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A headspace solid–phase microextraction (HS-SPME) method coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with quadrupole time-of-flight (GC/MS-QTOF) was developed for analysis of volatile off-odor compounds, i.e., earthy/musty (2-methylisoborneol, 2-MIB) and rancid (aldehydes and alcohols), from farmed hybrid catfish (Clarias macrocephalus × Clarias gariepinus). The most efficient extraction of targeted volatiles was provided by 50 min at 70 °C with a CWR-PDMS fiber and 3 g of fish diluted to 5 mL with 1.5 g NaCl (30 % saturated NaCl). The maximum time-delay before extraction was 8 h to avoid spoilage and lipid oxidation during analysis. The final method showed good linearity, intraday repeatability of 5–9 %, interday reproducibility of 5–12 % and recoveries of 94–112 %. The implementation part proved that the developed method gave accurate quantitative results for oxidation-derived volatiles, several with high correlation to thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Altogether, our study provided an effective SPME-GC–MS method for the extraction and analysis of important off-odor compounds in catfish mince.

Pig processing industries have produced large quantities of by-products, which have either been discarded or used to make low-value products. This study aimed to provide recommendations for manufacturing edible oil from pig brains, thereby increasing the value of pork by-products. The experiment compared non-solvent extraction methods, specifically wet rendering and aqueous saline, to a standard solvent extraction method, the Bligh and Dyer method, for extracting oil from pig brains. The yield, color, fatty acid profile, a number of lipid classes, and lipid stability against lipolysis and oxidation of the pig brain oil were comprehensively compared, and the results revealed that these parameters varied depending on the extraction method. The wet rendering process provided the highest extracted oil yield (~13%), followed by the Bligh and Dyer method (~7%) and the aqueous saline method (~2.5%). The Bligh and Dyer method and wet rendering techniques produced a translucent yellow oil; however, an opaque light-brown-red oil was found in the aqueous saline method. The Bligh and Dyer method yielded the oil with the highest phospholipid, cholesterol, carotenoid, tocopherol, and free fatty acid contents (p < 0.05). Although the Bligh and Dyer method recovered the most unsaturated fatty acids, it also recovered more trans-fatty acids. Aqueous saline and wet rendering procedures yielded oil with low FFA levels (p < 0.05). FTIR spectra of the pig brain oil revealed the presence of multiple components in varying quantities, as determined by chemical analysis experiments. Given the higher yield and lipid stability and the lower cholesterol and trans-fatty acid content, wet rendering can be regarded as a simple and environmentally friendly method for safely extracting quality edible oil from pig brains, which may play an important role in obtaining financial benefits, nutrition, the zero-waste approach, and increasing the utilization of by-products in the meat industry.

Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is an important agricultural commodity with substantial economic and nutritional value, widely used for various products, including coconut water. The sweetness is an important quality trait of coconut water, which is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. In this study, we utilized next-generation sequencing to identify genetic variations in the coconut genome associated with the sweetness of coconut water. Whole-genome resequencing of 49 coconut accessions, including diverse germplasm and an F2 population of 81 individuals, revealed ~27 M SNPs and ~1.5 M InDels. Sugar content measured by °Bx was highly variable across all accessions tested, with dwarf varieties generally sweeter. A comprehensive analysis of the sugar profiles revealed that sucrose was the major sugar contributing to sweetness. Allele mining of the 148 genes involved in sugar metabolism and transport and genotype–phenotype association tests revealed two significant SNPs in the hexose carrier protein (Cnu01G018720) and sucrose synthase (Cnu09G011120) genes associated with the higher sugar content in both the germplasm and F2 populations. This research provides valuable insights into the genetic basis of coconut sweetness and offers molecular markers for breeding programs aimed at improving coconut water quality. The identified variants can improve the selection process in breeding high-quality sweet coconut varieties and thus support the economic sustainability of coconut cultivation.

