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This paper explores the influence of family business background on the entrepreneurial intention of university students and how it affects their career choice. Entrepreneurial education has limited success in promoting entrepreneurial activities among the educated youth prompting academicians to look at avenues to ameliorate it. Though family business background has been regarded as an influencing factor in recent empirical studies, it has received modest attention. Besides, conflicting views have emerged. This paper therefore reviews literature on the influence of family business in entrepreneurship and the implications it may have in planning effective future entrepreneurial activities. 34 original articles from Scopus, Google Scholar and Science Direct databases were reviewed. Findings revealed that family business plays a key role by enhancing the students' knowledge, skills, confidence, and attitude towards entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial education too was found to be more effective on students from a family business background. Policymakers and curriculum designers need to consider the family background of students to make optimum use of available resources and ensure greater entrepreneurial ventures in future. This paper also discusses on the gaps in existing knowledge and directions for future study.

Low likelihood for detection of HCV infection, transient viremia, and maternal HCV antibody before 10 months of age limits the value of early initiation of HCV testing in infants born to HCV infected mothers., Background. Perinatally acquired hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the main source of pediatric HCV infection. However, the best time for initiation of screening and follow up of these infants is still unknown. Analysis of the clinical data of infants born to HCV-infected mothers, transmission rates, and pathway of HCV testing could be important for optimization of their management. Methods. Children of mothers with chronic HCV infection, who were observed between 1998 and 2013 at the pediatric infectious disease clinic for the first 18 months of their life, were eligible for enrollment. We analyzed the factors influencing initiation of HCV testing in these children and rate of HCV transmission as demonstrated by consecutive HCV antibody and HCV ribonucleic acid (RNA) amplification testing. Results. One hundred and forty-two mother-infant pairs were enrolled. The majority of mothers were intravenous drug users, had carried to term, and delivered vaginally. A high proportion of infants had at least 1 positive anti-HCV antibody assay without viremia. True HCV infection and intermittent viremia were recorded in 3.5% and 1.4% of infants, respectively. Initiation of HCV testing after 10 months of age was associated with a significant decline in the probability of obtaining a positive HCV antibody of maternal origin. Conclusions. The low likelihood for detection and confirmation of true HCV transmission before 10 months of age could challenge the early initiation of HCV screening of infants exposed to maternal HCV infection but may affect the parental need for early monitoring and counseling.

Objectives. To measure the prevalence and titers of syncytium-inhibiting (SI) and neutralizing (Nt) antibodies to HIV-1 in mothers' blood close to the time of delivery and to correlate such findings with the infection status of their offspring. Methods. We analyzed serum specimens from a convenience sample of 22 HIV-infected mothers. The HIV-1 infection status of their children was determined. Forty-five percent of the women transmitted and 55% did not transmit infection to their offspring. Cord blood samples from offspring of the mothers were also studied. We measured maternal SI antibody titers against cells infected with HIV-1/SB, a strain isolated from a transmitting mother in New Haven, as well as cells infected with the more prevalent MN strain of HIV-1. We compared SI antibody titers to the SB strain in 11 matched maternal and cord blood samples. Nt antibody titers to HIV-1/SB were also measured in 20 maternal sera. Results. Using the SB and MN strains of HIV-1, we found no difference in the prevalence or titer of SI antibody in the sera of transmitting and nontransmitting mothers. Only 35% of samples were concordant for presence or absence of SI antibody to the two strains. Furthermore the presence or absence of SI antibody in cord blood did not correlate with virus transmission. Both the frequency and titer of Nt antibody to HIV-1/SB were higher in the sera of mothers who transmitted infection when compared to those who did not. Only one-half of maternal blood samples were concordant for either the presence or absence of SI and Nt antibodies. Conclusions. We could not demonstrate a correlation between the presence of two types of functional antibodies (i.e. SI and Nt) to HIV-1 in the sera of pregnant women and vertical transmission. Efforts to induce or to increase such antibodies in infected mothers by immunization with vaccines or hyperimmune globulins may not alter the risk of vertical transmission.

To determine factors affecting duration of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) in pediatric patients. This Retrospective cohort consisted of patients with CFS at the regional referral infectious disease clinic for evaluation of fatigue in children and adolescents. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were analyzed to identify the impact on duration and severity of pediatric CFS. A total number of 53 predominantly white (98.1%) patients with CFS, aged 9–18 years, were included in the study. Other than fatigue, headaches and sleep disturbance were the most common symptoms of pediatric CFS. Seropositive status for Borrelia burgdorferi (B. burgdorferi) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was identified in 66% of the patients with the diagnosis of CFS by CDC criteria. No association was found between the CFS symptoms, gender, or age at diagnosis and duration of fatigue symptoms. Duration of CFS was associated with high Body-Mass Index (BMI) in a regression model after adjustment for patient’s age, gender, and seropositive status for B. burgdorferi and/or EBV (0.34 ± 0.15, P