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Abstract Background The present study aimed to respond to clinical question, can prolonged P-R interval predict clinical outcomes in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome patients? Methods This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on cardiac patients. All of the non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTEACS) including non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and unstable angina patients included in the study. Then they divided into two groups: prolonged P-R interval and normal P-R interval. The patients who had a history of digoxin and calcium channel blocker use, using antiarrhythmic drugs, known valvular or congenital heart disease and connective tissue, unreadable P-R interval and cardiac block were excluded. Data were collected using the questionnaire consisted demographic data and clinical outcomes and a follow-up part was completed by one of the researchers. Results Finally, 248 patients completed the study. The results showed both of the two groups had significant differences in terms of the history of myocardial infarction (MI) (p = 0.018), the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (p = 0.004), heart rate (p = 0.042), inverted T wave (p = 0.017), anterior ST- segment depression (p = 0.008), normal report of coronary angiography (CAG) (p = 0.003), three vessels disease (p = 0.043), left main lesion (p = 0.045) and SYNTAX score (p = 0.032) based on the CAG report. The results of six-month follow-up showed although, the frequency of ischemic stroke, coronary artery disease (CAD) and cardiovascular death were higher in prolonged P-R interval groups. The chi-square test showed this difference was statistically non-significant (p > 0.05). The multivariate logistic regression model revealed non-significant relationships between prolonged P-R interval and SYNTAX score, significant CAD, three-vessel disease, inverted T wave, anterior ST depression, heart rate and HDL. Conclusions Based on the results of our study the six-month follow-up showed non-significant outcomes. Further studies are recommended to assess the long-term outcomes.

Abstract Background Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) test is the best care evaluation measurement due to a strong correlation between the test results and diabetic complications. So, this cross-sectional study aimed to assess whether the level of HbA1C can predict Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) among Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the Iranian population. Method One hundred sixty-eight diabetic patients were selected via the convenience sampling method. Data were collected by research made questionnaire scale and laboratory test had been done. To estimate the cut off point for some variables statistical tests, formal measures of classification performance, model evaluation criteria and a decision Tree were used. Results The prevalence of DR was 29.8%. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve and decision tree showed the optimal cut-off point for the HbA1C variable that separates the patient with and without DR is HbA1C = 8.15. Conclusion Current study showed an appropriate cutoff point for detecting the development of DR among diabetic patients. So, this cutoff point can be used as guide evidence in several clinical judgments on the Iranian population.

Background: Hemodialysis (HD) is one of the most common causes of blood-borne infections. In order to prevent viral hepatitis and confront with the virus on the next step, health providers specify infected patients by screening and vaccination. This study is designed to investigate the prevalence of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in HD patients in Mazandaran, Iran. Methods: The medical records of 216 patients referred to the hemodialysis centers were evaluated in this cross-sectional study between 2019 and 2020. The collected data was analyzed using t-test and Chi-square. Results: Among 216 patients, 106 cases were female (49.07%) and 110 subjects were male (50.9%). The mean age was 40.1 y/o in females and 50.9 y/o in the male patients. The study recorded nine HBs-Ag positive (prevalence: 0.06%) and 15 HCV-Ab positive (prevalence: 6.94%) patients. Also, the most common co-morbidities were diabetes and hypertension. It was observed that 13 patients from 34 patients with negative HBs-Ag (who had 10–100 U HBs-Ab in the first stage) experienced sudden drop in the antibody titration to less than 10 U (P < 0.05). From 50 HBs-Ag negative patients with HBs-Ab more than 100 U in the first stage, antibody titration of five patients was decreased to less than 10 U in the second stage (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The prevalence of HCV and HBV was low in HD patients in Mazandaran province. However, due to the large number of patients with non-protective HBs-Ab levels, there is a risk of an increased prevalence of the disease.