Abstract Objective Studies have shown that Flavivirus infection remodels the host cell to favour viral replication. In particular, the host cell lipid profile is altered, and it has been proposed that this process alters membrane fluidity to allow wrapping of the outer structural proteins around the viral nucleocapsid. We investigated whether expression of the Zika virus (ZIKV) and dengue virus (DENV) protease induced alterations in the cellular lipid profile, and subsequently whether co-expression of these proteases with VLP constructs was able to improve VLP yield. Results Our results showed that both ZIKV and DENV proteases induced alterations in the lipid profile, but that both active and inactive proteases induced many of the same changes. Neither co-transfection of protease and VLP constructs nor bicistronic vectors allowing expression of both protease and VLP separated by a cell cleavable linker improved VLP yield, and indeed many of the constructs showed significantly reduced VLP production. Further work in developing improved VLP expression platforms is required.

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a natural phytochemical agent and one of the most abundant found in Cannabis sativa. It is known to exhibit pharmacological properties on various condition such as relieving-inflammation, pain, epilepsy, and anxiety effect. There has been an increasing trend globally in the use of CBD as a supplement in pets. Consequently, there are various CBD products being marketed that are specifically available for pets. Veterinarians and pet owners are concerned that following ingestion, different CBD formulations may result in a CBD level circulating in the blood that may affect the safe use and efficacy of CBD in pets. Several pharmacokinetics studies in animals have been mainly conducted with an oily form of CBD. To date, there is a lack of data regarding direct comparisons in animals among the CBD plasma kinetic profiles from an oral administration of the various preparation forms. Therefore, the current study evaluated and compared the plasma CBD levels from a single oral administration using four different CBD preparations—liquid (an oil-based form, a nanoemulsion form, or a water-soluble form) or a semi-solid form (as CBD mixed in a treat) in dogs. In total, 32 healthy, crossbreed dogs were randomly assigned into 4 groups and treated according to a 1-period, 4-treatment parallel-design. The three liquid forms were dosed at 5 mg/kg body weight, while the single semi-solid form was given at 50 mg/treat/dog. The results showed that the CBD plasma profile from the administration of a water-soluble form was comparable to that of the oil-based group. The nanoemulsion-based form tended to be rapidly absorbed and reached its peak sooner than the others. However, the CBD in all preparations reached the maximum plasma concentration within 3 h post-dose, with an average range of 92–314 μg/L. There were significant differences among certain parameters between the liquid and semi-solid forms. This was the first study to provide pharmacokinetics data regarding CBD in water soluble, nanoemulsion-based, and semi-solid forms for dogs as companion animals. The current data should facilitate the scrutiny of CBD plasma profiles based on different formulations via an oral route in dogs.

This study aimed to maximize the utilization of tuna tendons, which are by-products of the tuna canning process, to obtain collagen through ultrasound-assisted extraction. Ultrasound was used to assist the extraction of vinegar-, acid-, and pepsin-soluble collagen from tuna tendons, denoted as VUTC, AUTC, and PUTC, respectively. The yield ranged from 10% to 15%, and the collagen solubility was 0.5–0.7 mg protein/mg collagen. The color differed among the collagen samples. Tuna tendon collagens comprised γ-, β-, α1-, and α2-chains, in accordance with type I calf skin collagen. Regarding the amino acid composition, there were high amounts of glycine, proline, glutamic acid, alanine, hydroxyproline, and aspartic acid. Salt concentration and pH effects on the solubility of collagen were evaluated. The samples were less soluble at higher salt concentrations and had good solubility at low pH. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed the presence of a triple helix. Fractional viscosity and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis indicated a degradation temperature of 30–36 °C and 167–171 °C, respectively. Finally, tuna tendon collagen had antioxidant and immune-enhancing activities and did not exert cytotoxicity.

