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The mitochondrial genome of Desmomyia sinensis Yang et Yang, 1997 was sequenced, the new representative of the family Rhagionidae. The complete mitochondrial genome is 16,430 bp totally, which consists of 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNAs, 22 transfer RNAs, and one non-coding control region. The nucleotide composition is biased toward A and T, accounting for 77.9% of the total. All genes have the conservational arrangement like other published species of Rhagionidae. Bayesian inference analysis strongly supported the monophyly of Rhagionidae and sister relationship between Coenomyiidae and Xylophagidae. The phylogenetic relationship among families of Tabanomorpha is very clear: (Athericidae + Tabanidae) + (Rhagionidae + (Coenomyiinae + Xylophagidae)).

From the family Athericidae, only three species (Atherix ibis, Ibisia marginata, Atrichops crassipes) are widespread in Central and Western Europe. Although predatory larvae of these species are an important component of many benthic communities, little is known about their distribution and ecological preferences. Aiming to fill these gaps, the distribution and ecological preferences of these species were studied in three ecoregions of central Europe (Central highlands, The Carpathians, Hungarian lowlands). We found that A. ibis was present in the most streams in all of the studied ecoregions. I marginata clearly preferred the streams of the Carpathians ecoregion, whilst A. crassipes was more frequent in the Central highlands and Hungarian lowlands and it occasionally inhabited streams in the Carpathian ecoregion. The occurrence of the species was explained by the physico-chemical parameters of water (explained variability = 18.6%), site characteristics (3.8%), as well as catchment characteristics (3.3%). Four environmental variables (temperature, conductivity, percentage of agricultural land, catchment area) from three defined groups represented significant gradients, which explained species distribution in running waters of Central Europe. For the Central European streams, a correction of the saprobic index of the species was made, and the altitudinal, temperature, current and pH preferences for each species were also calculated. These values can be used for completion of the “ freshwaterecology.info ” database, which includes several biological and ecological traits of most European benthic species.

Studies on aquatic Diptera in the Plitvice Lakes National Park (Croatia) conducted in the last 50 years have produced 157 species and 7 taxa of aquatic Diptera placed in 13 families. Samples were collected at 25 sampling sites representing the four main types of karst aquatic habitats: spring, stream, tufa barriers and lakes. All records of all the aquatic families of Diptera in Plitvice Lakes NP are summarized, including previously unpublished data. Twelve species new for Plitvice Lakes NP are recorded for the first time, belonging to the families: Chironomidae – Labrundinia longipalpis (Goetghebuer, 1921), Nilothauma brayi (Goetghebuer, 1921), Potthastia longimanus Kieffer, 1922, Polypedilum (Polypedilum) nubeculosum (Meigen, 1804), Tanytarsus brundini Lindeberg, 1963; Dixidae – Dixella autumnalis (Meigen, 1838); Scathophagidae – Acanthocnema latipennis Becker, 1894 and Stratiomyidae – Oxycera pardalina Meigen, 1822, Oxycera limbata Loew, 1862, Oxycera turcica Ustuner & Hasbenli, 2004, Nemotelus pantherinus (Linnaeus, 1758), Oplodontha viridula (Fabricius, 1775). The most species-rich family was the Chironomidae with 62 species (and an additional seven taxa), followed by the Empididae with 22 species and Limoniidae with 19 species. The highest number of species was recorded in springs. The relatively low number of species in certain families and the complete absence of some aquatic families shows that further research into the aquatic Diptera in Plitvice Lakes NP is needed.

The Diptera genus-group names of Johann Wilhelm Meigen are reviewed, revised, and annotated. A total of 266 available genus-group names in 69 families of Diptera are listed alphabetically, including authorship, year and page of the original publication, originally included species, type species and method of fixation, current status of the name, family placement, and any emendations that have been found in the literature. Unavailable names suppressed by ICZN rulings as well as incorrect original and subsequent spellings are included as unnumbered entries. Remarks are given to clarify nomenclatural or taxonomic information. In addition, an index to all the species-group names of Diptera proposed by Meigen (3,117 in total, of which 2,966 are available) is given with a bibliographic reference to each original citation. An appendix gives a complete bibliography of all the known published writings by Meigen, non-zoological as well as zoological. The following type species designation is proposed: Dasypogon priscus Meigen, 1820 for Podoctria Meigen, 1820, by present designation [Asilidae]. First Reviser actions for multiple original spellings that have not previously been recognized (viz., those made via ICZN Code Art. 24.2.4) or are made herein are given for the following: Chrysotus Meigen, 1824 [Dolichopodidae]; Ocydromia Meigen, 1820 [Hybotidae]; Rhamphomyia Meigen, 1822 [Empididae]; Tachypeza Meigen, 1830a [Hybotidae]. Earlier valid subsequent type-species designations have been found for the following: Ascia Meigen, 1822 [Syrphidae]; Borborus Meigen, 1803 [Sphaeroceridae]; Brachygaster Meigen, 1826 [Sepsidae]; Cephalia Meigen, 1826 [Ulidiidae]; Chrysotus Meigen, 1824 [Dolichopodidae]; Ctenophora Meigen, 1803 [Tipulidae]; Diastata Meigen, 1830a [Diastatidae]; Doros Meigen, 1803 [Syrphidae]; Erioptera Meigen, 1803 [Limoniidae]; Glochina Meigen, 1830a [Limoniidae]; Macrocera Meigen, 1803 [Keroplatidae]; Merodon Meigen, 1803 [Syrphidae]; Mesembrina Meigen, 1826 [Muscidae]; Mycetobia Meigen, 1818a [Anisopodidae]; Odontomyia Meigen, 1803 [Stratiomyidae]; Oedalea Meigen, 1820 [Hybotidae]; Phania Meigen, 1824 [Tachinidae]; Platypeza Meigen, 1803 [Platypezidae]; Platyptera Meigen, 1803 [Empididae]; Platyura Meigen, 1803 [Keroplatidae]; Spilomyia Meigen, 1803 [Syrphidae]; Stegana Meigen, 1830a [Drosophilidae]; Trineura Meigen, 1803 [Phoridae]; Ulidia Meigen, 1826 [Ulidiidae]; Xysta Meigen, 1824 [Tachinidae]. The following type species are fixed herein under ICZN Code Article 70.3.2: Rhagio ibis Fabricius, 1775 for Atherix Meigen, 1803 [Athericidae]; Coelopa pilipes Haliday, 1838 for Coelopa Meigen, 1803 [Coelopidae]; Diastata vagans Loew, 1864 for Diastata Meigen, 1803 [Diastatidae]; Tanypus punctipennis Meigen, 1818a for Tanypus Meigen, 1803 [Chironomidae]. Corrected or clarified nomenclatural status, included species, and/or corrected or clarified type-species are given for: Acrocera Meigen, 1803 [Acroceridae]; Aedes Meigen, 1818a [Culicidae]; Anisomera Meigen, 1818a [Limoniidae]; Ascia Meigen, 1822 [Syrphidae]; Atherix Meigen, 1803 [Athericidae]; Bactria Meigen, 1820 [Asilidae]; Bolitophila Meigen, 1818a [Bolitophilidae]; Borborus Meigen, 1803 [Chloropidae]; Brachygaster Meigen, 1826 [Sepsidae]; Cephalia Meigen, 1826 [Ulidiidae]; Chlorops Meigen, 1803 [Chloropidae]; Chrysotoxum Meigen, 1803 [Syrphidae]; Chrysotus Meigen, 1824 [Dolichopodidae]; Coelopa Meigen, 1830a [Coelopidae]; Ctenophora Meigen, 1803 [Tipulidae]; Dialyta Meigen, 1826 [Muscidae]; Diastata Meigen, 1830a [Diastatidae]; Dictya Meigen, 1803 [Sciomyzidae]; Diomyza Meigen, 1818a [Cecidomyiidae]; Doros Meigen, 1803 [Syrphidae]; Dorycera Meigen, 1830a [Ulidiidae]; Erioptera Meigen, 1803 [Limoniidae]; Furcomyia Meigen, 1818a [Limoniidae]; Glochina Meigen, 1830a [Limoniidae]; Hexacantha Meigen, 1803 [Stratiomyidae]; Hexatoma Meigen, 1818a [Tabanidae]; Lasiops Meigen, 1838 [Muscidae]; Leptina Meigen, 1822 [Tipulidae]; Leptocera Meigen, 1818a [Bolitophilidae]; Leucopis Meigen, 1830a, [Chamaemyiidae]; Loxocera Meigen, 1803 [Psilidae]; Macrocera Meigen, 1803 [Keroplatidae]; Marginomyia Meigen, 1818a [Limoniidae]; Merodon Meigen, 1803 [Syrphidae]; Mesembrina Meigen, 1826 [Muscidae]; Mima Meigen, 1820 [Bombyliidae]; Mycetobia Meigen, 1818a [Anisopodidae]; Nematocera Meigen, 1818a [Limoniidae]; Nodutis Meigen, 1820 [Athericidae]; Odontomyia Meigen, 1803 [Stratiomyidae]; Oedalea Meigen, 1820 [Hybotidae]; Pelecocera Meigen, 1822 [Syrphidae]; Phalangus Meigen, 1822 [Syrphidae]; Phania Meigen, 1824 [Tachinidae]; Platypeza Meigen, 1803 [Platypezidae]; Platyptera Meigen, 1803 [Empididae]; Platyura Meigen, 1803 [Keroplatidae]; Podoctria Meigen, 1820 [Asilidae]; Psilopus Meigen, 1824 [Dolichopodidae]; Sarcophaga Meigen, 1824 [Sarcophagidae]; Stegana Meigen, 1830a [Drosophilidae]; Subula Meigen, 1820 [Xylomyidae]; Tanyglossa Meigen, 1803 [Tabanidae]; Tanypus Meigen, 1803 [Chironomidae]; Therina Meigen, 1830a [Heleomyzidae]; Trineura Meigen, 1803 [Phoridae]; Ulidia Meigen, 1826 [Ulidiidae]; Unomyia Meigen, 1818a [Limoniidae]; Xylota Meigen, 1822 [Syrphidae]; Xysta Meigen, 1824 [Tachinidae]. New synonymies are proposed for the following genus-group names: Melanopangonius Szilády, 1923 under Tanyglossa Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Tabanidae]; Planuria Meigen, 1826 under Homalura Meigen, 1826, n. syn. [Chloropidae]; Polimera Meigen, 1826 under Polymera Wiedemann, 1820, n. syn. [Limoniidae]; Trepidaria Swinderen, 1822 under Seioptera Kirby & Spence, 1817, n. syn. [Ulidiidae]. Reversal of precedence (Code Article 23.9.2) is invoked in two instances to promote stability in nomenclature. One for homonymy: Sarcophaga Meigen, 1824, nomen protectum [in Sarcophagidae] and Sarcophaga Swinderen, 1822, nomen oblitum [in Calliphoridae]; and one for objective synonymy: Calliphora Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, nomen protectum and Sarcophaga Swinderen, 1822, nomen oblitum [in Calliphoridae].

Sungai Tolomato merupakan sungai kecil yang berada di Desa Tolomato yang terhubung langsung dengan sungai utama yang ada di Provinsi Gorontalo yaitu Sungai Bone. Metode yang digunakan adalah survey dan purposive sampling. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui struktur komunitas makrozoobentos di sungai Tolomato. Hasil penelitian ditemukan 1.181 individu yang terbagi dalam 11 famili. Ditemukan makrozoobentos sebanyak 6 ordo (Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Coleoptera, Tricoptera, Plecoptera, Lepidoptera) dan 11 famili (Chironomidae, Ceratopogoninae, Tabanidae, Limoniidae, Athericidae, Baetidae, Caenidae, Elmidae, Hydropsychidae, Perlodidae, Crambidae) dari kelas insekta. Komposisi makrozoobentos yang paling banyak ditemukan yaitu dari ordo Diptera sebesar 80%.

