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Prey fish species can respond to the presence of predators using a variety of antipredatory behaviors to reduce their risk of being consumed. As such behaviors may also imply fitness costs, the ability of prey to perceive and appropriately respond to the predation threat is crucial to determine the persistence of its populations. Little is known whether antipredatory behaviors adopted by prey fish species are predator-specific or a general strategy employed regardless of predator species. Here, we used two phylogenetically close piscivorous fish species (Hoplias sp. 2 and Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus) with similar morphology and foraging strategy (ambushing) to test whether prey (Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae and Astyanax lacustris) behavioral responses were related to predator species identity. We video recorded and evaluated prey refuge use, habitat segregation, shoal formation, and mobility in microcosms before and after the addition of each predator. We found that M. sanctaefilomenae responded to the addition of Hoplias sp. 2 by reducing its mobility and keeping as far as possible from the predator location in a vigilant state, while shoal formation was employed regardless of predator species. On the other hand, A. lacustris had a consistent response to the presence of predators with no adjustment for predator species. We conclude that antipredatory responses may vary according to predator characteristics not obviously related to their morphology and foraging behavior, such as predator activity level and habitat use.

This study aimed to know the daily variation of Astyanax lacustris (Lütken 1875) feeding in a lotic environment. Fish were caught with a net for three days every three hours in the summer to capture ten individuals per hour in a stretch of the Ijuí River, Middle Uruguay River, Brazil. The captured specimens had their stomachs removed and the content analyzed and separated into seven food categories with the aid of stereomicroscope. For the analysis of food items were used the frequency of occurrence methods, volumetric method and applied the Alimentary Index (IAi). Two hundred stomachs were analyzed, of which 95% had food content. The most abundant items were algae and autochthonous insects. Astyanax lacustris feeds throughout the day especially early in the morning (9 hours) and reduces its feeding at night (24 hours and 3 hours). It was also verified variation of AI of different food items throughout the day. It is concluded that A. lacustris feeds throughout the day, especially in the daytime and that throughout the 24 hours it varies its diet due to photoperiod and food availability. This study aimed to know the daily variation of Astyanax lacustris (Lütken 1875) feeding in a lotic environment. Fish were caught with a net for three days every three hours in the summer to capture ten individuals per hour in a stretch of the Ijuí River, Middle Uruguay River, Brazil. The captured specimens had their stomachs removed and the content analyzed and separated into seven food categories with the aid of stereomicroscope. For the analysis of food items were used the frequency of occurrence methods, volumetric method and applied the Alimentary Index (IAi). Two hundred stomachs were analyzed, of which 95% had food content. The most abundant items were algae and autochthonous insects. Astyanax lacustris feeds throughout the day especially early in the morning (9 hours) and reduces its feeding at night (24 hours and 3 hours). It was also verified variation of AI of different food items throughout the day. It is concluded that A. lacustris feeds throughout the day, especially in the daytime and that throughout the 24 hours it varies its diet due to photoperiod and food availability.

This study aimed to evaluate the harmful effects of metal accumulation on Astyanax lacustris and their biochemical response when exposed to the metals contained in the Doce River water, Brazil. The study was carried out in the Baixo Guandu region of the Doce River, Espirito Santo state. Samples were collected during the dry and wet seasons. Biochemical alterations were observed in the liver of A. lacustris, with apparent seasonal effects directly related to the high concentration of Al and Fe in this tissue. Despite this, the bioconcentration of metals in the organisms showed seasonal effects only in the gills, as they are the first organ in contact with the contaminated water. The data generated in this study provide an overview of the health of the ecosystem in this region, highlighting the harmful biochemical and metal concentration effects on the population of A. lacustris affected by the Fundao dam failure.

The trophic plasticity of most fish species of Astyanax Baird & Girard, 1854 in response to environmental changes and resource availability is high. This work evaluates the differences in the trophic characteristics of two congeneric species, Astyanaxtaeniatus (Jenyns, 1842) and Astyanaxlacustris (Lütken, 1875), in Rio das Velhas Basin, which is highly impacted by the discharge of sewage from the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte (MRBH). Eight sites were sampled and grouped into three regions: upper course (two sites upstream of the MRBH); middle course (three sites located in the middle portion of the Rio das Velhas, region with greater influence of the MRBH), and lower course (three sites downstream of the MRBH). Samples of fish and food resources were collected from all sites to obtain the isotopic composition of nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C), and the stomach contents of the two species was analized. The most common items in the stomach of A.lacustris and A.taeniatus, respectively, were from plants and insects, followed by algae/periphyton (especially at the low course of Rio das Velhas). In contrast, stable isotope analyses indicated that algae (in polluted sites) and periphyton (in least-disturbed sites) were best assimilated both species. Both analyses indicated that the trophic niches of the two species overlap more in more polluted sites relative to less polluted sites. Astyanaxtaeniatus and A.lacustris only presented different isotopic composition of carbon and nitrogen in the upper course of the Rio das Velhas, probably in response to the greater diversity of food items consumed by each species. In the other regions, the species presented similar isotopic signatures, with δ15N and δ13C notably enriched in the most polluted regions (middle and low course). Our results suggest that pollution acts by increasing trophic niche overlap of these species, altering the type of resources most assimilated, and promoting a greater enrichment of δ15N in fish and resources.

The objective of this study was to verify the direct and indirect correlation between morphometric measures, ratios, body weight and yield in two lambari species Astyanax lacustris and Astyanax fasciatus and whether the discriminant analysis is capable of separating and allocating the species. We used 102 lambari yellow tail and 60 lambari red tail. The fish were weighed and submitted to the evaluation of the morphometric measurements. The direct and indirect effects were evaluated by the method of track analysis, considering weight at slaughter, weight of body parts and body yields as dependent variables and measures and morphometric ratios as explanatory variables. Astyanax lacustris presented higher height and body width, carcass yield and trunk, while A. fasciatus presented higher head yield and viscera weight. The discriminant analysis was able to classify 79.5% of the two species. Track analysis demonstrated that the morphometric measurements can be used for estimation of body and body components’ weight in A. lacustris and A. fasciatus. However, regarding the corporal yield; the morphometric measures were insufficient to explain the yield variations of the species.

The herbicide Dormex®, a solution of hydrogen cyanamide, is a growth regulator capable of breaking the dormancy of fruit plants, and is commonly applied in agriculture. However, the biological effects of this product on non-target organisms are unknown. The present study investigated the biological response of Astyanax lacustris (Lütken, 1875) specimens exposed to Dormex® using a chromosome aberration test, the mitotic index, and the histological analysis of the gills. Forty specimens of Astyanax lacustris were obtained from a local breeding facility and divided into 10 groups (nine experimental and one control) with four fish in each aquarium (group). The control group was maintained for 24 hours in dechlorinated water while the experimental groups were allocated to one of nine different treatments, with three concentrations of Dormex®, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.5 mL L-1, and exposure for 24, 48 and 72 hours. The fish exposed to Dormex® presented chromosomal aberrations of a number of types, including chromosomal breaks, acentric fragments, decondensation, and gaps at the three Dormex® concentrations, at all exposure times. The mitotic index decreased significantly in comparison with the control group. The histological preparations of the gills revealed alterations such as hyperplasia, and lamellar fusion and edema, whereas in the control group the structure of the gills was preserved. The cytogenetic analysis revealed the genotoxic potential of the herbicide Dormex® and the morphological alterations of the gills demonstrated the sensitivity of the fish, which responded rapidly to the stressor. These findings reinforce the need for special care and restrictions on the use of these herbicides in agricultural areas located near aquatic environments. The herbicide Dormex®, a solution of hydrogen cyanamide, is a growth regulator capable of breaking the dormancy of fruit plants, and is commonly applied in agriculture. However, the biological effects of this product on non-target organisms are unknown. The present study investigated the biological response of Astyanax lacustris (Lütken, 1875) specimens exposed to Dormex® using a chromosome aberration test, the mitotic index, and the histological analysis of the gills. Forty specimens of Astyanax lacustris were obtained from a local breeding facility and divided into 10 groups (nine experimental and one control) with four fish in each aquarium (group). The control group was maintained for 24 hours in dechlorinated water while the experimental groups were allocated to one of nine different treatments, with three concentrations of Dormex®, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.5 mL L-1, and exposure for 24, 48 and 72 hours. The fish exposed to Dormex® presented chromosomal aberrations of a number of types, including chromosomal breaks, acentric fragments, decondensation, and gaps at the three Dormex® concentrations, at all exposure times. The mitotic index decreased significantly in comparison with the control group. The histological preparations of the gills revealed alterations such as hyperplasia, and lamellar fusion and edema, whereas in the control group the structure of the gills was preserved. The cytogenetic analysis revealed the genotoxic potential of the herbicide Dormex® and the morphological alterations of the gills demonstrated the sensitivity of the fish, which responded rapidly to the stressor. These findings reinforce the need for special care and restrictions on the use of these herbicides in agricultural areas located near aquatic environments.

