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[143] Astrocaryum murumuru Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. 2 (3): 70 [after 13 Apr. 1824] (Martius 1824). Astrocaryum yauaperyense Barb.Rodr., Vellosia 1: 48 (Barbosa Rodrigues 1888). NOTES. — Hyperdominant in Amazonia (ter Steege et al. 2020), but not yet found in inventories of trees above 10 cm dbh in French Guiana. Incipiently domesticated by pre-Columbian Amerindians (Clement 1999; Levis et al. 2017). VERNACULAR NAMES. — Wp: mulumulu sĩ• Br: murumuru. HERBARIUM DATA (FG). — 10 collections at CAY. Sel. exs.: J.-J. de Granville & F. Kahn 11201. SIZE. — Up to 27 cm dbh (Granville & Gayot 2014)., Published as part of Molino, Jean-François, Sabatier, Daniel, Grenand, Pierre, Engel, Julien, Frame, Dawn, Delprete, Piero G., Fleury, Marie, Odonne, Guillaume, Davy, Damien, Lucas, Eve J. & Martin, Claire A., 2022, An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature, pp. 345-903 in Adansonia (3) (3) 44 (26) on page 391, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a26, http://zenodo.org/record/7458777, {"references":["MARTIUS C. F. P. VON 1824 a. - Historia naturalis palmarum. Vol. 2. Weigel, Leipzig, 152 p. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 281694","TER STEEGE H., PRADO P. I., LIMA R. A. F. DE, POS E., DE SOUZA COELHO L., DE ANDRADE LIMA FILHO D., SALOMAO R. P., AMARAL I. L., DE ALMEIDA MATOS F. D., CASTILHO C. V., PHILLIPS O. L., GUEVARA J. E., DE JESUS VEIGA CARIM M., CARDENAS LOPEZ D., MAGNUSSON W. E., WITTMANN F., MARTINS M. P., SABATIER D., IRUME M. V., DA SILVA GUI- MARAES J. R., MOLINO J. - F., BANKI O. S., PIEDADE M. T. F., PITMAN N. C. A., RAMOS J. F., MONTEAGUDO MENDOZA A., VENTICINQUE E. M., LUIZE B. G., NUNEZ VARGAS P., SILVA T. S. F., DE LEAO NOVO E. M. M., REIS N. F. C., TERBORGH J., MANZATTO A. G., CASULA K. R., HONORIO CORONADO E. N., MONTERO J. C., DUQUE A., COSTA F. R. C., CASTANO ARBOLEDA N., SCHONGART J., ZARTMAN C. E., KILLEEN T. J., MARIMON B. S., MARIMON- JUNIOR B. H., VASQUEZ R., MOSTACEDO B., DEMARCHI L. O., FELDPAUSCH T. R., ENGEL J., PETRONELLI P., BARALOTO C., ASSIS R. L., CASTELLANOS H., SIMON M. F., DE MEDEIROS M. B., QUARESMA A., LAUR- ANCE S. G. W., RINCON L. M., ANDRADE A., SOUSA T. R., CAMARGO J. L., SCHIETTI J., LAURANCE W. F., DE QUEIROZ H. L., NASCIMENTO H. E. M., LOPES M. A., DE SOUSA FARIAS E., MAGALHAES J. L. L., BRIENEN R., AYMARD C. G. A., RE- VILLA J. D. C., VIEIRA I. C. G., CINTRA B. B. L., STEVENSON P. R., FEITOSA Y. O., DUIVENVOORDEN J. F., MOGOLLON H. F., ARAUJO- MURAKAMI A., FERREIRA L. V., LOZADA J. R., COMISKEY J. A., DE TOLEDO J. J., DAMASCO G., DAVILA N., LOPES A., GARCIA- VILLACORTA R., DRAPER F., VICENTINI A., CORNEJO VALVERDE F., LLOYD J., GOMES V. H. F., NEILL D., ALONSO A., DALLMEIER F., DE SOUZA F. C., GRIBEL R., AR- ROYO L., CARVALHO F. A., DE AGUIAR D. P. P., DO AMARAL D. D., PANSONATO M. P., FEELEY K. J., BERENGUER E., FINE P. V. A., GUEDES M. C., BARLOW J., FERREIRA J., VILLA B., PENUELA MORA M. C., JIMENEZ E. M., LICONA J. C., CERON C., THOMAS R., MAAS