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A common indicator used to examine the frequency and distribution of antibiotic resistance against other enteric bacteria in humans and animals is the commensal enteric bacterium, Escherichia coli. The transmission of plasmids harboring ESBL enzymes, primarily generated by E. coli, is the cause of this resistance. The purpose of this study was to identify the CTX-M gene in ESBL-producing E. coli from broiler chicken cloacal swabs in traditional Surabaya markets. The samples used were 96 cloacal swabs from broiler chickens in the traditional markets of Dukuh Kupang, Keputran, Pacar Keling, and Pucang. The antibiotic disks used in this study belonged to five different antibiotic classes; they are aztreonam (monobactam), chloramphenicol (phenicol), kanamycin (aminoglycoside), ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolone), and tetracycline (tetracycline). Presumptive ESBL strains were then molecularly screened for the presence of CTX-M gene. Results revealed that out of the 96 chicken cloacal swab samples collected, 58 (60.42%) were positive for E. coli based on morphological culture, Gram staining, and biochemical tests. Additionally, 15 out of the 58 E. coli isolates recovered from broiler chicken cloacal swabs were multidrug-resistant (MDR) while 7 of E. coli isolates harbored CTX-M gene. Conclusively, this study has shown that broiler chickens sold in traditional Surabaya markets harbor MDR E. coli which possess CTX-M gene. Conditions in traditional markets with low levels of cleanliness and chickens placed close together can spread resistance genes with serious public health consequences. Therefore, it is imperative to observe good hygienic practices in Surabaya traditional markets in order to curtail the spread of MDR bacterial pathogens in the food chain.

The problem most often encountered in fish farming is disease which can cause a decrease in fish production levels. Parasites cause one of the infectious diseases found in fish farming. The presence of parasites can cause a decrease in the quality of the growth of fish production. The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of ectoparasites on Nile tilapia in Sidoarjo, Indonesia. Ninety-six samples from two ponds were examined under the microscope to find out the presence of ectoparasite that exists in the outside body part of the fish. Samples were collected from skin, fins, tail, and gills using native methods and observed under a microscope in the Division of Parasitology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. The results of this study showed 86 samples positively infected by ectoparasite and 10 showed negative. The ectoparasites found in this study were Trichodina sp., Chilodonella sp., Ichthyophthirius multifillis, Gyrodactylus sp., and Dactylogyrus sp. The highest prevalence is Trichodina sp. and Dactylogyrus sp. The number of fish infested by ectoparasite is 89.56%, this is classified in the usual category. The highest prevalence occurs in infestations of Trichodina sp. i.e.72.91% which were contained in the 70 samples. While the lowest prevalence was in Gyrodactylus sp. by 8.32% in 8 fish samples. Double infections from two different ponds were 70% within 33 samples which were included in the usual category.

The livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) strains are prevalent in the poultry farming environment and are a common component of the bacterial microbiota on the skin and mucous membranes of healthy animals. The origin and spread of LA-MRSA are attributed to the use of antibiotics in animals, and close contact between people and different animal species increases the risk of animal exposure to humans. The epidemiology of LA-MRSA in poultry significantly changed when ST398 and ST9 were found in food-producing animals. The significance of LA-MRSA and zoonotic risk associated with handling and processing foods of avian origin is highlighted by the LA-MRSA strain's ability to infect chickens. People who work with poultry are more prone to contract LA-MRSA than the general population. There is scientific consensus that individuals who have close contact with chickens can become colonized and subsequently infected with LA-MRSA; these individuals could include breeders, medical professionals, or personnel at chicken slaughterhouses. The prevention of LA-MRSA infections and diseases of poultry origin requires taking precautions against contamination across the entire chicken production chain. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(9.000): 2116-2128]

The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus (PRRSV) belonging to the Arteriviridae family is the cause of PRRS disease. After being discovered for the first time in the United States in 1987, this illness quickly expanded to Canada. The disease was initially discovered in late 1990 in Germany, from where it quickly spread throughout Europe. The consequences of PRRSV lead to a number of epidemiological issues, including a sickness with a delayed immune response that permits extended viremia, which facilitates viral transmission. The virus penetrates the nasal epithelium, tonsils, lung macrophages, and uterine endometrium through the oronasal and genital pathways. Abortions performed late in pregnancy and premature or delayed deliveries resulting in dead and mummified fetuses, stillborn pigs, and weakly born piglets are indicative of reproductive syndrome. In the meanwhile, dyspnea, fever, anorexia, and lethargic behavior are signs of respiratory syndrome. The virus can be isolated from the tissue or serum of animals that have been infected to confirm the diagnosis. Pig movements and potential airborne dissemination are two ways that the virus can enter new herds and propagate through nose-to-nose contact or aerosols. Various supportive therapies may enhance infant survival, and antibiotics may or may not lessen the impact of secondary bacterial infections. The absence of simple diagnostic tests, the virus's airborne transmission, the occurrence of subclinical infections, and the virus's persistence in infected populations have all contributed to the failure of control efforts for PRRS. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(9.000): 2138-2152]

Cellulase enzymes are widely used in the food, beverage, animal feed, textile, and paper industries. The high cost of producing enzymes and low enzyme activity provides opportunities for using chemicals, and efforts are needed to produce cellulase enzymes economically through media optimization. This research aims to find alternative media that make it possible to produce cellulase enzymes with high activity. This research created a control media (M0) using pro-analysis chemicals and CMC as a carbon source. Three types of cellulolytic bacterial growth media were also created, consisting of technical chemicals, rice straw as a substrate, and different protein sources. M1: alternative media using urea as a protein source; M2: alternative media using powdered milk as a protein source; and M3: alternative media using chicken liver as a protein source. A total of 1% of cellulolytic bacteria (Actinobacillus sp.) was grown in each media and then incubated at 40°C for 33 hours at a speed of 140 rpm, and the production curve and cellulase enzyme activity were measured at every 3-hour interval. The results showed that the highest cellulase enzyme production was achieved at 24 hours using alternative media with powdered milk (M2) as a protein source. The cellulase enzyme activity produced was 2.9612 µ/ml.

