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2. African Brush-tailed Porcupine Atherurus africanus French: Athérure africain / German: Afrikanischer Quastenstachler / Spanish: Puercoespin africano de cola de cepillo Taxonomy. Atherurus africanus Gray, 1842, “West Africa, Sierra Leone.” Distribution of A. africanus largely overlaps the West and Central African distribution of Hystrix cristata, and it might overlap somewhat with the distribution of H. africaeaustralis in Kenya and Uganda. Monotypic. Distribution. W & C Africa, in the Rainforest Biotic Zone and rainforest-savanna mosaic from Guinea to E & S DR Congo and Rwanda and S to the Republic of the Congo and NW & N Angola (Cabinda and Carumbo Lagoon in Lunda Norte Province), also on Bioko I (Equatorial Guinea), and small populations in W Gambia, S South Sudan, Uganda, and E Kenya; also recorded in E Tanzania (Lake Tanganyika). Descriptive notes. Head-body 365-600 mm, tail 100-260 mm, ear 38-39 mm, hindfoot 71-73 mm; weight 1-5—4-3 kg. The African Brush-tailed Porcupine is large and dark, with relatively long body and short, stout limbs; it appears almost entirely spiny. Dorsal pelage is dark brown and thickly spined. Hairs are modified into coarse, thick spines that are colored off-white at bases and gradually darken along shafts toward middles, appearing blackish brown at sharply pointed tips; fine hairs grow between spines. Softer spines occur on underside,legs, and head. Lengths of spines are variable and depend on body region; they are shortest (c.20 mm) on neck, longer (25-45 mm) on flanks and mid-dorsal region, and up to 90 mm on rump. Head of the African Brush-tailed Porcupine is sparsely covered with short, dark, coarse hairs, and ears are darkly pigmented and mostly naked. Mystacial vibrissae are long and black. Relative to species of Hystrix, skull of the African Brush-tailed Porcupine is elongated, with noninflated nasal bones that end anteriorly to zygomatic arch. Postorbital processes are either lacking or very weak. Incisors are smooth and without grooves on outer surfaces. Ventral pelage is off-white to pale brown. Ventral hairs are softer and less spiny than dorsal hairs and are ¢.10-15 mm. Forefeet and hindfeet are covered with coarse dark brown hairs. Each foot has five digits, and feet are partially webbed and armed with blunt claws, except on first digit of forefoot. The African Brush-tailed Porcupine has a short tail; ratios of tail to head-body length are ¢.25-50%. Tail is thick, swollen at base, tapers toward tip, and covered with short, black spines. Tail ends with a brush-like cluster of off-white or yellow, “platelet-bristles.” Each is a hollow, flattened bristle with 4-5 bead-like “platelets” or shafts that swell like rice grains at regular intervals. When shaken, they produce a rattling sound. Tail breaks easily and is often lost. Female African Brush-tailed Porcupines have two pair of lateral, thoracic mammae. Habitat. Evergreen and gallery forests with hollow trees, buttress roots, and soft soil, especially close to streams in small valleys from sea level to elevations of ¢.3000 m. The African Brush-tailed Porcupine also occurs on farmlands adjacentto forest. Food and Feeding. The African Brush-tailed Porcupine is primarily frugivorous and eats fruits from forest trees, most of which have fallen to the ground from the tree canopy. It also eats flowers, leaves, and some roots. When adjacent to farms,it will eat maize, manioc (cassava), bananas, and palm nuts. Occasionally, it eats carrion and earthworms. Breeding. Young African Brush-tailed Porcupines are found during most months of the year in the DR Congo, and this pattern likely occurs throughout the Rainforest Biotic Zone. In the wild, females have 2-3 litters/year. Gestation lasts 100-120 days, followed by birth oflitters of 1-2 young (occasionally up to four). Female African Brushtailed Porcupines are likely polyovular, so the common litter size of one observed in captivity may be an artifact of holding conditions. Females have a bicornuate uterus, with two separated uterine horns, a uterine body, and a cervix. Females in captivity show spontaneous estrous cycles in a polyestrous pattern, with an average estrous cycle of 27-1 days. Young are born weighing ¢.100-175 g and are