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In this study, with three Stroop task experiments, we investigated simultaneous engagement of list-wide and item-specific control mechanisms and their potential interaction. By using list-wide proportion congruency (LWPC), item-specific proportion congruency (ISPC)-transfer, and unbiased-transfer sets that were made up of distinct color-word pairings, we were able to observe both LWPC and ISPC effects. By comparing the LWPC effects that were observed with the ISPC-transfer sets and the unbiased-transfer sets, we investigated the relationship between item-specific control and list-wide control. By comparing the findings from Experiments 1 and 2 with the findings of Experiment 3, we observed the possible mediating role of contingency learning in the ISPC-transfer sets on the generalizability of list-wide control. Across all experiments, we consistently observed item-specific control, with the ISPC effect. Although we did not find evidence for list-wide control in the first two experiments, in the third experiment, where color-word contingency learning was minimal for ISPC-transfer items, we observed a significant LWPC effect. Our findings indicate that the introduction of contingency learning in the ISPC-transfer items may reduce top-down control. Importantly, none of the experiments revealed an interaction between item-specific control and list-wide control, suggesting that these two control mechanisms operated independently.

The prime-probe version of the Stroop task has been predominantly used to demonstrate the context-specific proportion congruency (CSPC) effect. In this version, the location of the color is not known until its presentation, creating a spatial uncertainty for the color dimension. We propose that spatial uncertainty plays an important role in observing the CSPC effect. In this study, we investigated the role of spatial uncertainty with two experiments. In Experiment 1 (N = 53), we used a spatially separated version of the Stroop task having spatial uncertainty on the color dimension, and observed a significant CSPC effect. For Experiment 2, we conducted a preregistered prime-probe CSPC experiment with a considerably large sample (N = 128), eliminating the uncertainty of only the color dimension in one condition and both the color and the word dimensions in the other. Results showed that the CSPC effect was not observed in the first condition, while it was very small yet significant in the second condition. The Bayesian approach confirmed frequentist analyses of Experiment 1 and the first condition of Experiment 2. However, in the second condition of Experiment 2, there was no evidence regarding the existence of the CSPC effect. These findings support our claim that the spatial uncertainty of the color dimension, inherent in the prime-probe version Stroop task, contributed to the CSPC effect., Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye (TUBIdot;TAK) [113K530]; Council of Higher Education of Turkiye (Yuksekogbreve;retim Kurulu)-100/2000 scholarship program (2020-2022); National PhD Scholarship Program of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye (TUBIdot;TAK) [2211/A], Part of this work was supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye (TUB ; Idot;TAK) under Grant No. 113K530. O.B. was supported by the Council of Higher Education of Turkiye (Yukseko ; gbreve;retim Kurulu)-100/2000 scholarship program (2020-2022) and 2211/A-National PhD Scholarship Program of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye (TUB ; Idot;TAK).

Bağlama bağlı bilişsel kontrol çalışmalarında, iki adet uzamsal bağlam oluşturulur ve bu bağlamlarda Stroop uyarıcıları farklı uyumluluk oranlarında sunulur. Örneğin ekranın üst yarısında sunulan Stroop uyarıcıları çoğunlukla uyumlu (%75 uyumlu, %25 uyumsuz) olarak sunulurken, ekranın alt yarısında sunulan Stroop uyarıcıları çoğunlukla uyumsuz (%75 uyumsuz, %25 uyumlu) olarak sunulur. Çoğunlukla uyumlu bağlamdaki Stroop etkisi, çoğunlukla uyumsuz bağlamdaki etkiye kıyasla daha büyüktür. Aradaki fark Bağlam Düzeyi Uyumluluk Oranı (BDUO) etkisi olarak adlandırılır. Kimi araştırmacılar BDUO etkisinin uyarıcı düzeyinde gerçekleşen kontrol mekanizmaları (uyarıcı düzeyi uyumluluk oranı [UDUO] etkisi) ile ilgili olduğunu iddia ederken kimileri BDUO etkisinin bağımsız bir etki olduğunu ileri sürmektedir. Yapılan çalışmalar Stroop uyarıcılarındaki kelime ve tepki arasındaki izlerliğin ve kelime ve renk arasındaki sürenin UDUO etkisini değiştirdiğini göstermiştir. Bu çalışmada ise BDUO etkisinin UDUO etkisinden farklı olup olmadığını araştırmak amacıyla kelime ve renk arasındaki süre ve izlerlik değişimlemeleri kullanılarak üç adet Stroop deneyi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre UDUO etkisinin aksine kelime ve renk arasındaki süre ve izlerlik değişimlemesiyle bağlam uyarıcılarında anlamlı bir BDUO etkisi gözlemlenememiştir. Bu da BDUO etkisinin UDUO etkisinden farklı olduğu görüşünü desteklemektedir. Ayrıca UDUO etkisinden farklı olarak, BDUO etkisinin kullanılan görevin özelliklerinden etkilendiğine ve uzamsal dikkat gerektiren belli görevler dışında gözlemlenmesinin zor olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