Elgueta, Mario, Coscarón, Sixto (2019): A catalog of Athericidae (Diptera) from Neotropical and Andean Regions. Zootaxa 4648 (2): 287-298, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4648.2.5

Genus Suragina Walker, 1860: 110. Type species: Suragina illucens Walker, 1860 by monotypy. Ref.: Bigot, 1887: 102 (in key); Brunetti, 1909: 418 (com.); Brunetti, 1920: 104 (in key, Leptidae), 121 (com.); Malloch, 1932b: 112, 113(com.); Steyskal, 1953: 239 (com.); Downes, 1958: 258 (com.); Nagatomi, 1958: 47 (as subgenus); James, 1968: 1 (com.); Cole, 1969: 149 (com.); Stuckenberg, 1973: 651 (com. male gen), 652���653 (fig. male gen.), 659, 663 (fem. gen.), 664, 667 (morp.); Thomas, 1974: 55, 58 (com.); Nagatomi & Iwata, 1976: 37���38 (com., fem. gen.); Webb, 1977: 488 (desc.); Webb, 1981: 480 (com.), 482 (key); Nagatomi, 1984a: 96 (key); Woodley, 1989: 1381 (com.); Foote, 1991: 767 (com.); Webb, 1995: 421 (com.), 423 (in key, imm. stag.); Coscar��n & Coscar��n, 1996: 107 (com.); Rafael et al. 1997: 499 (biol.); Coscar��n, 1998: 338 (com.); Colles & McAlpine, 2000: 753 (com.); Stuckenberg, 2000: 156, 157, 158 (com.); Santos, 2008: 47 (com.), 49 (dist.); Woodley, 2007: 29 (com.); Woodley, 2009: 492 (com.), 493 (in key, com.); Kerr, 2010: 20, 21, 23, 31, 32 (morph., phy.); Klassa & Santos, 2015: 523 (list). concinna (Williston, 1901) Atherix concinna Williston, 1901: 266. Syntypes: without sex of specimen (NHMUK). Dist.: M��xico: Guerrero State (Omilteme, Sierra de las Aguas Escondidas); San Luis Potos�� State (El Salto, El Naranjo (1 mile West), Nuevo Morelos / 12 miles NW); Taumalipas State (Ca����n Peregrino); Veracruz State (C��rdoba (cave at origin Rio Atoyac)). Ref.: Aldrich, 1905: 217 (cat., as Atherix in Leptidae); Kert��sz, 1908: 299 (cat., as Atherix); Malloch, 1932b: 114 (in key), 115 (com.); James, 1965: 344 (cat.); James, 1968: 6 (cat.); Webb, 1977: 491 (in key), 491���492 (desc.); Webb, 1981: 481 (figs.); Rafael & Henriquez, 1991: 166 (key); Webb, 1995: 421���422 (desc. imm. stag.); Santos, 2008: 47���48 (dist.); Woodley, 2009: 493 (com.); Kerr, 2010: 11, 20 (list), 34 (gen. fig. 86), 39 (gen. fig. 124), 45 (morp.), 51 (gen. fig. 171). latipennis (Bellardi, 1861) Atherix latipennis Bellardi, 1861: 93. Holotype: without sex of specimen (Colezione di Saussure and Bellardi presumably lost?). Distr.: Mexico. Guerrero State (Omilteme); M��xico Federal District; (Ciudad de M��xico); Michoac��n State (Angangueo); Oaxaca State (Oaxaca). Ref.: Osten Sacken, 1878: 65 (cat.); Osten Sacken, 1886: 62 (com.); Williston, 1886: 266 (com.); Aldrich, 1905: 217 (cat., as Atherix); Kert��sz, 1908: 300 (cat., as Atherix); Malloch, 1932b: 114 (in key), 115 (com.); Stuckenberg, 1960: 217���218 (com.); James, 1968: 6 (cat.); Webb, 1977: 491 (in key), 493���494 (desc.); Rafael & Henriquez, 1991: 166 (key); Papavero & Iba��ez-Bernal, 2001: 108 (list); Woodley, 2009: 493 (com.). longipes (Bellardi, 1861) Atherix longipes Bellardi, 1861: 94. Holotype: without sex of specimen (Colezione di Saussure and Bellardi, presumably lost?). Distr.: Costa Rica. Cartago Province (Irazu). M��xico. Chiapas State (Ocozocoautla); Chihuahua State (Samarichie); M��xico Federal District (Tenancingo); Nayarit State (Tepic (24 miles SE); Oaxaca State (Oaxaca, Valle Nacional); Puebla State (Teziutlan (6 miles NE), (5 miles NE), Huauchinango (8 miles SW)); Sinaloa State (Potrerillos); Veracruz State (C��rdoba, Potrero (5 miles NW), Rio Atoyac); Panama. Chiriqui Province (Bugaba, Valle de las Minas). Ref.: Osten Sacken, 1878: 65 (cat.); Osten Sacken, 1886: 62 (com.); Aldrich, 1905: 217 (cat., as Atherix); Kert��sz, 1908: 300 (cat., as Atherix); Malloch, 1932b: 114 (in key), 115 (com.); Downes, 1958: 258 (com.); James, 1968: 6 (cat.); Webb, 1977: 491 (in key), 492���493 (desc.); Nagatomi, 1984a: 99���100 (com.); Nagatomi, 1984b: 100 (male gen.); Nagatomi & Soroida, 1985: 288 (morph.. mouth.), 344 (figs. 280���284); Rafael & Henriquez, 1991: 166 (key); Stuckenberg, 2000: 157 (com.); Papavero & Iba��ez-Bernal, 2001: 108 (list); Woodley, 2009: 492 (com.). neotropica (Lindner, 1924) Atherix neotropica Lindner, 1924: 68. Syntypes: female (MTD). Dist.: Bolivia: Department of La Paz: Larecaja Province (Mapiri, San Antonio, San Carlos). Per��: Department of Cusco: Urubamba Province (Urubamba, Meshagua, Rosalina); Department of Pasco: Oxapampa Province (Pichis, Puerto Berm��dez, Puerto Jessup (actually named Puerto de Yesup)). Ref.: Coscar��n & Coscar��n, 1996: 107 (com., n. comb.). pacaraima Rafael & Henriquez, 1991: 166���168. Holotype: female Brazil. Roraima State, Serra Pacaraima 27. VIII. 1987 Col. A.L. Henriques (INPA). Distr.: Brazil. Roraima State (Serra Pacaraima). Refs.: Coscar��n & Coscar��n, 1996: 107 (com.) Rafael et al. 1997: 499 (com.)., Published as part of Elgueta, Mario & Coscar��n, Sixto, 2019, A catalog of Athericidae (Diptera) from Neotropical and Andean Regions, pp. 287-298 in Zootaxa 4648 (2) on pages 293-294, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4648.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/3354875, {"references":["Walker, F. (1860) Catalogue of the dipterous insects collected at Makessar, in Celebes, by Mr. A. R. Wallace, with descriptions of new species. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society London, vol. IV, 90 - 189. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1859. tb 00089. x","Bigot, J. M. F. (1887) Dipteres nouveaux ou peu connus. Leptidi. Bulletin de la Societe zoologique de France, 12, 97 - 118.","Brunetti, E. (1909) XLIII Revision of the Oriental Leptidae. Records of the Indian Museum Volume II, part V, 417 - 436.","Brunetti, E. (1920) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Diptera Brachycera. Vol. I. Taylor & Francis, London, x + 401 pp.","Malloch, J. R. (1932 b) Notes on exotic Diptera (1). Stylops, 1, 112 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1932. tb 01366. x","Steyskal, G. C. (1953) A suggested classification of the Lower Brachycerous Diptera. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 46, 237 - 242. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 46.2.237","Downes, J. A. (1958) The feeding habits of biting flies and their significance in classification. Annual Review of Entomology, 3, 249 - 266. https: // doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev. en. 03.010158.001341","Nagatomi, A. (1958) Studies in the aquatic snipe flies of Japan (Diptera, Rhagionidae).","James, M. T. (1968) 29. Rhagionidae. In: Papavero, N. (Eds.), A catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 12.","Cole, F. R. (1969) The flies of western North America. University of California Press, Berkeley, 693 pp.","Stuckenberg, B. R. (1973) The Athericidae, a new family in the lower Brachycera (Diptera). Annals of the Natal Museum, 21, 649 - 673.","Thomas, A. G. B. (1974) Dipteres torrenticoles peu connus: I. Les Athericidae (Larves et imagos) du Sud de la France. Annales de Limnologie, 10 (1), 55 - 84. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 197400 1","Nagatomi, A. & Iwata, K. (1976) Female terminalia of lower Brachycera - I (Diptera). Beitrage zur Entomologie, 26, 5 - 47.","Webb, D. W. (1977) The Nearctic Athericidae (Insecta: Diptera). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 50, 473 - 495.","Webb, D. W. (1981) 32. Athericidae .. In: McAlpine J. F. et al. (Eds.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 1. Research Branch Agriculture Canada. Monograph 27. Ottawa, pp. 479 - 482","Nagatomi, A. (1984 a) Notes on Athericidae. Memoirs of the Kagoshima University Research Center for the South Pacific, 5 (2), 87 - 106.","Woodley, N. E. (1989) Phylogeny and classification of the \" orthorrhaphous \" Brachycera. In: McAlpine, J. F. (Ed.), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Volume 3. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, pp. 1371 - 1395.","Foote, B. A. (1991) Athericidae (Tabanoidea). In: Stehr, F. W. (Ed.), Immature Insects, Volume 2. Kendall / Hunt, Dubuque, Iowa, pp. 766 - 767.","Webb, D. W. (1995) The immature stages of Suragina concinna (Williston) (Diptera: Athericidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 67 (4), 421 - 425.","Coscaron, S. & Coscaron, M. C. (1996) Neotropical Athericidae. I. Suragina neotropica (Lidner 1924) n. comb. Presence of genus Suragina on the western tropical area of South America (Insecta: Diptera: Athericidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 40 (1), 107 - 110.","Rafael, J. A., Rafael, M. S. & Henriquez, A. L. (1997) Notas sobre insetos de Roraima. In: Barbosa, R. I., Ferreira, E. J. G. & Castellon, E. G. (Eds.), Homen, Ambiente e Ecologia no Estado de Roraima. INPA, Manaus, pp. 489 - 508.","Coscaron, M. C. (1998) 32. Athericidae y Rhagionidae. In: Morrone, J. J. & Coscaron, S. (Eds.), Biodiversidad de artropodos argentinos. Una perspectiva biotaxonomica. Ediciones Sur, La Plata. Argentina, pp. 338 - 340.","Stuckenberg, B. R. (2000) A new genus and species of Athericidae (Diptera: Tabanoidea) from Cape York Peninsula. Records of the Australian Museum, 52, 151 - 159. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1975.52.2000.1312","Santos, C. M. D. (2008) Geographical distribution of Tabanomorpha (Diptera, Brachycera): Athericidae, Austroleptidae, Oreoleptidae, Rhagionidae, and Vermileonidae. Entomobrasilis, 1 (3), 43 - 50. https: // doi. org / 10.12741 / ebrasilis. v 1 i 3.25","Woodley, N. E. (2007) Notes on South American Dasyomma, with the description of a remarkable new species from Chile (Diptera: Athericidae). Zootaxa, 1443, 29 - 35. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1443.1.3","Woodley, N. E. (2009) 33 Athericidae (Athericid flies). In: Brown, B. V. et al. (Eds.) Manual of Central American Diptera. Volume 1. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, Ontario, pp. 491 - 493.","Kerr, P. H. (2010) Phylogeny and classification of Rhagionidae, with implications for Tabanomorpha (Diptera: Brachycera). Zootaxa, 2592, 1 - 133. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2397.1.1","Klassa, B. & Santos, C. M. D. (2015) Areas of endemism in the Neotropical region based on the geographical distribution of Tabanomorpha (Diptera: Brachycera). Zootaxa, 4058 (4), 519 - 534. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4058.4.4","Williston, S. W. (1901) Supplement. In: Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia Centrali-Americana. Zoologia- Insecta Taylor and Francis, London, pp. 217 - 332, pls. iv-v.","Aldrich, J. M. (1905) A catalogue of North American Diptera (or two-winged flies). Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 46 [= No. 1444], 680 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1681","Kertesz, K. (1908) Catalogus dipterorum hucusque descriptorum. Vol. III. Stratiomyiidae, Erinnidae, Coenomyiidae, Tabanidae, Pantophthalmidae, Rhagionidae. Museum Nationale Hungaricum, Budapestini [= Budapest], 366 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5141","James, M. T. (1965) Family Rhagionidae (Leptidae). In: Stone, A. et al. (Eds.). A catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico. Agriculture Handbook Nº 276. Agricultural Research Service. United States Department of Agriculture, pp. 342 - 348.","Rafael, J. A. & Henriquez, A. L. (1991) Ocorrencia do genero Suragina Walker na America do Sul e descricao de uma especie nova (Diptera: Athericidae). Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, serie Zoologia, 6 (2), 165 - 168.","Bellardi, L. (1861) Saggio di ditterologia messicana. Parte II. A. Stamperia Reale, Torino [= Turin], 99 + [2] pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2008.00448. x","Osten Sacken, C. R. (1878) Catalogue of the described Diptera of North America. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 16, 276. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1728","Osten Sacken, C. R. (1886) Diptera, Vol. I [part] pp. 1 - 24 + 25 - 48 + 49 - 72 + 73 - 104 + 105 - 128., pls. 1 - 2 [cont.] In: Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia Centrali Americana. Zoologia-Insecta-Diptera, 378 pp., 6 pls.","Stuckenberg, B. R. (1960) Diptera (Brachycera) Rhagionidae. South African Animal Life, 7, 216 - 308.","Papavero, N. & Ibanez-Bernal, S. (2001) Contributions to a history of Mexican dipterology. part I. Entomologists and their works before the Biologia Centrali-Americana. Acta Zoologica Mexicana, New Series, 84, 65 - 173.","Nagatomi, A. (1984 b) Male genitalia of the lower Brachycera (Diptera). Beitrage zur Entomologie, 34, 99 - 157.","Nagatomi, A. & Soroida, K. (1985) The structure of the mouthparts of the orthorrhaphous Brachycera (Diptera) with special reference to blood-sucking. Beitrage zur Entomologie, 35, 263 - 368.","Lindner, E. (1924) Dipterologische Studien. II. Rhagionidae neotropicae. Konowia, 3, 65 - 75."]}

