starts to dissolve. Hydrogen and oxygen permeability of the blend membranes is one-hundredth of the Nafion (R). Fluorinated polymer improved chemical, mechanical, and hydrolytic stability and also phenyl phosphine oxide structure in the ionomer increased the thermal stability, gas and methanol permeability and overcomed the drawbacks of the Naflon (R) type membranes. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

In this research, formaldehyde-free dual-curable adhesive formulations containing polyvinyl butyral (PVB) were prepared with the reaction of 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and then applied on cord fabrics upon adhere onto the rubber surfaces. The effects of PVB ratio on peel strength value between the cord and rubber were studied. The structure of the oligomer was characterized by FTIR and H-1 NMR spectroscopy. Thermal properties of coated and UV-cured fabrics were investigated by TGA and DSC. Surface wettability properties of the fabrics after coating were observed with contact angle measurement. The peel strength between cord/rubber surfaces was determined by T-peel test after thermal curing stage under heat and pressure. Results showed that peel strength value increases with increasing PVB amount in the formulation. The highest peel strength of 94.7 N/cm was observed when 5% PVB was included in the formulation. This study leads to a new type of promising adhesives with superior peel strength for cord/rubber applications as it is being a totally formaldehyde-free process.

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3)-based microporous polymer membranes were prepared by salt leaching. In this study, lithium-trifluoromethane sulfonate (LiCF3SO3) was used by dissolving it in solvents like propylene carbonate (PC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), and diethylene carbonate (DEC). Microporous polymer electrolytes (MPE) were obtained from their porous polymer membranes when immersed in 0.1 M LiCF3SO3 in a mixture of PC/DMC/DEC (2:2:1) electrolyte solution. The membranes were characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), chronopotentiometry (CP), chronocoulometry (CC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The electrochemical stability window of the membrane has been evaluated with LSV using the triple electrode system. Ac conductivities of the Li salt containing membranes were found to be 1.34 × 10−5 S cm−1 (GPE100) and 2.69 × 10−6 S cm−1 (GPE25).

In this study novel flame retardant boron phosphate (BPO 4 )/polyimide composites were prepared. 4,4′-Oxydianiline (ODA) was reacted with 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA) in dimethyl formamide (DMF) and mixed with BPO 4 particles to obtain a series of polyamic acids, meanwhile, corresponding polyimides were synthesized via the thermal imidization technique. The amount of BPO 4 in the composite films was varied from 0 wt% to 10 wt%. The structure, thermal and surface properties of the polyimide films were characterized by means of ATR-FTIR, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The flame retardancy of the composite materials was examined by limiting oxygen index (LOI) measurements and UL-94 VTM tests. Result showed that the LOI values of composites increased from 28 to 39. Furthermore, proton conductivity of polyimide films was measured by the four probe technique. The composite membrane containing 3 wt% of BPO 4 showed a conductivity of 0.4 mS/cm at room temperature.