[No abstract available]

Today, most Internet applications still establish user authentication with traditional text based passwords. Designing a secure as well as a user-friendly password-based method has been on the agenda of security researchers for a long time. On one hand, there are password manager programs which facilitate generating site-specific strong passwords from a single user password to eliminate the memory burden due to multiple passwords. On the other hand, there are studies exploring the viability of graphical passwords as a more secure and user-friendly alternative. In this paper, we present GPEX, a password manager program implemented as a web browser plug-in to enable using graphical passwords to secure Internet applications without any need to change their authentication interface. Experimental results show that GPEX has security and usability advantages over other password manager plug-ins. specifically; we find that with the visual interface of GPEX, users have a more complete and accurate mental model of the system and incorrect login attempts causing security exposures can easily be avoided., This research is supported by TUBYTAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey) under project number 107E227., IFIP WG 11 11, TUBYTAK The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey [107E227]

[No abstract available], PA3931

Uyarıcı tepki izlediğini öğrenme değişimiemesindc (Schmidt ve ark., 2007) kelimeler çeşitli renklerde yazılır ve katılımcılar kelimenin rengine cevap verirler. Kelimenin renk ile ilintilendiği koşuldaki cevaplar ilintisiz koşula nazaran daha hızlıdır. Bu araştırmada dil değişimlemesinin uyarıcı tepki izlerliğinin öğrenilmesi üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir. Bunun için Türkçe veya İngilizce kelimeler renklerle ilintilendirilmiş ve katılımcılar cevaplarını Türkçe veya İngilizce vermişlerdir. Ayrıca farklı dilde aynı anlama gelen fakat renklerle ilintiiendirilmemiş kelimelere (transfer uyarıcıları) verilen tepkiler gözlenmiştir. Deney sonuçları izlerlik etkisinin kelimenin ve cevabın diline göre değiştiğini göstermektedir. Uyarıcı ve tepki aynı dilde olduğunda gözlemlenen izlerlik etkisi, farklı olmasına nazaran daha büyüktür. Ayrıca İngilizce cevaplarda gözlemlenen izlerlik etkisi Türkçe cevaplara göre daha büyüktür. Transfer uyarıcılarında izlerlik etkisi gözlemlenmemiştir. Son olarak, sıralı izlerlik etkisi yalnızca İngilizce cevap ve Türkçe kelime koşulunda gözlemlenmiştir., In the stimulus response contingency manipulation (Schmidt et al., 2007) words are written in different colors, and participants respond to the color of the words. Responses are faster when words are associated with the colors compared to when they are not. The present study investigated the effects of language on stimulus response contingency learning. Turkish or English words were associated with colors, and participants responded either in Turkish or in English. Furthermore, responses to transfer stimuli, which were not associated with any color but had the same meaning in the other language, were observed. Experiment results showed that contingency effect changed according to stimulus and response language. Contingency effect was larger when the stimulus and the response were in the same language, than when they were in different languages. In addition, contingency effect was observed to be larger in the English responses than the Turkish responses. Contingency effect was not observed in transfer stimuli, however. Finally, sequential contingency effect was observed only in the condition in which the response language was English and the stimulus language was Turkish.

In the stimulus response contingency manipulation (Schmidt et al., 2007) words are written in different colors, and participants respond to the color of the words. Responses are faster when words are associated with the colors compared to when they are not. The present study investigated the effects of language on stimulus response contingency learning. Turkish or English words were associated with colors, and participants responded either in Turkish or in English. Furthermore, responses to transfer stimuli, which were not associated with any color but had the same meaning in the other language, were observed. Experiment results showed that contingency effect changed according to stimulus and response language. Contingency effect was larger when the stimulus and the response were in the same language, than when they were in different languages. In addition, contingency effect was observed to be larger in the English responses than the Turkish responses. Contingency effect was not observed in transfer stimuli, however. Finally, sequential contingency effect was observed only in the condition in which the response language was English and the stimulus language was Turkish.