The purpose of this research was to determine the correlation between the weight of the ovary, the number of follicles, and the quality of the oocytes from the culling female bovine obtained from the slaughterhouse. The variation may affect the potential of the ovary to produce follicles. Paired ovaries were obtained from female bovines. Follicle numbers were recorded and divided into three size categories (small: 3 mm, medium: < 3 mm-8 mm, and large: > 8 mm). Oocytes were aspirated and the number of oocytes was recorded and graded into four categories (grades A, B, C, and D). There was a positive correlation between the weight of the ovary and the number of follicles, which is 0.560 with the regression equation y = 3.52 + 0.501 x. There was a positive correlation between the number of follicles and the number of oocytes, which is 0.546 with the regression equation y =2.48 + 1.204 x. There was a positive correlation between the number of oocytes and the grade of oocytes, which is 0.520, with the regression equation y = 0.93 + 0.800 x. There was no correlation between the weight of the ovary and oocyte grade A, which is 0.013.

Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) are β-lactamase enzymes produced by Gram-negative bacterial pathogens that harbor the ESBL genes. In addition, most ESBL genes are plasmid-mediated and usually encode a broader spectrum of antimicrobial resistance, especially to penicillins, first-generation, second-generation, and third-generation cephalosporins, as well as monobactam, such as aztreonam. Escherichia coli has become an opportunistic pathogen, especially in poultry, and has been implicated in zoonotic diseases that can be transmitted to humans, resulting in public health problems. Poultry can act as carriers of ESBL-producing E. coli (ESBL-EC) bacteria to humans through poultry meat that is contaminated by waste products, feces, and excretions. The ESBL gene CTX-M type was identified as the main cause of infection in humans and was detected in poultry as a cause of infection accompanied by clinical symptoms. Several studies have also shown a link between E. coli and ESBL gene transfer from birds to humans. Controlling the spread of ESBL-EC involves maintaining the cleanliness of poultry products, especially meat, and eliminating contaminant sources from poultry. Likewise, maintaining the environmental cleanliness of poultry slaughterhouses and poultry farms must be taken as a precautionary measure to curtail the increasing spread of ESBL-EC into the environment. This review aimed to explain the spread of ESBL-producing E. coli in poultry.

Campylobacteriosis is a foodborne illness that is contracted by eating contaminated food, particularly animal products like meat from diseased animals or corpses tainted with harmful germs. The epidemiology of campylobacteriosis varies significantly between low-, middle-, and high-income countries. Campylobacter has a complicated and poorly known survival strategy for getting past host barriers and causing sickness in humans. The adaptability of Campylobacter to unfavorable environments and the host's immune system seems to be one of the most crucial elements of intestinal colonization. A Campylobacter infection may result in fever, nausea, vomiting, and mild to severe bloody diarrhea in humans. Effective and rapid diagnosis of Campylobacter species infections in animal hosts is essential for both individual treatment and disease management at the farm level. According to the most recent meta-analysis research, the main risk factor for campylobacteriosis is travel, which is followed by eating undercooked chicken, being exposed to the environment, and coming into close contact with livestock. Campylobacter jejuni, and occasionally Campylobacter coli, are the primary causes of Campylobacter gastroenteritis, the most significant Campylobacter infection in humans for public health. The best antibiotic medications for eradicating and decreasing Campylobacter in feces are erythromycin, clarithromycin, or azithromycin. The best strategy to reduce the number of human infections caused by Campylobacter is to restrict the amount of contamination of the poultry flock and its products, even if the majority of infections are contracted through handling or ingestion of chicken. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(8.000): 1733-1750]

Salmonellosis, caused by Salmonella species, is one of the most common foodborne illnesses worldwide with an estimated 93.8 million cases and about 155,00 fatalities. In both industrialized and developing nations, Salmonellosis has been reported to be one of the most prevalent foodborne zoonoses and is linked with arrays of illness syndromes such as acute and chronic enteritis, and septicaemia. The two major and most common Salmonella species implicated in both warm-blooded and cold-blooded animals are Salmonella bongori and Salmonella enterica. To date, more than 2400 S. enterica serovars which affect both humans and animals have been identified. Salmonella is further classified into serotypes based on three primary antigenic determinants: somatic (O), flagella (H), and capsular (K). The capacity of nearly all Salmonella species to infect, multiply, and survive in human host cells with the aid of their pathogenic and virulence arsenals makes them deadly and important public health pathogens. Primarily, food-producing animals such as poultry, swine, cattle, and their products have been identified as important sources of salmonellosis. Additionally, raw fruits and vegetables are among other food types that have been linked to the spread of Salmonella spp. Based on the clinical manifestation of human salmonellosis, Salmonella strains can be categorized as either non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) and typhoidal Salmonella. The detection of aseptically collected Salmonella in necropsies, environmental samples, feedstuffs, rectal swabs, and food products serves as the basis for diagnosis. In developing nations, typhoid fever due to Salmonella Typhi typically results in the death of 5% to 30% of those affected. The World Health Organization (WHO) calculated that there are between 16 and 17 million typhoid cases worldwide each year, with scaring 600,000 deaths as a result. The contagiousness of a Salmonella outbreak depends on the bacterial strain, serovar, growth environment, and host susceptibility. Risk factors for Salmonella infection include a variety of foods; for example, contaminated chicken, beef and pork. Globally, there is a growing incidence and emergence of life-threatening clinical cases, especially due to multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella spp, including strains exhibiting resistance to important antimicrobials such as beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, and third generation cephalosporins. In extreme cases, especially in situations involving very difficult-to-treat strains, death usually results. The severity of the infections resulting from Salmonella pathogens is dependent on the serovar type, host susceptibility, the type of bacterial strains, and growth environment. This review therefore aims to detail the nomenclature, etiology, history, pathogenesis, reservoir, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, epidemiology, transmission, risk factors, antimicrobial resistance, public health importance, economic impact, treatment, and control of salmonellosis. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(6.000): 1313-1329]