Accurate prediction of the early stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is important but very challenging. The goal of this study was to utilize predictors for diagnosis conversion to AD based on integrating resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) connectivity analysis and structural MRI (sMRI). We included 177 subjects in this study and aimed at identifying patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) who progress to AD, MCI converter (MCI-C), patients with MCI who do not progress to AD, MCI non-converter (MCI-NC), patients with AD, and healthy controls (HC). The graph theory was used to characterize different aspects of the rs-fMRI brain network by calculating measures of integration and segregation. The cortical and subcortical measurements, e.g., cortical thickness, were extracted from sMRI data. The rs-fMRI graph measures were combined with the sMRI measures to construct input features of a support vector machine (SVM) and classify different groups of subjects. Two feature selection algorithms [i.e., the discriminant correlation analysis (DCA) and sequential feature collection (SFC)] were used for feature reduction and selecting a subset of optimal features. Maximum accuracy of 67 and 56% for three-group (“AD, MCI-C, and MCI-NC” or “MCI-C, MCI-NC, and HC”) and four-group (“AD, MCI-C, MCI-NC, and HC”) classification, respectively, were obtained with the SFC feature selection algorithm. We also identified hub nodes in the rs-fMRI brain network which were associated with the early stage of AD. Our results demonstrated the potential of the proposed method based on integration of the functional and structural MRI for identification of the early stage of AD.

Breast cancer is the second largest cause of cancer deaths among women. At the same time, it is also among the most curable cancer types if it can be diagnosed early. This paper presents a novel hybrid intelligent method for recognition of breast cancer tumors. The proposed method includes three main modules: the feature extraction module, the classifier module, and the optimization module. In the feature extraction module, fuzzy features are proposed as the efficient characteristic of the patterns. In the classifier module, because of the promising generalization capability of support vector machines (SVM), a SVM-based classifier is proposed. In support vector machine training, the hyperparameters have very important roles for its recognition accuracy. Therefore, in the optimization module, the bees algorithm (BA) is proposed for selecting appropriate parameters of the classifier. The proposed system is tested on Wisconsin Breast Cancer database and simulation results show that the recommended system has a high accuracy.

Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) causes respiratory illness, fetal loss, perinatal mortality, and myeloencephalopathy. This study investigated ORF15's impact on virus infectivity and neurovirulence. The Ab4p neurovirulent strain of EHV1 was used as a backbone to create Ab4p attB, Ab4p∆ORF15, and Ab4p∆ORF15R chimeras via BAC DNA transfection into RK-13 cells. Viral growth kinetics, plaque size, transcription, and growth were assessed in MDBK cells, mouse neurons, and fetal equine brain cells. Neurovirulence was evaluated post-intranasal inoculation into male CBA/N1 SPF mice, measuring signs, virus titers, and histopathological changes. Deletion of EUL45 (Ab4p-∆EUL45) reduced viral replication efficiency, resulting in decreased release and smaller plaques. EUL45 deletion also upregulated neighbouring genes (EUL46 and EUL44). Ab4p-∆EUL45 exhibited reduced virulence and poor growth in neural cells compared to wild-type viruses. This study sheds light on EUL45's role in EHV-1, viral replication, and regulation of EUL46 and EUL44 expression, suggesting potential as a vaccine candidate., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This study aimed to characterize and determine the prevalence and the associated risk factors of trypanosomiasis in different Egyptian livestock from various governorates using molecular and serological techniques, adding to an assessment of some biochemical alterations in serum samples. A total 1019 blood samples were collected from nine governorates in the period from January 2020 to September 2021 from cattle (n = 752), buffaloes (n = 42), sheep (n = 65), goats (n = 60), donkeys (n = 54), and horses (n = 46). Molecular investigation followed by sequencing confirmed the presence of only Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) infection with a prevalence rate of 3.73 % (38/1019). Serologically, T. evansi was detected by indirect ELISA in 11 samples out of 519 negative PCR ones, with an overall prevalence 2.1 %. Furthermore, statistical difference was found between investigated governorates in both molecular and seroprevalence. Surprisingly, the risk of T. evansi infection was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in winter (9.83 %) than in autumn (1.4 %), while no infection was recorded in the spring and summer seasons. No significant difference regarding animal hosts, age, and sex as risk factors was recorded. Serum biochemical analysis showed a non-significant decrease of total proteins, albumin, A/G ratio, and HDL-cholesterol in cattle, equine, and goats with a non-significant increase in total globulins level. In sheep, a significant increase was determined in all tested parameters except a significant decrease in the level of albumin and A/G ratio. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first large-scale epidemiological study determining the endemicity of the neglected T. evansi infection in different animal species in multiple governorates of Egypt. It is recommended to use both molecular and serological techniques for efficient diagnosis of trypanosomiasis as a preliminary approach to control the disease., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Anemia remains an essential concern affecting the quality of life and the survival of cancer patients. Although there are different approaches to treating anemia in cancer patients, the number of studies reporting the efficacy of iron replacement in cancer patients is limited. In this study, the efficacy and safety of iron carboxymaltose, a parenteral iron treatment option, in the treatment of anemia, were examined retrospectively. A total of 1102 adult patients who received IV ferric carboxymaltose treatment at Hacettepe Oncology Hospital between 2014 and 2020 were included. The mean hemoglobin change observed at the end of the 12th week was 1.8 g/dL, and the rate of patients with an increase in hemoglobin of 1 g/dL or more was 72.1%. It was observed that the treatment demonstrated effectiveness in patients receiving active cancer treatment in all tumor types. The treatment was generally safe, and no grade 3-5 side effects were observed in the patients included in the study. According to one of the most extensive series published in the literature, iron carboxymaltose is an efficient and safe alternative for cancer patients with iron-deficiency anemia.

