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We compared outcomes of 916 diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients age ≥ 18 years undergoing first autologous (n=837) or myeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) (n=79) between 1995–2003 reported to the CIBMTR. Median follow-up was 81 months for allogeneic HCT vs. 60 months for autologous. Allogeneic HCT recipients were more likely to have high risk disease features including higher stage, more prior chemotherapy regimens and resistant disease. Allogeneic HCT was associated with a higher 1 year treatment-related mortality (TRM) (RR 4.88, 95% CI, 3.21–7.40, p50 years), lower performance score, chemoresistance and earlier year of transplant. In a cohort of mainly high risk DLBCL patients, upfront myeloablative allogeneic HCT while associated with increased early mortality was associated with a similar risk of disease progression compared to lower risk patients receiving autologous HCT.