This study focused on the production of protein isolates from mantis shrimp (MS). The pH-shift method was investigated to understand its impact on the protein yield, quality, and properties of the produced isolates. The first step was determining how the pH affected the protein solubility profile, zeta potential, and brown discoloration. The pH-shift process was then established based on the maximum and minimum protein solubilization. The solubilization pH had a significant impact on the mass yield and color of the produced protein, with a pH of 1.0 producing the maximum mass in the acidic region, whereas a maximum was found at a pH of 12.0 in the alkaline region (p < 0.05). Both approaches yielded mantis shrimp protein isolates (MPIs) with precipitation at a pH of 4.0 and a mass yield of around 25% (dw). The TCA-soluble peptide and TBARS levels were significantly lower in the MPI samples compared to MS raw material (p < 0.05). The MPIs maintained essential amino acid index (EAAI) values greater than 90%, indicating a high protein quality, and the pH-shift procedure had no negative impact on the protein quality, as indicated by comparable EAAI values between the mantis shrimp protein isolate extract acid (MPI-Ac), mantis shrimp protein isolate extract alkaline (MPI-Al), and MS raw material. Overall, the pH-shift approach effectively produced protein isolates with favorable quality and nutritional attributes.

Rice is the staple food for about half of the world's population. Preferred by consumers, aromatic rice is a special type of rice with great commercial value. Cooking and eating qualities and aroma are the major grain qualities favored by most consumers. Currently, most of the available aromatic varieties have low yields and some undesirable agronomic traits. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop better aromatic rice varieties. This work aims to identify rice germplasm lines that have good grain quality and to develop new varieties with desirable traits. Thirty-six out of 188 germplasm lines were found to have betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (badh2) controlling the aroma and were analyzed for their 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) contents. Then, 17 of those lines were found to have alleles for low amylose content and low gelatinization temperature, controlled by waxy and starch synthase IIa (SSIIa), respectively, suggesting that they are aromatic rice lines with high cooking and eating qualities. A total of 158 F7 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) generated from five crosses of the selected germplasm lines were planted for phenotypic and yield observations, resulting in 27 F8 RILs selected for yield evaluation and genotyping. Finally, four out of the seven F9 aromatic RILs showed high yield, high 2AP production, and low amylose content, in agreement with their genotypes. The other three F9 RILs were aromatic rice lines with high amylose content and high yield. Because consumer preferences for grain quality vary depending on regions and ethnic groups, the high-yielding aromatic RILs generated from this study can be used to increase the yield of Thai rice and to raise market value and farm profits.

This study sought to identify the mechanism underlying the response to chitosan at the posttranslational level. Khao Dawk Mali 105 seeds were soaked in 40 mg l−1 of chitosan, and leaves of 2- and 4-week-old seedlings were sprayed with chitosan before starting osmotic stress conditions. Chitosan induced resistance to osmotic stress by enhancing shoot fresh and dry weights and maintained increased photosynthetic pigments. Leaf phosphoproteomes were examined using gel-free LC-MS/MS. Of the 60 phosphoproteins showed a significant difference in protein expressions under osmotically-stressed plants treated with chitosan. More than 40% of the phosphoproteins involved in signaling pathways, including OsCML12 calmodulin-related calcium sensor protein, ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 15, U-box domain-containing protein 45, HEAT repeat family protein, BRCA1 C terminus domain-containing protein, pectinesterase, protein kinase domain-containing protein, and receptor-like protein kinase. Chitosan enhanced rice seedling growth and drought resistance via multiple complex networks, including metabolism, transport, transcription, and signaling under osmotic stress.

This study thoroughly examined the proximate composition, bioactive composition, and in vitro biological activities of three different cultivars of papaya leaf extracts (PLEs) as potential functional ingredients and nutraceuticals. The dark green leaves of three papaya cultivars, Khaek Dam (KD), Holland (H), and Thai Local (L), were used in this study. The protein content of the leaves ranged from 25.96 to 32.18%, the fat content ranged from 7.34 to 11.66%, the carbohydrate content ranged from 5.80 to 17.91%, the moisture content ranged from 6.02 to 6.49%, the ash content ranged from 11.23 to 12.40%, and the fiber content ranged from 23.24 to 38.48%. The L cultivar possessed significantly higher protein and carbohydrate contents, whereas the H cultivar had the highest ash content (p < 0.05). The total phenolic content (TPC) ranged from 113.94 to 173.69 mg GAE/g extract, with the KD cultivar having the highest TPC (p < 0.05). Several metabolic compounds such as phenolic compounds (particularly kaempferol, isorhamnetin, quercetin, ferulic acid, isoferulic acid, salicylic acid, sinapic acid, syringic acid, and vanillin), terpenoids (such as eucalyptol), glycosides, and indole were identified. The PLE from the KD cultivar had the highest levels of DPPH• inhibition, metal chelation, reducing power, and antidiabetic activity (p < 0.05), suggesting superior biological activity. All three PLEs reduced the proliferation of RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner with low nitric oxide formation. These results indicate that the papaya leaf, particularly from the KD cultivar, could be a promising source of functional food ingredients.