Objectives: Costovertebral (CV), costotransverse (CTr), sternoclavicular (SC), and manubriosternal (MS) joints are impacted in spondyloarthritis (SpA) patients; however, clinical aspects of these involvements require additional evaluation., Methods: A total of 281 SpA patients who had undergone chest computed tomography (CT) for any reason between 2010 and 2020 were included in the study. SpA patients were divided into three groups, ankylosing spondylitis (AS), non-radiographic axial SpA, and psoriatic arthritis. Thirty age- and sex-matched rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and 30 non-rheumatic disease individuals were selected for comparison. An experienced radiologist reviewed 24 CV, 20 CTr, 2 SC, and 1 MS joints from a thorax CT for each patient. All joints were classified as: normal (0); suspicious (1), mild (2), moderate (3), or severe (4)., Results: Total CV and CTr joint scores differed between diseases (p < .001). Male AS patients had higher CV and CTr scores than female AS patients (male CV score: 52 [range 0-96] and CTr score: 22 [range 0-80]; female CV score: 20 [range 0-96] and CTr score: 12 [range 0-79]). Strong negative correlations were detected in AS patients between chest expansion and CV (r = -0.703 p = .007) and CTr (r = -0.763 p = .002) joint involvement; positive correlations between CV and CTr joints, and modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spinal Score (p < .05); and no significant association for MS and SC joints., Conclusions: CV and CTr joint involvement on thorax CT was more severe in AS and negatively affected chest expansion. The use of thorax CT scans performed for other indications in the examination of these joints may be advantageous for the early beginning of rehabilitation programs targeted at maintaining chest mobility., (© 2023 Asia Pacific League of Associations for Rheumatology and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)