espanolEl copepodo parasito Gauchergasilus euripedesi (Montu, 1980) Montu & Boxshall, 2002 fue descrito a partir de muestras y especimenes de plancton encontrados en cuatro especies de peces del area estuarina de la Laguna de Patos, estado de Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brasil. Posteriormente, se reporto una especie de pez diferente parasitada con G. euripedesi en la misma localidad. Especies de Astyanax Baird & Girard, 1854 (Astyanax henseli Melo & Buckup, 2006 y Astyanax lacustris (Lutken, 1875)) y Psalidodon Eigenmann, 1911 (Psalidodon eigenmanniorum (Cope, 1894) y Psalidodon aff. Fasciatus (Cuvier, 1819) were recolectados en dos ambientes (Isla Pintada, municipio de Porto Alegre y Laguna de Itapeva, municipio de Terra de Areia, RS) para investigar sus parasitos. Los copepodos encontrados en los arcos branquiales fueron contados, procesados, montados en portaobjetos permanentes y fotografiados con microscopia optica o procesados para su observacion en microscopia electronica de barrido. Especimenes de P. eigenmanniorum de la isla Pintada, A. lacustris y P. aff. fasciatus de la laguna de Itapeva, fueron parasitados por G. euripedesi, con prevalencias de 29,03% (A. lacustris), 10,34% (P. eigenmanniorum) y 9,68% (P. aff. fasciatus). Las medidas obtenidas para los especimenes de G. euripedesi fueron similares a las encontradas en la literatura, excepto por los sacos de huevos que fueron mas grandes en los especimenes examinados en el presente estudio. Ademas de ser el primer informe de G. euripedesi parasitando especies de peces (A. lacustris, P. eigenmanniorum y P. aff. Fasciatus), los resultados presentados aqui tambien amplian la distribucion geografica conocida de las especies de copepodos. EnglishThe parasitic copepod Gauchergasilus euripedesi (Montu, 1980) Montu & Boxshall, 2002 was described from plankton samples and specimens found in four fish species from the estuarine area of Patos Lagoon, state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. Later, one different fish species was reported parasitized with G. euripedesi in the same locality. Species of Astyanax Baird & Girard, 1854 (Astyanax henseli Melo & Buckup, 2006 and Astyanax lacustris (Lutken, 1875)) and Psalidodon Eigenmann, 1911 (Psalidodon eigenmanniorum (Cope, 1894) and Psalidodon aff. fasciatus (Cuvier, 1819)) were collected in two environments (Pintada Island, municipality of Porto Alegre and Itapeva Lagoon, municipality of Terra de Areia, RS) to investigate their parasites. The copepods found in the gill arches were counted, processed, mounted in permanent slides, and photographed using light microscopy, or processed for observation in scanning electron microscopy. Specimens of P. eigenmanniorum from Pintada Island, A. lacustris and P. aff. fasciatus from Itapeva Lagoon, were parasitized by G. euripedesi, with prevalences of 29.03% (A. lacustris), 10.34% (P. eigenmanniorum), and 9.68% (P. aff. fasciatus). Measurements obtained for specimens of G. euripedesi were similar to those found in the literature, except for egg sacs which were larger in the specimens examined in the present study. In addition to being the first report of G. euripedesi parasitizing species of fish (A. lacustris, P. eigenmanniorum, and P. aff. fasciatus), the results presented here also extend the known geographic distribution of the copepod species.

The aim of this study was to analyze genotoxic effects in Astyanax lacustris and to test whether there are differences in the frequency of micronuclei in relation to sex, mass and length of individuals. The samples were carried out in the Tarumã Microbasin (Upper Paraná River, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil). In this study, we described this species presented the same relative frequency of micronuclei for both sexes, and for individuals of different masses and lengths. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los efectos genotóxicos en Astyanax lacustris y probar si existen diferencias en la frecuencia de micronúcleos en relación con el sexo, la masa y la longitud de los individuos. Las muestras se llevaron a cabo en la microcuenca Tarumã (río Alto Paraná, estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil). En este estudio, encontramos que la especie presentaba la misma frecuencia relativa de micronúcleos para ambos sexos y para individuos de diferentes masas y longitudes. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os efeitos genotóxicos em Astyanax lacustris e testar a existência de diferenças na frequência de micronúcleos em relação ao sexo, massa e comprimento dos indivíduos. As amostras foram coletadas na Microbacia de Tarumã (Alto Rio Paraná, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil). Neste estudo, relatamos que essa espécie apresentou a mesma frequência relativa de micronúcleos para ambos os sexos e para indivíduos de diferentes massas e comprimentos.

Submitted by Marilene Donadel (marilene.donadel@unioeste.br) on 2020-10-19T17:27:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo_Sanches_2020.pdf: 336995 bytes, checksum: 0098cfd512addf9d856d6d40eaf80d5b (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-10-19T17:27:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo_Sanches_2020.pdf: 336995 bytes, checksum: 0098cfd512addf9d856d6d40eaf80d5b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-03-06 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES Utilization of fishery resources through recreational fishing is growing in numbers of practitioners in developing countries such as Brazil. Thus, the management of this activity deserve attention, because its improper management can lead to negative impacts over the fish populations exploited. An alternative that has been applied in many countries is the use of catch-and-release (CR) as a tool for conservation of game fish stocks. The effectiveness of the CR and its use as a management action is based on the assumption that the released fish will survive, have its welfare guaranteed and contribute reproductively to the exploited populations. In this context, assessments of physiological disturbances, as well as determining the effects of CR on the reproduction, are the most common to examine the welfare and condition of fish. Thus, they were tested experimentally the hypotheses (i) that the continuous CR is not a stressor that affects the welfare and behavior of the exploited populations and (ii) that the CR does not have a negative influence on the reproduction of Neotropical fish. For this purpose, an experiment was carried out with populations groups of Astyanax lacustris isolated in ponds, constituting 4 groups submitted to fishery management of CR and 4 ponds of control (C), without any fishing activity. Were assessed mortality, catch rate, immediate predation response to bait, stress indicators cortisol and glucose, condition factor, gonadosomatic index, gonadal development stages and occurrence of spawning. Except for the catch rate and behavior of immediate predation of baits, which decreased over time, there were no significant differences in the tested variables between the CR and C fish. Despite the observed behavioral changes, the CR did not prove to be a stimulus capable causing stress and negative effects on the reproductive aspects over the A. lacustris population. It is assumed that the fish populations are able to recognize baits as threats and after experiencing CR, they begin to avoid them. This way, we consider that CR can be conducted over Neotropical fish populations without damages related to physiological stress and reproduction. Thus, the CR activity has potential to be applied in management programs which aim the sustainable use of the fishery resources. A utilização dos recursos pesqueiros através da pesca esportiva cresce em número de praticantes em países em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil. Assim, o manejo dessa atividade merece atenção, pois sua gestão inadequada pode gerar impactos negativos sobre as populações de peixes exploradas. Uma alternativa que tem sido aplicada em vários países é a utilização do pesque e solte (PS) como ferramenta para conservação de estoques de peixes esportivos. A eficácia do PS e da sua utilização como uma ação de manejo está baseada no pressuposto de que o peixe liberado irá sobreviver, ter seu bem-estar garantido e contribuir reprodutivamente para sua população. Nesse contexto, as avaliações de distúrbios fisiológicos, bem como a determinação dos efeitos do PS sobre a reprodução, são as mais usuais para examinar o bem-estar e condição dos peixes. Assim, foram testadas experimentalmente as hipóteses (i) de que o PS contínuo não é um estressor que afeta o bem-estar e comportamento das populações exploradas e (ii) que o PS não exerce influência negativa sobre a reprodução de peixes Neotropicais. Para tanto, foi realizado um experimento com grupos populacionais de Astyanax lacustris isolados em tanques escavados, constituindo 4 grupos submetidos ao manejo pesqueiro de PS e 4 tanques de controle (C), sem nenhuma atividade de pesca. Foram avaliadas a mortalidade; a taxa de captura; a resposta imediata de predação da isca; os indicadores de estresse cortisol e glicose; o fator de condição; o índice gonadossomático; os estágios de desenvolvimento gonadal; e a ocorrência de desova. A taxa de captura e o comportamento de predação imediata das iscas diminuíram ao longo do tempo. Nas demais variáveis não ocorreram diferenças entre os peixes de PS e C. Apesar da mudança de comportamento observada, o PS não se demonstrou um estímulo capaz de causar estresse e efeitos negativos sobre os aspectos reprodutivos das populações de A. lacustris. Supõe-se que os peixes, após experimentarem a captura e liberação, conseguem reconhecer as iscas como ameaças e passam a evitá-las. Desse modo, consideramos que o PS pode ser conduzido sobre populações de peixes Neotropicais sem que haja prejuízos relacionados ao estresse fisiológico e reprodução. Assim, a atividade de PS tem potencial para ser conduzida em programas de manejo que objetivem a utilização sustentável dos recursos pesqueiros.

Abstract Aim The aim was to analyze the incidence of microplastics in the diet of fish in the middle Uruguay River. Methods The present work analyzed the gastrointestinal content of two species: Astyanax lacustris and Iheringichthys labrosus. Results This study provides the first evidence of synthetic materials, such as fibres and plastics in the gastrointestinal tract of fish species in the Middle Uruguay River basin. A sample of sixty-one A. lacustris and twenty-nine I. labrosus were examined to highlight the ingestion of microplastics in the middle section of the Uruguay River in Brazil. In the A. lacustris, eleven fibres and two fragments were found in their gastrointestinal contents, corresponding to 18.1% of the specimens, while in the I. labrosus, twelve fibres and one fragment were found, corresponding to 34.5% of the specimens analyzed. Blue staining was also prevalent in the occurrence of microplastics. Conclusions These data are the first record of microplastics in this zone and represent a baseline for this contamination for future studies.