Click based graphical passwords that use background images suffer from hot-spot problem. Previous graphical password schemes based on recognition of images do not have a sufficiently large password space suited for most Internet applications. In this paper, we propose two novel graphical password methods based on recognition of icons to solve the hotspot problem without decreasing the password space. The experiment we have conducted that compares the security and usability of proposed methods with earlier work (i.e. Passpoints) shows that hotspot problem can be eliminated if a small increase in password entrance and confirmation times is tolerable., IEEE

Today, most Internet applications still establish user authentication with traditional text based passwords. Designing a secure as well as a user-friendly password-based method has been on the agenda of security researchers for a long time. On one hand, there are password manager programs which facilitate generating site-specific strong passwords from a single user password to eliminate the memory burden due to multiple passwords. On the other hand, there are studies exploring the viability of graphical passwords as a more secure and user-friendly alternative. In this paper, we present GPEX, a password manager program implemented as a web browser plug-in to enable using graphical passwords to secure Internet applications without any need to change their authentication interface. Experimental results show that GPEX has security and usability advantages over other password manager plug-ins. specifically; we find that with the visual interface of GPEX, users have a more complete and accurate mental model of the system and incorrect login attempts causing security exposures can easily be avoided., This research is supported by TUBYTAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey) under project number 107E227., IFIP WG 11 11, TUBYTAK The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey [107E227]

Sıralı Uyumluluk Etkisi (SUE) uyumlu denemelere kıyasla, uyumsuz denemeleri izleyen uyumluluk etkisinin daha düşük olması olarak tanımlanır. Bağlam tekrarının SUE üzerindeki etkisi iki deneyde incelenmiştir. İki deneyde de dört renkli Stroop görevi kullanılmıştır. Uyarıcılar iki kümeye ayrılmıştır. Birinci kümedeki uyarıcılar için uyarıcı ve bağlam arasında bir izlerlik yoktur. İkinci kümedeki uyarıcılar için ise bu türden bir izlerlik vardır. Bağlamsal özellik olarak, birinci deneyde büyük ve küçük harf, ikinci deneyde ise düz ve italik yazıtipi kullanılmıştır. Deney 1'de izlerliğin olmadığı kümedeki uyarıcılar için SUE gözlemlenmiş fakat bağlam değişiminin SUE üzerinde etkisi gözlemlenmemiştir. Kısaca, SUE hem bağlam tekrarı hem de bağlam değişimi koşullarında gözlemlenmiştir. Diğer bir deyişle, izlerlik farklı bir kümede (ikinci kümede) de olsa deney içinde izlerliğin bulunması bağlam değişiminin SUE üzerindeki etkisini kaldırmıştır. Deney 2'de ise izlerliğin bulunduğu küme için izlerlik daha güçlü hale getirilmiş ve birinci kümedeki uyarıcılar için sonuçlar tekrarlanmıştır. Bulgular, izlerlik bilgisi başka bir kümede dahi olsa, bağlam tekrarının SUE üzerindeki etkisinin ortadan kalktığını göstermektedir. Bu sonuçlar, uyarıcı, tepki ve bağlam bilgisini ve büyük olasılıkla kontrol parametrelerini de birleştiren olay temsillerinin, dinamik olarak kullanıldığını desteklemektedir., The sequential congruency effect (SCE) is defined as the decrease in the congruency effect following incongruent trials compared to congruent trials. The effect of context repetition on SCE was investigated with two experiments. In both experiments, a four-color Stroop task was used, and stimuli were divided into two sets. For the first set of items, there was not a contingency between the stimulus and the context; however, for the second set there was a contingency between the stimulus and the context. Context was manipulated in Experiment 1 by using upper-case and lower-case letters, and in Experiment 2 by using regular and italic font. In Experiment 1, a signi?cant SCE was observed with the noncontingent set, however there was no effect of context change on the SCE. In brief, the SCE was observed both when the context changed or when it remained the same. In other words, even if the contingency was in a different set (the second set), the fact that contingency existed in the experiment was enough to eliminate the effect of context-change on the SCE. In Experiment 2, the contingency manipulation was strengthened for the set that contained contingency and results were replicated for the first set, which did not contain contingency. The results showed that even though contingency is manipulated in a different set, it is enough to eliminate the effect of context repetition on the SCE. These results, support the notion that event representations, which contain stimulus, response and context information and most probably control parameters, are used dynamically.