P., SILVEIRA M., HENKEL T. W., STROPP J., PAREDES M. R., DEXTER K. G., DALY D., BAKER T. R., HUAMANTUPA- CHUQUIMACO I., MILLIKEN W., PENNINGTON T., TELLO J. S., PENA J. L. M., PERES C. A., KLITGAARD B., FUENTES A., SILMAN M. R., DI FIORE A., VON HILDEBRAND P., CHAVE J., VAN ANDEL T. R., HILARIO R. R., PHILLIPS J. F., RIVAS- TORRES G., NORONHA J. C., PRIETO A., GONZALES T., DE SA CARPANEDO R., GONZALES G. P. G., GOMEZ R. Z., DE JESUS RODRIGUES D., ZENT E. L., RUSCHEL A. R., VOS V. A., FONTY E., JUNQUEIRA A. B., DOZA H. P. D., HOFFMAN B., ZENT S., BARBOSA E. M., MALHI Y., DE MATOS BONATES L. C., DE ANDRADE MIRANDA I. P., SILVA N., BARBOSA F. R., VELA C. I. A., PINTO L. F. M., RUDAS A., ALBUQUERQUE B. W., UMANA M. N., CARRERO MARQUEZ Y. A., VAN DER HEI- JDEN G., YOUNG K. R., TIRADO M., CORREA D. F., SIERRA R., COSTA J. B. P., ROCHA M., VILANOVA TORRE E., WANG O., OLIVEIRA A. A., KALAMANDEEN M., VRIESENDORP C., RAMIREZ- ANGULO H., HOLMGREN M., NASCIMENTO M. T., GALBRAITH D., FLORES B. M., SCUDELLER V. V., CANO A., AHUITE REATEGUI M. A., MESONES I., BAIDER C., MENDOZA C., ZAGT R., URREGO GIRALDO L. E., FERREIRA C., VILLARROEL D., LINARES- PALOMINO R., FARFAN- RIOS W., FARFAN- RIOS W., CASAS L. F., CARDENAS S., BALSLEV H., TORRES- LEZAMA A., ALEXIADES M. N., GARCIA- CABRERA K., VALENZUELA GAMARRA L., VALDERRAMA SANDOVAL E. H., RAMIREZ AREVALO F., HER- NANDEZ L., SAMPAIO A. F., PANSINI S., PALACIOS CUENCA W., DE OLIVEIRA E. A., PAULETTO D., LEVESLEY A., MELGACO K. & PICKAVANCE G. 2020. - Biased-corrected richness estimates for the Amazonian tree flora. Scientific Reports 10 (1): 10130. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / s 41598 - 020 - 66686 - 3","CLEMENT C. R. 1999. - 1492 and the loss of Amazonian crop genetic resources. I. The relation between domestication and human population decline. Economic Botany 53: 188 - 202.","LEVIS C., COSTA F. R. C., BONGERS F., PENA- CLAROS M., CLEMENT C. R., JUNQUEIRA A. B., NEVES E. G., TAMANAHA E. K., FIGUE- IREDO F. O. G., SALOMAO R. P., CASTILHO C. V., MAGNUSSON W. E., PHILLIPS O. L., GUEVARA J. E., SABATIER D., MOLINO J. - F., LOPEZ D. C., MENDOZA A. M., PITMAN N. C. A., DUQUE A., VARGAS P. N., ZARTMAN C. E., VASQUEZ R., ANDRADE A., CAMARGO J. L., FELDPAUSCH T. R., LAURANCE S. G. W., LAUR- ANCE W. F., KILLEEN T. J., NASCIMENTO H. E. M., MONTERO J. C., MOSTACEDO B., AMARAL I. L., GUIMARAES VIEIRA I. C., BRIENEN R., CASTELLANOS H., TERBORGH J., CARIM M. DE J. V., GUIMARAES J. R. DA S., COELHO L. DE S., MATOS F. D. DE A., WITTMANN F., MOGOLLON H. F., DAMASCO G., DAVILA N., GARCIA- VILLACORTA R., CORONADO E. N. H., EMILIO T., FILHO D. DE A. L., SCHIETTI J., SOUZA P., TARGHETTA N., COMISKEY J. A., MARIMON B. S., MARIMON B. - H., NEILL D., ALONSO A., ARROYO L., CARVALHO F. A., DE SOUZA F. C., DALLMEIER F., PANSONATO M. P., DUIVENVOORDEN J. F., FINE P. V. A., STEVENSON P. R., ARAUJO- MURAKAMI A., AYMARD C. G. A., BARALOTO C., DO AMARAL D. D., ENGEL J., HENKEL T. W., MAAS P., PETRONELLI P., REVILLA J. D. C., STROPP J., DALY D., GRIBEL R., PAREDES M. R., SILVEIRA