Length–weight relationships (LWRs) were determined for four fish species from two drainage areas, those of the Itapemirim and Jucu River, in the state of Espirito Santo, southeastern Brazil. Fishes were collected between May 2015 and November 2016, with gill nets, casting net, dip net, and sieve. Herein are presented LWRs for Astyanax lacustris, Astyanax taeniatus, Hyphessobrycon bifasciatus and Oligosarcus acutirostris.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar comparativamente as principais caracterí­­sticas morfológicas e histomorfométricas de ovários e testí­­culos de Astyanax lacustris (Lütken, 1875) e Psellogrammus kennedyi (Eigenmann, 1903). Os peixes foram obtidos entre abril de 2014 e março de 2015, no Reservatório Monte Alegre (Salgueiro, Pernambuco). No total, 240 indiví­­duos foram observados macroscopicamente e, destes, 126 gônadas foram analisadas histologicamente. Durante o perí­­odo estudado, A. lacustris apresentou quatro diferentes estádios gonadais e P. kennedyi apresentou três. Para ambas as espécies, todos os meses foram detectados macroscopicamente, ovócitos vitelogênicos e, microscopicamente, ovócitos pré-vitelogênicos. O dií­¢metro dos ovócitos vitelogênicos foi maior (471,68 µm±160,55; p

Ontogenetic development of the tetra Astyanax lacustris was studied under laboratory conditions. Larvae obtained by induced reproduction were maintained individually in tissue-culture plates, at 25°C. Daily observations and morphometric measurements were performed. Larvae hatched with a total length (TL) of 3.02 ± 0.34 mm (average ± standard deviation) without pigmentation and 0.06 ± 0.02 mm³ of yolk reserves. The yolk-sac larval period lasted 26 h post-hatching (hph). During this period, eye pigmentation started, the digestive tract emerged, the anus opened, and the animals began to show steady movements. Inflation of the swimming bladder initiates the preflexion stage, which extended until 230 hph. During this stage, the transition from endogenous to exogenous feeding was observed, with the yolk reserve being completely absorbed after 74 hph (TL: 4.17 ± 0.36 mm). Up to 86 hph it was possible to observe the first food ingested within the digestive tract. This period was followed by the flexion stage, with the folding of the notochord tip and development of the caudal fin (11-13 days post-hatching). Finally, during the last larval developmental stage (postflexion), the segmentation of the fin rays was completed, and the emergence of scales was observed (TL: 5.97 ± 0.65 mm). The larval ontogenetic development of A. lacustris was completed after 22 post-hatching days (dph). RESUMO O desenvolvimento ontogenético do lambari Astyanax lacustris (Pisces, Characidae) foi estudado em condições ambientais controladas. Larvas obtidas através de reprodução induzida, foram mantidas individualmente em placas de cultivo celular, a 25°C. Diariamente foram realizadas observações e medições morfométricas. As larvas eclodiram com 3,02 ± 0,34 mm (média ± desvio padrão) de comprimento total (CT); sem pigmentação e com 0,06 ± 0,02 mm³ de reserva vitelínica. O período larval vitelino estendeu-se durante as primeiras 26 horas pós-eclosão (hpe) e durante este período teve início o processo de pigmentação dos olhos, o surgimento do tubo digestório, abertura anal e os animais passaram a apresentar movimentação constante. Com o inflamento da bexiga natatória tem início o estágio de pré-flexão, que se estendeu por até 230 hpe. Durante este estágio, foi observada a transição entre a alimentação endógena e a exógena, sendo a reserva vitelínica totalmente absorvida após 74 hpe (com os animais atingindo 4,17 ± 0,36 mm de CT) e em até 86 hpe foi possível observar a primeira alimentação no trato digestório. Após esse período, teve início o estágio de flexão da parte final da notocorda e da estruturação da nadadeira caudal (11 e 13 dias após a eclosão). Por fim, no último estágio de desenvolvimento larval (pós-flexão), foi observada a segmentação completa dos raios das nadadeiras e o início do aparecimento das escamas (CT: 5,97 ± 0,65 mm). O desenvolvimento ontogenético larval de A. lacustris foi concluído após 22 dias pós-eclosão (dpe).

Astyanax lacustris (Lütken, 1875) Fig. 7 Body deep; greatest depth contained 1.8 to 2.9 and caudal peduncle depth 6.6 to 10.1 times in SL; head length 3.0 to 4.4, predorsal distance 1.6 to 2.4 and caudal peduncle length 7.8 to 8.4 in SL; snout length 3.2 to 4.1, horizontal orbital diameter 2.3 to 4.7 and least interorbital width 1.9 to 3.3 in HL. Mouth terminal; inner row of premaxilla with 5 teeth, outer with 4 or 5, dentary with 8-16, and no maxillary teeth. Lateral line complete, with 33-41 pored scales; transverse series above lateral line with 6 to 8 scale rows and below with 4-8 scale rows. Dorsal fin with 12, pectoral fin with 12 or 13, pelvic fin with 8 or 9, anal fin with 22-34, and caudal fin with 19. Ground color silvery; one black rounded humeral blotch followed by another vertically elongated humeral blotch; silvery longitudinal band on flank (brown or grey in fixed specimens), from humeral blotch to median caudal-fin rays, larger on caudal peduncle, forming oval-shaped, horizontally elongated, blotch. Yellowish fins (Graça, Pavanelli, 2007). Maximum standard length. 129.2 mm (Graça, Pavanelli, 2007). Distribution. Río de la Plata basin, Laguna dos Patos and rio Tramandaí drainages, rio São Francisco (Lucena, Soares, 2016) and, according to Garutti, Langeani (2009), rio Tocantins-Araguaia basins. Remarks. Astyanax lacustris was identified as A. altiparanae by Graça, Pavanelli (2007). Lucena, Soares (2016), in a revisionary study of some species in the Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus, 1758) group from Southern Neotropical river basins, proposed the new synonym., Published as part of Ota, Renata Rúbia, Deprá, Gabriel de Carvalho, Graça, Weferson Júnio da & Pavanelli, Carla Simone, 2018, Peixes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná e áreas adjacentes: revised, annotated and updated, pp. 1-111 in Neotropical Ichthyology 16 (2) on pages 26-27, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170094, http://zenodo.org/record/3678395, {"references":["Pavanelli CS, Graca WJ, Zawadzki CH, Britski HA, Vidotti AP, Avelino GS, Verissimo S. Fishes from the Corumba Reservoir, Paranaiba River drainage, upper rio Parana basin, State of Goias, Brazil. Check List. 2007; 3 (1): 58 - 64.","Lucena CAS, Soares HG. Review of species of the Astyanax bimaculatus \" caudal peduncle spot \" subgroup sensu Garutti & Langeani (Characiformes, Characidae) from the rio La Plata and rio Sao Francisco drainages and coastal systems of southern Brazil and Uruguay. Zootaxa. 2016; 4072 (1): 101 - 25.","Garutti V, Langeani F. Redescription of Astyanax goyacensis Eigenmann, 1908 (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotrop Ichthyol. 2009; 7 (3): 371 - 76."]}

Astyanax lacustris (L��tken, 1875) Tetragonopterus lacustris L��tken 1875: 131 [original description]. Astyanax scabripinnis ��� Castro et al. 2004: 32, fig. 4a, 4. Astyanax altiparanae ��� Gra��a and Pavanelli 2007: 54, 55; Hoffmann et al. 2015: 4, fig. A1.E. Astyanax lacustris ��� Lucena and Soares 2016: 103, figs. 1, 6, 8, 9; Bifi et al. 2017: 4, 5, fig. 2.6. Material examined. Table 2; Figure 5E. Deep body; terminal mouth; inner row of premaxilla with 5 teeth, outer with 4 or 5, dentary with 8���16, and no maxillary teeth. Lateral line complete, with 33���41 pored scales; transversal series above lateral line with 6���8 scale rows and below with 4���8 scale rows. Dorsal fin with 12, pectoral fin with 12 or 13, pelvic fin with 8 or 9, anal fin with 22���34, and caudal fin with 19, total rays (Garutti and Britski 2000). Ground color silvery; 1 black rounded humeral blotch followed by another vertically elongated humeral blotch, silvery longitudinal band on the flank (dark in fixed specimens) from humeral blotch to median caudal-fin rays, being larger on caudal peduncle and forming oval-shaped, horizontally elongated blotch. Yellowish fins., Published as part of Batista-Silva, Val��ria Fl��via, Frota, Augusto, Kashiwaqui, Elaine Antoniassi Luiz, Abelha, Milza Celi Fedatto, Bailly, Dayani, Gubiani, ��der Andr�� & J��nio da Gra��a, Weferson, 2018, Ichthyofauna from three streams of the lower Iguatemi River in the upper Paran�� river basin, Brazil, pp. 363-378 in Check List 14 (2) on page 369, DOI: 10.15560/14.2.363, {"references":["Lutken CF (1875) Characinae novae Brasiliae centralis a clarissimo J. Reinhardt in provincia Minas-Geraes circa oppidulum Lagoa Santa in lacu ejusdem nominis, flumine Rio das Velhas et rivulis affluenti- bus collectae, secundum caracteres essentiales breviter descriptae. Oversigt over det Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger 1874: 127 - 143.","Castro RMC, Casatti L., Santos HF, Melo ALA, Martins LSF, Ferreira KM, Gibran FZ, Benine RC, Carvalho M, Ribeiro AC, Abreu TX, Bockmann FA, Pelicao GZ, Stopiglia R, Langeani F (2004) Estrutura e composicao da ictiofauna de riachos da bacia do rio Grande no estado de Sao Paulo, sudeste do Brasil. Biota Neotropica 3: 1 - 39. http: // doi. org / b 2 sg","Graca WJ, Pavanelli CS (2007). Peixes da planicie de inundacao do alto rio Parana e areas adjacentes. EDUEM, Maringa, 241 pp.","Hoffmann AC, Nascimento RHC, Shibatta OA (2015) Fish fauna from tributaries throughout the Tibagi river basin, upper Parana, basin, Brazil. Check List 11: 1815. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 11.6.1815","Lucena CA, Soares HG (2016) Review of species of the Astyanax bimaculatus \" caudal peduncle spot \" subgroup sensu Garutti & Langeani (Characiformes, Characidae) from the rio La Plata and rio Sao Francisco drainages and coastal systems of southern Brazil and Uruguay. Zootaxa 4071: 101 - 125. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4072.1.5","Bifi AG, Dias AC, Frota A (2017) Fish species (Osteichthyes: Acti- nopterygii) from two tributaries of the Rio do Peixe basin, Tupa municipality, Sao Paulo state, Brazil. Check List 13: 2063. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 13.2.2063","Garutti V, Britski HA (2000) Descricao de uma nova especie de Astyanax (Teleostei: Characidae) da bacia do alto rio Parana e consideracoes sobre as demais especies do genero na bacia. Comunicacoes do Museu de Ciencias e Tecnologia, PUCRS, serie Zoologia: 13: 65 - 88."]}