[No abstract available], PA3931

Uyarıcı tepki izlediğini öğrenme değişimiemesindc (Schmidt ve ark., 2007) kelimeler çeşitli renklerde yazılır ve katılımcılar kelimenin rengine cevap verirler. Kelimenin renk ile ilintilendiği koşuldaki cevaplar ilintisiz koşula nazaran daha hızlıdır. Bu araştırmada dil değişimlemesinin uyarıcı tepki izlerliğinin öğrenilmesi üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir. Bunun için Türkçe veya İngilizce kelimeler renklerle ilintilendirilmiş ve katılımcılar cevaplarını Türkçe veya İngilizce vermişlerdir. Ayrıca farklı dilde aynı anlama gelen fakat renklerle ilintiiendirilmemiş kelimelere (transfer uyarıcıları) verilen tepkiler gözlenmiştir. Deney sonuçları izlerlik etkisinin kelimenin ve cevabın diline göre değiştiğini göstermektedir. Uyarıcı ve tepki aynı dilde olduğunda gözlemlenen izlerlik etkisi, farklı olmasına nazaran daha büyüktür. Ayrıca İngilizce cevaplarda gözlemlenen izlerlik etkisi Türkçe cevaplara göre daha büyüktür. Transfer uyarıcılarında izlerlik etkisi gözlemlenmemiştir. Son olarak, sıralı izlerlik etkisi yalnızca İngilizce cevap ve Türkçe kelime koşulunda gözlemlenmiştir., In the stimulus response contingency manipulation (Schmidt et al., 2007) words are written in different colors, and participants respond to the color of the words. Responses are faster when words are associated with the colors compared to when they are not. The present study investigated the effects of language on stimulus response contingency learning. Turkish or English words were associated with colors, and participants responded either in Turkish or in English. Furthermore, responses to transfer stimuli, which were not associated with any color but had the same meaning in the other language, were observed. Experiment results showed that contingency effect changed according to stimulus and response language. Contingency effect was larger when the stimulus and the response were in the same language, than when they were in different languages. In addition, contingency effect was observed to be larger in the English responses than the Turkish responses. Contingency effect was not observed in transfer stimuli, however. Finally, sequential contingency effect was observed only in the condition in which the response language was English and the stimulus language was Turkish.

Click based graphical passwords that use background images suffer from hot-spot problem. Previous graphical password schemes based on recognition of images do not have a sufficiently large password space suited for most Internet applications. In this paper, we propose two novel graphical password methods based on recognition of icons to solve the hotspot problem without decreasing the password space. The experiment we have conducted that compares the security and usability of proposed methods with earlier work (i.e. Passpoints) shows that hotspot problem can be eliminated if a small increase in password entrance and confirmation times is tolerable., IEEE

In the stimulus response contingency manipulation (Schmidt et al., 2007) words are written in different colors, and participants respond to the color of the words. Responses are faster when words are associated with the colors compared to when they are not. The present study investigated the effects of language on stimulus response contingency learning. Turkish or English words were associated with colors, and participants responded either in Turkish or in English. Furthermore, responses to transfer stimuli, which were not associated with any color but had the same meaning in the other language, were observed. Experiment results showed that contingency effect changed according to stimulus and response language. Contingency effect was larger when the stimulus and the response were in the same language, than when they were in different languages. In addition, contingency effect was observed to be larger in the English responses than the Turkish responses. Contingency effect was not observed in transfer stimuli, however. Finally, sequential contingency effect was observed only in the condition in which the response language was English and the stimulus language was Turkish.

Sıralı Uyumluluk Etkisi (SUE) uyumlu denemelere kıyasla, uyumsuz denemeleri izleyen uyumluluk etkisinin daha düşük olması olarak tanımlanır. Bağlam tekrarının SUE üzerindeki etkisi iki deneyde incelenmiştir. İki deneyde de dört renkli Stroop görevi kullanılmıştır. Uyarıcılar iki kümeye ayrılmıştır. Birinci kümedeki uyarıcılar için uyarıcı ve bağlam arasında bir izlerlik yoktur. İkinci kümedeki uyarıcılar için ise bu türden bir izlerlik vardır. Bağlamsal özellik olarak, birinci deneyde büyük ve küçük harf, ikinci deneyde ise düz ve italik yazıtipi kullanılmıştır. Deney 1'de izlerliğin olmadığı kümedeki uyarıcılar için SUE gözlemlenmiş fakat bağlam değişiminin SUE üzerinde etkisi gözlemlenmemiştir. Kısaca, SUE hem bağlam tekrarı hem de bağlam değişimi koşullarında gözlemlenmiştir. Diğer bir deyişle, izlerlik farklı bir kümede (ikinci kümede) de olsa deney içinde izlerliğin bulunması bağlam değişiminin SUE üzerindeki etkisini kaldırmıştır. Deney 2'de ise izlerliğin bulunduğu küme için izlerlik daha güçlü hale getirilmiş ve birinci kümedeki uyarıcılar için sonuçlar tekrarlanmıştır. Bulgular, izlerlik bilgisi başka bir kümede dahi olsa, bağlam tekrarının SUE üzerindeki etkisinin ortadan kalktığını göstermektedir. Bu sonuçlar, uyarıcı, tepki ve bağlam bilgisini ve büyük olasılıkla kontrol parametrelerini de birleştiren olay temsillerinin, dinamik olarak kullanıldığını desteklemektedir., The sequential congruency effect (SCE) is defined as the decrease in the congruency effect following incongruent trials compared to congruent trials. The effect of context repetition on SCE was investigated with two experiments. In both experiments, a four-color Stroop task was used, and stimuli were divided into two sets. For the first set of items, there was not a contingency between the stimulus and the context; however, for the second set there was a contingency between the stimulus and the context. Context was manipulated in Experiment 1 by using upper-case and lower-case letters, and in Experiment 2 by using regular and italic font. In Experiment 1, a signi?cant SCE was observed with the noncontingent set, however there was no effect of context change on the SCE. In brief, the SCE was observed both when the context changed or when it remained the same. In other words, even if the contingency was in a different set (the second set), the fact that contingency existed in the experiment was enough to eliminate the effect of context-change on the SCE. In Experiment 2, the contingency manipulation was strengthened for the set that contained contingency and results were replicated for the first set, which did not contain contingency. The results showed that even though contingency is manipulated in a different set, it is enough to eliminate the effect of context repetition on the SCE. These results, support the notion that event representations, which contain stimulus, response and context information and most probably control parameters, are used dynamically.