The zoonotic pathogen avian influenza A H5N8 causes enormous economic losses in the poultry industry and poses a serious threat to the public health. Here, we report the first systematic review and meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of birds. We filtered 45 eligible articles from seven databases. A random-effects model was used to analyze the prevalence of H5N8 in birds. The pooled prevalence of H5N8 in birds was 1.6%. In the regions, Africa has the highest prevalence (8.0%). Based on the source, village (8.3%) was the highest. In the sample type, the highest prevalence was organs (79.7%). In seasons, the highest prevalence was autumn (28.1%). The largest prevalence in the sampling time was during 2019 or later (7.0%). Furthermore, geographical factors also were associated with the prevalence. Therefore, we recommend site-specific prevention and control tools for this strain in birds and enhance the surveillance to reduce the spread of H5N8., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Piglet diarrhea caused by the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a common problem on pig farms in China associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. In this study, three PEDV isolates were successfully detected after the fourth blind passage in Vero cells. The samples were obtained from infected piglet farms in Jilin (Changchun), and Shandong (Qingdao) Provinces of China and were designated as CH/CC-1/2018, CH/CC-2/2018, and CH/QD/2018. According to the analysis of the complete S protein gene sequence, the CH/CC-1/2018 and CH/CC-2/2018 were allocated to the G2b branch, while CH/QD/2018 was located in the G1a interval and was closer to the vaccine strain CV777. Successful detection and identification of the isolated strains were carried out using electron microscopy and indirect immunofluorescence. Meanwhile, animal challenge experiments and viral RNA copies determination were used to compare the pathogenicity. The results showed that CH/CC-1/2018 in Changchun was more pathogenic than CH/QD/2018 in Qingdao. In conclusion, the discovery of these new strains is conducive to the development of vaccines to prevent the pandemic of PEDV, especially that the CH/CC-1/2018, and CH/CC-2/2018 were not related to the classical vaccine strain CV777., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that there are no competing interests., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Avian influenza virus (AIV)is easy to cause diseases in birds and humans.It causes great economic losses to the poultry farms and leads to public health problems. Using vaccines is the main approach to control the prevalence of AIV. In our previously published article, a recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) expressing the NP-M2 peptide ofH9N2 AIV was generated, and its protective effect was evaluated in a chicken model. In this study, the protective effect was estimated in mice model. Humoral and cellular immune response parameters were measured using flow cytometry adding to body weight loss, survival rate, virus load, and histopathological changes in the lung. The obtained results elucidated that, the recombinant L. plantarum can promote the activation of dendritic cells (DC), proliferation of T and B cells adding to eliciting protective secretory IgA (sIgA) and humeral IgG level in mice model. Accordingly, it could be used as a patent vaccine to control the AIV infection., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The author declares that there is no competitive interest., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

African swine fever (ASF) is a severe disease affecting pigs with high economic losses and endemicity in various parts of the world. So, it represents a serious threat to the global food safety. The disease was discovered in sub-Saharan Africa where still endemic, and first case was recorded in Kenya in 1921. It is now found all over the world; in Africa, Europe, Asia, and the Pacific it already affects more than 50 countries including Republic of Korea, China, Malaysia, Germany, Bhutan, and India. The P72 protein encoded by the B646L gene is the major protein that reveals high reactogenicity and antigenicity. While the P54 plays a significant role in virus pathogenesis especially cell apoptosis. Multiple virus proteins can suppress the apoptosis of the infected cell at an early stage. The disease spreads through contact with the diseased cases, contaminated fomites, and tick bites. Meanwhile, contaminated water sources might be an essential source of infection. The recovered animals have a significant role in disease persistence as silent carriers. Multiple factors might lead to the observed disease seasonality. Route of exposure, infectious dose, and herd immunity are the main determinants of disease severity and clinical signs. The several types of PCR are well-accepted standard tests for early diagnosis. Although commercial ELISAs were stipulated by OIE, it should be combined with some other virology inspections or serological assays. The ASFV-free countries should be protected against the virus entrance especially that all developed vaccines failed to provoke enough immunity status against the challenged virus. Moreover, it accelerates the speed of revealing clinical symptoms., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Cutaneous warts are the common clinical feature of infection with Bovine papillomavirus (BPV), and it is commonly known as bovine papillomatosis. It causes significant economic losses, especially in the dairy sector. The aim of this study was surveillance of the circulating strains of BPV in four Egyptian governorates and characterization by electron microscopy. Warts skin lesions and whole blood from seventy-eight native breed cattle were obtained. Molecular detection using two different sets of primers, phylogenetic analysis, and electron microscopy were carried out. The obtained results showed that using FAP59/FAP64 primer set is more sensitive than the MY09/My11 primer set in the detection of the papilloma L1 gene either in the blood or in the skin lesion. Sequence analysis of the partially amplified L1 gene revealed 4 different strains belonging to Deltapapillomavirus 4. Only Alfayoum&#95;Deltapapillomavirus&#95;2018 (accession no: MW018705) was found to be closely related to the strain previously isolated in different Egyptian governorates in 2017, and 2 strains were closely related to an isolate of equine origin. Electron microscopy examination of the skin lesions showed the presence of negatively stained rounded, non-enveloped virus particles with a size of 60 nm in diameter. In conclusion, continuous surveillance and characterization of the circulating strains using multiple sets of primers are important. Efficient biosecurity measures must be applied to decrease transmission of papillomavirus between the different animal species, especially in the mixed management system.