M., THOMAS- CAESAR R., BAKER T. R., DA SILVA N. F., FERREIRA L. V., PERES C. A., SIL- MAN M. R., CERON C., VALVERDE F. C., DI FIORE A., JIMENEZ E. M., MORA M. C. P., TOLEDO M., BARBOSA E. M., BONATES L. C. DE M., ARBOLEDA N. C., FARIAS E. DE S., FUENTES A., GUILLAUMET J. - L., JORGENSEN P. M., MALHI Y., DE ANDRADE MIRANDA I. P., PHILLIPS J. F., PRIETO A., RUDAS A., RUSCHEL A. R., SILVA N., VON HILDEBRAND P., VOS V. A., ZENT E. L., ZENT S., CINTRA B. B. L., NASCIMENTO M. T., OLIVEIRA A. A., RAMIREZ- ANGULO H., RAMOS J. F., RIVAS G., SCHONGART J., SIERRA R., TIRADO M., VAN DER HEIJDEN G., TORRE E. V., WANG O., YOUNG K. R., BAIDER C., CANO A., FARFAN- RIOS W., FERREIRA C., HOFFMAN B., MENDOZA C., MESONES I., TORRES- LEZAMA A., MEDINA M. N. U., VAN ANDEL T. R., VILLARROEL D., ZAGT R., ALEXIADES M. N., BALSLEV H., GARCIA- CABRERA K., GONZALES T., HERNANDEZ L., HUAMANTUPA- CHUQUIMACO I., MANZATTO A. G., MILLIKEN W., CUENCA W. P., PANSINI S., PAULETTO D., AREVALO F. R., REIS N. F. C., SAMPAIO A. F., GI- RALDO L. E. U., SANDOVAL E. H. V., GAMARRA L. V., VELA C. I. A. & TER STEEGE H. 2017. - Persistent effects of pre-Columbian plant domestication on Amazonian forest composition. Science 355 (6328): 925 - 931. https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / science. aal 0157","GRANVILLE J. - J. DE & GAYOT M. 2014. - Guide des palmiers de Guyane. ONF, Cayenne, 272 p."]}

The wound healing potential of a topical herbal formulation containing “buriti” oil (Mauritia flexuosa L.f., Arecaceae) in a liquid crystalline phase consisting of “murumuru” (Astrocaryum murumuru Mart., Arecaceae) butter was evaluated. The fatty acid composition of “buriti” oil and murumuru butter was determined by gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detection, which revealed that the major component of Mauritia flexuosa oil was oleic acid (70.4%), followed by palmitic acid (17.4%), whereas Astrocaryum murumuru butter contained lauric acid (40%) and myristic acid (29.3%). The ternary phase diagram was constructed from the mixture of the components (murumuru butter/Procetyl®/water) in order to obtain the Astrocaryum murumuru butter–based liquid crystal phase and two new herbal formulations containing 1% and 15% of Mauritia flexuosa oil. The phase behaviors were characterized by polarized light microscopy which showed that the analyzed formulations exhibited a hexagonal liquid crystalline phase. The designed formulations were subjected to physicochemical analysis and showed appropriate pH ranging from 5.90 to 6.45 and desirable rheological properties for skin application, such as pseudoplasticity. The wound healing potential of the topical herbal formulation was evaluated in Wistar rats over a period of 21 days. The formulations containing 15% of Mauritia flexuosa oil showed a significant effect (p < 0.05) on the epithelial regeneration process, causing early re-epithelialization of the injured tissue. The in silico prediction of skin sensitization showed that none of the identified compounds had any potential skin toxicity for humans.