The suitability of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) as a functional starter culture in Nham fermentation was investigated, with a focus on evaluating both its probiotic attributes and fermentation capability. L. plantarum BCC 4352 (LpbBCC4352) exhibited colony-associated antimicrobial activity against Kocuria rhizophila, L. plantarum, Latilactobacillus sakei ssp. sakei, and Pediococcus pentosaceus, as well as the zoonotic Streptococcus suis. LpbBCC4352 exhibited impressive acid (pH 2.5) and bile resistance, coupled with notable survival rates in a simulated human digestive model. In addition, the strain is able to utilize fructo-oligosaccharides in simulated human colon conditions. It also displayed robust adhesion to human colon cell monolayers (Caco-2) and gastric mucin. Furthermore, it showed a promising cholesterol reduction ability in the fermentation medium. The safety of LpbBCC4352 for human consumption was confirmed through a hemolytic activity assay and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Moreover, using LpbBCC4352 as a starter culture not only enhanced the firmness of Nham but also ensured consumer satisfaction. The overall findings emphasize the potential use of LpbBCC4352 as a safe and effective functional starter culture, particularly in the production of Nham.

Herein, the effect of supplementing ground sago palm trunk (GSPT) with varying concentrations of plant-based ingredients (PIs), including rice bran (RB), soybean meal (SM), and perilla seed (PS), on the nutritional profile of sago palm weevil larvae (SPWL) was investigated. Increased PS intake induced an increase in α-linolenic acid level and a reduction in the n-6/n-3 ratio in SPWL (p < 0.05). The presence of fatty acids in SPWL was determined predominantly by the fatty acid profile in the feed. The activities of Δ5 + Δ6 desaturases and thioesterase were not different among SPWL fed different diets (p < 0.05); however, PI intake resulted in low suppression of fads2 gene expression. RB, SM, and PS at the appropriate concentrations of 17.5%, 8.8%, and 7.0% in GSPT (F3 diet), respectively, boosted both protein quantity and quality of SPWL, as indicated by higher levels of essential amino acids, particularly lysine, than the FAO protein reference. Therefore, incorporating PIs into a regular diet is a viable method for enhancing the nutritional value and sustainability of farm-raised SPWL as a potential alternative source of high-quality lipid and protein.

Holy basil (Ocimum Tenuiflorum L.) is a widely used herb containing several bioactive compounds of interest for the food and pharmaceutical industries. Plant factories using artificial lighting (PFAL) is a modern agricultural system that offers opportunity to improve crop production and stabilizes productivity in many herbal plants. However, little is known about the variation among holy basil varieties that can be cultivated and provide reasonable biomass and bioactive compounds in PFAL. We therefore evaluated 10 Thai accessions and two commercial cultivars in a PFAL (with hydroponic cultivation) to categorize cultivar characteristics by investigating physiological responses and secondary metabolite variation at plant flowering stage. Among Thai varieties, net photosynthetic rate (Pn) was significantly highest in varieties OC059 and OC081. The greatest growth and biomass measures were observed in OC064. Antioxidant capacity also varied, with the greatest accumulation of total phenolic compounds (TPC), flavonoids, and antioxidant activity by DPPH assay in OC064, and highest terpenoid content in OC194. The accumulation of major compounds confirmed by showing the highest levels of eugenol in OC057, OC063, OC194, and OC195 and methyl eugenol in OC072 and OC081. The highest α-humulene content was found in OC059. PCA based on physiological responses and secondary metabolites indicate that OC064 was clearly distinguished from other cultivars/accessions. These findings demonstrate variation across holy basil accessions for physiologic responses, antioxidant capacity, and secondary compounds in PFAL. These insights lead to identification of suitable varieties which is the most important step of developing an efficient method for producing high quality raw materials of Thai holy basil for supplying the foods and pharmaceutical industries.