The aims of this study were an establishment of the domestic rabbit as an intermediate host for cystic echinococcosis (CE) and to evaluate the potency of the crude germinal layer and the protoscoleces antigens to protect against the CE. Firstly; Two groups of white Newzeland rabbits were infected orally either by 5000 active oncospheres or viable protoscoleces separately. After 20 weeks, the slaughtered rabbits showed the presence of hydatid cysts at different internal organs. Molecular detection of the resulted cysts was conducted. Secondly; 27 rabbits were divided into nine groups (n = 3). Groups 1 and 2 were immunized with the crude germinal layer antigen while the groups 3 and 4 were immunized with the crude protoscoleces antigen. Groups 5 and 6 received the adjuvant mineral oil. Groups 7 and 8 were used as positive control. The last 9 group was kept as a negative control. The obtained results showed a significant high protection percentage of 83.4% and high antibody titer was recorded in groups that received the crude germinal layer antigen comparing with the groups that immunized with the crude protoscoleces antigen as their protection percentage was 66.7% with lower IgG response. In conclusion, the domestic rabbits could be used as a laboratory model for CE. Developing of the germinal layer antigen is more immunogenic than the protoscoleces one and could be used as a promising vaccine. Attention should be directed towards the existing rabbit in the environment adjacent to infected dogs as it could be a part of Echinococcus life cycle., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

The effect of multinutrient antioxidant treatment on sheep naturally infected with FMD virus was investigated in terms of general health conditions, serum proteins profile, and antioxidant/oxidant parameters. Twenty diseased sheep were divided into 4 equal groups (n = 5) and underwent certain therapeutic protocols for 8 weeks as follows: GI, infected not treated group; GII, infected and treated with the ideal and usual line of treatment against FMD virus infection; GIII, infected animals supplemented orally zinc methionine at a dose of 5 g/head/day and vitamin E with selenium-enriched yeast at the same dose level; GIV, infected animals received both the ideal treatment and antioxidants. The animals under experiment were clinically evaluated. Blood samples were obtained for the comet assay and biochemical examination at zero time and at the 8th week after treatment. Results revealed that DNA damage reduced in both GIII and GIV groups which received antioxidants. In the GI group, the activity of SOD and GPx and the level of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) markedly decreased. However, in both GIII and GIV groups treated with multinutrient antioxidants, GPx and TAC values significantly increased after treatment in comparison with the values of the same groups before treatment. After treatment with multinutrient antioxidants, α1-, β-, and γ-globulins levels markedly increased in GII and GIII groups while α2-globulin level decreased. The improvement in healing of clinical signs and general health conditions was clear in the GIV group. Finally, FMD infection in sheep was found to be associated with oxidative stress. The use of antioxidants as therapeutic approaches recovers and improves general health conditions and performance of affected animals.

Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) is an important pathogen, which infects horses worldwide with high morbidity but low mortality rates. The respiratory disorders and abortions are the most common indicators. Ab4p (an abortigenic and paralytic virus) is one of the most important and virulent strains. The development and functional characterization of the open reading frame-68 (ORF68) negative EHV-1 Ab4p mutants and an assessment of their roles in the infection at the cellular level were the main targets of the current study. Escherichia coli DH10β containing the Ab4p bacterial artificial chromosome (pAb4pBAC) and Red/ET expression vector were used to develop different ORF68 mutants. Multi-step growth kinetic experiments were conducted in order to evaluate the growth properties of the constructed mutant viruses. Growth of the Ab4pΔORF68 showed the lowest titer, compared to the Ab4pΔORF68R, Ab4pΔORF68R non-sense, and the parent Ab4p viruses without any significant difference (P > 0.05). The growth of the mutant viruses was almost similar across the cell types, but viruses growth was more efficient in FHK cells as judged by the number of the obtained virus particles. The plaque size of Ab4pΔORF68 was significantly (40%) smaller than those of Ab4p (P < 0.01), Ab4pΔORF68R, and Ab4pΔORF68R non-sense viruses which confirmed the importance of ORF68 protein in the cell-to-cell transmission of EHV-1. Subcellular localization of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) ORF68 gene fusion product showed late expression with intranuclear localization of the transfected cells while immunofluorescent antibody technique (IFAT) localized it at the nucleus and nuclear membranes of the infected cells. Hence, it could be concluded that ORF68 protein may not be essential for EHV-1 Ab4p growth but plays a crucial role in virus penetration and transmission at the cellular level. Therefore, the generated EHV-1 ORF68 negative mutant could be a prospective candidate for the development of a vaccine marker., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The highly infectious porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), which belongs to the coronaviruses (CoVs), causes diarrhea and high mortality rates in piglets, resulting in severe economic losses in the pork industry worldwide. In this study, we used Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) to anchor the expression of TGEV antigen (S) to dendritic cells (DCs) via dendritic cell-targeting peptides (DCpep). The results show that S antigen could be detected on the surface of L. plantarum by different detection methods. Furthermore, flow cytometry and ELISA techniques were used to measure the cellular, mucosal, and humoral immune responses of the different orally gavaged mouse groups. The obtained results demonstrated the significant effect of the constructed L. plantarum expressing S-DCpep fusion proteins in inducing high expression levels of B7 molecules on DCs, as well as high levels of IgG, secretory IgA, and IFN-γ and IL-4 cytokines compared with the other groups. Accordingly, surface expression of DC-targeted antigens successfully induced cellular, mucosal, and humoral immunity in mice and could be used as a vaccine.