precocious; their eyes are open, and they have soft spine-like hairs on their back and flanks and can walk on all four legs within a few hours of birth. Young nurse for about two months although they begin to eat solid food at 2-3 weeks of age. The African Brush-tailed Porcupine grows slowly; adult size is reached after ¢.300 days, and sexual maturity at about two years of age or older. Activity patterns. The African Brush-tailed Porcupine is a strictly nocturnal and primarily terrestrial. It hides during the day in dens located in hollow trees, hollow logs, caves, or underbrush piles or roots of large trees (it does not dig its own burrow). It defecates regularly at the same place, either under a rock or in a den. It walks and trots along the forest floor, swims readily, and can climb trees to a limited extent to escape pursuit threat. While moving, it carriesits tail held slightly upward and back from its body; sometimes rustling of rattle-quills can be heard even when it cannot be seen. African Brush-tailed Porcupines in the wild in Gabon typically left their hiding places at ¢.17:00 h, returning to their dens at c¢.05:30 h. Nightly activity, particularly among females, usually followed a trimodal pattern with two rest periods during the night, although the pattern shifted to bimodal on moonlit nights. Female rest periods clustered around 20:00-21:00 h and again at 02:00-04:00 h. Males spent more time immobile and had more irregular patterns, resting in the middle of the night. Individuals also took rest periods of about ten minutes every hour; these rests tended to be longer in the middle of the night than at the start or end, and longer in the presence of bright moonlight. On dark nights, females did not normally take a rest in the middle of night, although males rested some of the time. Average inactive time on dark nights was 1-9 hours. On nights close to full moonlight, period of inactivity increased to an average of 3-4 hours. When alarmed or threatened, an African Brush-tailed Porcupine will raise spines on its back and shakeits tail, rustling the bristles. If, after this warning display,it remains threatened, it will move quickly sideways and backward with its sharp, pointed quills facing forward toward the opponent. Movements, Home range and Social organization. While foraging at night, African Brush-tailed Porcupines move rapidly across the landscape, traveling ¢.100 m every four minutes. They follow well-established trail networks as they move through undergrowth and generally travel alone. Average nightly distances moved varied with sex and moon phase. Males averaged 1697 m/night with moonlight and 2333 m on dark nights, and females averaged 1646 m/night with moonlight and 1953 m on dark nights. Home ranges of males in Gabon averaged slightly larger than those of females, with means of 15-6 ha and 10-2 ha, respectively. Male and female home ranges overlap. Although total area used and distance traveled did not differ significantly between males and females, pattern of space use did. Male African Brush-tailed Porcupines made single, complete circuits of their home ranges and typically rested in the middle of the night at the end of the home range opposite the sleeping den and did not display territorial behavior. Females followed no regularitinerary while active, wandering back and forth unpredictably. Although African Brush-tailed Porcupines travel alone at night in search of food, they are thought to be gregarious. They occasionally meet at feeding places and have a tendency to share dens during the day. Of 22 dens investigated in Gabon, twelve contained one individual, seven each held two individuals, one held three individuals, and one held four individuals. Associations in the dens were all male, all female, or males and females. During the period of the study, males used an average of eight dens, and females used six dens. Some dens were used repeatedly by the same individual, but others were used only once. In captivity, African Brush-tailed Porcupines exhibit mutual grooming along with auditory displays of dominance and submission. They may form family groups of one male, one female, and offspring, although social organization appears fluid, without formation of monogamous pairs or cohesive groups. Breeding system is currently unknown. Populations of African Brush-tailed Porcupines can be locally abundant, with densities of 2:4-13-2 ind/km? in the Central African Republic, 55 ind/km? in Equatorial Guinea, and 58 ind/km? in Gabon. In Gabon, sex ratio was male biased at 2-4:1 for adults and 2-1:1 for subadults, although this bias may have been an artifact of differences in capture probabilities between sexes. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Main predators of the African Brush-tailed Porcupine are humans and Leopards (Panthera pardus). It is vigorously hunted by humansfor its succulent flesh and is one of the most common bushmeat species in markets across West and Central Africa. It does not appear to be overhunted, although its relatively low recruitment rate, due to fairly long generation times, seems to contradict that conclusion. Loss of forest habitat is a cause for concern in parts ofits distribution. It is also killed as a crop pest. Bibliography. Albrechtsen et al. (2005), Anadu et al. (1988), Carr et al. (2013), Colell et al. (1994), Cordeiro (1998), Emmons (1983), Fa et al. (2002), Fischer et al. (2002), Foley et al. (2014), Happold (2013a), Hoffmann & Cox (2008), Huntley & Francisco (2015), Mayor et al. (2003), Nowak (1999a), Storch (1990)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2016, Hystricidae, pp. 304-312 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on pages 306-307, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6612213

3. Asiatic Brush-tailed Porcupine Atherurus macrourus French: Athérure asiatique / German: Asiatischer Quastenstachler / Spanish: Puercoespin asiatico de cola de cepillo Other common names: Asian Brush-tailed Porcupine Taxonomy. Hystrix macroura Linnaeus, 1758, “Habitat in Asia.” Restricted by M. W. Lyon, Jr. in 1907 to “Malacca,” Malay Peninsula. Some authors recognize two subspecies in China, hainanus on Hainan Island and the nominate macrourus of Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, and Guangxi, while others have argued that A. macrourus is monotypic. In a 1977 review of the genus, D. J. van Weers found only minor differences among purported subspecies insufficient to warrant subspecific designation. [ts distribution overlaps substantially with Hystrix brachyura. Monotypic. Distribution. SE Asia, from NE India (Assam, Meghalaya, and Mizoram) E to C & S China (S Sichuan, Guizhou, E Hubei, N Hunan, Yunnan, Guangxi, and including Hainan I) and S through Burma (= Myanmar) and mainland South-east Asia to Peninsular Malaysia, also on Tarutao I (SW coast of Thailand), and on Aur, Pemanggil, and Tioman Is (E coast of Peninsular Malaysia); possibly present in Bangladesh. Recorded from Sumatra but needsverification. Descriptive notes. Head—body 380-570 mm, tail 160-195 mm, ear 33-42 mm, hindfoot 68-80 mm; weight 1-5—4-3 kg. The Asiatic Brush-tailed Porcupine is small to medium-sized, with long,scaly tail that ends in brush of white bristles more than 200 mm in length. Body is dark brown above and covered with short, rigid, flattened, whitishtipped spines, not unlike those on a hedgehog. Neck, shoulders, and undersurface of body are covered with soft flattened spines. Spines of lumbar region are longer than others and mixed with a few long white bristles. Spines are grooved. Largest spines in a study skin are 1-2-2-2 mm thick and 1-8-3 mm wide. There is subtle to more distinct pattern of light and dark longitudinal stripes along back and sides of adults. Dorsal color varies due to different frequencies of visible white parts of spines and tactile bristles on body. Chin, throat, and chest between forelegs are whitish. Ventral color varies among individuals; some are mostly white on belly, and others range toward light brown and carry spines with pale brown midsections and whitish tips. The Asiatic Brush-tailed Porcupine does not have a crest on its head. Nasal bones are narrow and short, less than 30% of greatest skull length, and preorbital fossa is smaller than temporal fossa. Molars are completely rooted, and upperincisors are orange and nongrooved. Onfeet, pollux is vestigial, and hallux is clawed. There are 2-3 pairs oflaterally placed mammae. Diploid number is 2n = 54. Tail of the Asiatic Brush-tailed Porcupine is perhaps the most notable aspect