Sweet pickled mango named Ma-Muang Bao Chae-Im (MBC), a delicacy from the Southern part of Thailand, has a unique aroma and taste. The employed immersion processes (brining 1, brining 2, and immersion in a hypertonic sugar solution, sequentially) in the MBC production process bring changes to the unripe mango, which indicate the occurrence of metabolic profiles alteration during the production process. This occurrence was never been explored. Thus, this study investigated metabolic profile alteration during the MBC production process. The untargeted metabolomics profiling method was used to reveal the changes in volatile and non-volatile metabolites. Headspace solid-phase micro-extraction tandem with gas chromatography quadrupole time of flight (GC/QTOF) was employed for the volatile analysis, while metabolites derivatization for non-volatile analysis. In conclusion, a total of 82 volatile and 41 non-volatile metabolites were identified during the production process. Terpenes, terpenoids, several non-volatile organic acids, and sugars were the major mango metabolites that presented throughout the process. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was only observed during the brining processes, which suggested the microorganism’s stress response mechanism to an acidic environment and high chloride ions in brine. Esters and alcohols were abundant during the last immersion process, which had an important role in MBC flavor characteristics. The knowledge of metabolites development during the MBC production process would be beneficial for product development and optimization.

Hatakabb is a herbal extract traditionally consumed to ameliorate inflammation from pharynx infections. However, the anti-inflammatory function of Hatakabb was not investigated. This study demonstrated the anti-inflammatory potential, and underlying mechanism of Hatakabb, and its functional ingredient. In LPS-treated macrophages, Hatakabb treatment attenuated TNF-α production. A decrease in TNF-α, IL-6, and COX-2 expression was detected. In regulatory pathway analysis, Hatakabb suppressed IκB-α phosphorylation in accordance with a decrease in IκB-α degradation, and nucleus NF-κB translocation, while enhanced NF-κB phosphorylation. In addition, MAPK phosphorylation was enhanced in association with HMOX-1 upregulation. Our metabolomic analysis showed gallic acid, and pyrogallol contained in the anti-inflammatory subfraction. Compared to gallic acid, pyrogallol strongly diminished TNF-α production. Significant changes in inflammatory gene expression, and regulatory protein phosphorylation were responded to pyrogallol in similar to Hatakabb treatment. Our study, for the first time, reveals the anti-inflammatory effect, and mechanism of Hatakabb in which pyrogallol is the novel mediator inhibiting LPS-induced inflammation.

Summary: The current gold standard for classifying lupus nephritis (LN) progression is a renal biopsy, which is an invasive procedure. Undergoing a series of biopsies for monitoring disease progression and treatments is unlikely suitable for patients with LN. Thus, there is an urgent need for non-invasive alternative biomarkers that can facilitate LN class diagnosis. Such biomarkers will be very useful in guiding intervention strategies to mitigate or treat patients with LN. Urine samples were collected from two independent cohorts. Patients with LN were classified into proliferative (class III/IV) and membranous (class V) by kidney histopathology. Metabolomics was performed to identify potential metabolites, which could be specific for the classification of membranous LN. The ratio of picolinic acid (Pic) to tryptophan (Trp) ([Pic/Trp] ratio) was found to be a promising candidate for LN diagnostic and membranous classification. It has high potential as an alternative biomarker for the non-invasive diagnosis of LN.