In recent years the synthesis of fluorinated polyimides has become an active area of research. In this study perfluoroallcyl and phosphine oxide containing diamine monomer, bis(3,3'-aminophenyl)(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluorooctyl) phosphine oxide (mDA13FAPO), was successfully prepared. mDA13FAPO was reacted with four different commercial dianhydrides (BTDA, PMDA, ODPA and 6FDA) and corresponding homopolyimides were prepared by thermal and solution imidization techniques. However, homopolyimides of mDA13FAPO exhibited poor film forming properties. In order to overcome this problem different amounts of mDA13FAPO containing copolyimides with BTDA and ODA were prepared. The flame retardancy of the copolyimides was examined by limiting oxygen index measurements. The surface energies of the copolyimides were determined by contact angle measurements. mDA13FPO containing homopolyimides exhibited moderate Tg values (194-233 degrees C), good thermal stability and excellent solubility. The presence of ODA greatly improved the film forming properties and crack-free, creasable copolyimide films were obtained. As the amount of mDA13FAPO was increased, the flame retardancy and the water contact angles of the copolyimides increased while the surface energies and the glass transition temperatures decreased. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Mixed matrix materials, containing poly(dimethylsiloxane), phosphine oxide-based polyimide, and zeolite Y were prepared by means of blending hybridisation. The thermal stability of the materials and the hydrophobic properties were enhanced. The decrease in the glass transition temperature of the materials with the increase in poly(dimethylsiloxane) content supported the polymer-chain flexibility. The pristine polyimide and the zeolite-filled polyimide exhibited the highest transparency. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed that the increase in the amount of the lowest molecular mass poly(dimethylsiloxane) ingredient indicated strong alkyl and Si—O—Si stretching modes, whilst the alkyl and Si—O—Si stretching intensity decreased in the presence of the highest amount of and the highest molecular mass poly(dimethylsiloxane). The hydrophobic poly(dimethylsiloxane) moiety created an inverse relationship between the porosity of the materials (surface roughness) and the hydrophilicity. The nanocrystallite domain, identified by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and possessing an exotherm crystallisation peak, occurred in the lowest amount of poly(dimethylsiloxane) with the highest molecular mass-based hybrid material. The nanocrystallite enhanced the storage modulus as determined by the dynamic mechanical analyser (DMA). The nanocrystalline formation resulted in a slight increase in the alkyl stretching and the Si—O—Si stretching of the lowest amount of and the highest molecular mass poly(dimethylsiloxane)-containing material over those of the lowest molecular mass poly(dimethylsiloxane) in the same amounts of material involved.

Polypyrrole was deposited on polyester yarns by vapour phase polymerization technique. Ferric chloride was used as an initiator. In order to determine the effect of the initiator concentration on polymerization process, four different initiator concentrations (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 mol/l) were used. The effect of the initiator in terms of tensile properties, electrical resistivities and morphological properties of the yarns was investigated. The polypyrrole deposited polyester yarns were then weaved in a handloom to form fabric for the investigation of surface resistivity and electromagnetic shielding effectiveness. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared analyses illustrated that polypyrrole has penetrated into the yarn structure and the highest polypyrrole deposition was obtained at the initiator concentration of 0.6 mol/l. Also, the highest electromagnetic shielding effectiveness value and the lowest surface resistivity were obtained at this concentration.

Bis[(4 -β-(2-bromopropanoate)ethoxy)phenyl]phenylphosphine oxide was used for the first time as the initiator of atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene and methyl methacrylate in the presence of CuBr/N, N,N′, N″, N″-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine as catalyst/ligand and dimethyl sulfoxide as solvent. The presence of phosphine oxide linkages in the backbone gives the polymers special properties; low Tg, high char yield, and decreases the oxygen induction time value. A linear increase of number average molecular weight (Mn) versus monomer conversion was observed, and the molecular weight distribution was relatively narrow (Mw/Mn = 1.1–1.3). FTIR, 1HNMR, gel permeation chromatography, ultraviolet spectroscopies were used for the characterization of the related polymers. The thermal properties of these polymers were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013

This work reports the synthesis and characterization of hybrid coatings obtained by UV curable anhydrous sol–gel process. Chemical structure of the products was confirmed using spectroscopic methods such as infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The properties of the hybrid coatings such as thermal and mechanical properties were investigated in detail by scanning electron microscope, thermogravimetric analysis, and mechanical measurement. Cure kinetics of the coating formulations was investigated by differential scanning photo-calorimetry (Photo-DSC). Cross cut adhesion, pendulum hardness, gloss, pencil hardness, MEK rub test were also performed to measure the coating performance of the hybrid coatings. The results indicate that the addition of the appropriate amount of CPM and sol–gel can effectively improve the thermal and mechanical properties.

In the present study, hyperbranched urethane acrylates (UA/HB-PEs) were synthesized by modifying the hydroxyl groups of hyperbranched polyester polyols (HB-PEs). The structure of oligomers were characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopic techniques. Formulations containing UA/HB-PEs, reactive diluents, and photoinitiator were applied onto wood substrates and successfully polymerized under UV-irradiation. The coating performances and thermal properties of UV-cured films were evaluated. The studies on film characteristics reveal that the incorporation of UA/HB-PE afforded coatings with good adhesion and high gloss properties. It is observed that UV-cured coatings originated from [2,2-bis(4-β-hydroxyethoxy) phenyl propane] (HB-HEPA)- and [2,2-bis(4-β-hydroxyethoxy) phenyl 6F propane] (HB-HEPFA)-based oligomers possessed better surface and mechanical properties.