The frequent zoonotic disease known as "bovine tuberculosis" is brought on by the Mycobacterium bovis bacteria, which can infect both people and animals. The aim of this review article is to provide an explanation of the etiology, history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, transmission, risk factors, public health importance, economic impact, treatment, and control of bovine tuberculosis. Primarily, bovine tuberculosis affects cattle, but other animals may also be affected. Bovine tuberculosis is present throughout the world, with the exception of Antarctica. Cattle that contract bovine tuberculosis might suffer from a persistent, crippling illness. In the early stages of the disease, there are no symptoms. The tuberculin test is the primary method for detecting bovine tuberculosis in cows. Depending on its localized site in the infected animal, M. bovis can be found in respiratory secretions, milk, urine, faeces, vaginal secretions, semen, feces, and exudates from lesions (such as lymph node drainage and some skin lesions). This illness generally lowers cattle productivity and could have a negative financial impact on the livestock business, particularly the dairy industry. The most effective first-line anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy consists of isoniazid, ethambutol, rifampin, and streptomycin. Second line drugs used against bovine tuberculosis include ethionamide, capreomycin, thioacetazone, and cycloserine. To successfully control and eradicate bovine tuberculosis, developed nations have implemented routine testing and culling of infected animals under national mandatory programs. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(6.000): 1330-1344]

Background: The Trichuris eggs are collected from naturally infected sheep. Natural antihelmintics such as herbal medicines are needed as an alternative, such as natural compounds from endemic plants. Aim: This present study aims to evaluate the ovicidal activity and cytotoxicity effects of ethanolic extract of Curcuma longa (EECL) and Camelia sinensis (EECS) as a biological anthelmintic against the egg of Trichuris sp. Methods: The Trichuris eggs are collected from naturally infected sheep. CMC-Na solution 1% was used as control. The treatments were 0.12% EECL; 0.24% EECL; 0.15% EECS; 0.30% EECS; combination of 0.12% EECL and 0.30% EECS; combination 0.24% EECL; and 0.15% EECS. Ovicidal activity testing by microscopic examination of eggs treated using different concentrations of EECL extract, EECS and a combination of them. They were exposed for various times (7, 14, 21 and 28 days) and incubated at room temperature. Results: The study shows that combination of Curcuma longa extract and tea extract exhibits good ovicidal anthelmintic activity against the Trichuris sp. in sheep. Cytotoxicity examination using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) 2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) test. Based on MTT data processed using regression analysis, the obtained LC50 from administration of EECL, EECS and a combination of both in a ratio of 1:1, 2:2, 1:2 and 2:1. The combination of EECL extract and EECS with the highest concentration produced cell viability of 28.46%, 17.25%, 56.01%, and 46.47%, respectively. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the most cytotoxic ingredient is found in the combination of EECL and EECS (2:2) at 17.25% and the safest is in the ratio (1:2) at 56.01%. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(6.000): 1467-1475]

One zoonotic infectious animal disease is brucellosis. The bacteria that cause brucellosis belong to the genus Brucella. Numerous animal and human species are affected by Brucellosis, with an estimated 500,000 human cases recorded annually worldwide. The occurrence of new areas of infection and the resurgence of infection in already infected areas indicate how dynamically Brucellosis is distributed throughout different geographic regions. Bacteria originate from the blood and are found in the reticuloendothelial system, the liver, the spleen, and numerous other locations, including the joints, kidneys, heart, and genital tract. Diagnosis of this disease can be done by Bacterial Isolation, Molecular tests, Modified acid-fast Stain, Rose Bengal Test (RBT), Milk Ring Test (MRT), Complement Fixation Test (CFT), Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), and Serum Agglutination Test (SAT). The primary sign of a B. abortus infection is infertility, which can result in abortion and the birth of a frail fetus that may go on to infect other animals. In humans, the main symptoms are acute febrile illness, with or without localization signs, and chronic infection. Female cattle have a greater risk of contracting Brucella disease. Human populations at high risk of contracting brucellosis include those who care for cattle, veterinarians, slaughterhouse employees, and butchers. Antibiotic treatment of brucellosis is often unsuccessful due to the intracellular survival of Brucella and its adaptability in macrophages. A 'One Health' strategy is necessary to control illnesses like brucellosis. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(5.000): 1081-1097]