This study aims to identify novel chitosan (CTS)-responsive phosphoproteins in Leung Pratew 123 (LPT123) and Khao Dawk Mali 105 (KDML105) as drought-sensitive rice cultivars and differences in the CTS response. Rice seeds were soaked in CTS solution before germination, and 2- and 4-week-old rice seedlings sprayed with CTS before osmotic stress comprised the following four groups: (1) seedlings treated with distilled water; (2) seedlings treated with CTS; (3) seedlings pretreated with distilled water and subjected to osmotic stress; and (4) seedlings pretreated with CTS and subjected to osmotic stress. Phosphoproteins of leaf tissues were enriched using immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) before tryptic digestion and analysis via LC-MS. Phosphoprotein profiling analyses led to the identification of 4721 phosphoproteins representing 1052 and 1040 unique phosphoproteins in the LPT123 and KDML105 seedlings, respectively. In response to CTS pretreatment before osmotic stress, 22 differently expressed proteins were discovered, of which 10 and 12 were identified in the LPT123 and KDML105, respectively. These proteins are typically involved in signaling, transport, protein folding, protein degradation, and metabolism. This study provides fruitful data to understand the signal transduction mechanisms of rice seedlings pretreated with CTS before exposure to osmotic stress.

Both microbial decomposition and oxidative deterioration contribute to the qualitative degradation of fresh or minimally preserved fish, which negatively impacts the shelf-life of fish, especially those with dark flesh like mackerel. It is becoming more typical to use edible coatings to preserve the freshness of fish products. Herein, the effects of a rice starch (RS) based coating incorporated with dried crude, aqueous Mon-pu (Glochidion wallichianum) leaf extract (MPE) at varying concentrations (0, 0.02, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0% w/w) on the quality characteristics of mackerel (Auxis thazard) slices during storage at 4 °C were investigated. Uncoated slices had a shelf-life of 6 days, whereas samples coated with RS and 0.5% MPE extended the shelf-life to 9 days by keeping the overall microbiological quality below the permitted level of 6 log CFU/g. The changes in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS; a* value and total color difference; ΔE) can all be delayed by this coating condition. Additionally, the RS-MPE coating can maintain the sensory quality of refrigerated mackerel slices and preserve the textural property (water holding capacity and hardness), as well as postpone the development of an off-odor as indicated by lowered contents of total volatile base-nitrogen (TVB-N; not exceeding the acceptable limit of 25 mg/100 g) and trimethylamine (TMA; not exceeding the acceptable limit of 10 mg/100 g). Therefore, a biopreservative coating made of RS and MPE, especially at 0.5%, can be employed to extend the shelf-life of refrigerated mackerel slices up to 9 days.

The nutritional value, growth performance, and lipid metabolism of sago palm weevil larvae (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, SPWL) raised on plant-based diets (soybean, rice bran, and ground sago palm trunk (GSPT)), supplemented with various concentrations (0, 3, 7, 15, and 20%) of perilla seed (PS) were compared with traditional diets i.e., regular GSPT (control) and GSPT supplemented with pig feed. All supplemented diets rendered SPWL with higher lipid and protein contents (p < 0.05). Supplementing with 7–20% PS enhanced α-linoleic acid content in SPWL, resulting in a decrease in the n-6:n-3 ratio to a desirable level. Dietary PS supplementation increased Δ9 (18), total Δ9 and Δ5 + Δ6 desaturase indexes, fatty acid (FA) unsaturation, and the polyunsaturated FA:saturated FA ratio in SPWL, while lowering atherogenicity index, thrombogenicity index, and Δ6 desaturase (fads2) gene expression. Boosting with 7% PS improved the majority of growth parameters and enhanced essential amino acid and mineral contents (p < 0.05).

The quality characterization of different parts of male and female Ligor hybrid chickens was investigated and compared with those of commercial broiler. Genotypes, muscle types, and sex had effects on the composition, physicochemical, and textural properties of chicken samples. Ligor hybrid chicken contained higher percentages of protein, moisture, ash, and collagen content but lower fat content than those of commercial broiler (p < 0.05), except in the case of breast, where no significant difference in moisture and ash was observed (p ≥ 0.05). The pH in breast meat of both chickens was lower than that of thigh meat. The color (L*, a*, and b*) values of male and female chickens were not significantly different, except for the L* value of broiler chicken, which was higher in female chickens than in male chickens. Higher cooking loss and shear force were found in male Ligor hybrid chicken. A similar protein pattern was observed for the protein from the same muscle type, irrespective of sex and genotype tested. It was observed that Ligor hybrid chicken contained higher glutamic acid and aspartic acid than commercial broilers. Therefore, Ligor hybrid chicken is a promising new source of nutrition, which can be beneficial for consumers.