Aim: This study records Gyrodactylus neotropicalis and Anacanthocotyle anacanthocotyle in new hosts: Astyanax lacustris and Moenkhausia forestii, on the upper Paraná river floodplain. Besides, ecological aspects of the parasites distribution are explored. Methods Both host species were collected between March and September 2014; monogeneans were removed from the gills using a stereo-microscope and mounted in Hoyer or stained with Gomori’s trichrome and mounted in Balsam of Canada. Illustrations were prepared on a phase contrast microscope. Monogeneans were identified using the appropriate literature. Prevalance, abundance, mean intensity and intensity range were calculated to parasite species in each host. Results Gyrodactylus neotropicalis and Anacanthocotyle anacanthocotyle are recorded in new geographic area, upper Paraná River floodplain, in new host species, A. lacustris and M. forestii and in new infection site, gills. A. anacanthocotyle occur in higher prevalence, abundance and intensity parasitizing A. lacustris, while G. neotropicalis presented higher prevalence, abundance and intensity in M. forestii. Discussion Gyrodactylus neotropicalis described by Kritsky & Fritts, 1970, parasite of Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier), presented a different shield position between anchors than the specimens studied here; A. anacanthocotyle also described by Kritsky & Fritts, 1970 presented spicules in the cephalic region, what was not observed in the specimens studied here. Plasticity in parasitism may explain the difference between monogenean in different hosts. Conclusion Until now, there was no record of this Gyrodactylidae species parasitizing Characidae fish in South America. Those parasites are the first Gyrodactylidae monogeneans described from A. lacustris and M. forestii. Resumo Objetivo: Este estudo apresenta novos registros de ocorrência de Gyrodactylus neotropicalis e Anacanthocotyle anacanthocotyle parasitando Astyanax lacustris e Moenkhausia forestii, na planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná. Além disso, são discutidos aspectos ecológicos referentes à distribuição dos parasitos em seus hospedeiros. Métodos Ambos os hospedeiros foram coletados entre março e setembro de 2014; os monogenéticos foram removidos das brânquias sob estero-microscópio e preservadas em Hoyer ou corados com Tricrômio de Gomori e preservados em Bálsamo do Canadá. As ilustrações foram preparadas em microscópio de contraste de fases. Os monogenéticos foram identificados e descritos segundo a literatura pertinente. Foram calculadas a prevalência, a abundância, a intensidade média e a amplitude da intensidade para cada espécie de parasito em cada hospedeiro. Resultados Gyrodactylus neotropicalis e A. anacanthocotyle são registradas em nova região geográfica, planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná; em novos hospedeiros, A. lacustris e M. forestii e em novo sítio de infecção, brânquias. A. anacanthocotyle ocorreu em maior prevalência, abundância e intensidade parasitando A. lacustris, enquanto G. neotropicalis apresentou maior prevalência, abundância e intensidade em M. forestii. Discussão Gyrodactylus neotropicalis descrito por Kritsky & Fritts, 1970, parasito de Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier), apresenta o escudo do haptor em posição diferente do que os espécimes encontrados aqui; A. anacanthocotyle também descrito por Kritsky & Fritts, 1970 apresenta espículas na região cefálica, o que não foi encontrado nos espécimes estudados aqui. A plasticidade no parasitismo pode explicar a diferença na distribuição das espécies de monogenético entre os diferentes hospedeiros. Conclusões Até agora não havia registros de Gyrodactylidae parasitando Characidae na América do Sul. Essas espécies de parasitos são os primeiros monogenéticos girodactilídeos descritos para A. lacustris e M. forestii.

This study analyzed the diet during early developmental stages of Astyanax lacustris (AA), Piaractus mesopotamicus (PM), Megaleporinus obtusidens (MO) and Prochilodus lineatus (PL), under experimental conditions. Fish larvae, 350 of each species, were stocked separately in 16 fiber-cement tanks (500 L), from which, three larvae of each species were collected every three days, for 36 days. Tanks were fertilized (1.5 g NPK-7: 14: 8) and had 50% of the surface with macrophytes. Larvae were grouped in age classes = I: 5 to 11, II: 14 to 20, III: 23 to 29 and IV: 32 to 38 days and, dissected for analysis of the digestive tract. Methodologies of dominance, frequency of occurrence and points of food items were used. For AA and PM larvae, measurements were taken for the number and size of organisms to determine the percent participation in biovolume. Changes in diets of larvae in different age classes were found as well as between different species, with the same age. Rotifers were dominant in the content of digestive tracts of all species at Class I, and the larvae diets became more distinct with increasing age, in which AA consumed mainly rotifers, PM, larger organisms (mainly cladocerans), PL, algae (diatoms as the main item) and PP with a more diversified diet (rotifers, ostracodes and algae). In conclusion, early stages of these species presented distinct diets, undergoing remarkable changes in the first 38 days of life.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:21:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-09-01 Wallinia brasiliensis n. sp. is described from the intestine of two species of tetras—Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier, 1819) and Astyanax lacustris Lucena and Soares, 2016—collected from the Batalha River in São Paulo State, Brazil. The new species can be clearly distinguished from the other three congeneric species by its vitelline follicles extending from the genital pore to the end of the caeca, eggs lacking operculum, a larger egg size with a consequently lower number relative to the other three species, and the ovary located opposite the anterior testis. The validity of the new species was confirmed through a phylogenetic analysis of the 28S rRNA gene which showed that the new species is the sister taxon to Wallinia mexicana Pérez-Ponce de León, Razo-Mendivil, Mendoza-Garfía, Rubio-Godoy and Choudhury, 2015, a species infecting Astyanax mexicanus (De Filippi, 1853) in Mexico. Laboratório de Parasitologia de Animais Silvestres Departamento de Parasitologia Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP) – Campus Botucatu Laboratório de Ictioparasitologia Pré-reitoria de pesquisa e pós-graduação Universidade do Sagrado Coração (USC) Laboratorio de Helmintología Instituto de Biología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Laboratório de Parasitologia de Animais Silvestres Departamento de Parasitologia Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP) – Campus Botucatu

The objective of this research was to evaluate land use and occupation in the landscape surrounding two neotropical streams of the Upper Parana River in Brazil and to investigate if the water from these streams induces erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities in Astyanax lacustris. We observed that the areas surrounding the streams are predominantly used for agricultural purposes (73.46% of the total area), followed by buildings (15.21%). Only 8.78% of the area consisted of forest fragments. We observed higher frequencies of micronuclei in erythrocytes of A. lacustris exposed to water from impacted sites (IMP) compared with less impacted sites and the negative control (NC) (p