In this study, a series of PI/TiO2 nanohybrid materials were prepared from polyamic acid of 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride/3,3′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone, and titania precursor by the sol-gel method. The titania content in the hybrid system was varied from 0 to 5 wt %. The physical and mechanical properties of the hybrids such as refractive index, optical transmission, and tensile strength were investigated. It was determined that incorporation of titania precursor into the PI matrix improved the refractive indices and tensile modulus of the hybrid films. It was observed that the optical transmittance and tensile strength of the nanohybrids were slightly decreased with the increasing titania content. It was determined that the hybrid films might have enhanced the UV shielding properties compare to the PI films. Furhermore, the hybrid materials showed better thermal stability than the PI. SEM studies demonstrated that titania particles (1 and 3 wt %) were distributed homogeneously through the PI matrix. The effect of the titania content in the PI on DC conductivity and dielectric constant were also analyzed. For the PI film containing 5 wt % titania, activation energy value increased to 1.0 eV from the value of 0.65 eV. DC conductivity value of the films depending on titania content varied between 3.0 × 10−11 and 1.4 × 10−10 S/cm at room temperature. Relative dielectric constants of the films were calculated from capacitance measurements depending on frequency (40–100 kHz) at different temperatures (303–360 K). The values increased with the increasing titania content. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012

In this study, electrospinning was combined with UV curing technology for producing in situ photo crosslinked fibers from methacrylated cellulose acetate butyrate (CABIEM). ECV304 and 3T3 cells were seeded on electrospun fibrous scaffolds. Collagen modified CABIEM fibers were also prepared for improving cell adhesion and proliferation. Cross-linking and the morphology of the fibers were characterized by ATR-FT-IR spectrometry and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). The cytotoxicity of the fibers was examined using the MTT cytotoxicity assay. According to the results, electrospun fibrous scaffolds are non-toxic and cell viability depends on the amount of collagen. It was found that cell adhesion and cell growth were enhanced as the collagen percentage was increased. (C) Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2012

Polyimide (PI)/hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) composites were produced via the thermal imidization procedure from solution mixtures of a polyamicacid, which is prepared from 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride and 3,3′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DADPS) in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), and alkoxysilane functionalized h-BN. The structure, thermostability, thermal behavior, and surface properties of the resulting materials were characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thermal characteristics of PI/h-BN films were better than the pure PIs. The physical and mechanical properties of the films were evaluated by various techniques such as contact angle, chemical resistance, and tensile tests. The flame retardancy of the composite materials was also examined by the limiting oxygen index (LOI). The experiments showed that the LOI values of PIs increased from 32 to 43 for the materials containing hexagonal boron nitride. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012

A branched methacrylated poly(caprolactone-co-lactic acid) and methacrylated poly(tetramethylene ether glycol) (PTMG-IEM) resins were synthesized. 1H-NMR spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography confirmed the chemical structures of copolymers. The photoinitiated polymerization of formulation composed of various amounts of methacrylated poly(caprolactone-co-lactic acid), PTMG-IEM, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, water, and photoinitiator were performed. The curing reactions were followed by photo-DSC (Differential scanning calorimetry). Gel fraction was calculated from the insoluble part and found as ≥93%. Swelling and contact angles were measured, and all increased with the increasing amount of PTMG-IEM in network formulations. In vitro degradation studies were performed at 37 °C in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4). Collagen-modified polymers were also prepared and introduced as a bioactive moiety to modify the polymer to enhance cell affinity. To compare the cell adhesion affinity to the polymer with and without collagen, cell growth experiments were performed. The results showed that collagen improves the cell adhesion onto the polymer surface. With the increasing amount of collagen, cell viability increases 86% (ECV304, p