Herein, the antioxidant peptides from a Thai traditional semi-dried fermented farmed hybrid catfish (Clarias macrocephalus × Clarias gariepinus) catfish, Pla Duk Ra, were characterized. After extraction and deproteinization, Pla Duk Ra crude peptide extract (CPE) was fractioned using 2 connected Hitrap Sephadex-G25 columns, yielding two significant fractions, F1 with higher browning intensity (A420) and F2. CPE, F1, and F2 had different amino acid profiles, contents, and sequences evaluated by LC-MS/MS, which could be responsible for their antioxidant properties. F2 contained the highest numbers of hydrophobic amino acid (HBA) (47.45%) and aromatic amino acid (27.31%), followed by F1, and CPE. The peptides with 8–24 amino acid residues were detected in CPE and its fractions. In CPE, F1, and F2, there were 69, 68, and 85 peptides with varied HBA content, respectively. ARHSYGMLYCSCPPND (50% HBA), ALRKMGRK (37.5% HBA), and ANWMIPLM (87.5% HBA) were the most prevalent peptides found in CPE, F1, and F2. Overall, F2 was the most effective at inhibiting free radicals (DPPH● and ABTS●+) and reactive oxygen species (hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen, and hydrogen peroxide), followed by F1 and CPE. The metal chelation of F1 was, however, superior to that of F2 and CPE. For the stability test, the effects of pH, heating temperature, and in vitro digestion on the DPPH● scavenging activity of F2 were investigated. The activity was boosted by lowering the pH and raising the heating temperature. In the gastrointestinal tract model system, however, roughly 50% of DPPH● scavenging activity reduced after digesting.

The goal of this study was to establish the nutritional value and compositional properties of the brains of crossbred pigs (Landrace–Large white–Duroc (LLD)), in order to realize the zero-waste concept and increase the use of by-products in the sustainable meat industry. Fat (9.25% fresh weight (fw)) and protein (7.25% fw) were the principal dry matters of pig brain, followed by carbohydrate and ash. Phospholipid and cholesterol had a 3:1 ratio. Pig brain had a red tone (L* = 63.88, a* = 5.60, and b* = 15.43) and a high iron content (66 mg/kg) due to a total heme protein concentration of 1.31 g/100 g fw. The most prevalent macro-element was phosphorus (14 g/kg), followed by potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium. Zinc, copper, and manganese were among the other trace elements discovered. The most prevalent nitrogenous constituents were alkali-soluble protein, followed by water-soluble protein, stromal protein, salt-soluble protein, and non-protein nitrogen. Essential amino acids were abundant in pig brain (44% of total amino acids), particularly leucine (28.57 mg/g protein), threonine, valine, and lysine. The total lipid, neutral, and polar lipid fractions of the pig brain had different fatty acid compositions. The largest amount was observed in saturated fatty acids (SFA), followed by monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Stearic acid and palmitic acid were the most common SFA. Oleic acid was the most prevalent MUFA, while docosahexaenoic acid was the most common PUFA. Thus, the pig brain can be used in food formulations as a source of nutrients.

The aim was to investigate rosemary extract with different addition methods affecting the physicochemical stability of WPI-coated lutein emulsions and examine the correlations between lutein degradation and WPI oxidation during storage. First, lutein emulsions containing different concentrations of rosemary extract in the oil phase were prepared. Second, lutein emulsions containing rosemary extract in the oil phase or water phase were studied along with the kinetic reaction of lutein degradation. Moreover, the impact of rosemary extract on the oxidation of WPI and their products was also determined. It was noticed that rosemary extract at 0.05 wt.% exhibited the best protection of lutein. According to the kinetics analysis of lutein degradation, the direct addition of rosemary extract in the oil phase was more suitable for retarding the degradation of lutein in emulsion than the addition in the aqueous phase due to it being partitioned at the interface. Meanwhile, it was revealed that the addition of rosemary extract in the water phase exhibited better inhibition of the WPI oxidation than addition in the oil phase. The understanding of the association and driving forces of rosemary extract in emulsion systems may be useful for the application of rosemary extract in multicomponent food systems.