The current study was carried out to assess in vitro and in vivo effects of Moringa oleifera seed methanolic extract on Fasciola hepatica to develop an alternative source of treatment. The in vitro ovicidal effect of M. oleifera seed extract on immature F. hepatica eggs has provided evidence of inhibitory activity on the vitality and hatchability of F. hepatica eggs. This inhibitory activity was concentration-dependent and also correlated strongly with the exposure time. In the in vivo trial, the oral administration of F. hepatica experimentally infected rabbits with doses of 150 mg/kg BW prepared extract per day for 3 consecutive days on the 63rd day post infection confirmed potent fasciolicide activity of the extract. A gradual decrease in fecal egg count (FEC) was detected from the 1st day post treatment until reaching 100% FEC reduction by the 7th day post treatment. No flukes could be found at post mortem examinations. Significant increments of serum total protein, globulin, the activities of ALT and AST, total cholesterol, triglycerides and urea were recorded during the period of infection, which were improved by treatment. Remarkable histopathological alterations were observed in the infected liver and gallbladder tissues which decreased clearly in the treated rabbits. This study proposes that the used extract has promising and potent fasciolicide activity., Competing Interests: Compliance with ethical standardsThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Aim: Bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs) are the main cause of bovine papillomatosis resulting in cutaneous and/or mucosal benign tumors that could be transformed to malignant ones with marked economic importance, especially in the dairy farms. Molecular, pathological, and immunohistochemical (IHC) diagnosis of bovine papillomatosis cases was conducted to identify and characterize the circulating BPV genotype in some Egyptian governorates., Materials and Methods: Wart-like lesions in skin, udder, and teats were collected from 123 infected cases in Giza, Beni Suef, and El Menoufia Governorates, Egypt, during 2016-2017. Pathological and IHC characterization, molecular identification, genotyping, and phylogenetic analysis based on the conserved late (L1) gene of the all samples were carried out., Results: 89 of the 123 collected samples (72.3%) were positively detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The sequence analysis of the obtained PCR amplicons was identical revealing identification and genotyping of only one type ( Deltapapillomavirus 4 isolate EGY 2017) with accession number (MG547343) which found to be closely related to the recently detected Deltapapillomavirus 4 isolate 04&#95;asi&#95;UK (accession no. MF384288.1) and isolate Deltapapillomavirus 4 isolate 25&#95;equ&#95;CH (accession no. MF384286.1) with 99% nucleotide sequence identity. Histopathological examination revealed severe hyperkeratosis in stratum corneum and acanthosis in most of the cases. These tissue changes were confirmed by the presence of golden brown stained proliferating cell nuclear antigen which was localized intranuclear and perinuclear in other cells using IHC Technique., Conclusion: It is the first time to detect and genotype the BPVs in these areas with no record of previous genotyping in the whole country. The obtained results will highlight the importance of this disease.