In this study, a series of ultraviolet (UV)-curable organic–inorganic hybrid coating materials containing phosphorus were prepared by sol–gel approach from acrylate end-capped urethane resin, acrylated phenyl phosphine oxide oligomer (APPO), and inorganic precursors. TEOS and MAPTMS were used to obtain the silica network and Ti:acac complex was employed for the formation of the titania network in the hybrid coating systems. Coating performance of the hybrid coating materials applied on aluminum substrates was determined by the analysis techniques, such as hardness, gloss, impact strength, cross-cut adhesion, taber abrasion resistance, which were accepted by international organization. Also, stress–strain test of the hybrids was carried out on the free films. These measurements showed that all the properties of the hybrids were enhanced effectively by gradual increase in sol–gel precursors and APPO oligomer content. The thermal behavior of the hybrid coatings was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) analysis. The flame retardancy of the hybrid materials was examined by the limiting oxygen index (LOI); the LOI values of pure organic coating (BF) increased from 31 to 44 for the hybrid materials containing phosphorus (BF-P:40/Si:10). The data from thermal analysis and LOI showed that the hybrid coating materials containing phosphorus have higher thermal stability and flame resistance properties than the organic polymer. Besides that, it was found that the double bond conversion values for the hybrid mixtures were adequate in order to form an organic matrix. The polycondensation reactions of TEOS and MAPTMS compounds were also investigated by 29Si-NMR spectroscopy. SEM studies of the hybrid coatings showed that silica/titania particles were homogenously dispersed through the organic matrix. In addition, it was determined that the hybrid material containing phosphorus and silica showed fibrillar structure. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Photocurable silica-titania hybrid coatings were prepared through an anhydrous sol–gel process. Moreover, test samples were prepared by the addition of definite ratios of fluoro acrylate oligomers into the formulations to manage the optical properties of transmitted light. Formulations were applied to corona-treated polycarbonate substrates. Upon adding the inorganic component to the coating material, thermal, mechanical, and other properties, such as hardness, gloss, contact angle, and flame resistance were improved. The photocured hybrid films showed an increase in the refractive index with increasing the titanium tetraisopropoxide content. As expected, a decrease was observed in the refractive index of the coatings with the incorporation of fluoro acrylate resin. The surface morphology of the hybrid films was characterized by ESEM analysis. In addition the chemical composition of the surface of the coatings was identified by ESEM–EDS technique. ESEM studies indicated that inorganic particles were dispersed homogenously throughout the organic matrix.

A series of ultraviolet (UV)-curable, boron- containing hybrid coatings were prepared by an anhy- drous sol-gel technique from a mixture of an acrylated bisphenol A based epoxy resin, methacryloxymethyl trie- thoxysilane, and boric acid. The use of boric acid allowed the hydrolysis and condensation of hybrid silicon alkox- ides without the further addition of water or a catalyst. The chemical structure of the boron-containing hybrid coatings was characterized with Fourier transform infra- red, real-time infrared, and 29 Si cross-polarization/magic- angle spinning NMR techniques. UV-curable coatings were applied to polycarbonate and Plexiglas substrates. The physical and mechanical properties of the UV-cured coatings (e.g., pendulum hardness, pencil hardness, con- tact angle, gel content, methyl ethyl ketone rubbing test, tensile test, abrasion resistance, chemical resistance, neutron absorption, and limiting oxygen index) were examined. The hybrid coatings showed a significant enhancement in their radiation-shielding properties. The thermal behavior of the coatings was also evaluated. It was observed that the thermal stability of the coatings mainly depended on their boron and silicate contents. The results of all analyses of the free films and coatings were examined. V C 2010 Wiley Periodicals, V C 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 120: 2112-2121, 2011