Submitted by Fernando Henrique Agostinho dos Santos Barbosa Gonçalves null (fh_goncalves@uol.com.br) on 2018-01-29T17:12:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_FGonçalves.pdf: 2369028 bytes, checksum: 9d9f0c6b9e4a7ad8e56ca5707444ea02 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Karina Gimenes Fernandes null (karinagi@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-01-30T12:06:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 gonçalves_fhasb_dr_jabo.pdf: 2260736 bytes, checksum: 01de99e6d8e5ec0f84ad281c6ad9c73a (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-30T12:06:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gonçalves_fhasb_dr_jabo.pdf: 2260736 bytes, checksum: 01de99e6d8e5ec0f84ad281c6ad9c73a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-08 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Os sistemas de produção de lambari se diferenciam pelo nível de controle da reprodução da espécie. As técnicas utilizadas envolvem desde a reprodução natural até a utilização de laboratório para indução hormonal. Assim, classificamos os sistemas produção de lambari em baixo (LCS), médio (MCS) e alto (HCS) controle. Nosso objetivo é caracterizar os três principais sistemas de produção de lambari do Estado de São Paulo e avaliar a sustentabilidade de cada um. A sustentabilidade foi avaliada por meio de indicadores ambientais, sociais, econômicos e de governança. Visitamos nove propriedades selecionadas de acordo com o nível de controle de produção. Os dados sociais, econômicos e de governança foram obtidos por meio de um questionário semiestruturado e dados secundários obtidos em órgãos públicos. Amostras de água, sedimento, lambaris produzidos e dieta fornecida foram coletadas nas fases inicial e final do ciclo de produção em cada propriedade e analisados no Laboratório de Aquicultura Sustentável, do CAUNESP, no Campus de São Vicente da UNESP. As variáveis obtidas foram comparadas entre os sistemas. Os indicadores foram calculados e transformados em escala de performance. Assim, foram calculados índices de sustentabilidade ambiental, social, econômica e institucional por combinação linear e gerado um índice geral de sustentabilidade para cada sistema. Os sistemas de médio e alto controle de produção foram classificados como Potencialmente Sustentável, com índices de 0.686 e 0.775, respectivamente. O sistema de baixo controle de produção foi classificado como Média Sustentabilidade, com índice de 0.590. A dimensão institucional é o ponto mais fraco da produção de lambari no Estado de São Paulo. The production systems of lambari differ by the level of control of the reproduction. The techniques used vary from natural reproduction to laboratory use for hormonal induction. Thus, we classify the lambari production systems in low (LCS) , medium (MCS) and high (HCS) control . Our objective is to characterize the three main lambari production systems in the São Paulo State and to evaluate t he sustainability of each one. The s ustainability was assessed by environmental, social, economic and governance indicators. We visited nine properties selected according to thei r level of control of production. Social, economic and governance data were obtained through a semi - structured questionnaire and secondary data obtained from public agencies. Samples of water, sediment, lambari produced and diet supplied were collected in the initial and final phases of the breeding cycle in each property and analyzed in the Sustainab le Aquaculture Laboratory of CAUNESP, at the São Vicente Campus of UNESP. The obtained variables were compared between the systems. The indicators were calcula ted and transformed into a performance scale. Thus, environmental, social, economic and governance sustainability indexes were calculated by linear combination and generated a general sustainability index for each system. The systems of medium and high con trol of production were classified as Potentially Sustainable, with indexes of 0.686 and 0.775, respectively. The low production control system was classified as Average Sustainability, with an index of 0.590. The governance is the weakest dimen s ion of lam bari production in São Paulo State . CNPq: 140486/2014-3

Reproduction of fish in a natural environment tends to occur in ideal conditions for offspring survival. Among these conditions the extreme values of pH can affect the initial stages of fish species differently. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of pH on the survival and early development of two species of fish with different reproductive strategies, Astyanax lacustris (small distance migrant) and Piaractus mesopotamicus (long distance migrator). The experiments were divided into two trials (incubation and larviculture) with five pH levels. The first test was the incubation, by means of a water recirculation system with the aid of incubators made with 2-liter pet bottles. The second test was the larviculture, where three-liter aquaria were used. The pH did not influence the hatching rate of A. lacustris eggs, but affected the diameter of the calf, while the newly hatched larvae presented some skeletal deformities. Piaractus mesopotamicus had a pH effect on hatching rate and perivitelline space, while newly hatched larvae had several skeletal deformities. In A. lacustris larviculture there were no effects on larval survival, but the variables analyzed showed significant differences between treatments. The survival rate of P. mesopotamicus was affected by acid pH and all variables analyzed also varied significantly between treatments. It is concluded that the incubation and larviculture assays of A. lacustris and P. mesopotamicus revealed a significant and differentiated influence of the pH variable on the survival and development of these species. A reprodução dos peixes em ambiente natural tende a ocorrer em condições ideais para a sobrevivência da prole. Dentre estas condições os valores extremos de pH podem afetar diferentemente os estágios iniciais das espécies de peixe. Neste contexto, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influência do pH sobre a sobrevivência e o desenvolvimento inicial de duas espécies de peixes com diferentes estratégias reprodutivas, Astyanax lacustris (migrador de pequenas distâncias) e Piaractus mesopotamicus (migrador de longas distâncias). Os experimentos foram divididos em dois ensaios (incubação e larvicultura) com cinco níveis de pH. O primeiro ensaio realizado foi a incubação, por meio de um sistema de recirculação de água com auxilio de incubadoras confeccionadas com garrafas pets de 2 litros. Já o segundo ensaio executado foi a larvicultura, onde foram utilizados aquários de três litros. O pH não influenciou na taxa de eclosão dos ovos de A. lacustris, mas afetou o diâmetro do vitelo, enquanto as larvas recém-eclodidas apresentaram algumas deformidades esqueléticas. Piaractus mesopotamicus sofreu efeito do pH na taxa de eclosão e no espaço perivitelino, enquanto as larvas recém-eclodidas apresentaram várias deformidades esqueléticas. Na larvicultura de A. lacustris não foram observados efeitos sobre a taxa de sobrevivência das larvas, porém as variáveis analisadas apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos. A taxa de sobrevivência de P. mesopotamicus foi afetada pelo pH ácido e todas as variáveis analisadas também variaram significativamente entre os tratamentos. Conclui-se que os ensaios com incubação e larvicultura de A. lacustris e P. mesopotamicus revelaram uma influência importante e diferenciada da variável pH sobre a sobrevivência e o desenvolvimento destas espécies. 37 f