A catalog of the Athericidae from Neotropical and Andean Regions is provided. All valid names and synonyms are presented, totaling twenty-seven species and three genera in these Regions. All references known from the taxonomic and biological literature are given, including information about name, author, year of publication, page number, type species, type locality and bibliography. The genus Atherix Meigen is not represented in Neotropical nor Andean Regions.

A remarkable diversity of new nonempidoid orthorrhaphan flies from the mid-Cretaceous of Myanmar (Late Albian–Early Cenomanian, ca. 99 Ma) is presented, including 28 species (all but one new) in 22 genera (13 new), and at least 12 families. Two families are new; three genera are unplaced in Tabanomorpha and one unplaced within Brachycera. Comparisons are presented between the amber taxa and extensive lithified taxa from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of eastern Laurasia.In Stratiomyomorpha: A new species of Zhangsolvidae has color patterns and body shape that apparently mimic Vespidae or other stinging aculeate wasps. Diverse new Xylomyidae and Stratiomyidae are described, the latter with male terminalia preserved in detail. In Tabanomorpha: The genus Athericites Mostovski et al. is synonymized with Palaepangonius Ren, and a new species of Galloatherix Nel is described in which the female proboscis is much longer than that of the male. All three genera were attributed to Athericidae, but the amber species reveal they are more basal tabanomorphs. Described are a new genus of stem-group Tabanoidea and a new species of Cratotabanus Martins-Neto and Kucero-Santos (Tabanidae), previously known from the Cretaceous of Brazil and New Jersey. In Nemestrinoidea: Three species of Hirmoneura Meigen are the first Nemestrinidae known from amber; one species has long cerci typical of Recent species of the genus. A new species of the Mesozoic family Rhagionemestriidae reveals this family is closely related to Acroceridae, not Xylophagidae as previously proposed. In Archisargoidea: A new species of Tethepomyiidae is described, the family known only in Cretaceous amber from New Jersey, Spain, and Myanmar. In Asiloidea: Three new species and genera of Bombyliidae are described, two of them with abdominal setal “baskets” distinctive to females of higher bombyliids. A fourth new asiloid genus is a probable stem-group bombyliid. The recently described Pseudorhagio Zhang et al., is transferred from Tabanomorpha to Bombyliidae. The male of a new species of Burmapsilocephala Gaimari and Mostovski (Apsilocephalidae) has terminalia very similar to that of Evocoa (Evocoidae: Recent, Chile), corroborating close relationship of the two families. In Families incertae sedis: A new species of Hilarimorphites Grimaldi and Cumming (Apystomyiidae) is described, the family known only in New Jersey and Burmese amber and the Recent fauna of California, and a sister group to either Cyclorrhapha or Eremoneura. Mysteromyiidae and Eucaudomyiidae, new families, are described, based on highly modified species with vestigial mouthparts, reduced venation, and unique specializations.Discussion is presented on some morphological features in fossil and Recent Brachycera that have apparent phylogenetic significance but are rarely discussed. This study adds further data to the phenotypic diversity, geological history, and biogeography of a major radiation.

Adult Brachycera can affect dairy cattle through their feeding behaviour. The main famil ies of veterinary importance are Tabanidae, Athericidae, Rhagionidae, Muscidae, Glossi nidae and Hippoboscidae. Non-biting flies such as house flies and face flies ingest liq uids from animal tissues using sponging mouthparts, whereas biting flies such as tabanids, sta ble flies and tsetse flies take blood from hosts using piercing-sucking mouth parts. Thus, Brachycera flies may impact livestock through both direct effects (nuisance, skin injuries, blood losses) and indirect effects (pathogen transport or transmission), contributing to economic losses for dairy production. Nonbiting flies are mainly mechanical carriers of pathogens, especially bacteria (e.g. Escherichia coli, Moraxella bovis, Staphylococcus aureus). Tabanids and biting muscid flies are mainly mechanical vectors of pathogens including bacteria (e.g. Bacillus anthracis, Anaplasma marginale), protozoa (e.g. Besnoitia besnoiti, Trypanosoma spp.) and viruses (e.g. lumpy skin disease virus), whereas tsetse flies are biological vectors of trypanosomes causing African Animal Trypanosomosis. Brachycera flies are also developmental vectors of several nematodes (Thelazia spp., Parafilaria bovicola, Stephanofilaria stilesi). Today, several control methods are available for the integrated management of flies inside livestock facilities and in pastures, including environmental methods (sanitation), biological methods (parasitoids, entomopathogenic fungi), chemical methods (insect growth regulators, insecticides) and mechanical methods (traps, targets). Facing the growing concern of increasing fly populations related to changing climate and land use, there is a crucial need to better assess their direct impact and their role in the epidemiology of (re)emerging flyborne pathogens and to improve the effectiveness and sustainability of control methods.

Guo, Mingxia, Xing, Lida, Wang, Bo, Zhang, Weiwei, Wang, Shuo, Shi, Aimin, Bai, Ming (2017): A catalogue of Burmite inclusions. Zoological Systematics 42 (3): 249-379, DOI: 10.11865/zs.201715

3.408 Genus Palaepangonius Ren, 1988 Palaepangonius Ren, 1998: 66. Type species: Palaepangonius eupterus Ren, 1998. Athericites Mostovski, Jarzembowski & Coram, 2003: 165. Type species: Athericites gordoni Mostovski, Jarzembowski & Coram, 2003.

507) Galloatherix completus Grimaldi, 2016 Galloatherix completus Grimaldi, 2016: 39. Type specimen(s). H (♀): AMNH Bu-SE2/5a (AMNH). P: (♂) AMNH Bu-SE2/5b (AMNH)., Published as part of Guo, Mingxia, Xing, Lida, Wang, Bo, Zhang, Weiwei, Wang, Shuo, Shi, Aimin & Bai, Ming, 2017, A catalogue of Burmite inclusions, pp. 249-379 in Zoological Systematics 42 (3) on page 340, DOI: 10.11865/zs.201715, http://zenodo.org/record/5360313

508) Palaepangonius glossa Grimaldi, 2016 Palaepangonius glossa Grimaldi, 2016: 33. Type specimen(s). H (♀): JZC Bu-248 (JAC)., Published as part of Guo, Mingxia, Xing, Lida, Wang, Bo, Zhang, Weiwei, Wang, Shuo, Shi, Aimin & Bai, Ming, 2017, A catalogue of Burmite inclusions, pp. 249-379 in Zoological Systematics 42 (3) on page 340, DOI: 10.11865/zs.201715, http://zenodo.org/record/5360313

3.407 Genus Galloatherix Nel et al., 2014 Galloatherix Nel et al., 2014: 592. Type Species: Galloatherix incompletus Nel et al., 2014., Published as part of Guo, Mingxia, Xing, Lida, Wang, Bo, Zhang, Weiwei, Wang, Shuo, Shi, Aimin & Bai, Ming, 2017, A catalogue of Burmite inclusions, pp. 249-379 in Zoological Systematics 42 (3) on page 340, DOI: 10.11865/zs.201715, http://zenodo.org/record/5360313, {"references":["Nel, A., De Ploeg, G., Perrichot, V. 2014. The first ibis fly in mid-Cretaceous amber from France (Diptera: Athericidae). Zootaxa, 3768 (5): 591 - 595."]}

505) Atherhagiox ambiguum Grimaldi, 2016 Atherhagiox ambiguum Grimaldi, 2016: 36. Type specimen(s). H (♀): JZC Bu-248 (JAC)., Published as part of Guo, Mingxia, Xing, Lida, Wang, Bo, Zhang, Weiwei, Wang, Shuo, Shi, Aimin & Bai, Ming, 2017, A catalogue of Burmite inclusions, pp. 249-379 in Zoological Systematics 42 (3) on page 340, DOI: 10.11865/zs.201715, http://zenodo.org/record/5360313

3.406 Genus Atherhagiox Grimaldi, 2016 Atherhagiox Grimaldi, 2016: 35. Type species: Atherhagiox ambiguum Grimaldi, 2016., Published as part of Guo, Mingxia, Xing, Lida, Wang, Bo, Zhang, Weiwei, Wang, Shuo, Shi, Aimin & Bai, Ming, 2017, A catalogue of Burmite inclusions, pp. 249-379 in Zoological Systematics 42 (3) on page 340, DOI: 10.11865/zs.201715, http://zenodo.org/record/5360313

Horse flies, family Tabanidae, are the most diverse family-level clade of bloodsucking insects, but their phylogeny has never been thoroughly explored using molecular data. Most adult female Tabanidae feed on nectar and on the blood of various mammals. Traditional horse fly classification tends towards large heterogeneous taxa, which impede much-needed taxonomic work. To guide renewed efforts in the systematics of horse flies and their relatives, we assembled a dataset of 110 exemplar species using nucleotide data from four genes—mitochondrial CO1, and nuclear 28S, CAD and AATS. All commonly recognized tribes in Tabanidae are represented, along with outgroups in Tabanomorpha. The phylogeny is reconstructed using Bayesian inference, and divergence times are estimated using Bayesian relaxed clock methods with time constraints from tabanid fossils. Our results show Athericidae strongly supported as the lineage most closely related to Tabanidae, and Pangoniinae and Tabaninae as monophyletic lineages. However, Chrysopsinae is nonmonophyletic, with strong support for both a nonmonophyletic Bouvieromyiini and for Rhinomyzini as sister to Tabaninae. Only the tribes Philolichini, Chrysopsini, Rhinomyzini and Haematopotini are recovered as monophyletic, although Scionini is monophyletic with exclusion of the peculiar genus Goniops Aldrich. Mycteromyia Philippi and Adersia Austen, two enigmatic genera sometimes placed in separate family-level groups, are recovered inside Pangoniini and Chrysopsini, respectively. Several species-rich genera are not recovered as monophyletic, including Esenbeckia Rondani, Silvius Meigen, Dasybasis Macquart and Tabanus L. Tabanidae likely originated in the Cretaceous, and all major extant groups were present by the early Palaeogene. This newly revised phylogenetic framework for Tabanidae forms the basis for a new assessment of tabanid diversification and provides context for understanding the evolution of trophic specialization in horse flies.