OBJECTIVE: We researched the relationship between the cognitive scores and the error codes which determine pulmonary function test (PFT) compliance accompanied by the phenotypic findings of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients in a stable condition with COPD, who were diagnosed with the criteria recommended in the international guidelines, were included in the study. PFTs were requested from all the patients during the regular outpatient admission. The following tests were applied to all the patients in a 30-min test session; COPD assessment test, modified British Medical Research Council and neurophysiological tests (Mini-Mental Test, Trail Making Test Part A and B, Clock Drawing Test, Straight and Backward Digit Span, Brown Peterson Task and Verbal Fluency Test). We analyzed the statistical relationship between data collected after cognitive tests and PFT quality data. RESULTS: The study was concluded with a total of 70 patients. When the PFT evaluations of the patients were examined, the percentage of patients who correctly fulfilled the repeatability criteria was found as 28%, who met the acceptability criteria as 57%, and who correctly fulfilled both criteria as 14%. The relationship between the results of patients, who fulfilled both repeatability and acceptability criteria correctly and incorrectly at the same time, with the backward digit span test results was found to be significant (P 0.05). It was found that the Mini-Mental Test was significantly better in those who performed all of the repeatability and acceptability criteria without errors than the other groups. When the PFT criteria of the patients were evaluated according to the cognitive test results, it was determined that the relationship between the Mini-Mental Test and the results of performing the repeatability and acceptability criteria together was found to be statistically significant (P 0.05). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Error codes that ident

OBJECTIVE: We researched the relationship between the cognitive scores and the error codes which determine pulmonary function test (PFT) compliance accompanied by the phenotypic findings of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients in a stable condition with COPD, who were diagnosed with the criteria recommended in the international guidelines, were included in the study. PFTs were requested from all the patients during the regular outpatient admission. The following tests were applied to all the patients in a 30-min test session; COPD assessment test, modified British Medical Research Council and neurophysiological tests (Mini-Mental Test, Trail Making Test Part A and B, Clock Drawing Test, Straight and Backward Digit Span, Brown Peterson Task and Verbal Fluency Test). We analyzed the statistical relationship between data collected after cognitive tests and PFT quality data. RESULTS: The study was concluded with a total of 70 patients. When the PFT evaluations of the patients were examined, the percentage of patients who correctly fulfilled the repeatability criteria was found as 28%, who met the acceptability criteria as 57%, and who correctly fulfilled both criteria as 14%. The relationship between the results of patients, who fulfilled both repeatability and acceptability criteria correctly and incorrectly at the same time, with the backward digit span test results was found to be significant (P 0.05). It was found that the Mini-Mental Test was significantly better in those who performed all of the repeatability and acceptability criteria without errors than the other groups. When the PFT criteria of the patients were evaluated according to the cognitive test results, it was determined that the relationship between the Mini-Mental Test and the results of performing the repeatability and acceptability criteria together was found to be statistically significant (P 0.05). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Error codes that ident

Western music is characterized primarily by simple meters, but a number of other musical cultures, including Turkish, have both simple and complex meters. In Experiment 1, Turkish and American adults with and without musical training were asked to detect metrical changes in Turkish music with simple and complex meter. Musicians performed significantly better than nonmusicians, and performance was significantly better on simple meter than on complex meter, but Turkish listeners performed no differently than American listeners. In Experiment 2, members of Turkish classical and folk music clubs who were tested on the same materials exhibited comparable sensitivity to simple and complex meters, unlike the American and Turkish listeners in Experiment 1. Together, the findings reveal important effects of musical training and culture on meter perception: trained musicians are generally more sensitive than nonmusicians, regardless of metrical complexity, but sensitivity to complex meter requires sufficient exposure to musical genres featuring such meters.