Astyanax lacustris (L��tken, 1875) (Fig. 1; Table 1) Tetragonopterus lacustris L��tken, 1875: 131 (type locality: Lagoa Santa [rio das Velhas, drainage of rio S��o Francisco]. Tetragonopterus jacuhiensis Cope, 1894: 88 (type locality: Rio Grande do Sul, restricted to the rio Jacu��, Rio Grande do Sul, by Fowler, 1906: 435). [Syn. nov.] Astyanax (Poecilurichthys) bimaculatus paraguayensis Eigenmann, 1921: 256 (type locality: Paraguay [River] and upper Tocantins [River]). [Syn. nov.] Astyanax bimaculatus asuncionensis G��ry, 1972: 3 (name in substitution of Astyanax (Poecilurichthys) bimaculatusparaguayensis Eigenmann, 1921, preoccupied by Bertoniolus paraguayensis Fowler, 1918). [Syn. nov.] Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski, 2000: 67 (type locality: rio Grande, Volta Grande Dam, Miguel��polis, S��o Paulo, Brazil). [Syn. nov.] Diagnosis. Astyanax lacustris is distinguished from other species of the genus Astyanax by presenting a horizontally oval, black humeral spot and two brown vertical bars situated in the humeral region, characteristics that include it in the Astyanax bimaculatus group. It is distinguished from A. argyromarginatus, A. clavitaeniatus, A. goyacensis, A. incaicus, A. novae, A. rupununi, A. saltor, A. siapae, A. unitaeniatus, and A. utiariti by the absence of a conspicuous midlateral black stripe extending above the lateral line, from the humeral spot or just behind it (from the second vertical bar), until the caudal peduncle, continuing along the median rays of the caudal fin; the midlateral stripe continually narrows forward (vs. midlateral black stripe present), and one black spot is present on the caudal peduncle (vs. spot absent). From the other species of the same group, A. lacustris differs from A. bimaculatus and A. validus by the absence of maxillary teeth (one tooth present on the left side of one of 237 examined specimens) (vs. presence). It further differs from A. validus by the absence of horizontal lines, forming a zigzag pattern on body (vs. presence); and from A. bimaculatus by presenting a markedly concave external surface of the second tooth of the internal series of the premaxilla, with misaligned cusps (vs. teeth having slightly concave surfaces with cusps almost aligned and on the same plane). Astyanax lacustris differs from A. abramis by a reduced number of perforated scales on lateral lines 30���39 (rarely 40 or 41) (vs. 42���48). See ���Note on other species of the Astyanax bimaculatus subgroup caudal peduncle spot��� below for A. maculisquamis, A. borealis, and A. vittatus, and ���Remarks��� on Astyanax lacustris for A.orbignyanus. Description. Morphometric data summarized in Table 1. Body compressed and high, with greatest body depth in around origin of pelvic fins. Dorsal profile of head straight or slightly concave from region above eye to supraoccipital spine. Dorsal body profile convex from tip of supraoccipital spine to dorsal-fin origin; straight from that point to adipose fin origin. Ventral profile of body convex from mandibular symphysis to anal fin origin and posterodorsally slanted along anal-fin base. Caudal peduncle deep, nearly straight on dorsal and ventral margins. Snout rounded from margin of upper lip to vertical through anterior nostrils. Head somewhat pointed anteriorly in lateral profile. Mouth terminal, jaw isognathous. Maxilla extending posteriorly to vertical through anterior margin of orbit. Maxilla widened anteroposteriorly. Two tooth rows in premaxilla; outer row with 4 (140) or 5 (3) tricuspid teeth, central cusp longer; inner row with five teeth, gradually decreasing in length from first to fifth; usually with five or six cusps on first tooth, five, six or seven cusps on second to fourth teeth and four or five cusps on fifth tooth; central cusp twice as long and broad as other cusps. Maxilla without teeth (one tricuspidate tooth present in the left side of a specimen���MCP 47854 - of 237 examined).Four anteriormost dentary large teeth with five, six or seven cusps; remaining four to seven (9 c&s)(4���12 in Garutti &Britski, 2000) teeth smaller, uni- to tricuspid (Fig. 2). Dorsal-fin rays iii (9 c&s) (first very small), 8 (6), 9 (168) or 10 (33); second unbranched ray approximately half length of third ray. Distal margin of dorsal fin nearly straight to slightly convex. Dorsal fin origin slightly behind middle of SL. Origin of adipose fin at vertical through base of sixth, seventh or eighth last anal-fin rays. Anal-fin rays iv(6 c&s) or v(5 c&s), 21 (5), 22 (7), 23 (23), 24 (39), 25 (39), 26 (62), 27 (40), 28 (36), 29 (8), 30 (4) or 31 (1) (up to 34 in Garutti& Britski, 2000). Anal-fin profile smoothly concave. Anal fin origin posterior to vertical through base of last dorsal-fin ray. Pectoral-fin rays i, 11 (108), 12 (42), 13 (1), or 15 (2). Pectoral-fin tip reaching or slightly surpassing pelvic-fin insertion; not reaching in specimens smaller than 11.5 mm SL. Pelvic-fin rays i, 7. Pelvic-fin origin anterior to vertical through dorsal-fin origin. Pelvic-fin tip does not reach or barely reaches anal-fin origin. Caudal fin forked, lobes similar in size, with i+ 17 +i principal rays, no scales in the lobes. Dorsal procurrent caudalfin rays 7 (1), 9 (1), 10 (2), 11 (2) or 12 (2), and ventral 7 (1), 8 (1), 9 (4) or 10 (2) (8 c&s). Lateral line complete, with 32 (1), 33 (26), 34 (38), 35 (60), 36 (65), 37 (41), 38 (10), 39 (9) or 40 (2) scales (up to 41 in Garutti & Britski, 2000). Scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 6 (103), 7 (121), 8 (26) or 9 (2); scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 4 (1), 5 (88), 6 (115), 7 (46), 8 (13) or 9 (2); scale rows between lateral line and anal-fin origin 5 (4), 6 (36), 7 (66), 8 (73), 9 (74) or 10 (7). Scale rows around caudal peduncle 11 (1), 12 (8), 13 (25), 14 (65), 15 (66), 16 (60), 17 (15), 18 (12) or 19 (1). Precaudal vertebrae 16 (4), 17 (2) or 18 (1); caudal vertebrae 18 (5), 19 (1) or 20 (1); total vertebrae 34 (2), 35 (3) or 36 (2). Supraneurals 4 (5)or 5 (2). Gillrakers at first arch: upper branch 6 (7), 7 (10), 8 (47), 9 (104), 10 (75) or 11 (5); lower branch 12 (17), 13 (94), 14 (65), 15 (50), 16 (19), 17 (4) or 18 (1); total number 20 (6), 21 (29), 22 (46), 23 (71), 24 (52), 25 (33) or 26 (10). Color in alcohol. Dorsal and dorsolateral portions of head and body dark brown. A dark oval humeral spot horizontally placed, followed by two vertical bars tenuously darkened; one exceeds the oval spot and the other remains two or three scales from it. Dark spot on caudal peduncle conspicuous, extending over median rays of caudal fin; anteriorly, it can reach the vertical through the origin of adipose fin.Body with dark spots at the posterior region of scales forming 2 to 4 horizontal stripes above lateral line and 2 to 5 below (Figs 3 A, B) (see Remarks). For color of living or freshly collected specimens see Desordi et al. (2011), Venere & Garutti (2011), Malabarba et al.(2013), Serra et al.(2014), and Gra��a & Pavanelli (2007). Sexual dimorphism. Male specimenswith hooks on anal and ventral fins. Anal fin with hooks from last unbranched ray (can be absent) until the first five, or until the tenth branched ray; one pair per segment. Hooks are present on all branched rays of the pelvic fin. Gill fusion glands were not found macroscopically on the first gill arch. T��ran et al. (2014) have found glandular cells but not fusion on the gill filaments in A. asuncionensis (= A. lacustris). Geographic variation. Variation of meristic characters showed ample overlapping after comparison between the drainages. Therefore, they were not useful in proposing diagnoses according to our criteria. This does not mean that we have not found statistically significant differences in the analysis undertaken. For example, Dunn��s method indicates significant differences in the number of total gill rakers and lower branch gill rakers between the populations of rio S��o Francisco and the other three populations from Paraguai, Paran�� and SLPUR (Figs. 4 A, B). The last count was significantly different between the rios Paran�� and Paraguai and SLPUR (Fig. 4 B). The number of gill rakers on the upper branch was significantly different between populations of the Paran�� and Paraguai vs. the S��o Francisco and SLPUR (Fig. 4 C). Significant differences were found in the number of branched anal fin rays between the S��o Francisco and Paraguai and SLPUR (Fig. 4 D). The number of perforated scales of the lateral line and of scales around the caudal peduncle was significantly different between the rio S��o Francisco populations and those of the Paran�� and Paraguai. The same occurred between the populations of SLPUR and the Paraguai (Figs. 4 D, E). The number of scales around the caudal peduncle was significantly different between SLPUR and Paran�� populations (Fig. 4 F). Significant differences were found in the number of scales from the lateral line and pelvic fin origin between S��o Francisco and Paraguai and SLPUR; the same occurred between the Paran�� and Paraguai and SLPUR (Fig. 5 A). The scale count from lateral line to anal fin origin was significantly different between therios S��o Francisco, Paraguai and Paran��, and SLPUR; the same count was different between the rios Paraguai and Paran�� (Fig. 5 B). Significant differences were found in the number of scales from dorsal fin to lateral line between the rio Paraguai and the other three populations (Fig. 5 C). Morphometric data analyzed did not indicate diagnostic differences (Tab. 1), and in an exploratory test PCA did not reveal discriminate populations at all (Fig. 5 D).In PCA, the three first axes explained 96.26 % variation of the data, but the scree plot between axes indicated that only the first two are informative. The axis PC 1 corresponds to the axis of size with all variables showing positive loadings. Axis PC 2, however, showed the population of the Paran�� partially discriminated from populations of the rios S��o Francisco and Paraguai, and SLPUR. The most influential variables in this discrimination in the second axis (explaining 2.892 % of variance) were diameter of the eye and interorbital width on the positive side, and pre-anal distance on the negative side. The drainages ��� the rios S��o Francisco, Paraguai and Sistema da Laguna dos Patos��� did not show discrimination between them. FIGURE 4. Astyanax lacustris populations by river drainages.(A) Number of total gill rakers on the first gill arch in. (B) Number of gill rakers on lower branch of first gill arch. (C) Number of gill rakers on upper branch of first gill arch. (D)Number of branched anal-fin rays. (E) Number of perfored scales of lateral line. (F) Number of scales around caudal peduncle. Tukey box plots: the middle line is the median and lateral lines of the box are 25 th and 75 th respectively. FIGURE 5. Astyanax lacustris populations by river drainages (A) Number of scales between pelvic-fin and lateral line in. (B) Number of scales rows between anal-fin and lateral line. (C) Number of scales rows between dorsal-fin and lateral line. Tukey box plots: the lateral lines of the box are 25 th and 75 th respectively. (D) Projection of individual scores in the space of the first and second Principal Component axis for the populations of Astyanax lacustris. In specimens, principally from the rio S��o Francisco drainage, anterior prolongation of caudal spot can be more tapered (contrary to truncated, a more common form in the other drainages), reaching the vertical through nearly half the distance between origin of adipose fin and end of dorsal-fin base (Figs. 1 A, B). This prolongation, however, sometimes is difficult to visualize, both in its form and scope, suggesting that it may be related to fixation (Fig. 6 A). Distribution. Rio La Plata and rioS��o Francisco drainages, Sistema da Laguna dos Patos and rio Tramanda�� drainage, and according to Garutti & Langeani (2009),in rio Araguaia (Tocantins-Araguaia drainage) (Fig. 7 A). Remarks. Tetragonopterus lacustris was described by L��tken based on specimens captured in Santa Lagoon, rio S��o Francisco, and taken by Reinhardt to the Zoological Museum at the University of Copenhagen. L��tken did not mention the number of specimens examined, but according to M. Krag (pers. comm.), collection manager of this museum, there are 25 specimens catalogued in that museum. Other syntypes are in the Museum f��r Naturkunde, Berlin, Mus��e National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, and in the Staatliches Museum f��r Naturkunde, Stuttgart. Photos of all specimens were examined and confirmed as belonging to the A. bimaculatus subgroup with caudal peduncle spot (see type material examined)(Figs. 1 C, D). Astyanax paraguayensis was described by Fowler (1918) as type species of the new genus Bertoniolus. G��ry (1972) synonymized Bertoniolus with Astyanax. To avoid a homonymy with Astyanax (Poecilurichthys) bimaculatus paraguayensis Eigenmann, 1921, G��ry proposed for this species the substitute name A. bimaculatus asuncionensis, maintaining as such the name A. paraguayensis for the Fowler species. Extensive series of specimens were analyzed from the rios La Plata and S��o Francisco drainages and SLP, as well as the syntypes (Fig. 6 B). In light of this analysis, and considering that the only characteristic mentioned by Eigenmann to distinguish Astyanax bimaculatus paraguayensis from the others subspecies recognized by him (lacustris, novae, vittatus, paraguayensis, and borealis) was ���rows of spots along the centers of the scales���, a pattern widely observed in the populations from the studied area (Figs. 6 C), a synonymization is proposed for the name A. bimaculatus asuncionensis with A. lacustris, the oldest name (see details on coloration further below). The diagnostic characters of A. altiparanae (Fig. 8 A) presented by Garutti & Britski (2000), are: ��� 33 to 41 scales on the lateral line, 10 to 17 scales on the transversal line, 22 to 34 rays on the anal fin, lower portion of body (when divided by the horizontal line that passes through the oral cleft) greater than the upper portion, 4 to 12 (frequently 6 to 8) small teeth on the dentary; large dentary teeth with five, six, or seven cusps; latero-ventral and ventral region of the trunk silvery, absence of maxillary tooth and black lateral band���. While comparing the new species with A. lacustris, the authors affirm that it possesses ���the same uniform coloration as altiparanae on the ventral flank, differing from it by other characters, among which are the approximately equal height between the upper and lower portions of the horizontal line that passes through the oral cleft (vs. lower portion higher than the upper in A. altiparanae), the large teeth with five or six cusps on the dentary bone (vs. five, six, or seven cusps in A. altiparanae), and the lesser number of small teeth on the dentary (3 to 6) (vs. 4���12, usually 6���8 teeth in A. altiparanae)���. The last two characters overlap between the two species, and therefore are not considered diagnostic.Regarding the number of small posterior teeth on the dentary, we found the total range of 4���7 with the following distribution: 5���7 in specimens of rio Paran�� drainage (MCP 20339 and MCP 37737); 4���6 in specimens of rio Paraguai drainage (MCP 39750); 4���5 in specimens of SLP (MCP 18666); 4���7 in specimens of rio Igua��u drainage (MCP 26610),and 4���5 in specimens of rio S��o Francisco drainage (MCP 17155 and MCP 16997). The differences in height between the upper and lower portions of the body (considering a horizontal line that passes by the oral cleft, as per the authors) were variable in the material examined. For example, lot MCP 27862 (7, 70.0��� 107.0 mm) of the rio Tiet��, upper rio Paran��, in which specimens present weak dark spots on the scales that are almost imperceptible on the ventral part of the body, presents a pattern that according to Garutti & Britski (2000) is characteristic of the species A. lacustris and A. altiparanae. We have verified that the upper and lower portions of the body are approximately equal among all specimens, with a tendency for the upper part to be a bit larger. See also the syntypes of Tetragonopterurs lacustris (Figs. 1 C, D), in which the height of the upper portion is smaller or approximately equal to the ventral portion. Salgado (2013) indicates characters differentiating A. altiparanae and A. lacustris, which include shape of the distal margin of the anal fin, shape of the margin of the operculum, length of the second ramified ray of the anal fin, and number of cusps on the symphyseal tooth. None of these characters were diagnosed in this study. Tetragonopterus jacuhiensis was described by Cope (1894) based on various specimens collected in ���Rio Grande do Sul��� [locality restricted by Fowler (1906) to the rio Jacu��, Sistema da Laguna dos Patos]. In characterizing the species, Cope mentions diameter of orbit (4 times in head length) and number of anal fin rays (28) as main diagnostic characters. Examination of the holotype revealed the orbit diameter occupying 33.2 % of the head lenght (about 3 times in head length), a value within the limits of A. lacustris. The same occurred regarding the number of anal fin rays. Although Cope did not mention spots on the scales forming horizontal stripes, examination of the holotype (Fig. 9 A) and some paratypes showed the presence of spots with weak intensity. The extensive material examined from the type locality, however, confirmed the presence of this character in this species, and highlighted the variability detailed above (Fig. 9 B). In reference to the coloration of Astyanax lacustris, although the concentration of chromatophores occurs in the same position on the scales, the intensity of spots and number of stripes may vary independently from the size of each specimen, or from its area of occurrence. Two color patterns are observed: (1) overall body light, silver on the lateroventral portion, with small dark spots on the posterior portion of some scales faded, forming 2 to 3 horizontal stripes above the lateral line, and 2, maximum 3, stripes below the lateral line (Figs. 1 A; 6 B, and 9 B); and (2) body darker, especially in the lateroventral region, with conspicuous spots, small on the posterior portion of most scales, forming in conjunction 3 to 4 horizontal stripes above the lateral line and 4, rarely 5 stripes below the lateral line (Figs. 1 B, 6 C, and 8 B). Considering the results obtained in the present study and exposed above, and base, Published as part of De Lucena, Carlos Alberto S. & Soares, Helena Gouvea, 2016, Review of species of the Astyanax bimaculatus " caudal peduncle spot " subgroup sensu Garutti & Langeani (Characiformes, Characidae) from the rio La Plata and rio S��o Francisco drainages and coastal systems of southern Brazil and Uruguay, pp. 101-125 in Zootaxa 4072 (1) on pages 103-114, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4072.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/256461, {"references":["Lutken, C. F. (1875) Velha-Flodens Fiske: Et Bidrag til Brasiliens Ichthyologie [Peixes do rio das Velhas: uma contribuicao para a ictiologia do Brasil]. In: Alves, C. B. M. & Pompeu, P. S. (Org.), Peixes do Rio das Velhas: passado e presente. SEGRAC, Belo Horizonte, pp. 23 - 164.","Cope, E. D. (1894) On the fishes obtained by the Naturalist Expedition in Rio Grande do Sul. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 33, 84 - 108.","Fowler, H. (1906) Further knowledge of some heterognathous part 2. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 67, 431 - 483.","Eigenmann, C. H. (1921) The American Characidae. Part 3. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 43, 209 - 310.","Gery, J. (1972) Corrected and supplemented description of certain Characoid fishes described by Henry W. Fowler, with revisions of several of their genera. Studies on the Neotropical Fauna, 7, 1 - 35. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650527209360432","Fowler, H. (1918) A new characin from Paraguay. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 70, 141 - 143.","Garutti, V. & Britski, H. A. (2000) Descricao de uma especie nova de Astyanax (Teleostei: Characidae) da bacia do alto rio Parana e consideracoes sobre as demais especies do genero na bacia. Comunicacoes Museu Ciencias TecnologiaPUCRS, Serie Zoologia, 13, 65 - 88.","Desordi, R., Silva, D., Reis, G., Kavalco, K. & Pazza, R. (2011) Variabilidade morfologica e estruturacao populacional de lambaris do grupo Astyanax aff. bimaculatus (Teleostei, Characiformes). Evolucao e Conservacao da Biodiversidade, 2, 73 - 78. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.7902 / ecb. v 2 i 1.29","Venere, P. C. & Garutti, V. (2011) Peixes do Cerrado Parque Estadual da Serra Azul Rio Araguaia, MT. Rima Editora, Sao Carlo, 207 pp.","Malabarba, L., Neto, P. C., Bertaco, V., Carvalho, T., Santos, J. & Artioli, L. (2013) Guia de identificacao dos peixes da bacia do rio Tramandai. Ed. Via Sapiens, Porto Alegre, 140 pp.","Serra, S., Bessonart, J., Mello, F. T. de, Duarte, A., Malabarba, L. & Loureiro, M. (2014) Peces del Rio Negro. MGAP- DINARA, Montevideo, 207 pp.","Graca, W. J. da & Pavanelli, C. S. (2007) Peixes da planicie de inundacao do alto rio Parana e areas adjacentes. UEM, Maringa, 239 pp.","Teran, G. E., Mangione, S. & Mirande, J. M. (2014) Gill-derived glands in species of Astyanax (Teleostei: Characidae). Acta Zoologica, 95, 1 - 8. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / azo. 12081","Garutti, V. & Langeani, F. (2009) Redescription of Astyanax goyacensis Eigenmann, 1908 (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology, 7, 371 - 376. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252009000300003","Salgado, F. L. K. (2013) Revisao das especies do complexo Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae) das bacias do alto rio Parana e do rio Sao Francisco. Master´s thesis. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiero, Rio de Janeiro, 111 pp."]}