In freshwater systems, parasitological studies have mainly been carried out on vertebrates and molluscs, but little is known about parasites of aquatic insects. We describe the trematodes and nematodes parasitizing the benthic insects of an Andean Patagonian stream and the presence of parasites in the terrestrial adult stages. Members of 3 of 20 insect taxa were found to be parasitized by larval nematodes, and members of six taxa harbored metacercariae of digeneans. In benthic samples, chironomids, simuliids (Order Diptera), and baetids (Order Ephemeroptera) harbored mermithid larvae (Nematoda). The stonefly Antarctoperla michaelseni (Order Plecoptera), the caddisfly Smicridea annulicornis (Order Trichoptera), a watersnipe fly (Order Diptera: Athericidae), and three species of leptophlebiid mayflies (Order Ephemeroptera) were parasitized by encysted plagiorchiid metacercariae (Order Plagiorchiida). Most metacercariae were found in the three species of mayflies with prevalences ranging 15-63% and mean intensities ranging 1.2-4.9. Prevalence declined from summer to early winter, probably because of the emergence of infected nymphs and the recruitment of uninfected new cohorts. The imagos had live metacercariae with higher prevalences and intensities of infection than nymphs. We suggest that these plagiorchiids have an allogenic life cycle, involving a terrestrial definitive host. © 2012, The American Microscopical Society, Inc. Fil: Mariluan, Gustavo Darío. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina Fil: Viozzi, Gustavo Pedro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina Fil: Albariño, Ricardo Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina

Grimaldi, David A. (2016): Diverse Orthorrhaphan Flies (Insecta: Diptera: Brachycera) In Amber From The Cretaceous Of Myanmar: Brachycera In Cretaceous Amber, Part Vii David A. Grimaldi. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2016 (408): 1-132, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090-408.1.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/0003-0090-408.1.1

Atherhagiox ambiguum, new species Figures 12B, C, D; 44 DIAGNOSIS: Very similar to A. simulans, n. sp. (also known only as a female), except that A. ambigua has: smaller body size (3.5 mm, vs. 4.0); basal flagellomere more narrow; wing with vein Sc shorter; base of R 4 perpendicular (vs. acute) to stem of R 4-5; cells br and bm shorter (in A. ambigua cell bm is 0.24× length of wing, in A. simulans it is 0.34×); cell cup closed; CuA 2 and A 1 meeting just before wing margin (vs. at wing margin); R 4-5 more sinuous than in A. simulans. DESCRIPTION: Based on female. Body length 3.52 mm; thorax length 0.90 mm; abdomen length 2.15 mm; wing length 2.81 mm. Head: Eyes large, dichoptic, bare, no dorsal-ventral differentiation of facets; dorsal margins of eyes extending above margin of head vertex; in lateral view eye occupying entire lateral surface (occiput not visible). Inner margins of eyes dorsally convergent toward level of antennae, then divergent ventrally. Ocelli on large, well-defined tubercle. Frons bare, no setae/setulae. Face with bulging clypeus, laterally bordered by deep sulci between clypeus and parafacial plates. Antenna: Aristate. Base membranous; scape and pedicel lengths approximately equal, dorsal portion of scape longer than ventral portion, without bristlelike setae; pedicel bean shaped, attachment slightly dorsal, with 2–3 stiff setae on ventrodistal margin; basal flagellomere reniform, its attachment to pedicel dorsal; apical portion of flagellum aristate, length 3× that of basal flagellomere, with microscopic pubescence, no minute apical style apparent. Mouthparts: Proboscis length ca. 1.5× that of head; labellum long, 0.7× length of theca, with fine setae on ventral surface. Labrum long, same length as lacinia + mandibles; tip of mandible with several minute teeth/serrations. Palps long, slender, gently curved (dorsally convex); 2-segmented, basal segment 0.3× length of distal segment; apical segment tapered distad. In frontal view palps closely flanking proboscis. Thorax: Dorsum and portion of pleura (anepisternum, anepimeron, katatergite, meron) dark brown. Scutum dorsally with fine, short, erect setae; longer, thicker setae at middle of scutum, along margins and on disk of scutellum, 9–10 on notopleural area. Postpronotal lobe with fine, light setae. No pubescence or setae on pleurites. Proscutellum present, very narrow. No post-metathoracic spiracular scale or suprametacoxal pit present. Wing: Short, broad, hyaline except for small pterostigmatic area over distal half of R 2+3. Minute setulae on dorsal surface at base of R-R 1. Vein C with very small, fine spinules to wing tip; basicosta well developed; tip of Sc reaches to 0.4× length of wing; R 1 runs very close to Sc, length 0.6× that of wing; R 2+3 sinuous, apex not converging with apex of R 1; cells br and bm of nearly equal length; cell d long, narrow, slightly arched; apices of R 4 and R 5 barely encompass wing tip; R 4 branches from stem of R 4-5 very proximal to apex of cell d. Veins M 1, M 2, M 3 present, first two slightly sinuous. Veins M 3 and CuA 1 virtually parallel; cell cup closed, elongate, and narrow, CuP and A 1 meeting just before wing margin; vein A 2 present, nearly complete. Anal lobe well developed; alula well developed, approximately same size as upper calypter. Halter knob evenly drop shaped, symmetrical; dorsal and ventral portions brown with color pattern having discrete margins. Legs: Long, slender; largely yellowish grading to brown on tarsi. Pro- and mesofemur without macrosetae; metafemur with ventral row of very fine setae. Tibial spurs 0-2-1, middle spurs of equal length. All tarsi with ventral row of short, black, spinulelike setae; metatibia with dense dorsal row of spinules. Pretarsal structures small, empodium pulvilliform. Mesocoxa with dense setae; metacoxa without anterior knob. Abdomen (female): Not dorsoventrally flattened, terminal segments tapering and telescoping; pleural membrane between tergites and sternites 2–4 broad; spiracles in membrane, one for each of segments 2–4. Tergite 1 obscured (cannot determine if medially divided); tergites 2–4 large, 5–10 appear to be telescoping, significantly narrower than preceding segments. Tergites dark brown, heavily setulose; sternites light brown, well developed, with fine, sparse setulae. Dorsal portion of tergite 10 obscured (medial division not observable). Cerci 2-segmented, basal segment cordate in lateral view, ventral lobe slightly more extended; apical cercomere with small emargination on posterior margin. TYPES: Holotype, female, AMNH Bu-SE2/3. ETYMOLOGY: The species name is from the Latin (“ambiguous”), and refers to the apparent relationships of Atherhagiox to Rhagionidae and/ or Athericidae. COMMENTS: See above, under Tabanomorpha and genus. The fly is in a thin slab 3 mm thick, with two large, flat, parallel surfaces 12 × 13 mm, optimizing views of wings and sides of body. The fly is complete and the amber has superb clarity. The piece also contains some plant trichomes and bubbles., Published as part of Grimaldi, David A., 2016, Diverse Orthorrhaphan Flies (Insecta: Diptera: Brachycera) In Amber From The Cretaceous Of Myanmar: Brachycera In Cretaceous Amber, Part Vii David A. Grimaldi, pp. 1-132 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2016 (408) on pages 36-38, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090-408.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5380942

Genus Galloatherix Nel et al. Galloatherix Nel, de Plo��g, and Perrichot, 2014: 592. TYPE SPECIES: Galloatherix incompletus Nel, de Plo��g, and Perrichot, 2014: 592. An isolated wing in Late Albian���Early Cenomanian amber from near Archingeay, Charentes-Maritime, France. EMENDED DIAGNOSIS: Nel et al. (2014) diagnosed Galloatherix based on the following wing vein features: R 2+3 sinuous, apex close to (but not contacting) apex of R 1; cell m 3 not present (tips of M 3 and CuA 1 distant, each meeting wing margin); cell br only slightly longer than cell bm; veins M 1, M 2, and M 3 longer than discal cell. To this diagnosis can provisionally be added: sexual dimorphism in mouthparts, proboscis of female ca. 2.5�� the length of that in male; palp slender, digitiform; flagellomere 1 reniform; post-metathoracic spiracle scale and suprametacoxal pit absent; proscutellum present; with 1-2-2 long tibial spurs; cerci 2-segmented. COMMENTS: The wing venation of G. completus, n. sp., and G. incompletus from the Cretaceous of France are very similar, with diagnostic species differences as noted below. Additional features based on nonwing characters were added to the generic diagnosis, above, but must be considered provisional until specimens of G. incompletus are found that have the body., Published as part of Grimaldi, David A., 2016, Diverse Orthorrhaphan Flies (Insecta: Diptera: Brachycera) In Amber From The Cretaceous Of Myanmar: Brachycera In Cretaceous Amber, Part Vii David A. Grimaldi, pp. 1-132 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2016 (408) on page 39, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090-408.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5380942, {"references":["Nel, A., G. De Ploeg, and V. Perrichot. 2014. The first ibis fly in mid-Cretaceous amber from France (Diptera: Athericidae). Zootaxa 3768 (5): 591 - 595."]}

Atherhagiox, new genus DIAGNOSIS: Differs from living and extinct athericids by having base of fork of R 4+5 significantly proximal to level of apex of cell d (i.e., cell d is quite long). Further, veins M 1 and M 2 sinuous as in Galloatherix; like this genus and Sinocretomyia and Palaepangonius, R 2+3 also sinuous, but its apex not in contact with apex of R 1. Atherhagiox further differs from Sinocretomyia by the reniform (vs. ovoid) basal flagellomere. TYPE SPECIES: Atherhagiox ambiguum, new species. ETYMOLOGY: The generic name is a combination of the two names of type genera of Athericidae and Rhagionidae — Atherix and Rhagio —and refers to the hybrid set of characters of the new genus. The gender of the name is neuter. COMMENTS: Atherhagiox have similarities with certain Rhagionidae, and the boundaries between this family and Athericidae have historically been vague. Like the rhagionid genus Symphoromyia, the new genus has a reniform basal flagellomere with an aristalike terminal section of the flagellum and a sinuous R 2+3; both genera also have 0-2-1 tibial spurs. Other similarities are plesiomorphic: a vein R 2+3 that does not converge with or approximate the apex of R 1; suprametacoxal pit (found in all athericids except Dasyomma) is lacking; cerci 2-segmented, and female terminalia telescoping. However, like athericids and unlike rhagionids, Atherhagiox have a deeply excised, lappetlike basicosta and arched palps. Mandibles are present in the female (these are absent in most Rhagionidae with the exception of Symphoromyia)., Published as part of Grimaldi, David A., 2016, Diverse Orthorrhaphan Flies (Insecta: Diptera: Brachycera) In Amber From The Cretaceous Of Myanmar: Brachycera In Cretaceous Amber, Part Vii David A. Grimaldi, pp. 1-132 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2016 (408) on pages 35-36, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090-408.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5380942