Background: Curry leaf (Murraya koenigii) is a frequently used medicinal plant. The M. koenigii plant is a type of spice in the Rutaceae family. Curry leaf ethanol extract contains flavonoid compounds. Quercetin is a flavonol compound, a flavonoid derivative that has a 3-hydroxyflavone skeleton. There is a need to analyze the quercetin level in curry leaves utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Methods: This research was conducted from August to October 2023. A total of 500 g of powdered curry leaves were placed in a maceration vessel. The liquid ethanol extract was mixed with the first re-maceration filtration product. Qualitative analysis was performed by comparing the retention time of the sample solution chromatogram with the reference standard solution of quercetin under identical HPLC conditions. Results: The quantity of curry leave ethanol extract was 52.613 g. Analysis of the curry leaf extract samples revealed that sample 1 had a quercetin level of 0.080 mg/g, while sample 2 had a quercetin level of 0.079 mg/g. The final analysis of the curry leaf ethanol extract samples showed an average quercetin level of 0.03%. Conclusion: These results indicate that the curry leave ethanol extract contains flavonoid compounds, especially quercetin.

Background: Bacterial identification can be done using various testing techniques. Molecular techniques are often used to research dangerous diseases, an approach using genetic information on the pathogenic agent. The enterohemorrhagic invasive species Escherichia coli 0157:H7 was identified from the feces of working horses on the island of Sumbawa. Another advance in molecular technology is genome amplification with qPCR which is the gold standard for detecting E. coli. Aim: This study aims to detect and identify the invasive species Escherichia coli 0157:H7 using the gene encoding chuA with the qPCR method sourced from horse feces. Methods: Fresh fecal samples from horses on Sumbawa Island were isolated and identified, then continued with molecular examination using the gene encoding chuA using the qPCR method. Results: qPCR testing in this study showed that 6 sample isolates that were positive for Escherichia coli 0157:H7 were detected for the presence of the chuA gene, which is a gene coding for an invasive species of E. coli bacteria. The highest to lowest Cq values and Tm from the qPCR results of the sample isolates were 15.98 (4KJ), 14.90 (19KG), 14.6 (3KJ), 13.77 (20KG), 12.56 (5KGB), 12.20 (6KJ). Tm values are 86.7 (4KJ), 86.69 (3KJ), 86.56 (5KGB), 85.88 (20KGB), 85.81 (19KG), 85.74 (6KJ). Conclusion: Validation, standardization of the development, and modification of qPCR technology must be carried out to harmonize testing throughout to avoid wrong interpretation of the test results so that the determination of actions to eradicate and control diseases originating from animals in the field does not occur. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(4.000): 1051-1058]

Escherichia coli is a typical flora of an animals' digestive tract. Based on these details, this study was done on the detection and identification of multidrug-resistant E. coli in cattle in Surabaya abattoirs. Each cattle rectum swab sample was streaked into EMB agar media and followed by Gram staining. The IMViC test was used to confirm the presence of E. coli. Based on morphological culture features, Gram staining, and biochemical testing, the sample examination results revealed that 41 samples (41%) of the 100 cattle rectal swab samples that were isolated were confirmed to be positive for E. coli. The profile of antibiotic resistance from the results of the E. coli resistance test to antibiotics showed that out of a total of 41 isolates of E. coli, 12 isolates (29.27%) were detected as resistant to 1 class of antibiotics tested, while 2 isolates (4.88%) were resistant to 2 classes of antibiotics, and 3 isolates (7.32%) were confirmed to be multidrug resistance (MDR).

Background: The problem, poultry is one of the most prominent sources of Campylobacter jejuni, which is also a major means of transmission to people. Campylobacter jejuni contamination in chicken meat comes from chicken faeces because it naturally exists in the intestine of chickens. Aim: The purpose of this study is to identify the antibiotic resistance genes and patterns of Campylobacter jejuni, which was found in hens in Pasuruan, Indonesia. Methods: The samples used in this study were 200 contents of the small intestine of broiler chickens from 40 farms in Pasuruan Regency. Enriched sample was streaked on the selective media of modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate (mCCDA) containing the CCDA selective supplement. Antimicrobial susceptibility test utilizing the Kirby-Bauer Diffusion Test method in accordance with Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) standards. The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method was used to detect the hipO, gyrA, blaOXA-61, and tetO genes, hipO is a gene encoding Campylobacter jejuni strain, while gyrA is a gene encoding fluoroquinolone resistance, blaOXA-61 encodes beta-lactam resistance, tetO encodes beta-lactam resistance. Results: The findings revealed a 14% (28/200) prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni. This isolates showed high resistance to enrofloxacin (92.9%). All isolates (100%) were susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanate. PCR results showed that all Campylobacter jejuni isolates (100%) detected the gyrA gene, 96.7% detected the blaOXA-61 gene, and 50% detected the tetO gene. Conclusion: The findings of antimicrobial resistance resistance in high level from the small intestine of broiler chickens illustrates the potential threat to human health. To lessen the effects now and in the future, coordinated and suitable action is needed, as well as steps to guarantee the poultry industry's economic survival and public health insurance. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(3.000): 759-768]