ofits appearance. It is brown and scaly and spineless for the first one-third ofits length, and it ends in brush of quills shaped like strings of beads that rattle when shaken; sometimestail is broken off. Tails are 25-50% of head-body length and covered with scales, interspersed with spiny bristles. It ends in a cluster ofalternately expanded and contracted papery bristle hairs, termed “platelet bristles,” that is 80-100 mm in length. Each has 2-6 expansions or “beads” that are 1-3 mm wide and 10-15 mm long. Lengths oflargest tail bristles are 50-130 mm. The Asiatic Brush-tailed Porcupine differs from the African Brush-tailed Porcupine (A. africanus) by having a relatively flatter skull and lacking true quills on its body. It differs from the Long-tailed Porcupine (Trichysfasciculata) in the number of vertebrae: 14 dorsal vertebrae and 19-23 caudal vertebrae in Atherurusvs. 16 and 22-25 in Trichys. Habitat. In general, dense forests and plantations, preferring rocky areas. The Asiatic Brush-tailed Porcupine is rarely seen in the open. Food and Feeding. The Asiatic Brush-tailed Porcupine is primarily herbivorous and eats roots, tubers,fruits, tree bark, and some cultivated crops and grains. It will also eat insects and carrion and is known to chew on bones. Breeding. Female Asiatic Brush-tailed Porcupines typically give birth to one (sometimes two) precocial young after 100-110 days of gestation. Two litters may be produced per year. Young leave the nest after about one week—the time it takes for quills to harden after birth. Activity patterns. The Asiatic Brush-tailed Porcupine is nocturnal and generally terrestrial, but it is known to climb trees. During the day, it takes shelter in burrows among rocks in hilly areas. It constructs its own burrows that might connect and hold several individuals at a time. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Asiatic Brush-tailed Porcupine 1s gregarious and lives in small groups of 6-8 individuals, using the same burrow system. Collection of six individuals within two nights at one location indicated thatit might not be as rare as previously thought. It is confirmed prey of the Indochinese Clouded Leopard (Neofelis nebulosa). Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. The Asiatic Brush-tailed Porcupine is considered near threatened in India, primarily due to habitat loss and harvest for food by humans. Bibliography. Agrawal (2000), Corbet & Hill (1992), Francis (2008), Grassman et al. (2005), Lunde & Molur (2008a), Lyon (1907), Menon (2009), Molur et al. (2005), Nowak (1999a), Smith & Yan Xie (2008), Srinivasulu & Srinivasulu (2012), Storch (1990), van Weers (1977), Woods & Kilpatrick (2005)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2016, Hystricidae, pp. 304-312 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 307, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6612213

Gabón es un país de Africa ecuatorial con uno de los mayores consumos de carne de caza del continente. Los roedores silvestres se encuentran entre las especies más apreciadas y con mayor valor comercial. Con el objetivo de estudiar la viabilidad técnica de cría de aulácodos (Thryonomys swinderianus) en Gabón, se estableció una granja demostrativa a partir de animales importados de Benin. Los resultados zootécnicos no presentaron grandes diferencias respecto a los parámetros descritos en Benin. En 19 meses, se obtuvieron 130 camadas de 4,06 crías /parto, 1,86 partos/hembra y 6,77 crías destetadas/hembra /año. A partir de 1995, se inició la fase de difusión de tecnología a criadores locales. En las granjas, se observó una prolificidad elevada (4,47 crías / camada), pero una productividad numérica baja (2,48 destetados /hembra /año; n=90 partos). La mortalidad global y la mortalidad al destete fueron elevadas (22 y 31% ; n=79 partos). Los resultados demuestran que la cría del aulácodo es técnicamente viable a pesar de que existe un amplio margen de mejora entre los criadores y dificultades de asimilación de las técnicas. A pesar de que esta producción aun no llega a sustituir el enorme volumen de carne de caza comercial, presenta un buen potencial para la producción de proteína animal en áreas periurbanas de Gabón y para la generación de ingresos para el criador.También se estudió