Palaepangonius glossa, new species Figures 11A, 43 DIAGNOSIS: Wing long and narrow, W/L 0.30, similar to P. sellwoodi (Mostovski et al.). Costa just distal to basicosta thickened (as in Tabanidae): R 2+3 short, ending very near apex of R 1 but not meeting it; R 4+5 nearly linear (not sinuous), close and parallel to Sc (as in P. sellwoodi); basal cells like those of P. gordoni (fig. 11). Differs from P. eupterus by the longer cell br, and by vein R 4 not sinuous and diverging from stem more acutely. DESCRIPTION: Based on female. Body length 4.83 mm; thorax length 1.34 mm; abdomen length 2.93 mm; wing length 4.49 mm; proboscis length 1.67 mm. Head: Eyes large, dichoptic, in dorsal and lateral view with occiput visible posteriorly. No differentiation of facets. Eye bare, inner margins slightly divergent from vertex to antennae, virtually parallel. Frons essentially bare, with minute and very sparse setulae. Frons, ocellar tubercle, occiput black. Ocelli on low tubercle, with short, stiff setae. Occiput with short, stiff, scattered setae. Frontal region of head obscured by clumps of dense fungal mycelia. Postgena with some long, fine erect, light setae. Antenna: On low tubercle; scape small, ringlike; pedicel cylindrical; basal flagellomere subcircular, not reniform. Distal portion of antennal flagellum aristate, with fine pubescence; fine setalike stylus present. Mouthparts: Proboscis long, ca. 1.9× length of head, labellum long and slender, 0.37× length of entire proboscis. Palp 0.25× length of proboscis; slender (shape obscured); palps in frontal view converging, with tips meeting medially over proboscis. Mandibles-laciniaelabrum enfolded within labium (not visible). Thorax: Coated in milky layer, but most details visible. Dorsum appears dark through milkiness, with short, sparse, erect setae. Notopleural area with slightly thicker, stiff, short setae. Anepimeron and katepisternum with short, erect setae; other pleurites bare. Area around metathoracic spiracle and above metacoxa is obscured. Scutellum with fine, short setae on disk; longer ones on margin. Proscutellum appears to be present. Wing: Narrow and long, W/L 0.30. Sc long, 0.5× length of wing; R 1 slightly longer, with thickened apex; R 2+3 slightly upturned, converging toward but not meeting apex of R 1. Fork of R 4-5 at same level as apex of cell d; tips of R 4 and R 5 straddling apex of wing, but veins only moderately divergent. Cell d narrow, slightly curved; veins M 1, M 2, M 3 present, first two slightly sinuous. Veins M 3 and CuA 1 slightly convergent. Cell br longer than cell bm. Cell cup open, veins CuP and A 1 not meeting. Legs: Long and slender. Tibial spurs 1-?-2, spurs long, lengths 1.5× (pro) to 2.0× (metathoracic) the apical width of respective tibia. Femora with no macrosetae or with very few, fine ones. Tibiae and tarsi setulose, without rows of short, black spinulelike setae on dorsal or ventral margins. Protarsi obscured. Hind coxa with anterior surface obscured. Abdomen: Partially preserved, segmentation obscured. Tergite 1 not visible. Sternites well developed. Female cerci 2-segmented, basal segment mostly obscured, apical segment cordate. TYPE (S): Holotype, female, JZC Bu-248. ETYMOLOGY: Directly from the Greek, glossa (“tongue”), treated as a feminine noun in apposition COMMENTS: Unfortunately, critical areas of the thorax are obscured in the fossil, i.e., the metathoracic pleural area and tergite one (i.e, medially divided or not). The fly occurred in an ovoid cabochen originally 33 × 15 × 12 mm, lying at one end, and then separated. A flat surface was polished over the thorax and head plus wing. There are internal flows within the piece, with a suspension of particulate debris, trichomes, sand grains, and a beaded lacewing (Neuroptera: Berothidae)., Published as part of Grimaldi, David A., 2016, Diverse Orthorrhaphan Flies (Insecta: Diptera: Brachycera) In Amber From The Cretaceous Of Myanmar: Brachycera In Cretaceous Amber, Part Vii David A. Grimaldi, pp. 1-132 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2016 (408) on pages 33-35, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090-408.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5380942, {"references":["Mostovski, M. B., E. A. Jarzembowski, and R. A. Coram. 2003. Horseflies and athericids (Diptera: Tabanidae, Athericidae) from the Lower Cretaceous of England and Transbaikalia. Paleontological Journal [Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal] 37 (2): 162 - 169.","Zhang, J. - F. 2012. New horseflies and water snipe-flies (Diptera: Tabanidae and Athericidae) from the Lower Cretaceous of China. Cretaceous Research 36: 1 - 5.","Nel, A., G. De Ploeg, and V. Perrichot. 2014. The first ibis fly in mid-Cretaceous amber from France (Diptera: Athericidae). Zootaxa 3768 (5): 591 - 595."]}

The contribution of rare taxa to aquatic bioassessments remains a subject of debate, and generates contrasting positions among researchers. Very little is known about the effect of low-abundance taxa (LAT) for calculating both single and multimetric macroinvertebrate-based indices, as well as the ecological status classification. In this study, we aimed to: i) identify the aquatic macroinvertebrates that need special attention during index applications given their low abundance; ii) analyse the effect of excluding LAT on single (IBMWP and IASPT) and multimetric (STAR_ICMi) biological indices; and iii) investigate the influence of LAT on river ecological status assessments. To this end, two different river basins in SE Spain and N Italy with contrasting climatic conditions and river types were selected. Our results showed that almost all the taxa at the family level can act as low-abundance taxa. In particular, the LAT belonged mainly to orders Diptera, Trichoptera, Coleoptera, Gastropoda and Hemiptera. The IndVal analysis stressed Tabanidae, Cordulegasteridae and Hydroptilidae as the most characteristic low-abundance families in the Spanish data set, while Dryopidae and Athericidae were identified mostly in N Italy. Excluding LAT affected the studied index values and the resulting bioassessment classification, except for the IASPT index. Loss of the entire LAT pool reduced the ecological status for 78% of the samples for the IBMWP index. Changing took place in 41% of the samples when considering the STAR_ICM index. Relevant changes were detected even when considering loss of 50% of the LAT, especially with the IBMWP index. Similar values and patterns were obtained in each considered quality class and river type. Our results provide useful information about controversial taxa and stress the significance of LAT in river biomonitoring. Excluding LAT is discouraged, although different responses according to the considered index were detected. The IBMWP index always obtained lower values (coupled mainly with an underestimation of ecological classes), while STAR_ICMi and, especially the IASPT index, were less affected by excluding LAT. Paying special attention to all the protocol application stages is recommended, with emphasis placed when using the IBMWP index.

A new tabanid Laiyangitabanus formosus gen. et sp. nov. and a new athericid Sinocretomyia minuscula gen. et sp. nov. are described based on two female impressions from the Lower Cretaceous of the Laiyang Formation in Laiyang, Shandong, China. The systematic positions for “Allomyia” ruderalis Ren, 1998 , Eopangonius pletus Ren, 1998 and Palaepangonius eupterus Ren, 1998 are reassessed. These should belong respectively to Archisargidae, subfamily uncertain of Tabanidae and Athericidae rather than to the Tabaninae and Pangoniinae of Tabanidae.

The water snipe fly, Atherix ibis, is known for its eggbearing females aggregating in clusters. They are most frequently found as flat crusts under the outer parts of bridge ceilings above the water. There is no persistent pattern in the cluster distribution either in relation to the current direction or to the sun. Females aggregate in early summer in short periods of warm and calm weather only. Females are attracted to an aggregation site, probably by pheromones. The flies fasten to the surface and to each other by minute Velcro-like structures on their feet. The eggs are shed inside the cluster. After 9–12 days the eggs hatch, and the larvae leave clusters and drop into the water. There is no increased temperature inside the cluster. There are no signs of larval feeding on either dead flies or siblings in the cluster. The majority of larvae leave the cluster during night time, also when the normal day–night rhythm is eliminated by experimental black-out.

A new species of Dasyomma Macquart, D. chrysopilum sp. nov., is described from Chile (Malleco and Ñuble Provinces). This species differs from all other known species in having dense golden pilosity on the abdominal tergites of both sexes. Dasyomma basale Malloch is redescribed, with the female described for the first time.

Die nachfolgenden Arten sind aus der Schweiz gemeldet, müssen jedoch aus der Liste gestrichen werden, da ihr Status ungeklärt ist (nomina dubia), Published as part of Bächli, Gerhard, Merz, Bernhard & Haenni, Jean-Paul, 2014, Dritter Nachtrag zur Checkliste der Diptera der Schweiz, pp. 119-140 in Entomo Helvetica 7 on page 133, DOI: 10.5169/seals-985967, http://zenodo.org/record/8096745

Notoatherix antiqua Oberprieler & Yeates, sp. nov. (Figs 1 & 2) Type material. Holotype: Talbragar Fish Bed (Late Jurassic: Kimmeridgian (151 �� 4 Ma), Gulgong, New South Wales, Australia, collector Jack Hinde. Part and counterpart impressions of wing; incomplete preservation with portion of anterior base obscured. Etymology. The species is named for its great age, being the oldest known adult representative of its family. Occurrence. Only known from the Talbragar Fish Bed. Description. Wing relatively large and broad, 12 mm long, 4.8 mm at widest point. R 1 and R 2 + 3 relatively straight, R 2 + 3 meeting R 1 at costa. R 4 + 5 proximally straight, distally weakly curved anteriad, meeting costa before apex. R-m crossvein almost at middle of cell d but tending slightly towards its basal end. Vein M 1 sinuous at base, remainder almost straight, meeting wing margin just behind apex. M 2 gently evenly curved, meeting wing margin. M-m crossvein closing cell d at level of origin of M 1. M 3 and CuA 1 gently evenly curved, ending before wing margin. Cell br longer than bm, base of M 3 and CuA 1 arising close together at apex of cell bm. CuA 2 slightly curved posteriorly, CuP visible as a concave vein just behind CuA 2. A 1 well developed, with similar curvature to CuA 2, ending before wing margin. Stigma faint, with indistinct margins, more prominent behind R 1 but extending in front of this vein., Published as part of Oberprieler, Stefanie K. & Yeates, David K., 2014, Notoatherix antiqua gen. et sp. nov., first fossil water snipe fly from the Late Jurassic of Australia (Diptera: Athericidae), pp. 138-144 in Zootaxa 3866 (1) on page 141, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3866.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/228760

Atrichops crassipes (Meigen, 1820). (Oertli 1995, Sartori et al. 2011)., Published as part of Bächli, Gerhard, Merz, Bernhard & Haenni, Jean-Paul, 2014, Dritter Nachtrag zur Checkliste der Diptera der Schweiz, pp. 119-140 in Entomo Helvetica 7 on page 123, DOI: 10.5169/seals-985967, http://zenodo.org/record/8096745, {"references":["Oertli B. 1995. Impact de la creation d'un biotope sur la conservation de la biodiversite: les macroinvertebres de l'etang du Bois-Vieux (GE). Bulletin romand d'Entomologie 13: 11 - 24.","Sartori M., Lods-Crozet B., Derleth Sartori P., Perfetta J., Stucki P. & Vicentini H. 2011. Atrichops crassipes (Meigen, 1820) (Diptera: Athericidae), a species not so new for Switzerland. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 84: 151 - 154."]}

Oberprieler, Stefanie K., Yeates, David K. (2014): Notoatherix antiqua gen. et sp. nov., first fossil water snipe fly from the Late Jurassic of Australia (Diptera: Athericidae). Zootaxa 3866 (1): 138-144, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3866.1.8