Background: The discovery of antibiotic-resistant Enterobacteriaceae bacteria in wild animals is an indication of their potential for wildlife as a reservoir. Bats are natural reservoir hosts and a source of infection for several microorganisms and have the potential to become vectors for the spread of zoonotic diseases. Aim: A study was conducted based on these characteristics to identify and detect the blaTEM gene in Eschericia coli isolated from bat excrements in Tanjung Ringgit Cave, East Lombok. Methods: Bat faecal samples were firstly inoculated onto EMB agar media. Recovered bacterial isolates were further characterized using standard microbiological techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. blaTEM gene detection was carried out using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Out of the 150 bat fecal samples obtained from Tanjung Ringgit cave, Lombok Island, Indonesia, 56 (37 %) were positive for E. coli. Eight (8) out of the 56 E. coli isolates that underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the disc diffusion method were confirmed to be multidrug-resistant as they exhibited resistance to at least three different classes of antibiotics. Out of the eight (8) MDR E. coli isolates recovered from fecal samples of bats, 2 (two) harbored the blaTEM gene. Conclusion: The discovery of the blaTEM gene in bat fecal samples indicates the potential for wild animals, especially bats, to spread ESBL resistance genes to the environment and to humans. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(2.000): 699-706]

Background and Aim: Probiotics can be used as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters because antibiotics are prohibited worldwide. This study investigated the potential combination of probiotics and acidifiers to improve feed intake, productive performance, egg mass, and egg yolk chemical composition of late-laying quail for the health of humans who consume quail products. Materials and Methods: One hundred laying quails were divided into 4 × 5 treatments, with each group consisting of five replications. The adaptation period was 2 weeks, and the treatment was continued for 4 weeks. Probiotics and acidifiers were added to drinking water and incorporated into the diet. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. Treatment duration (1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, and 4 weeks) and additional feed treatment (control, probiotic 2% + 0.5% acidifier, probiotic 2% + 1% acidifier, probiotic 4% + 0.5% acidifier, and probiotic 4% + 1% acidifier, respectively). Results: Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in feed intake, quail day production, feed efficiency, egg mass in laying quails, and the chemical composition of egg yolk with probiotics and acidifiers in late-laying quails. Conclusion: The combination of probiotics and acidifiers can improve feed intake, production performance, egg mass, and egg yolk chemical composition in late-laying quails.

Anthrax is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis. According to current knowledge, the disease originates in sub-Saharan Africa, especially Egypt and Mesopotamia. Laboratory tests involving direct staining or culture of samples taken from malignant pustules, sputum, blood, or patient discharge must be performed to establish a diagnosis. B. anthracis infection can enter the body through the skin, mouth, or nose. Human infection is usually caused by contact with infected animals or animal products. Anthrax causes a reduction in resource efficiency and decreases livestock productivity. B. anthracis spores are resistant to extreme temperatures, pressure, pH, drying, solvents, and ultraviolet light. The biological weapon of this disease may be fatal if it is designed to spread B. anthracis spores by aerosols. In the past, the treatment of human anthrax with penicillin at a high dose was the preferred method. The public can take several measures to prevent anthrax infection, such as purchasing and consuming meat that has been legally certified to have been slaughtered in a slaughterhouse, consuming healthy and properly cooked animal meat, and washing hands with antiseptic soap after handling, processing, and cooking animal products. This review aimed to describe the etiology, pathogenesis, mechanism of infection, epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical symptoms, transmission, risk factors, public health importance, economic impact, potential as a bio-warfare agent, treatment, and control of anthrax.

Background and Aim: There are numerous reports of subclinical mastitis cases in Blitar, which is consistent with the region’s high milk production and dairy cattle population. Staphylococcus aureus, which is often the cause of mastitis cases, is widely known because of its multidrug-resistant properties and resistance to β-lactam antibiotic class, especially the methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains. This study aimed to molecular detection and sequence analysis of the mecA gene in milk and farmer’s hand swabs to show that dairy cattle are reservoirs of MRSA strains. Materials and Methods: A total of 113 milk samples and 39 farmers’ hand swab samples were collected from a dairy farm for the isolation of S. aureus using Mannitol salt agar. The recovered isolates were further characterized using standard microbiological techniques. Isolates confirmed as S. aureus were tested for sensitivity to antibiotics. Oxacillin Resistance Screening Agar Base testing was used to confirm the presence of MRSA, whereas the mecA gene was detected by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Results: : A total of 101 samples were confirmed to be S. aureus. There were 2 S. aureus isolates that were multidrug-resistant and 14 S. aureus isolates that were MRSA. The mecA gene was detected in 4/14 (28.6%) phenotypically identified MRSA isolates. Kinship analysis showed identical results between mecA from milk and farmers’ hand swabs. No visible nucleotide variation was observed in the two mecA sequences of isolates from Blitar, East Java. Conclusion: The spread of MRSA is a serious problem because the risk of zoonotic transmission can occur not only to people who are close to livestock in the workplace, such as dairy farm workers but also to the wider community through the food chain.

Burns not only damage skin locally but generally affect the body system and have been related as the secondary cause of death. Burns can be effectively treated with a topical drug to prevent chronic inflammation. Burn wound healing is really important for ensuring overall health and well-being. This study aimed to determine the effect of Sauropus androgynous leaves extract gel on the number of fibroblasts, fibrocytes, and collagen density on burn wound healing in albino rats. A total of 50 male albino rats were randomly divided into five groups i.e. (C-) was normal skin, (C+) was skin burn treated with placebo, (T1) was skin burn treated with 2.5% of S. androgynous leaves extract gel, (T2) was skin burn treated with 5% of S. androgynous leaves extract gel, and (T3) was skin burn treated with 10% of S. androgynous leaves extract the gel. The amount of 25 albino rats’ skin samples were collected on the 8th day, and the remaining samples were collected on the 15th day. The results showed that 10% of S. androgynous leaves extract gel improved faster, as indicated by the increased number of fibroblasts, fibrocytes, and collagen density. This study can be concluded that 10% of S. androgynous leaves extract gel was the effective dosage to increase the number of fibroblasts, fibrocytes, and collagen density in burn wound healing.