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais The species of the genus Astyanax are widely distributed in the Neotropical region and have few morphological, ecological and behavioral differences, which complicates the taxonomic classification of this taxon. The nominal species Astyanax bimaculatus was described by Linnaeus in 1758 and currently species with two oval spots that occur in several Neotropical basins are considered as belonging to bimaculatus complex. The objective of this study was to determine the cytogenetic and molecular characteristics (mitochondrial DNA) of 19 populations currently assigned to Astyanax bimaculatus from complex coastal basins of southeastern Minas Gerais using conventional staining, nucleolar organizer regions Ag-NORs, C-band, DAPI, FISH and the gene cytochrome oxidase I - COI. Data were compared with other species of the complex. The karyotype 6m +20 sm +18 st +6 t occurred in all populations, with Ag-NORs ranging from two to eight stained chromosomes. The C-banding showed centromeric and pericentromeric markings, evidenced by the fluorochrome DAPI. Fluorescent 18S and 5S rDNA probes marked one chromosome pair respectively. The phylogeny obtained with the COI gene indicated the presence of two haplogroups with large molecular distance between them: haplogroup I was more closely related to the populations of the São Francisco River Basin, while haplogroup II was subdivided into a group which was more related to populations from the upper Paraná (IIA) and another group formed exclusively by coastal haplotypes (IIB). The karyotype uniformity of coastal populations is greater than the recognized Astyanax altiparanae, suggesting the persistence of large populations. Polymorphisms involving C-band patterns indicate that the addition and reduction of heterochromatin blocks are compatible with intraspecific variation. The molecular data suggest that coastal basins received migrants from continental basins, with more recent geodispersion of a coastal haplogroup, probably related to the dynamic confluence of coastal basins during glacial periods. The genetic similarity between São Francisco River Basin and coastal basins indicates that the nominal species Astyanax lacustris does not represent a valid taxon. While the Upper Paraná Basin maintained a molecular identity consistent with the existence of the nominal taxon Astyanax altiparanae that, agreeing with the cytogenetic data, also occurs in the Paraíba do Sul River Basin. It is concluded that the bimaculatus complex in southeastern Brazil is composed by three lineages, including only two species Astyanax aff. bimaculatus present in São Francisco and coastal basins and A. altiparanae present in the Upper Paraná. As espécies do gênero Astyanax apresentam ampla distribuição na região neotropical e apresentam poucas diferenças morfológicas, ecológicas e comportamentais, o que dificulta a classificação taxonômica desse táxon. A espécie nominal Astyanax bimaculatus foi descrita em 1758 por Linnaeus e, atualmente, espécies com duas manchas ovaladas que ocorrem em diversas bacias neotropicais são consideradas como pertencentes ao complexo bimaculatus. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar as características citogenéticas e moleculares (DNA mitocondrial) de 19 populações consideradas como pertencentes ao complexo Astyanax bimaculatus das bacias costeiras do sudeste de Minas Gerais utilizando coloração convencional, regiões organizadoras de nucléolos Ag-NOrs, banda C, DAPI, FISH e o gene citocromo oxidase I - COI. Os dados foram comparados com outras espécies do complexo. O cariótipo 6m+20sm+18st+6t ocorreu em todas as populações, com Ag-NORs variando de dois a oito cromossomos marcados. A banda C mostrou marcações centroméricas e pericentroméricas, evidenciadas pelo fluorocromo DAPI. As sondas 18S e 5S marcaram apenas um par cromossômico respectivamente. A filogenia obtida com o gene COI indicou a presença de dois haplogrupos com grande distância molecular: o haplogrupo I mais aparentado com populações da bacia do rio São Francisco, enquanto o haplogrupo II subdividiu-se em um grupo mais aparentado com populações do alto Paraná (IIA) e outro grupo formado exclusivamente por haplótipos costeiros (IIB). A uniformidade cariotípica das populações costeiras é maior que a reconhecida em Astyanax altiparanae, sugerindo a persistência de grandes populações. Polimorfismos envolvendo padrões de banda C indicam que a adição e redução de blocos de heterocromatina são consideradas variações intraespecíficas. Os dados moleculares sugerem que as bacias costeiras receberam aporte de bacias continentais, com geodispersão mais recente de um haplogrupo costeiro, provavelmente relacionado com a dinâmica de confluência de bacias costeiras durante os períodos glaciais. A similaridade genética entre a bacia do rio São Francisco e as bacias costeiras indica que a espécie nominal Astyanax lacustris não representa um táxon válido. Enquanto a bacia do alto Paraná manteve uma identidade molecular condizente com a existência do táxon nominal Astyanax altiparanae que, condizente com os dados citogenéticos, também ocorre na bacia do rio Paraíba do Sul. Conclui-se que o complexo bimaculatus no sudeste brasileiro é composto de três linhagens, englobando apenas duas espécies: Astyanax aff. bimaculatus presente no São Francisco e nas bacias costeiras e A. altiparanae presente no alto Paraná.