Genus Galloatherix gen. n. Type species. Galloatherix incompletus sp. n. Etymology. Named after Gallia, Latin name for the region encompassing present-day France, and the genus name Atherix. Gender masculine. Diagnosis. Wing with vein R 2 + 3 ending very near to R 1; cell m 3 widely opened at margin; veins M 1, M 2 and M 3 as long as discal cell; R 2 + 3 weakly curved posteriorly; R 4 distally straight, rather parallel to R 5; basal cell br longer than cell bm., Published as part of Nel, Andr��, Plo��g, Ga��l De & Perrichot, Vincent, 2014, The first ibis fly in mid-Cretaceous amber of France (Diptera: Athericidae), pp. 591-595 in Zootaxa 3768 (5) on page 592, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3768.5.6, http://zenodo.org/record/230537

Galloatherix incompletus sp. n. (Figure 1) Type material. Holotype specimen ARC 130, mounted on slide # 40095, stored in the palaeobotanical collection, MNHN, Paris. The fossil is included in a triangular piece of amber with dimensions 19.5 × 8.5 × 3.8 mm, with syninclusions of five other fossil flies and numerous marine dinoflagellates. Etymology. Named after the incomplete state of preservation of the type specimen. Type locality and age. Font-de-Benon quarry, 0.8 km east of Archingeay, Charente-Maritime, France. Cretaceous, Uppermost Albian–Lowermost Cenomanian (ca. 100 Mya), lithological subunit A 1 sl-A. Diagnosis. As for the genus. Description. Wing hyaline, preserved part 2.47 mm long, 1.19 mm wide; apical parts of veins R 2 + 3 and R 1 very close; R 2 + 3 weakly curved posteriorly; vein R 4 terminated before wing apex, distally straight, not sigmoidal; R 4 and R 5 rather parallel, not significantly diverging distally; basal cell br comparatively long, with distal end extending as far as level of Sc termination; veins M 1, M 2 and M 3 as long as cell dc, so that cell m 2 is quite long, longer than dc; discal cell 0.55 mm long, 0.16 mm wide; cell m 3 widely opened at margin; veins M 3 and CuA 1 weakly convergent; anal cell closed; stigma very dark, well developed beneath vein R 1. Discussion. The vein R 2 + 3 ending very near to R 1 (marginal cell closed) is diagnostic and synapomorphic for the Athericidae (Zloty et al. 2005). Nagatomi (1985) proposed keys to the genera based on body structure and male genitalia and attempted the first phylogenetic tree. We could compare our fossil based only on the limited number of preserved structures pertaining to the wing venation only. The cell m 3 widely open at the margin excludes affinities with the genera Xeritha Stuckenberg, 1966 and Suraginella Stuckenberg, 2000 (Stuckenberg 1966, 2000). In Suragina Walker, 1858 and Ibisia Rondani, 1856, this opened cell is clearly narrowed near the posterior wing margin and the cell m 2 is clearly shorter than in Galloatherix gen. n. (Stuckenberg 1973). The same difference occurs in Asuragina Yang & Nagatomi 1992, plus the presence of a sigmoidal R 4 (Yang & Nagatomi 1992). In Dasyomma Macquart, cell m 3 is as opened as in Galloatherix but the radial fork arises distal to base of M 1 while it is opposite in Galloatherix. Trichacantha Stuckenberg, 1955, has an open anal cell, unlike Galloatherix (Stuckenberg 1955, 1974). In Atrichops Verrall, 1909, the radial fork is distinctly basal to base of M 1 (Nagatomi 1979 a, b). In Atherix Meigen, 1803, and Pachybates Bezzi, 1926, cell m 2 is also clearly shorter than in Galloatherix (Bequaert 1921, Bezzi 1926). The Baltic amber Succinatherix Stuckenberg, 1974 differs from Galloatherix in the length of M 3 ranging from 42 to 72 % of the length of the discal cell, while they are of nearly of the same length in Galloatherix (Stuckenberg 1974). The Early Cretaceous genus Athericites Mostovski et al., 2003 has also a longer discal cell than Galloatherix, plus vein R 4 is more sigmoidal than in Galloatherix (Mostovski et al. 2003). The Early Cretaceous genus Sinocretomyia Zhang, 2012 shares with Galloatherix a discal cell of nearly the same length as M 3, but they differ in the presence of a strongly sigmoidal R 2 + 3 in the former genus (Zhang 2012). The Cretaceous genus Palaepangonius Ren, 1998, originally in Tabanidae, but transferred to Athericidae by Zhang (2012), has the discal cell distinctly longer than M 3 (Ren 1998). Modern athericid larvae are aquatic in lotic habitat, living in freshwater and feeding on larvae of Chironomidae, while the adults are flying among the vegetation bordering streams. The presence of an athericid in a piece of Charentese amber, together with several Microphorites —flies living as adult in wet sandy environments (Nel et al. 2004), and dinoflagellates adapted to transitional marine–freshwater environments (Masure et al. 2013), supports the model of a coastal amber forest growing in a mosaic of brackish (estuary or mangrove) and freshwater (ponds) ecosystems with marine inputs (Perrichot et al. 2010, Perrichot & Girard 2009, Girard et al. 2009). It also adds to the diverse assemblage of aquatic and riparian organisms already identified in the paleobiota from Charentese amber, e.g. gerromorph and schizopterid bugs, tanaids, marine diatoms, testate amoebae, etc. (Perrichot et al. 2005, 2007, 2010, Girard et al. 2008, Schmidt et al. 2010, Girard 2012).

Eoatrichops jeanbernardi sp. n. (Figs 1���13) Material. Allotype female specimen MNHN.F. A 51152 (PA 106 1 / 2) (nearly complete with apices of some legs missing, together with a badly preserved adult Blattodea, fossilised at the surface of the amber piece). Holotype male specimen MNHN.F. A 51153 (PA 9055 1 / 6) (nearly complete, with wings partly missing, together with three adult Chironomidae, and two incomplete female specimens, both paratypes of the same species, numbers PA 9055 2 / 6 and PA 9055 3 / 6). Material stored at the Laboratory of Paleontology, MNHN, Paris, France. The female allotype is partly destroyed with all legs cut at tibia or tarsi level, except one posterior leg, and ventral part of head broken. The male holotype has its wings partly destroyed, but with venation of its basal half still visible. The female paratype PA 90552 / 6 is also partly destroyed but one wing is complete. The second paratype has only one wing and fragments of the body preserved. Etymology. Named after M. Jean-Bernard Myskowiak, father of the first author. Type locality. Farm Le Quesnoy, 49 �� 19 ' 31 " N, 2 �� 40 ' 22 " E, Chevri��re, Region of Creil, Oise Department (northern France). Type horizon. Lowermost Eocene amber, Sparnacian (53 Ma), level MP 7 of the mammal fauna of Dormaal (Brasero et al. 2009). Diagnosis As for the genus. Descriptions. Head: female (Figs 1���2) with only its dorsal surface is preserved with antennae, head 30.84 mm long, 1.18 mm wide; eyes well separated, 0.34 mm apart, less than half of their width; front just above antennae distinctly narrower than one eye, provided with rather long hairs; three ocelli in triangle on vertex; antennae hardly visible, with bases contiguous, with distance between their base clearly less than diameter of median ocellus, scape and pedicel globose, basal flagellomere extending ventrally beyond pedicel; arista subapical on basal flagellomere, narrow and elongate; male head holoptic, eyes meeting dorsally; male gena provided with numerous long setae; face not visible. Thorax: (Fig. 3) 1.9 mm long, 1.3 mm wide, with white pair of white stripes divided medially by broad dark stripe and two darker spots on sides of thorax; with numerous short erect fuscous setae arranged in no distinct pattern; sclerite between anterior spiracle and fore coxa with knob-like (Fig. 4) process; subscutellum not visible, hidden below large and broad scutellum, 0.35 mm long and 0.76 mm wide; posterior thoracic spiracle with a scalelike elevation immediately behind. Wing: (Fig. 5) hyaline, relatively large and broad, 4.39 mm long, 1.5 wide, broadest basally near basal end of large anal lobe; apex of wing moderately rounded; alula and lower calypter large; vein R 2 + 3 ending very near to R 1; vein R 4 terminated at wing apex; veins M 1, M 2, and M 3 shorter than cell dc; basal radial cell reaching level of apex of Sc; vein R 4 gently arched; cell dc 1.07 mm long, 0.26 mm wide; cell m 3 open at margin but with M 3 and CuA 1 strongly convergent; anal cell closed but CuA 2 and A 1 touching only at wing margin. Legs: (Fig. 6) Fore and middle legs slender; fore tarsus with long setae below; femur laterally flattened except basally; tibia strongly flattened; tibial spur formula 0/ 2 / 2 (see below for paratype PA 9055 2 / 6) (Figs 7���8). Fore femur 1.36 mm long, mid femur 1.25 mm long, tibia 1.41 mm long, tarsus 1.36 mm long; hind femur 1.63 mm long, tibia 1.74 mm long, tarsus 0.81 mm long. Abdomen: female abdomen proportionately short, 3.17 mm long, 1.18 wide; slightly broader than thorax, black with large sclerotized tergites covered with small to medium setae; T 1 largest segment; T 2���5 about equal in lengths, T 6 and T 7 shorter, T 8 shortest (only about half length of T 7); cerci one-segmented (Fig. 9), covered with very short dense setae; male abdomen narrower than in female with genitalia partly visible but difficult to interpret. Paratype female PA 9055 2 / 6 (Figs 8, 11��� 12). Its attribution to the same species is based on the identity of pattern of the body and wing venation as for the female allotype. Same as allotype, with fore leg well preserved, lacking tibial spurs; mid and hind tibiae with pair of spurs. Discussion. These fossil flies belong to the same species because of the wing venation and body patterns of coloration of the different male and female specimens. The male is holoptic, unlike the females, which is a dimorphic trait frequent among flies, and especially in Athericidae. Their presence in the same small piece of amber also supports their attribution to the same species. The wing venation of Eoatrichops gen. n. is of the type present in Athericidae but also in some Xylophagidae. The subscutellum is not visible, hidden below the scutellum, which renders it inaccessible, and is characteristic of the Athericidae. Nevertheless the flagellum with a slender nonannulated subapical arista is a character present in Athericidae, while Xylophagidae have flagellum with several flagellomeres or an arista in apical position. The female one-segmented cerci is a putative synapomorphy of the (Athericidae + Tabanidae) (after Kerr 2010). A further character is the presence of a scale-like elevation immediately behind posterior thoracic spiracle, present in Athericidae, Tabanidae, and Pelecorhynchidae but not in Xylophagidae (after McAlpine 1981). The apical parts of veins R 2 + 3 and R 1 very close is diagnostic and synapomorphic for the Athericidae. In fact, according to Kerr (2010) the synapomorphy would be R 2 + 3 and R 1 touching at wing margin, but some modern Athericidae (e.g. Suraginella Stuckenberg, 2000) have these veins extremely close as in our fossil but not exactly touching (Stuckenberg 2000). Following the key to genera of modern Athericidae of Nagatomi (1985), Eoatrichops would fall near the genus Atrichops for the following characters: Antennal segment 3 reniform with dorsal arista; hypopleura with a pit just above hind coxa; antennae almost contiguous with each other; sclerite between anterior spiracle and fore coxa with one knob-like process at lower margin [propleural projection above fore coxa sensu Stuckenberg (1974)]. Nevertheless, Eoatrichops differs from Atrichops in the tibial spur formula (0/ 2 / 2 in Eoatrichops while it is 0/ 1 / 2 in Atrichops) (Nagatomi 1979, 1984). A further difference would be the absence of a short fusion of A 1 with CuA 2 in Eoatrichops while it is present in the modern Atrichops. Stuckenberg (1974) considered that both the tibial formula and the presence of a long-stalked anal cell are characters important to recognize the genus Atrichops. Nevertheless the last character seems to be rather variable within a given genus of Athericidae because a stalked anal cell is present in some Atherix Meigen, 1803 and absent in others (see Stuckenberg 1973; Webb 1981). Eoatrichops differs from the Latest Eocene-Earliest Oligocene Atrichops hesperius Cockerell, 1914, unique fossil currently attributed to this genus, in the absence of a short fusion A 1 +CuA 2 (Cockerell 1914). Among the modern athericid genera described after 1985, Suraginella Stuckenberg, 2000 shares with Eoatrichops the antennal bases less distant than the diameter of median ocellus, and shape of pedicel, but it differs from it in the cell m 3 closed (Stuckenberg 2000). The genus Asuragina Yang & Nagatomi, 1992 strongly differs from Eoatrichops in the widely separated bases of the antennae (Yang & Nagatomi 1992). Among the fossil athericid genera, Eoatrichops differs from the Baltic amber Succinatherix Stuckenberg, 1974 in the tibial formula 0/ 2 / 2 instead of 1 / 2 / 2 and the absence of the propleural projection, even if they share the close antennal bases and reniform antennal segment 3 (Stuckenberg 1974). Eoatrichops differs from the Lower Cretaceous genus Athericites Mostovski et al., 2003 in the basal radial cell reaching the level of apex of Sc instead of being much shorter, and vein R 4 not sigmoidal (Mostovski et al. 2003). Eoatrichops differs from the Lower Cretaceous genus Sinocretomyia Zhang, 2012 in the vein R 2 + 3 nearly straight instead of being strongly sigmoidal and the arista subapical instead of being apical on basal flagellomere (Zhang 2012). The Lower Cretaceous Palaepangonius Ren, 1998 differs from Eoatrichops in the different shaped discal cell, with proximal part distinctly narrower than distal part, and vein R 4 much more sigmoidal (Ren 1998). The mid Cretaceous Galloatherix is characterized by the veins M 1, M 2 and M 3 as long as discal cell, unlike Eoatrichops (Nel et al. 2014). Note. Atherix saunieri Th��obald, 1937 (Late Eocene of Gard department, France, type stored in the Mus��e of Nimes, could not located, and probably lost) has a vein R 2 + 3 ending on anterior wing margin very far from apex of R 1, which is clearly not a character for Athericidae (see Th��obald 1937: pl. 11, fig. 7). Its venation more strongly resembles that of a Rhagionidae. We consider that it does not belong to the Athericidae and it is a Diptera of uncertain family, nov. stat., Published as part of Myskowiak, Justine & Nel, Andr��, 2014, A new genus and species of ibis fly in the Lowermost Eocene amber of Oise (France) (Diptera: Athericidae), pp. 372-382 in Zootaxa 3869 (4) on pages 373-381, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3869.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/250820, {"references":["Brasero, N., Nel, A. & Michez, D. (2009) Insects from the Early Eocene amber of Oise (France): diversity and palaeontological significance. Denisia, 26, 41 - 52.","Kerr, P. H. (2010) Phylogeny and classification of Rhagionidae, with implications for Tabanomorpha (Diptera: Brachycera). Zootaxa, 2592, 1 - 133.","McAlpine, J. F. (1981) Key to families - adult. In: McAlpine, J. F., Peterson, B. V., Shewell, G. E., Teskey, H. J., Vockeroth, J. R. & Wood, D. M. (Coordinators), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 1. Agricultural Canada Monograph 27. Research Branch, Ottawa, Ontario, pp. 89 - 124.","Stuckenberg, B. R. (2000) A new genus and species of Athericidae (Diptera: Tabanoidea) from Cape York Peninsula. Records of the Australian Museum, 52, 151 - 159. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1975.52.2000.1312","Nagatomi, A. (1985) Notes on Athericidae (Diptera). Memoirs Kagoshima University Research Center for the South Pacific, 5, 87 - 106.","Stuckenberg, B. R. (1974) A new genus and two new species of Athericidae (Diptera) in Baltic amber. Annals of the Natal Museum, 22, 275 - 288.","Nagatomi, A. (1979) A revision of the genus Atrichops (Diptera: Athericidae). Kontyu, 47, 281 - 290.","Nagatomi, A. (1984) Taxonomic notes on Atrichops (Diptera, Athericidae). Memoirs Kagoshima University Research Center for the South Pacific, 5, 10 - 24.","Stuckenberg, B. R. (1973) The Athericidae, a new family in the lower Brachycera (Diptera). Annals of the Natal Museum, 21, 649 - 673.","Webb, D. W. (1981) Chapter 32. Athericidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., Peterson, B. V., Shewell, G. E., Teskey, H. J., Vockeroth, J. R. & Wood, D. M. (Coordinators), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 1. Agricultural Canada Monograph 27. Research Branch, Ottawa, Ontario, pp. 479 - 482.","Cockerell, T. D. A. (1914) Three Diptera from the Miocene of Colorado. The Canadian Entomologist, 46, 101 - 102. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / ent 46101 - 3","Yang, D. & Nagatomi, A. (1992) Asuragina, a new genus of Athericidae (Insecta: Diptera). Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology, 48, 54 - 62.","Mostovski, M. B., Jarzembowski, E. A. & Coram, R. (2003) Horseflies and athericids (Diptera: Tabanidae, Athericidae) from the Lower Cretaceous of England and Transbaikalia. Paleontological Journal, 37, 162 - 169.","Zhang, J. (2012) New horseflies and water snipe-flies (Diptera: Tabanidae and Athericidae) from the Lower Cretaceous of China. Cretaceous Research, 36, 1 - 5.","Ren, D. (1998) Late Jurassic Brachycera from Northeastern China (Insecta: Diptera). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 23, 65 - 82.","Nel, A., De Ploeg, G. & Perrichot, V. (2014) The first ibis fly in mid-Cretaceous amber of France (Diptera: Athericidae). Zootaxa, 3768 (5), 591 - 595. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3768.5.6","Theobald, N. (1937) Note complementaire sur les insectes fossiles oligocenes des gypses d'Aix. Bulletin Mensuel de la Societe des Sciences de Nancy, 6, 157 - 178."]}