This study aimed to determine sperm abnormality and MDA level in Muscovy duck semen in different dilution and storage at 27oC. This study was used in the level of dilution of glutinous semen with a long time store differently at 27oC. In this study, the parameters of the mass motility of spermatozoa were used individual motility, spermatozoa abnormalities, and activity test. A Muscovy duck, healthy and have a high libido were used then divided into treatment groups i.e. (A0) 0; (A1) 5 times; (A2) 10 times; and (A3) 15 times, the second factor as a subplot was the storage time (BO) 0; (B1) 60 minutes; (B2) 120 minutes; and (B3) 180 minutes stored at 27oC with 3 replications. In results, this study was reported abnormalities at a dilution rate in A1 group of 5 times with a shelf life in B1 group of 60 minutes and in B2 group of 120 minutes.

Providing sufficient and high-quality eggs plays an essential role in accommodating food safety and food security for consumers. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Phyllanthus niruri and Andrographis paniculata extracts on egg yolk index and haugh units (HU) value in laying hens with Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli. This type of study was experimental using a complete randomized design with 100 experimental units of five treatments (P-) placebo, (P+) infected with Avian Pathogenic E. coli without P. niruri and A. paniculata extract, then groups of chickens infected with Avian Pathogenic E. coli and administration of (P1) 10% of P. niruri and 30% of A. paniculata, (P2) 20% of P. niruri and 20% of A. paniculata, (P3) 30% of P. niruri and 10% of A. paniculata then egg yolk index and HU value were evaluated. The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Duncan’s test. The results showed a significant difference between the treatment groups based on the egg yolk index and the HU value. It can be concluded that P2 can be recommended for laying hens with avian pathogenic E. coli.

An infectious disease known as rabies (family Rhabdoviridae, genus Lyssavirus) causes severe damage to mammals' central nervous systems (CNS). This illness has been around for a very long time. The majority of human cases of rabies take place in underdeveloped regions of Africa and Asia. Following viral transmission, the Rhabdovirus enters the peripheral nervous system and proceeds to the CNS, where it targets the encephalon and produces encephalomyelitis. Postbite prophylaxis requires laboratory confirmation of rabies in both people and animals. All warm-blooded animals can transmit the Lyssavirus infection, while the virus can also develop in the cells of cold-blooded animals. In the 21st century, more than 3 billion people are in danger of contracting the rabies virus in more than 100 different nations, resulting in an annual death toll of 50,000–59,000. There are three important elements in handling rabies disease in post exposure prophylaxis (PEP), namely wound care, administration of anti-rabies serum, and anti-rabies vaccine. Social costs include death, lost productivity as a result of early death, illness as a result of vaccination side effects, and the psychological toll that exposure to these deadly diseases has on people. Humans are most frequently exposed to canine rabies, especially youngsters and the poor, and there are few resources available to treat or prevent exposure, making prevention of human rabies challenging. [Open Vet J 2023; 13(11.000): 1385-1399]

Background and Aim: Escherichia coli causes a bacterial illness that frequently affects cats. Diseases caused by E. coli are treated using antibiotics. Because of their proximity to humans, cats possess an extremely high risk of contracting antibiotic resistance genes when their owners touch cat feces containing E. coli that harbor resistance genes. This study was conducted to identify multidrug-resistant E. coli and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing genes from cat rectal swabs collected at Surabaya City Veterinary Hospital to determine antibiotic sensitivity. Materials and Methods: Samples of cat rectal swabs were cultured in Brilliant Green Bile Lactose Broth medium and then streaked on eosin methylene blue agar medium for bacterial isolation, whereas Gram-staining and IMViC tests were conducted to confirm the identification results. The Kirby–Bauer diffusion test was used to determine antibiotic sensitivity, and the double-disk synergy test was used to determine ESBL-producing bacteria. Molecular detection of the genes TEM and CTX-M was performed using a polymerase chain reaction. Results: Based on morphological culture, Gram-staining, and biochemical testing, the results of sample inspection showed that of the 100 cat rectal swab samples isolated, 71 (71%) were positive for E. coli. Furthermore, 23 E. coli isolates (32.39%) demonstrated the highest resistance to ampicillin. Four isolates were confirmed to be multidurg-resistant and ESBL-producing strains. Molecular examination revealed that three E. coli isolates harbored TEM and CTX-M. Conclusion: In conclusion, pet owners must be educated on the use of antibiotics to improve their knowledge about the risks of antibiotic resistance.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a strain of pathogenic bacteria that is a major problem in the world's health. Due to their frequent interaction with humans, pets are one of the main risk factors for the spread of MRSA. The possibility for zoonotic transmission exists since frequently kept dogs and cats are prone to contract MRSA and act as reservoirs for spreading MRSA. The mouth, nose, and perineum are the primary locations of MRSA colonization, according to the findings of MRSA identification tests conducted on pets. The types of MRSA clones identified in cats and dogs correlated with MRSA clones infecting humans living in the same geographic area. A significant risk factor for the colonization or transmission of MRSA is human-pet contact. An essential step in preventing the spread of MRSA from humans to animals and from animals to humans is to keep hands, clothing, and floor surfaces clean. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10(1.000): 1-13]