OBJECTIVE: Dry powder inhalers are a group of inhaled medications commonly used for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Although they can be more easily administered than metered dose inhalers, there is a high rate of errors in device use. The present study aims to evaluate the relationship between the ability to learn how to use a Diskus device and cognitive functions in patients with COPD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 30 inhaler-naive patients who were newly diagnosed with COPD. During their first visit, patients were administered a broad array of standardized neuropsychological tests and given a training on inhaler use. During the second visit, patients were divided into two groups according to their performance in the use of Diskus device: effective and ineffective. RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients who completed the study showed a negative correlation between the cognitive test scores and Diskus training parameters. The number of errors and duration of training increased as the cognitive scores decreased. In Visit 2, a comparison between patients with ineffective and effective use of the Diskus device showed that cognitive function scores were higher in those with effective use. CONCLUSIONS: Evaluation of cognitive functions in COPD patients is important in establishing an effective inhalation treatment.

Background: Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can be classified into groups A/C or B/D based on symptom intensity. Different threshold values for symptom questionnaires can result in misclassification and, in turn, different treatment recommendations. The primary aim was to find the best fitting cut-points for Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) symptom measures, with an modified Medical Research Council dyspnea grade of 2 or higher as point of reference. Methods: After a computerized search, data from 41 cohorts and whose authors agreed to provide data were pooled. COPD studies were eligible for analyses if they included, at least age, sex, post-bronchodilator spirometry, modified Medical Research Council, and COPD Assessment Test (CAT) total scores. Main outcomes: Receiver operating characteristic curves and the Youden index were used to determine the best calibration threshold for CAT, COPD Clinical Questionnaire, and St. Georges Respiratory Questionnaire total scores. Following, GOLD A/B/C/D frequencies were calculated based on current cut-points and the newly derived cut-points. Findings: A total of 18,577 patients with COPD [72.0% male; mean age: 66.3 years (standard deviation 9.6)] were analyzed. Most patients had a moderate or severe degree of airflow limitation (GOLD spirometric grade 1, 10.9%; grade 2, 46.6%; grade 3, 32.4%; and grade 4, 10.3%). The best calibration threshold for CAT total score was 18 points, for COPD Clinical Questionnaire total score 1.9 points, and for St. Georges Respiratory Questionnaire total score 46.0 points. Conclusions: The application of these new cut-points would reclassify about one-third of the patients with COPD and, thus, would impact on individual disease management. Further validation in prospective studies of these new values are needed. (C) 2017 AMDA - The Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine.

Nairne, Thompson, and Pandeirada [2007. Adaptive memory: Survival processing enhances retention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 33, 263–273] demonstrated that processing words according to their relevance to a survival scenario enhanced their subsequent retrieval in recall and recognition tasks compared to a variety of control scenarios. From an adaptive perspective, it is maintained that processing words in a survival context should also enhance memory for source; however, evidence in the literature is rather mixed regarding a survival context advantage for source memory. In the current study, we conducted four experiments to systematically investigate the survival advantage in source memory, when the context itself is the source, with both recall (Experiments 1A and 1B) and recognition tests (Experiments 2A and 2B). Results showed a survival advantage for item memory over the control contexts in all experiments. The survival context advantage was not extended to source memory performance in Experiment 1A. Results from all other experiments, however, indicated a survival context advantage for both item and source memory. Findings are discussed in relation to possible proximate mechanisms underlying the survival processing effect.