A new consumer profile for pharmaceutical and cosmetic products has motivated research into natural raw materials in the development of “green” products such as herbal medicines and biocosmetics. However, various limitations have been encountered in the marketing of these products, for example the quality control of the natural raw materials used by the industrial market. This study aims to evaluate the sensory and physicochemical parameters of murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru Mart.), bacuri (Platonia insignis Mart.), tucuma (Astrocaryum vulgare Mart.), and ucuuba (Virola sebifera Aubl.) butters for applications in pharmaceutical and cosmetic bioproducts. The acidity and saponification as well as the iodine and peroxide indexes were evaluated and fatty acid profiles for the samples obtained by GC-MS. The sensory properties of the butters showed the appearance of solid to soft cream, color (yellow, brown, buttercup, and ochre), and characteristic odor. The melting temperatures of all butters ranged between 31 oC and 49 °C. The acidity, saponification, iodine and peroxide indexes for the butters were of 5.82 – 17.73 mg (NaOH or KOH) g−1, 181.10 – 573.55 mg KOH g−1, 2.78 – 44.96 gl2 100 g−1, and 1.39 – 9.30 meq kg−1, respectively. From analyses of the fatty acid profiles, the major components identified were lauric acid in murumuru (40%) and ucuuba butters (73%), myristic acid in tucuma butter (53%), and palmitic acid in bacuri butter (42%). In general, the results of the analyses differed from the specifications of the supplier reports and official compendia. These findings highlight the importance of quality control in natural raw materials to ensure their functionality in pharmaceutical and cosmetic bioproducts.

Social Impact Statement Patents can be used as a measure of innovation and to illustrate the commercial potential of plant and fungal biodiversity. The proportion of plant species named in patents represents only 6.2% of plant species, whereas the proportion of fungi is likely less than 0.4%. Fungi clearly justify further research. Innovation on a species usually drives more innovation on that species. We suggest that we should ensure that commercialization frameworks encourage studies on a greater diversity of plants and fungi. This could not only increase the range of biodiversity‐based products and associated income but also incentivize their conservation and encourage more fundamental research. Summary In this review, patents are used as a measure of innovation, and data show that a low proportion of plant and fungal biodiversity is mentioned in patents. The proportion of plant species named in patents represents only 6.2% of plant species, whereas the proportion of fungi is most likely less than 0.4%. The number of species within a plant family mentioned in patents varies greatly. The following families having the greatest numbers: Asteraceae with 1,445 species (4.5% of species), Fabaceae with 1,299 species (5.8%), Poaceae with 1,008 species (8.5%), and Rosaceae with 718 species (12.7%). Case studies from Brazil, Ethiopia, and South Africa explore some of the controversies associated with patenting, especially when patents have not taken prior art into account. In contrast, a case study on plants and fungi used in traditional Chinese medicine illustrates their economic value and their potential to support new innovations. Innovative ways to use plant and fungal biodiversity has the potential to generate wealth, reduce poverty, improve human well‐being and in theory incentivize biodiversity conservation. International and national policies and laws that aim to facilitate equitable benefit‐sharing associated with access to and use of genetic diversity need to be reviewed to help facilitate innovation, as well as ensure that the rights of communities to use these resources are recognized and supported.