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a S. aureus strain resistant to β-lactam antibiotics and is often associated with livestock, known as livestock-associated (LA)-MRSA. Using molecular typing with multi-locus sequence typing, MRSA clones have been classified in pigs, including clonal complex 398. Livestock-associated-methicillin-resistant S. aureus was first discovered in pigs in the Netherlands in 2005. Since then, it has been widely detected in pigs in other countries. Livestock-associated-methicillin-resistant S. aureus can be transmitted from pigs to pigs, pigs to humans (zoonosis), and humans to humans. This transmission is enabled by several risk factors involved in the pig trade, including the use of antibiotics and zinc, the size and type of the herd, and the pig pen management system. Although LA-MRSA has little impact on the pigs' health, it can be transmitted from pig to pig or from pig to human. This is a serious concern as people in direct contact with pigs are highly predisposed to acquiring LA-MRSA infection. The measures to control LA-MRSA spread in pig farms include conducting periodic LA-MRSA screening tests on pigs and avoiding certain antibiotics in pigs. This study aimed to review the emerging LA-MRSA strains in pig farms.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an opportunistic bacterium that can cause infection in animals and humans. Recently, MRSA from food-producing or farm animals has been identified as livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA). The spread of LA-MRSA is particularly found in pork and pork products because LA-MRSA has been widely known to infect pigs. The most common type of LA-MRSA identified in pork and pork products is the clonal complex LA-MRSA 398 (LA-MRSA CC398). The MRSA strains on the surface of pork carcasses can be spread during the handling and processing of pork and pork products through human hands, cutting tools, and any surface that comes into direct contact with pork. Food infection is the main risk of MRSA in pork and pork products consumed by humans. Antibiotics to treat food infection cases due to MRSA infection include vancomycin and tigecycline. The spread of MRSA in pork and pork products is preventable by appropriately cooking and cooling the pork and pork products at temperatures above 60°C and below 5°C, respectively. It is also necessary to take other preventive measures, such as having a clean meat processing area and disinfecting the equipment used for processing pork and pork products. This review aimed to explain epidemiology, transmission, risk factors, diagnosis, public health consequences, treatment of food poisoning, and preventing the spread of MRSA in pork and pork products.

The purpose of this study was to determine the serological study of Newcastle Disease that infects slaughtered ducks (Anas javanicus) at the East Surabaya Traditional Market. This study was conducted from December 2018 to January 2019. A total of 122 samples were collected from four traditional markets in East Surabaya. The Haemagglutination Inhibition (HI) test was used to determine a positive result with an antibody titer of 4 or more. Samples for the HI test were collected from duck serum that had been treated with chicken red blood cells. The results showed 13 (10.65%) of the 122 samples were positive for ND.

Health problems can be caused by consuming foods that have been processed in unsanitary conditions; hence, the study of the impact of contamination on food and its prevention has become critical. The disease caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae in food is increasing significantly every year across the world. The main factors that are essential for the virulence of K. pneumoniae are lipopolysaccharide and polysaccharide capsules. Furthermore, K. pneumoniae is capable of forming biofilms. Capsule polysaccharides, fimbriae types 1 and 3, are crucial virulence factors contributing to biofilm formation in K. pneumoniae. The food contamination by K. pneumoniae may not directly pose a public health risk; however, the presence of K. pneumoniae refers to unhygienic practices in food handling. This article aims to demonstrate that K. pneumoniae should be considered as a potential pathogen that spreads through the food chain and that necessary precautions should be taken in the future.

Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) was first discovered in horses in 1989. Since then, LA-MRSA has begun to be considered an important strain of pathogenic bacteria in horses, which can cause LA-MRSA infection and colonization in humans with public health impacts. The anterior nares are the primary site of LA-MRSA colonization in horses, although LA-MRSA colonization may also occur in the gastrointestinal tract in horses. LA-MRSA-infected horses typically exhibit clinical infection or may not exhibit clinical infection. There are two potential risks associated with LA-MRSA colonization in horses: The possibility of disease development in horses infected with LA-MRSA and the possibility of LA-MRSA transfer to humans and other horses. The diagnosis of LA-MRSA in horses can be made by conducting in vitro sensitivity testing for oxacillin and cefoxitin, and then followed by a molecular test using polymerase chain reaction. LA-MRSA transmission in animal hospitals and on farms is most likely due to contact with horses infected or colonized by LA-MRSA. The history of prior antibiotic administration, history of prior LA-MRSA colonization, and length of equine hospitalization were described as risk factors in cases of infection and colonization of LA-MRSA in horses. Nebulized antibiotics may be a viable alternative to use in horses, but nebulized antibiotics are only used in horses that are persistently colonized with LA-MRSA. Controlling the spread of LA-MRSA in horses can be done by regularly washing horses, eradicating vectors in horse stalls such as rats, and maintaining the cleanliness of the stable and animal hospital environment. Meanwhile, cleaning hands, using gloves, and donning protective clothes are ways that humans can prevent the transmission of LA-MRSA when handling horses. This review will explain the definition of LA-MRSA in general, LA-MRSA in horses, the epidemiology of LA-MRSA in horses, the diagnosis of LA-MRSA in horses, the transmission of LA-MRSA in horses, risk factors for spreading LA-MRSA in horses, public health impact, treatment of LA-MRSA infection in horses, and control of the spread of LA-MRSA in horses.

Kaempferia galanga included in the Zingiberaceae family is one of the potential medicinal plants with aromatic rhizome. In traditional medicine in Asian countries, this plant is widely used by local practitioners. This plant is widely cultivated in most Southeast Asian countries such as Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Ethyl-para-methoxycinnamate and ethyl-cinnamate are found as the main compounds in hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol extracts of K. galanga. This plant is traditionally used as an expectorant, stimulant, diuretic, carminative, and antipyretic remedy. In addition, K. galanga is used for treatment of diabetes, hypertension, cough, asthma, joint fractures, rheumatism, urticaria, vertigo, and intestinal injuries. Therefore, this study aimed to give a sneak peek view on galangal’s ethnobotany, toxicology, pharmacology, and phytochemistry.