Symbolic corpora are invaluable tool in computational music research. We built a symbolic corpus of Turkish makam music consisted of 600 pieces in 2011. Our aim was to collect a database of makam pieces in a simple format suitable for statistical analyses. There are 30 pieces in each of the twenty frequently used maqams (Acem Kürdi, Bayati, Evc, Hicaz, Hicazkar, Hisar Buselik, Hüseyni, Hüzzam, Isfahan, Karcığar, Kürdili Hicazkar, Mahur, Muhayyer, Nihavend, Nişaburek, Rast, Saba, Segah, Şehnaz, Uşşak). The pieces are selected from the six basic musical forms of the fasıl (the concert) structure (i.e. peşrev, beste, ağır semai, yürük semai, şarkı ve saz semai). Every note in a piece is manually annotated with a symbolic form representing its traditional pitch name, duration, and darb. The meta description includes the name of the piece, its composer, era, maqam, usul, form and the number of total measures. The symbolic Turkish maqam music corpus is freely available as Excel or Matlab files (https://osf.io/gkz9q/)., Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu (TÜBİTAK)

Background and objective: Recently, comorbidities such as impaired cognitive function have been attracting more focus when considering the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Here we investigated the relationship between cognitive function and the categories given in the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines in 2011. Specifically, after controlling for non-COPD covariates, we assessed the clinical features that may be predictive of cognitive impairment in patients with COPD. Methods: We recruited 119 stable patients with mild to very severe COPD. We administered a broad array of standardized neuropsychological tests that assessed cognitive functions in the domains of attention, memory, psychomotor coordination and language. Results: Cognitive scores were significantly different between patients falling within GOLD 2011 categories. Scores were lower in patients with high future risk compared with low future risk. In parallel, there were significant differences in cognitive function between COPD patient subgroups when patients were grouped according to the forced expiratory volume in 1 s, exacerbation history and C-reactive protein levels. After controlling for non-COPD predictors, only exacerbation history remained a significant predictor of cognitive scores. Conclusions: The number of exacerbation events in a year may be used as a predictor of cognitive impairment in patients with COPD.

Bellek çalışmalarından elde edilen sonuçlar, bazı kodlama yöntemlerinin diğerlerine nazaran daha etkili olduğunu göstermiştir. Ancak yakın zamanda hayatta kalma bağlamının diğer bağlamlardan daha etkili bir kodlama yöntemi olduğu iddia edilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, hayatta kalma bağlamının olay sonrası yanlış bilgi yöntemiyle ortaya çıkan bellek yanılmaları üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Katılımcılar bağlam ile ilgisi olmayan bir hikâye içinde geçen kelimeleri hayatta kalma, taşınma veya hoşluk bağlamlarına göre derecelendirmişlerdir. Ardından bulundukları deney koşuluna göre bir grup katılımcı yanlış bilgi içeren bir hikâye okurken diğer grup katılımcı aynı hikâyeyi tekrar okumuştur. Deney 1'de denekler arası bir deney deseni kullanılmış ve katılımcıların doğru bilgiye ve olay sonrası yanlış bilgiye dair anıları hatırlama (Deney1A) veya tanıma (Deney 1B) testi ile ölçülmüştür. Deney 2'de bağlam için denek içi bir deney deseni kullanılarak, bağlamların birbirleriyle doğrudan karşılaştırılması sağlanmıştır. Deneyde katılımcıların doğru bilgiye ve olay sonrası yanlış bilgiye dair bellekleri hatırlama (Deney 2A) veya tanıma (Deney 2B) testi ile ölçülmüştür. Çalışmaya toplam 198 (Deney 1A=54, Deney 1B=48, Deney 2A=48, Deney 2B=48) üniversite öğrencisi katılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, herhangi bir bağlamda derecelendirilen kelimelerin derecelendirilmeyen kelimelere nazaran olay sonrası yanlış bilgiden daha az etkilendikleri görülmektedir. Ancak deneylerde kullanılan hayatta kalma, taşınma ve hoşluk bağlamları arasında ne doğru bilgiyi ne de olay sonrası yanlış bilgiyi hatırlama oranları bakımından bir fark ortaya çıkmamıştır. Doğru bilgiyi ve olay sonrası yanlış bilgiyi hatırlama oranları üzerinde bir hayatta kalma avantajı gözlenmemiştir. Sonuçlar hayatta kalma bağlamının olay sonrası yanlış bilgi yöntemiyle ortaya çıkan bellek yanılsamalarını azaltmak konusunda bir avantaj sağlamadığını göstermektedir.