The species of the Astyanax bimaculatus 'caudal peduncle spot' subgroup of the drainages of the rios La Plata and Sao Francisco, as well as southeastern coastal systems of Brazil and Uruguay, are revised. Two nominal species are considered valid and are redescribed: Astyanax lacustris and A. abramis . Astyanax jacuhiensis , A. asuncionensis and A. altiparanae are recognized as new junior synonyms of A. lacustris . Bertoniolus paraguayensis is recognized as a new junior synonym of A. abramis . The names Astyanax orbignyanus, A. vittatus , and A. borealis are considered species inquirendae. Notes on A. maculisquamis , included in the 'caudal peduncle spot' subgroup from rio Guapore (rio Madeira drainage), and Astyanax bahiensis from Bahia, mistakenly considered of the same subgroup, are presented.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-10T13:02:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Elvidio Landim do Rego Lima.pdf: 1105868 bytes, checksum: 6e2ae1a2b589a8183eb42000f88d5e6a (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-10T13:02:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elvidio Landim do Rego Lima.pdf: 1105868 bytes, checksum: 6e2ae1a2b589a8183eb42000f88d5e6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-22 Water and food are the main inputs in semi-intensive and intensive aquaculture. With increasing biomass, increases the food supply, nutrients and other substances that may compromise the water quality and producing effluents that can impact the receiving water body. The Fish Culture Station of Paulo Afonso has the condition of the Operating License to deploy a monitoring plan for its effluents. It also needs to attend to the granting of water availability and sewage discharge. Thus, the present work support the preparation of the Effluent Monitoring Plan of the Fish Culture Station of Paulo Afonso. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the water quality along the growing period and of effluents during draining and harvest in ponds of Astyanax lacustris (Reinhardt, 1874). Three contiguous ponds of 2000 m2 each were fertilized with cattle manure and supplied with water from the Moxotó reservoir. Water quality was evaluated during the supply and fortnightly at different depths. After nursery period (64±1 days), ponds were drained for the harvest of fingerlings, during which the quality of effluents was evaluated at every 25 cm of pond water level lowering. During culture period, pond water quality variables were within acceptable standards for the cultivation of tropical aquatic organisms, and no significant differences among depths were detected. However, significant differences were found among fortnights and ponds. With regard to effluent quality, it differed among ponds, but not among depths during draining. The effluents from the production of A. lacustris in EPPA are unsuitable to environmental standards for release in natural aquatic environments, with regard to phosphate forms, chlorophyll a and pH. Água e ração são os principais insumos na aquicultura semi-intensiva e intensiva. Com o aumento da biomassa, aumenta o fornecimento de ração, nutrientes e outras substâncias que podem comprometer a qualidade da água gerando efluentes que podem impactar o corpo de água receptor. A Estação de Piscicultura de Paulo Afonso (EPPA) tem como condicionante da Licença de Operação implantar um Plano de Monitoramento de seus efluentes. Também, necessita atender às outorgas de disponibilidade hídrica e de lançamento de efluentes. Desta forma, o presente trabalho visa dar suporte à elaboração do plano de monitoramento dos efluentes da EPPA.Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade da água de cultivo e o perfil de efluentes durante a drenagem e despesca em viveiros de Astyanax lacustris (Reinhardt, 1874). Selecionaram-se três viveiros contíguos, de 2000m2 cada, que foram adubados com esterco bovino e abastecidos com água do reservatório de Moxotó. Realizaram-se avaliações da qualidade da água no abastecimento e quinzenalmente nos viveiros em diferentes profundidades. Após o período de cultivo (64±1 dias), os viveiros foram drenados para a despesca dos alevinos, sendo a qualidade dos efluentes avaliada a cada 25 cm de rebaixamento da água. Durante o cultivo, as variáveis de qualidade da água estiveram dentro dos padrões aceitáveis para o cultivo de organismos aquáticos tropicais. Não se observou diferenças significativas entre as profundidades, mas foram detectadas diferenças significativas entre os períodos quinzenais e entre os viveiros. Com relação à qualidade dos efluentes, houve diferença entre viveiros, mas não entre as profundidades durante a drenagem e despesca. Os efluentes da produção de A. lacustris na EPPA não se adequam às normas ambientais para serem lançados em ambientes aquáticos naturais, com relação às formas fosfatadas, clorofila a e pH.

O presente trabalho buscou analisar duas espécies do grupo Astyanax aff. bimaculatus com relação a seus dados morfométricos. Os exemplares foram capturados em rios dos sistemas hidrográficos do Paraguai e São Franscico, no território brasileiro, e analisados com o auxílio de um paquímetro digital, tomando-se várias medidas corporais. Os dados foram submetidos a uma normalização para eliminar as variações de tamanho intrapopulacionais (Size-free) e posteriormente analisados utilizando-se PCA (Análise de Componentes Principais) e UPGMA (Dendograma de Similaridade Genética). Para as análises estatísticas utilizou-se o software PAST v2.0. Os resultados mostraram uma sobreposição de três populações, dentre elas uma de Astyanax lacustris e duas de Astyanax asuncionensis, indicando semelhança entre os indivíduos de bacias hidrográficas distantes. Estes dados podem ser reflexos de convergência morfológica, ou homoplasia. As demais populações se mostraram bem estruturadas, indicando que as medidas corporais tomadas podem ser importantes na adaptação a ambientes específicos, ou que estas conservaram as simplesiomorfias observadas nos grupos de difícil identificação.