Genus Eoatrichops gen. n. Type species: Eoatrichops jeanbernardi sp. n. Etymology. Named after the Eocene period and the modern athericid genus Atrichops. Diagnosis. Male holoptic, females dichoptic; antennal segment 3 reniform with dorsal arista; antennae almost contiguous with each other; sclerite between anterior spiracle and fore coxa with one knob-like process at lower margin; absence of a short fusion of vein A 1 with vein CuA 2; cell m 3 opened; basal radial cell reaching level of apex of vein Sc; vein R 4 not sigmoidal; vein R 2 + 3 nearly straight; discal cell with proximal and distal parts of same width; veins M 1, M 2 and M 3 shorter than discal cell, tibial spur formula 0/ 2 / 2; female with one-segmented cerci., Published as part of Myskowiak, Justine & Nel, Andr��, 2014, A new genus and species of ibis fly in the Lowermost Eocene amber of Oise (France) (Diptera: Athericidae), pp. 372-382 in Zootaxa 3869 (4) on page 373, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3869.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/250820

Genus Notoatherix Oberprieler & Yeates gen. nov. (Figs 1 & 2) Type species. Notoatherix antiqua Oberprieler & Yeates, sp. nov. Diagnosis. Only a single wing blade is preserved, with the anterior base obscured. R 1 and R 2 + 3 relatively straight, R 2 + 3 meeting R 1 at costa. R 4 + 5 proximally straight, then weakly curved upwards posteriorly, meeting costa of wing just before apex. Crossvein r-m almost in middle of cell d, but tending slightly towards its basal end. Vein M 1 sinuous at base, remainder almost straight, meeting wing margin just behind wing apex. M 2 relatively straight, meeting wing margin. Crossvein m-m closing cell d at level of origin of M 1. Species included. Type species only. Remarks. Venational features characteristic of the Athericidae were defined by Stuckenberg (1973). The diagnostic feature of the family, the close terminal convergence of veins R 1 and R 2 + 3, occurs in Notoatherix. In addition, crossvein r-m meets the discal cell further from its basal end, another feature to distinguish rhagionids and athericids used by Stuckenberg (1973). Two other features of many athericids, veins R 4 and R 5 diverging at a far smaller angle than in rhagionids and tabanids, and R 4 ending before the tip of the wing (Stuckenberg 1973), do not occur in Notoatherix because R 4 and R 5 are fused throughout their length. Mostovski et al. (2003) reported that the conformation of R 4 and R 5 is more variable in the fossil record of the three families than in extant forms. Notoatherix dates to an age when these three families are believed to have diverged (Wiegmann et al. 2011) and could possess a venation different from that of the current Athericidae crown group. FIGURE 2. Line drawing of wing of venation of Notoatherix antiqua gen. et sp. nov., holotype; composite, from part and counterpart. Abbreviations: C = costa; Sc = subcosta; R = radius; R 2 + 3 = anterior branch of the radial sector; R 4 + 5 = posterior branch of the radial sector; M 1, M 2 = anterior (sectoral) branches of media; M 3 = posterior (sectoral) branch of media; CuA 1, CuA 2 = anterior branches of cubitus; A = anal vein; r-m = radial to medial cross-vein; m-m = medial to medial cross-vein; m-cu = medial to cubital cross-vein; d = discal cell; br = first basal cell; bm = second basal cell; m 1-3 = first to fourth medial cells; cua 1 = anterior cubital cell; cup = posterior cubital cell.

Myskowiak, Justine, Nel, André (2014): A new genus and species of ibis fly in the Lowermost Eocene amber of Oise (France) (Diptera: Athericidae). Zootaxa 3869 (4): 372-382, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3869.4.2