la morbilidad y mortalidad en la granja experimental de Libreville durante un periodo de 21 meses. El 28% de los casos de mortalidad se produjeron en animales jóvenes, el 42% en subadultos y el 28% en adultos La principal causa de mortalidad fueron los traumatismos, (29% de los casos), seguidos septicemia (12%), patologia respiratoria (10%). El seguimiento realizado permitió identificar algunas diferencias respecto otros estudios y establecer las primeras referencias sobre la patología de este animal en África Central. También permitió describir casos de neoplasia identificados por primera vez en esta especie. Por ultimo, se investigo el potencial productivo de Atherurus africanus mediante un analisis de 22 aparatos reproductores de hembras silvestres. Todas las hembras gestantes presentaron un solo feto u embrión y el numero de cuerpos luteos (CL) fue de 19,9 ± 5,4 (diámetro = 1709 ± 421 µm), incluyendo un CL de gestacion (diámetro medio = 4821 µm ± 1364 µm ). La media de tejido luteal activo fue elevada (115,6 mm3). Los resultados confirman que el ateruro salvaje es también una especie mono-embrionica, pero poliovular, sugiriendo una importante mortalidad ovocitaria o embrionaria en la cual se pierde mas del 95% del material biológico. Esto sugiere que el ateruro necesita grandes cantidades de progesterona para mantener la gestación. También, evidencia la baja capacidad reproductiva de la especie., Gabon is an equatorial country, with one of the highest bushmeat consumption in Africa. The most favourite and commercially valuable species include wild rodents.With the aim to study the technical feasibility of cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus) farming in Gabon, a demonstrative farm was established in the outskirts of Libreville with animals adapted to captivity. Among 130 litters, we obtained 4,06±1 young/litter, 1,86 litters/female and 6,77 weaned animals/female.Since 1995, an extension programme among local farmers was initiated. A survey in 1998, allowed the record of a high mortality (global, 19% and pre-weaning, 31%) but reproduction parameters (4,47 young/litter) comparable to those obtained in the experimental farm. Numeric productivity was 2,48 weaned/female/year. This results suggest that cane rat farming in Gabon is feasible also at a farmer's level. However, there is a large margin of improvement due to some difficulties in assimilation of animal husbandry techniques. Despite a low level of exploitation, cane rat farming has the potential to provide an alternative source of protein to commercial hunting and a substantial source of income for the farmer living in peri-urban areas.The causes of morbidity and mortality of farmed cane rats in Gabon were studied during 21 months through the survey of 94 postmortem examinations of 546 animals. Most of the cases occurred in subadults (42%), while non weaned young and adults were equally represented with 28% of the cases. Average monthly mortality was 2 ,5%. The main cause of mortality identified was trauma (29% of the sample), followed by septicaemia (12%) and respiratory problems (10%). Fifteen percent of cases were represented by digestive, urinary and reproductive disorders and 3% to other causes. No diagnosis could be reached in 28% of cases.In order to assess the prolificity of Atherurus africanus in the wild, 22 female carcasses were obtained from markets in Libreville during 2 years. Reproductive tracts were examined for the presence of embryos or foetuses. The ovaries were histologically examined. Morphology and constituent cell types of the ovaries were similar to those described for other hystricognath rodents. All pregnant females had only one embryo or foetus and 20±5 cyclic corpora lutea (CL), including one CL of pregnancy at least 2,8 times larger in diameter and 9±7 accessory CL. The mean number of antral follicles in adult females was 25±10. The study confirms that the brush-tailed porcupine is a mono-embryonic but polyovular species, suggesting important ovum mortality. This unusual reproductive feature in mammal species gives this rodent a low reproductive productivity which compromises the cost effectiveness of its captive breeding. Moreover, this species could be more susceptible to the effects of hunting than generally thought.