The goal of this study was to examine the changes in chemical parameters, major volatile compounds, and sensory aspects in farm-raised hybrid catfish (i.e., dorsal, lateral line and ventral muscles) during a 15-day period of refrigerated storage. Trichloroacetic acid-soluble peptides, free fatty acid, total volatile base-nitrogen (TVB-N), and non-heme iron levels in all muscles increased as storage time proceeded. The levels of trans-1,10-dimethyl-trans-9-decalol (geosmin) and 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) were higher than their thresholds, which was connected to a stronger earthy odor. The concentrations of geosmin and 2-MIB in all muscles increased, although there was a consistent trend of earthy odor throughout storage; this phenomenon could be attributed to the masking effect of other off-odors. During storage, the largest lipid oxidation was found in ventral muscle, as measured by peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. During storage, the formation of the most volatile products increased in the lateral line and ventral muscle, whereas the dorsal muscle had the lowest concentration. As storage time proceeded, the strength of spoiled, fishy, rancid, and overall off-odor intensity of all tested muscles tended to rise. Those alterations were linked to higher levels of TVB-N and trimethylamine, as well as all other volatile lipid oxidation products (e.g., hexanal, propanal, 2,4 heptadienal, 1-octen-3-ol, octanal, nonanal, trans-2-heptenal, and 1-hexanol).

Shrimp is an important food source consumed worldwide. An intensive aquaculture system with overuse of feed in combination with detrimental effects from climate change are serious problems leading to mass mortality of cultured shrimp. Biofloc technology is an approach to managing water quality and controlling the disease to counter the negative side of intensive culture system; however, most of the biofloc applications are naturally formed, which could be inconsistent. In this study, we employed an established optimal ratio of microbial consortium called “ex-situ biofloc (BF)” to be used as a feed supplement in shrimp cultured in a zero-water discharged system at low salinity conditions. Three feeding groups (100%commercial pellet (C), 95%C+BF, 90%C+BF) of shrimp were cultured for six weeks. The effect of an ex-situ biofloc supplement with commercial pellet reduction showed that levels of ammonium, nitrite, nitrate and phosphate were significantly decreased in water culture. Shrimp fed with ex-situ biofloc supplement with commercial pellet reduction exhibited significantly increased shrimp weight and survival, and significantly expressed growth-related genes involving lipolysis and energy metabolism higher than those fed with 100% commercial pellet. Nutritional analysis indicated a significant increase of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosenoic acid (C20:1) concentrations in the ex-situ biofloc supplemented shrimp. This finding revealed the potential of ex-situ biofloc to manage water quality, improve shrimp growth performance and enhance shrimp nutritional value under intensive culture at low salinity conditions. The beneficial effects of the ex-situ biofloc in shrimp culture system make it a promising alternative strategy to mitigate climate change effects leading to the sustainable production of high-quality shrimp in the future.

Wooden breast (WB) abnormality adversely impacts the quality of chicken meat and has been linked with oxidative stress. In this study, breast samples were taken from carcasses of 7-week-old Ross 308 broilers 20-min and 24-h postmortem. Five WB and seven non-WB control samples were assigned based on palpatory hardness (non-WB = no unusual characteristics and WB = focal or diffused hardness). WB exhibited lower contents of protein and the amino acids, i.e., isoleucine, leucine and valine, lighter surface color, lower shear force, greater drip loss and altered mineral profiles (p ≤ 0.05). Despite no difference in lipid oxidation, a greater degree of protein oxidation was found in the WB meat (p ≤ 0.05). Absolute transcript abundances of superoxide dismutase, hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 were greater in WB (p ≤ 0.05), whereas lactate dehydrogenase A expression was lower in WB (p ≤ 0.05). The findings support an association between oxidative stress and the altered nutritional and technological properties of chicken meat in WB.