Galloatherix incompletus sp. n. (Figure 1) Type material. Holotype specimen ARC 130, mounted on slide # 40095, stored in the palaeobotanical collection, MNHN, Paris. The fossil is included in a triangular piece of amber with dimensions 19.5 �� 8.5 �� 3.8 mm, with syninclusions of five other fossil flies and numerous marine dinoflagellates. Etymology. Named after the incomplete state of preservation of the type specimen. Type locality and age. Font-de-Benon quarry, 0.8 km east of Archingeay, Charente-Maritime, France. Cretaceous, Uppermost Albian���Lowermost Cenomanian (ca. 100 Mya), lithological subunit A 1 sl-A. Diagnosis. As for the genus. Description. Wing hyaline, preserved part 2.47 mm long, 1.19 mm wide; apical parts of veins R 2 + 3 and R 1 very close; R 2 + 3 weakly curved posteriorly; vein R 4 terminated before wing apex, distally straight, not sigmoidal; R 4 and R 5 rather parallel, not significantly diverging distally; basal cell br comparatively long, with distal end extending as far as level of Sc termination; veins M 1, M 2 and M 3 as long as cell dc, so that cell m 2 is quite long, longer than dc; discal cell 0.55 mm long, 0.16 mm wide; cell m 3 widely opened at margin; veins M 3 and CuA 1 weakly convergent; anal cell closed; stigma very dark, well developed beneath vein R 1. Discussion. The vein R 2 + 3 ending very near to R 1 (marginal cell closed) is diagnostic and synapomorphic for the Athericidae (Zloty et al. 2005). Nagatomi (1985) proposed keys to the genera based on body structure and male genitalia and attempted the first phylogenetic tree. We could compare our fossil based only on the limited number of preserved structures pertaining to the wing venation only. The cell m 3 widely open at the margin excludes affinities with the genera Xeritha Stuckenberg, 1966 and Suraginella Stuckenberg, 2000 (Stuckenberg 1966, 2000). In Suragina Walker, 1858 and Ibisia Rondani, 1856, this opened cell is clearly narrowed near the posterior wing margin and the cell m 2 is clearly shorter than in Galloatherix gen. n. (Stuckenberg 1973). The same difference occurs in Asuragina Yang & Nagatomi 1992, plus the presence of a sigmoidal R 4 (Yang & Nagatomi 1992). In Dasyomma Macquart, cell m 3 is as opened as in Galloatherix but the radial fork arises distal to base of M 1 while it is opposite in Galloatherix. Trichacantha Stuckenberg, 1955, has an open anal cell, unlike Galloatherix (Stuckenberg 1955, 1974). In Atrichops Verrall, 1909, the radial fork is distinctly basal to base of M 1 (Nagatomi 1979 a, b). In Atherix Meigen, 1803, and Pachybates Bezzi, 1926, cell m 2 is also clearly shorter than in Galloatherix (Bequaert 1921, Bezzi 1926). The Baltic amber Succinatherix Stuckenberg, 1974 differs from Galloatherix in the length of M 3 ranging from 42 to 72 % of the length of the discal cell, while they are of nearly of the same length in Galloatherix (Stuckenberg 1974). The Early Cretaceous genus Athericites Mostovski et al., 2003 has also a longer discal cell than Galloatherix, plus vein R 4 is more sigmoidal than in Galloatherix (Mostovski et al. 2003). The Early Cretaceous genus Sinocretomyia Zhang, 2012 shares with Galloatherix a discal cell of nearly the same length as M 3, but they differ in the presence of a strongly sigmoidal R 2 + 3 in the former genus (Zhang 2012). The Cretaceous genus Palaepangonius Ren, 1998, originally in Tabanidae, but transferred to Athericidae by Zhang (2012), has the discal cell distinctly longer than M 3 (Ren 1998). Modern athericid larvae are aquatic in lotic habitat, living in freshwater and feeding on larvae of Chironomidae, while the adults are flying among the vegetation bordering streams. The presence of an athericid in a piece of Charentese amber, together with several Microphorites ���flies living as adult in wet sandy environments (Nel et al. 2004), and dinoflagellates adapted to transitional marine���freshwater environments (Masure et al. 2013), supports the model of a coastal amber forest growing in a mosaic of brackish (estuary or mangrove) and freshwater (ponds) ecosystems with marine inputs (Perrichot et al. 2010, Perrichot & Girard 2009, Girard et al. 2009). It also adds to the diverse assemblage of aquatic and riparian organisms already identified in the paleobiota from Charentese amber, e.g. gerromorph and schizopterid bugs, tanaids, marine diatoms, testate amoebae, etc. (Perrichot et al. 2005, 2007, 2010, Girard et al. 2008, Schmidt et al. 2010, Girard 2012)., Published as part of Nel, Andr��, Plo��g, Ga��l De & Perrichot, Vincent, 2014, The first ibis fly in mid-Cretaceous amber of France (Diptera: Athericidae), pp. 591-595 in Zootaxa 3768 (5) on pages 592-593, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3768.5.6, http://zenodo.org/record/230537, {"references":["Zloty, J., Sinclair, B. J. & Pritchard, G. (2005) Discovered in our backyard: a new genus and species of a new family from the Rocky Mountains of North America (Diptera, Tabanomorpha). Systematic Entomology, 30, 248 - 266. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2005.00270. x","Nagatomi, A. (1985) Notes on Athericidae (Diptera). Memoirs of Kagoshima University Research Center for the South Pacific, 5, 87 - 106.","Stuckenberg, B. R. (1966) A new genus and species of Rhagionidae from Southern Brazil. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London, (B), 35 (5 - 6), 57 - 60.","Stuckenberg, B. R. (2000) A new genus and species of Athericidae (Diptera: Tabanoidea) from Cape York Peninsula. Records of the Australian Museum, 52, 151 - 159. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1975.52.2000.1312","Stuckenberg, B. R. (1973) The Athericidae, a new family in the lower Brachycera (Diptera). Annals of the Natal Museum, 21, 649 - 673.","Yang, D. & Nagatomi, A. (1992) Asuragina, a new genus of Athericidae (Insecta: Diptera). Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology, 48, 54 - 62.","Stuckenberg, B. R. (1955) New and little-known South African Rhagionidae (Diptera). Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 18, 255 - 265.","Stuckenberg, B. R. (1974) A new genus and two new species of Athericidae (Diptera) in Baltic amber. Annals of the Natal Museum, 22, 275 - 288.","Nagatomi, A. (1979 a) Notes on the aquatic snipe flies (Diptera: Athericidae). Kontyu, 47, 158 - 175.","Nagatomi, A. (1979 b) A revision of the genus Atrichops (Diptera: Athericidae). Kontyu, 47, 281 - 290.","Bezzi, M. (1926) South African Rhagionidae (Diptera) in the South African Museum. Annals of the South African Museum, 23, 297 - 324.","Bequaert, J. (1921) Atherix braunsi nov. sp., a South African leptid with gregarious habits (Diptera). Psyche, 28, 1 - 7. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1921 / 95269","Mostovski, M. B., Jarzembowski, E. A. & Coram, R. (2003) Horseflies and athericids (Diptera: Tabanidae, Athericidae) from the Lower Cretaceous of England and Transbaikalia. Paleontological Journal, 37, 162 - 169.","Zhang, J. - F. (2012) New horseflies and water snipe-flies (Diptera: Tabanidae and Athericidae) from the Lower Cretaceous of China. Cretaceous Research, 36, 1 - 5. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2012.01.004","Ren D. (1998) Late Jurassic Brachycera from Northeastern China (Insecta: Diptera). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 23, 65 - 82.","Nel, A., Perrichot, V., Daugeron, C. & Neraudeau, D. (2004) A new Microphorites in the Lower Cretaceous amber of the Southwest of France (Insecta: Diptera: Dolichopodidae: ' Microphorinae'). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, (N. S.) 40, 23 - 29. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00379271.2004.10697401","Masure, E., Dejax, J. & De Ploeg, G. (2013) Blowin' in the wind … 100 Ma old multi-staged dinoflagellate with sexual fusion trapped in amber: marine-freshwater transition. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 388, 128 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2013.08.008","Perrichot, V., Nel, A. & Neraudeau, D. (2005) Gerromorphan bugs in Early Cretaceous French amber (Insecta: Heteroptera): first representatives of Gerridae and their phylogenetic and palaeoecological implications. Cretaceous Research, 26, 793 - 800. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2005.05.003","Perrichot, V., Nel, A. & Neraudeau, D. (2007) Schizopterid bugs (Insecta: Heteroptera) in mid-Cretaceous ambers from France and Myanmar (Burma). Palaeontology, 50, 1367 - 1374. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4983.2007.00721. x","Girard, V., Schmidt, A. R., Saint Martin, S., Struwe, S., Perrichot, V., Saint Martin, J. - P., Breton, G. & Neraudeau, D. (2008) Evidence for marine microfossils from amber. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 105, 17426 - 17429. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 0804980105","Schmidt, A. R., Girard, V., Perrichot, V. & Schonborn, W. (2010) Testate amoebae from a Cretaceous forest floor microbiocoenosis of France. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 57, 245 - 248. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1550 - 7408.2010.00471. x","Girard, V. (2012) Fossil amoebae (Hemiarcherellidae fam. nov.) from Albian (Cretaceous) amber of France. Palaeontology, 55, 653 - 659. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4983.2012.01147. x"]}

A new genus of the Tabanomorpha, Oreoleptis,gen.n., assigned to the monotypic family Oreoleptidae, fam.n., is described from the Rocky Mountains of North America. The male, female, larva and pupa of Oreoleptis torrenticola, sp.n. are described and illustrated. Adults were reared from larvae collected from torrential streams and rivers, and from pupae collected from riverbanks. No adults have been collected yet in the field. The larvae have two pairs of very long, ventrolateral, crocheted prolegs on abdominal segments 2–7, and a short, dorsal pair on segments 6–7. The larval head and mouthparts resemble those of athericids and tabanids. The mandibular hook has an internal canal, the basal mandibular sclerite is compressed with both condyles coming together and articulating on the tentorial phragma; the mandibular brush is located on a vertical rod; and the salivary pump is greatly enlarged. The adult male genitalia have aedeagal tines similar to athericids, tabanids and Bolbomyia Loew, the hypandrium is fused with the gonocoxites, the epandrium is subrectangular, lying flat on the gonocoxites, and tergite 10 is present (a mixture of advanced and primitive features). The endoaedeagal process is reduced (as in athericids), and the gonocoxal apodemes are long and slender, an advanced condition shared by athericids and tabanids. The female has a long, extrusible postabdomen and ovipositor, two-segmented cerci, and the basal cercal segment has a prominent posteroventral lobe, typical of rhagionids and pelecorhynchids. Cladistic analysis assigns the genus Oreoleptis to sister group status of the Athericidae + Tabanidae. However, wing venation, simple, unmodified female abdomen, undivided first tergite, and two-segmented female cercus, excludes this taxon from the Athericidae and Tabanidae. The relationships of the new family are discussed and the phylogeny of the higher Tabanomorpha reassessed.

A checklist of the ‘lower Brachycera’ of Finland is presented. This part of the complete checklist of Finnish Diptera covers the families Acroceridae, Asilidae, Athericidae, Bombyliidae, Mythicomyiidae, Rhagionidae, Scenopinidae, Stratiomyidae, Tabanidae, Therevidae, Xylomyidae and Xylophagidae.

International audience; A new genus and species of ibis fly is described from an isolated wing in amber from the Late Albian-Early Cenomanian of Charentes, southwestern France. Galloatherix incompletus gen. et sp. n., is the first Athericidae fossilized in Cretaceous amber, and only the eighth Mesozoic species. It adds to the diverse aquatic and semiaquatic paleobiota already identified from Charentese amber.

The merolimnic fly Atrichops crassipes (Diptera: Athericidae) has a biennial life cycle in Lower Schierenseebrook, a lake outflow in the North German Lowland. Instar analysis based on larval head capsule length and width reveals five instars. The growth rate of successive larval instars remains nearly constant around 1.4, thus following Brooks' rule. Larvae hatch in July and August; the first hibernation occurs mainly during the third instar. Larvae develop to the fourth instar by the next summer and hibernate a second time as fifth instars. The last larval instar leaves the water at the end of May and pupates in the soil. The appproximately two-months flight period of the imagines begins around the middle of June. Females lay their eggs on the undersides of leaves of littoral trees, from which the hatching larvae fall into the water.

The new athericid Suraginella macalpinei n.gen., n.sp. is described on specimens from the Claudie River and Jardine River systems in the north of Cape York Peninsula. This distinctive taxon is compared with the widespread Old World genus Suragina Walker, 1858, to which it has some misleading resemblances. Many differences are detailed between these genera. In the closure of wing cell m 3 , and in having dorsal setae on certain radial and cubito-anal veins in the female, Suraginella resembles the rare monotypic Brazilian genus Xeritha Stuckenberg, 1966. Although these conditions are apomorphies, they are considered unreliable for cladistic analysis. A survey of the occurrence of such setose veins in other Athericidae and in the sister-group Tabanidae shows them to be sporadic, variably developed, and probably subject to homoplasy. No sister-group of Suraginella can be identified. The presence of a hard, dark mass in the abdomen of half of the available females indicates with high probability that S. macalpinei takes bloodmeals from a vertebrate host. A test of gut contents for the presence of blood, using urological test strips, gave a strong positive result but is not conclusive. Biological considerations suggest that Suraginella, although occurring in both "tip-of-peninsula" and "mid-peninsula" rainforest regions of Cape York Peninsula, may be independent of the forest biome. The preferred range of the aquatic larval stages in river profiles may determine distribution. Present information suggests that Suraginella may be part of the old "autochthonous" element in Australia.