In this article, a series of novel polyimide/silica (PI/SiO2) nanocomposite coating materials were prepared from tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), γ-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GOTMS), and polyamic acid (PAA) via sol-gel technique. PAA was prepared by the reaction of 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA) and bis (3-aminophenyl) phenyphosphine oxide (BAPPO) in N-methyl-2- pyrrolidone (NMP). BAPPO was synthesized hydrogenation of bis (3-nitrophenyl) phenyphosphine oxide (BNPPO) in the presence of Pd/C. The silica content in the hybrid coating materials was varied from 0 to 20 wt %. The molecular structures of the composite materials were analyzed by means of FT-IR and 29Si-NMR spectroscopy techniques. The physical and mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were evaluated by various techniques such as, hardness, contact angle, and optical transmission and tensile tests. These measurements revealed that all the properties of the nanocomposite coatings were improved noticeable, by the addition of sol-gel precursor into the coating formulation. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the incorporation of sol-gel precursor into the polyimide matrix leads to an enhancement in the thermal stability and also flame resistance properties of the coating material. The surface morphology of the hybrid coating was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM studies indicated that nanometer-scaled inorganic particles were homogenously dispersed throughout the polyimide matrix © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010

In this study a new branched methacrylated poly(propylene glycol-co-lactic acid) (PPG-PLA-IEM) and methacrylated cellulose acetate butyrate resin (CAB-IEM) were synthesized. Hydrogels with various amounts of PPG-PLA-IEM and CAB-IEM (25, 50 and 75 wt% IEM modified) were prepared by photopolymerization. Collagen tethered PEG-monoacrylate (PEGMA-collagen) was prepared and introduced as a bioactive moiety to modify the hydrogel in order to enhance cell affinity. In vitro attachment and growth of 3T3 mouse fibroblasts and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) on the hydrogels with and without collagen were also investigated. It was observed that, the collagen improves the cell adhesion onto the hydrogel surface. With the increasing amount of collagen, cell viability increased by 28% for ECV304 (P < 0.05) and 30% for 3T3 (P < 0.05).

UV-curable fluorinated organic–inorganic hybrid coatings were prepared by the sol–gel technique. Perfluorinated urethane modified alkoxysilane was synthesized by the reaction between perfluoro alcohol and 3-isocyanatopropyltrimethoxysilane. The prepared formulations were applied onto poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) panels and polymerized by UV-curing. The properties of the hybrid coatings such as hardness, chemical resistance, thermal stability, surface morphology, double bond conversion, and also contact angle measurements were investigated. Contact angle measurements have shown that the addition of fluorinated silane precursor to the hybrid system improved the water repellency and increased the contact angle from 65° to 106°. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

In the present study, maleimide-modified epoxide resin containing UV-curable hybrid coating materials were prepared and coated on polycarbonate substrates in order to improve their surface properties. UV-curable, bismaleimide-modified aliphatic epoxy resin was prepared from N-(p-carboxyphenyl) maleimide (p-CPMI) and cycloaliphatic epoxy (Cyracure-6107) resin. The structure of the bismaleimide modified aliphatic epoxy resin was analyzed by FTIR and the characteristic absorption band for maleimide ring was clearly observed at 3100 cm−1. Silica sol was prepared from tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and methacryloxy propyl trimethoxysilane (MAPTMS) by sol–gel method. The coating formulations with different compositions were prepared from UV-curable bismaleimide-based epoxy oligomer and sol–gel mixture. The molecular structure of the hybrid coating material was analyzed by 29Si-CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy techniques. In the 29Si CP/MAS NMR spectrum of the hybrid coating, mainly two kinds of signals were observed at −68 and −110 ppm that correspond to T3 and Q4 peaks, respectively. This result shows that a fully condensed structure was obtained. The thermal and morphological properties of these coatings materials were investigated by using TGA and SEM techniques. Hardness and abrasion resistance properties of coating materials were examined and both were found to increase with sol–gel precursor content of the coating. The photopolymerization kinetics was investigated by using RT-IR. 70% conversion was attained with the addition of 15 wt% of BMI resin into the acrylate-based coating formulation. It was found that the UV-curable organic–inorganic hybrid coatings improved the surface properties of polycarbonate. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Organic–inorganic hybrid coatings based on fluorinated/methacrylated soybean oil and bisphenol A/F epoxy methacrylate were obtained by combining photopolymerization and sol–gel process. Hard and transparent hybrid coatings were prepared on polycarbonate panels and their physical and mechanical properties such as gel content, hardness, adhesion, gloss, contact angle as well as tensile strength were measured. Results from the mechanical measurements showed that the properties of hybrid coatings improved with the increase in fluorine and sol–gel precursor contents. Thermo gravimetric analysis results demonstrated that fluorine and silica incorporations significantly enhanced the thermal oxidative stability of the hybrid coating materials. The surface morphology was also characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM studies indicated that inorganic particles were dispersed homogenously throughout the organic matrix.