The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of auditory and visuo-spatial secondary tasks on variability in lane position in predictable and unpredictable driving conditions. Sixty-six participants drove a simulated vehicle. Predictability was manipulated by adding wind gusts, and the secondary task load by either an auditory task (Experiment 1) or a visuo-spatial task (Experiment 2). Results demonstrated that in the predictable driving condition, lane position variability decreased when auditory secondary task load was given, but it was not affected by visuo-spatial secondary task load. In the unpredictable driving condition; however, while the auditory secondary task load did not affect lane position variability, visuo-spatial secondary task load increased it. The data suggests that the effects of cognitive load on lane maintenance may depend on the type of the secondary task beside predictability of primary task., Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu

The sequential congruency effect (SCE) is defined as the decrease in the congruency effect following incongruent trials compared to congruent trials. The effect of context repetition on the SCE was investigated in four experiments. In all the experiments, dynamic visual white noise was used as the contextual feature, and the number of congruent and incongruent trials was equal. In Experiments 1 and 2, by using eight-value Flanker and Stroop tasks, and excluding stimulus- and response-feature repetitions from the analysis, a SCE was observed in both context repetition and alternation conditions. In Experiment 3, using a two-value Flanker task, all trials consisted of stimulus- and response-feature repetitions, and a SCE was only observed in the context repetition condition. In Experiment 4, we used a four-value Flanker task, which enabled half of the trials to be partial/complete repetitions and the other half to be complete alternations. A SCE was observed in both context repetition and alternation conditions irrespective of the stimulus- and response-feature repetitions. This pattern of results suggested that the effects of context repetition on the SCE are subject to a number of factors including stimulus- and response-feature repetitions and contingency biases. When contingency information exists, the presence of stimulus- and response-feature repetitions was no longer effective in yielding effects of context repetition on the SCE. These findings suggest that the usage of information registered in episodic event representations including stimulus-, response- and contextual-features, control parameters and contingency biases results from interactions of a complex pattern of mechanisms, yet to be further explored.

Obstrüktif uyku apnesi (OUA) uykuda en sık görülen solunum rahatsızlığıdır. OUA hastalarında gün içinde zihinsel yorgunluk ve dikkat kontrolü zorluğu literatürde rapor edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada dinlenim durumu ve seçici dikkat testlerinden elde edilen EEG sinyallerinin zamansal analizi sonucunda katılımcıları Epworth ve AHI kriterlerine göre ayırabilecek bir öznitelik aranmıştır. Bu araştırmada 10 katılımcıdan elde edilen sonuçlar rapor edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar Hjorth parametrelerinden devingenlik ve karmaşıklığın Epworth ve AHI kriterine göre sınıflanan gruplar arasında farklı olduğunu göstermiştir., Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common respiratory sleep disorder. Mental fatigue and attention control difficulties during the day have been reported in several studies for patients who are diagnosed with OSA. At this study we recorded EEG signals during resting-state and selective attention ( Simon - Flanker ). Statistical analysis of time domain features of EEG signals showed that mobility and complexity are features that changed with respect to both Epworth score and AHI in patients with OSA.

The item-specific proportion congruency (ISPC) effect is demonstrated by a smaller Stroop effect observed for mostly incongruent items compared to mostly congruent items. Currently, there is a continuing debate on whether conflict driven item-specific control processes or stimulus-response contingency learning account for the ISPC effect. In the present study, we conducted two experiments to investigate the time course of the ISPC effect with a stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) manipulation. Both negative and positive SOAs were used in order to manipulate the contingency learning between the word and the color dimensions. We also combined this SOA manipulation with a set size manipulation (Bugg and Hutchison, 2013) to moderate the contribution of contingency learning and item-specific processes to the observed ISPC effect. We expected that the change in the magnitude of the ISPC effect as a result of SOA would follow different patterns for the 2-item and 4-item set conditions. Results showed that the SOA manipulation influenced the ISPC effect. Specifically, when the word followed the color with a 200 ms delay, the observed ISPC effect was smaller, if at all present, than the ISPC effects in other negative and positive SOA conditions, regardless of set size. In conclusion, our results showed that the ISPC effect was not observed if the word arrived too late. We also conducted additional awareness and RT distribution analyses (delta plots) to further investigate the ISPC effect. These analyses showed that a higher percentage of participants were aware of the ISPC manipulation in the 2-item set condition compared to the 4-item set condition. Delta plots revealed that the ISPC effect was smaller for fastest responses and increased as the responses got slower.

Western music is characterized primarily by simple meters, but a number of other musical cultures, including Turkish, have both simple and complex meters. In Experiment 1, Turkish and American adults with and without musical training were asked to detect metrical changes in Turkish music with simple and complex meter. Musicians performed significantly better than nonmusicians, and performance was significantly better on simple meter than on complex meter, but Turkish listeners performed no differently than American listeners. In Experiment 2, members of Turkish classical and folk music clubs who were tested on the same materials exhibited comparable sensitivity to simple and complex meters, unlike the American and Turkish listeners in Experiment 1. Together, the findings reveal important effects of musical training and culture on meter perception: trained musicians are generally more sensitive than nonmusicians, regardless of metrical complexity, but sensitivity to complex meter requires sufficient exposure to musical genres featuring such meters.