This study aimed to determine the in vitro antibacterial activities of essential oil from cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum burmannii) on Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from raw milk. Essential oil from cinnamon bark obtained from the steam distillation method and essential oil was made in a series dilution with a concentration of 1%, 2%, 4%, and 8%. The antibacterial activities were tested using the disk diffusion method. Results showed from five isolates of MRSA, one isolate was sensitive of essential oil with a concentration 2% and all of the isolate was sensitive with a concentration 4% and 8%. The antibacterial activity showed by inhibition zones on MRSA. The results suggest that the activity of the essential oils of cinnamon bark has an antibacterial effect on MRSA and it is developed as phytopharmaca.

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is commonly found in dairy cows and is a source of contamination in milk. S. aureus that are resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics (especially cefoxitin) are referred to as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The spread of MRSA cannot be separated from sanitation management during milking; it can originate from milk collected from the udder or from the hands of farmers during the milking process. The purpose of this study was to examine the level of MRSA contamination in dairy cow's milk and farmer's hand. Methods: A total of 109 samples of dairy cow’s milk and 41 samples of farmer’s hand swabs were collected at a dairy farm in Probolinggo, East Java, Indonesia. Samples were cultured and purified using mannitol salt agar (MSA). The profile of S. aureus resistance was established by disk diffusion test using a disk of beta-lactam antibiotics, namely oxacillin and cefoxitin. Results: The S. aureus isolates that were resistant to oxacillin and cefoxitin antibiotics were then tested for oxacillin resistance screening agar base (ORSAB) as a confirmation test for MRSA identity. S. aureus isolates suspected to be MRSA were then tested genotypically by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method to detect the presence of the mecA gene. The results of the isolation and identification found 80 isolates (53.33%) of S. aureus. The results of the resistance test found that 42 isolates (15%) of S. aureus were resistant to oxacillin and 10 isolates (12.5%) were resistant to cefoxitin. The ORSAB test found as many as 20 isolates (47.62%) were positive for MRSA. In PCR testing to detect the presence of the mecA gene, three isolates (30%) were positive for the mecA gene. Conclusions: This study shows that several S. aureus isolates were MRSA and had the gene encoding mecA in dairy farms.

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is commonly found in dairy cows and is a source of contamination in milk. S. aureus that are resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics (especially cefoxitin) are referred to as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The spread of MRSA cannot be separated from sanitation management during milking; it can originate from milk collected from the udder or from the hands of farmers during the milking process. The purpose of this study was to examine the level of MRSA contamination in dairy cow's milk and farmer's hand. Methods: A total of 109 samples of dairy cow’s milk and 41 samples of farmer’s hand swabs were collected at a dairy farm in Probolinggo, East Java, Indonesia. Samples were cultured and purified using mannitol salt agar (MSA). The profile of S. aureus resistance was established by disk diffusion test using a disk of beta-lactam antibiotics, namely oxacillin and cefoxitin. Results: The S. aureus isolates that were resistant to oxacillin and cefoxitin antibiotics were then tested for oxacillin resistance screening agar base (ORSAB) as a confirmation test for MRSA identity. S. aureus isolates suspected to be MRSA were then tested genotypically by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method to detect the presence of the mecA gene. The results of the isolation and identification found 80 isolates (53.33%) of S. aureus. The results of the resistance test found that 42 isolates (15%) of S. aureus were resistant to oxacillin and 10 isolates (12.5%) were resistant to cefoxitin. The ORSAB test found as many as 20 isolates (47.62%) were positive for MRSA. In PCR testing to detect the presence of the mecA gene, three isolates (30%) were positive for the mecA gene. Conclusions: This study shows that several S. aureus isolates were MRSA and had the gene encoding mecA in dairy farms.

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is commonly found in dairy cows and is a source of contamination in milk. S. aureus that are resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics are referred to as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The spread of MRSA cannot be separated from sanitation management during milking; it can originate from milk collected from the udder or from the hands of farmers during the milking process. The purpose of this study was to examine the level of MRSA contamination in dairy cow's milk and farmer's hand swabs. Methods: A total of 109 samples of dairy cow’s milk and 41 samples of farmers’ hand swabs were collected at a dairy farm in Probolinggo, East Java, Indonesia. Samples were cultured and purified using mannitol salt agar (MSA). The profile of S. aureus resistance was established by disk diffusion test using a disk of beta-lactam antibiotics, namely oxacillin and cefoxitin. Results: The S. aureus isolates that were resistant to oxacillin and cefoxitin antibiotics were then tested for oxacillin resistance screening agar base (ORSAB) as a confirmation test for MRSA identity. S. aureus isolates suspected to be MRSA were then tested genotypically by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method to detect the presence of the mecA gene. The results of the isolation and identification found 80 isolates (53.33%) of S. aureus. The results of the resistance test found that 42 isolates (15%) of S. aureus were resistant to oxacillin and 10 isolates (12.5%) were resistant to cefoxitin. The ORSAB test found as many as 20 isolates (47.62%) were positive for MRSA. In PCR testing to detect the presence of the mecA gene, three isolates (30%) were positive for the mecA gene. Conclusions: This study shows that several S. aureus isolates were MRSA and had the gene encoding mecA in dairy farms.