To enhance the interfacial interaction in silica nanoparticles filled polymer composites, the silica surface was firstly treated with glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane (GPTMS), and its structure was analyzed by 13 C NMR and FTIR spectrophotometry. Then a series of GPTMS-modified silica/cycloaliphatic epoxy nanocomposite coatings with 0–6 wt% silica content were prepared by UV-induced cationic polymerization in the presence of a diaryliodonium photoinitiator and thioxanthone photosensitizer. The physical and mechanical properties such as hardness, adhesion, gloss, impact as well as tensile strength were examined. As a result, these composites demonstrated superior tensile strength and tensile modulus with increasing proportion of modified silica up to a certain level. An increase in abrasion resistance of nanocomposites with the addition of modified silica was observed. The thermal stability of nanocomposites was not enhanced with the addition of silica particles. SEM studies indicate that silica particles were dispersed homogenously through the polymer matrix.

A series of UV-curable organic-inorganic hybrid materials were prepared by the sol-gel technique and coated onto Plexiglass(A (R)) substrate. The effects of the content of EGDMA and the content of the inorganic part on various properties of the coatings, such as tensile strength, hardness, gloss, and cross-cut adhesion, were investigated. It was found that the properties of the coating were improved by the addition of an inorganic part. The thermal properties of the hybrids were enhanced by incorporating silane sol into the organic part. Furthermore, it was found that the coating containing silica had a higher char content at 800 A degrees C than the coating without silica. SEM studies indicated that nanosized (about 50 nm) silica particles were evenly dispersed throughout the organic matrix. A photo-DSC investigation showed that the organic coating polymerized more quickly than the hybrid coating.

A series of UV-cured organic-inorganic hybrid coating materials containing up to 20wt.% silica were prepared by sol-gel method from tetraethoxy silane (TEOS) which is used as the primary inorganic precursor, and diallylphenylphosphine oxide monomer (DAPPO), aliphatic urethane diacrylate resin (Ebecryl 210) are employed as the source of the organic components. In addition, methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy silane (MAPTMS) was used as both a secondary inorganic source and a silane-coupling agent to improve the compatibility of the organic and inorganic phases. The DAPPO content in all the coating formulations were from 0 to 20 wt.% The physical and mechanical properties such as gel content. hardness, adhesion, gloss, contact angle as well as tensile strength were measured. These measurements revealed that all the properties of the hybrid coatings improved effectively, in case of adding the sol-gel precursor and DAPPO monomer content in the hybrid systems. The photo-calorimetric-DSC studies showed that the double bond conversion of the hybrid coatings was faster than the coating materials without silica. The thermal stabilities of the UV-cured hybrid materials were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed that the addition of sol-gel precursor and DAPPO into the organic network also improves the thermal-oxidative stability of the hybrid coating materials. The surface morphology was also characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM studies indicated that inorganic particles were dispersed homogenously throughout the organic matrix. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Under ambient conditions, 4-((3-trimethoxysilyl)propoxy)methyl)1,3-dioxolan-2-one was synthesized from 3-glycidyloxypropyl trimethoxysilane. Methacrylate and cyclic carbonate functional hybrid matrix was prepared by sol-gel method. α-Amylase was covalently bounded onto the matrix via cyclic carbonate functionality. Immobilization yield was found as 34.4 ± 2.6 mg per gram of hybrid matrix. The maximum activity was observed at pH 6.5. Immobilization did not change the pH-dependency of the enzyme. The immobilized enzyme had a higher activity at elevated temperature (50–80° C) than the free one. Immobilized enzyme exhibited 80% activity after 20 runs and 69% after 30 runs. Free enzyme lost its activity completely within 15 days. Immobilized enzyme lost only 30% of its activity in 25 days. V max values for the free and immobilized enzymes were calculated as 58 × 10 −3 and 5.2 × 10 −3 mg/ml min −1 , respectively.