Atherurus macrourus (Linnaeus, 1758). Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1:57. TYPE LOCALITY: "Habitat in Asia", restricted to Malaysia, Malacca by Lyon (1907:584). DISTRIBUTION: E Assam (India), Szechwan, Yunnan, Hupei, and Hainan (China) to Malaya, Sumatra, and adjacent islands, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Burma. SYNONYMS: angustiramus, assamensis, hainanus, pemangilis, retardatus, stevensi, terutaus, tionis, zigomatica., Published as part of Charles A. Woods, 1993, Order Rodentia - Suborder Hystricognathi, pp. 771-806 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 773, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353083, {"references":["Lyon, M. W., Jr. 1907. Notes on the porcupines of the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Proceedings of United States National Museum, 32: 575 - 594."]}

Atherurus F. Cuvier, 1829. Diet. Sci. Nat., 59:483. TYPE SPECIES: Hystrix macroura Linnaeus, 1758. COMMENTS: See Van Weers (1977:213)., Published as part of Charles A. Woods, 1993, Order Rodentia - Suborder Hystricognathi, pp. 771-806 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 773, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353083, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classis, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tenth ed. Vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 824 pp.","van Weers, D. J. 1977. Notes on southeast Asian porcupines (Hystricidae, Rodentia) II. On the taxonomy of the genus Atherurus F. Cuvier. Beaufortia (University of Amsterdam), 26 (336): 205 - 230."]}

Atherurus africanus Gray, 1842. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1], 10:261. TYPE LOCALITY: Sierra Leone. DISTRIBUTION: Gambia, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ghana, Zaire, Kenya, Uganda, S Sudan. SYNONYMS: armata, burrowsi, centralis, turneri. COMMENTS: Includes centralis and turneri; see Misonne (1974:8)., Published as part of Charles A. Woods, 1993, Order Rodentia - Suborder Hystricognathi, pp. 771-806 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 773, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353083, {"references":["Misonne, X. 1974. Order Rodentia. Part 6. Pp. 1 - 39, in The mammals of Africa: An identification manual (J. Meester and H. W. Setzer, eds.). [issued 10 Sep 1974]. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., not continuously paginated."]}

Atherurus F. Cuvier, 1829. Diet. Sei. Nat., 59:483. ISIS NUMBER: 5301410017001000000., Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Rodentia (Part 6), pp. 560-594 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 569, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353039

Atherurus macrourus (Linnaeus, 1758). Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1:57. REVIEWED BY: S. Wang (SW). TYPE LOCALITY: Malaysia, Malacca. DISTRIBUTION: Assam (India), Szechwan, Yunnan, Hupei, and Hainan (China) to Malaya, Sumatra, and adjacent islands. COMMENT: Includes retardatus and angustiramus; see Van Weers, 1977, Beaufortia, 26(336):205-230. ISIS NUMBER: 5301410017001003001., Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Rodentia (Part 6), pp. 560-594 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 569, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353039, {"references":["van Weers, D. J. 1977. Notes on southeast Asian porcupines (Hystricidae, Rodentia) II. On the taxonomy of the genus Atherurus F. Cuvier. Beaufortia (University of Amsterdam), 26 (336): 205 - 230."]}

Atherurus africanus Gray, 1842. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 10:261. TYPE LOCALITY: Sierra Leone. DISTRIBUTION: Gambia; Sierra Leone; Liberia; Ghana; Zaire; Kenya; Uganda; S. Sudan. COMMENT: Includes centralis and turneri; see Misonne, 1974, Part 6:8. ISIS NUMBER: 5301410017001001001 as A. africanus. 5301410017001002001 as A. centralis. 5301410017001004001 as A. turneri., Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Rodentia (Part 6), pp. 560-594 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 569, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353039, {"references":["Misonne, X. 1974. Order Rodentia. Part 6. Pp. 1 - 39, in The mammals of Africa: An identification manual (J. Meester and H. W. Setzer, eds.). [issued 10 Sep 1974]. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., not continuously paginated."]}