The objective of this study was to synthesize a dual-functional light curable resin by the reaction between acrylated cycloaliphatic epoxy resin and 3-isocyanatopropyltrimethoxysilane and investigate the performance of this oligomer in the preparation of resin-based composite restoratives. FT-IR and 29Si-NMR were used to characterize the structure of the hybrids. The char yields of the hybrids increased with inorganic content comes from TEOS (tetraethylorthosilicate) and synthesized SiUA oligomers. Gel content of polymeric films was found to be between 95% and 98%. Swelling was found to be between 3.1% and 3.8%. Weight loss of coated human teeth in synthetic saliva solution was found to be among 1% and 2%. There was a systematic increase in the modulus and tensile strength with the increase of inorganic content. On the other hand, elongation at break did not changed. Prepared hybrid coating materials exhibited improvement in tensile properties and hardness, when photo chemically cured.

A series of UV-curable nanocomposite coating materials were prepared by sol–gel technique from tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MAPTMS) in the presence of urethane acrylate resin based on polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400). The sol–gel precursor content in the hybrid coatings was varied from 0 to 30 wt.%. In addition, acrylated phenylphosphine oxide oligomer (APPO) is replaced with urethane acrylate resin in order to investigate its effect on the nanocomposite property. The physical and mechanical properties such as; gel content, hardness, adhesion, gloss, impact strength as well as tensile strength were examined. Results from these measurements showed that all the properties of the hybrid coatings improved effectively by gradual increase in sol–gel precursor and APPO resin content. The real time infrared technique was used to follow the degree of acrylic double bond conversion. The thermal stabilities of the UV-cured nanocomposites were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. The results revealed that the addition of sol–gel precursor and APPO oligomer into the organic network leads to an improvement in the thermal and flame resistance properties of the hybrid materials. It was also determined that the APPO containing hybrid coating with 20 wt.% silica content gave higher char yield than the coating without APPO. It is a desirable achievement to improve simultaneously both the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of a protective coating. SEM studies indicated that inorganic particles were dispersed homogenously through the organic matrix. The hybrids were nanocomposite. It was also found that, incorporation of APPO resin might govern the silica organization and this leading to formation of nanofibrillar structure.

In this study an alternative supporting electrolyte was used in enzyme immobilization. Invertase was studied to observe the effect of the supporting electrolyte. Sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) was used as the supporting electrolyte during the electrolysis of pyrrole. The results show that the polymeric supporting electrolyte can be used instead of sodium dodecyl sulfate.

The objective of this study was to synthesize a new bifunctional photoinitiator by the reaction between 1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone and 3-isocyanato propyl trimethoxysilane (ICPTMS) and examine its capability in the photoinitiation process comparing it with the unmodified photoinitiator. This new photoinitiator also acts as a coupling agent for inorganic and organic phases. Therefore, its effect on the physical and mechanical properties of UV-curable transparent organic-inorganic hybrid coatings was investigated. The presence of the new bifunctional photoinitiator and TEOS, increased the abrasion resistance and also improved the hardness of the polymeric films.

The immobilization procedure of UV-curing coating is simple and causes less loss of enzymatic activity. UV-curable methacrylated/fumaric acid modified cycloaliphatic epoxide is here proposed as a rigid support material for covalent immobilization of α-amylase. The immobilized enzyme is analyzed in terms of bioactivity retention as a function of repeated use ability, pH, storage, as well as stability under various experimental conditions, taking starch as a substrate. The properties of immobilized enzyme were also compared with those of the free enzyme. The highest activity of free enzyme was obtained at pH 7.0 while this value was shifted to pH 7.5 for immobilized system. Optimum catalytic activity was observed at 30 °C, for both free and immobilized enzyme; however, the immobilized enzyme had a higher activity than the free one. The immobilized enzyme that was used 35 times in 8 h in repeated batch experiments demonstrated that about 73% of the enzyme activity was retained. The free enzyme lost all its activity with in 15 days. The retained activity of immobilized enzyme was found to be around 80%. The amount of bound α-amylase was found 94 mg per gram polymeric support material.

In this study, α-amylase was covalently immobilized onto phthaloyl chloride-containing amino group functionalized glass beads. In this procedure, amide bonds were formed between amino groups on the protein and acid chloride groups on the glass surface. The surface modified beads were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersion spectrum (EDS) and UV–Vis spectroscopy. Immobilization was successfully performed under very mild conditions (15 °C, 4 h). The amount of covalently bound α-amylase was found 25.2 ± 3.1 mg/g glass support. The optimum pH value for the free amylase was at pH 6.5. The optimum pH of the immobilized enzyme was shifted 1.0 pH unit to the acidic region. The immobilized α-amylase exhibited better thermostability than the free one. The free enzyme lost all its activity with in 15 days. Covalently bound amylase was stable up to 5 days and lost only 20% of activity in 25 days. The covalently bound enzyme demonstrated more than 98% activity after 6 runs and 81.4% activity after 25 runs.

In the present work adipic acid modified and methacrylated bisphenol A based epoxy resins were prepared. The structures of oligomers were characterized by FT-IR. UV curable clear coatings were applied on aluminum substrates. The physical and mechanical properties of UV-cured coatings such as gel content, solvent resistance, hardness, gloss, flexibility and tensile tests were examined. In addition, the thermal behavior of coatings was also evaluated. It is observed that the tensile properties and thermal stabilities of modified epoxy methacrylate coatings mainly depend on the adipic acid content. The best results were obtained with 5 wt% adipic acid modification. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This study was aimed to obtain conductive cotton fabric surfaces by chemical oxidative polymerization of pyrrole monomer. For this purpose, iron (III) chloride was used as oxidant, and an aliphatic polyether with acidic groups was used as anionic surfactant respectively. Polypyrrole formation on cotton fabric surface was proved by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The obtained polypyrrole coated cotton fabric samples have been evaluated in terms of electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EMSE) and electrical conductivity. Results showed that polypyrrole coated cotton fabrics have showed about 25 dB EMSE value in 0-3 GHz frequency range.

An aromatic bisphenol which contains bulky tertiary butyl group, 5-tert-butyl-1,3-bis(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzene (2) was synthesized in high yield and purity by the reaction of 5-tert-butyl-1,3-bis(4-fluorobenzoyl)benzene with KOH solution in presence of DMSO. It was polymerized with activated bisarylhalides via aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction to prepare a series of high molecular weight poly(arylene ether ketone)s (P1–P5), containing pendant tertiary butyl groups. The effect of molecular structure on the physical, thermal, mechanical and adhesion properties of the polymers were investigated.

UV-curable, organic–inorganic hybrid coatings based on a UV-curable epoxyacrylate resin (EA) and methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane were prepared by the sol–gel method. 2,2′-Bis(4-β-hydroxy ethoxy) phenyl propane was modified by a coupling agent, 3-isocyanato propyl triethoxy silane, to improve the compatibility of the organic and inorganic phases. The formulations were applied onto Aluminum panels and cured by UV light to obtain a hard and clear coating with a good adhesion. The structural characterization of cured hybrid materials was performed using solid state 29Si NMR spectroscopy. The real time infrared technique was used to follow the degree of double bond conversion and photopolymerization rate. The thermal properties of the coatings are improved depends on the ‘component A’ composition in hybrid mixture which was composed of methacryloxy propyl trimethoxysilane (MAPTMS) and trimethoxysilane terminated HEPA urethane (TMSHU). The char yield of pure epoxy acrylate resin was 0.7 wt% and that of 30 wt% of component A containing hybrid coating was 4.6 wt% at 900 °C in air atmosphere. The morphology of the hybrid materials was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The hybrids were nanocomposites.