Background: Tropical grasses, such as elephant grass, have high moisture content during its ideal phenological state for silage. High moisture content hinders proper preservation and reduces the nutritive value of silage due to secondary fermentation and production of effluents. Adding feed materials with high dry matter content, such as murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru) meal, is a potential alternative to improve silage yield. Objective: To determine the effects of including murumuru meal (0, 7, 14, 21, and 28%) on the fermentative characteristics, microbiological activity, aerobic stability, and chemical composition of elephant grass silages. Methods: A completely randomized design with five treatments and five replicates was used. Elephant grass was collected at 60 d of age, minced, and homogenized with murumuru meal. The mass was placed in experimental 15-L silos. The silos were collected and analyzed 45 d later. Results: Effluent production decreased (p

Palmeira cespitosa (Figura 1), de altura média, com tronco pouco desenvolvido e folhas compridas (Kahn, 2008; Balslev et al., 2011). O tronco, as folhas e o cacho são recobertos de espinhos de cor preta, resistentes, com comprimento superior a 20cm (Pesce, 2009) (Figura 2). A flor pistilada possui um cálice glabro, em forma de taça, levemente tridentado e mais curto que a corola. A infrutescência frequentemente é pendente, com seus frutos medindo de 4,5-9cm de comprimento por 1,2-4,5cm de largura, com peso médio de 8g. Frutos maduros podem apresentar forma oblonga a ovoide, com coloração entre marrom-clara a amarelo-ouro (Figura 3) (Sousa et al., 2004). O mesocarpo ou polpa é muito carnudo quando maduro, com 6-10mm de espessura e de cor amarela, representando cerca de 53% do fruto. O caroço, de forma cônica, é constituído de casca lenhosa de cor cinza, dura, pouco espessa e recoberta de filamentos do endocarpo, acabando em ponta aguda. Os caroços, livres do pericarpo, têm uma umidade média de 25% e, quando secos, tem peso que varia de 5-30g. O caroço contém uma amêndoa cônica, dura e de coloração branca em seu interior. As dimensões das sementes são muito variáveis, e dependentes das condições do solo (Kahn, 2008; Pesce, 2009). Made available in DSpace on 2022-08-09T10:21:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CPAF-AP-2022-Astrocaryum-murumuru.pdf: 644770 bytes, checksum: 5889daf8707bfc47b8e008d67ae1dc8b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022

The Aedes aegypti mosquito is a vector of several diseases, such as dengue, malaria and the Zika virus. Synthetic insecticides such as chlorpyrifos and chlorothalonil have been used for plague control, despite causing damage to the environment and to humans. It is therefore important to study natural active compounds with a low environmental impact. The present paper developed an environmentally friendly formulation of silk fibroin (SF) associated with fatty acid esters [ethyl (FAEE-SF), propyl (FAPE-SF) and butyl (FABE-SF)] from Astrocaryum murumuru Mart. fat, which was effective against Aedes aegypti 3th instar larvae. The FABE-SF nanoemulsion induced a higher mortality rate in the larvae of the A. aegypti after 48 h (LC50 = 18.92 µg / mL). The stabilities of the nanoemulsions were monitored for 21 days, and FABE-SF exhibited greater stability throughout the monitored period, with average particle, zeta and PDI values of around 217 ± 0.85 nm, -25.6 ± 3.24 mV and 0.338 ± 0.01, respectively. This paper reported the first effective action of fatty acid esters from A. murumuru Mart. associated with silk fibroin against A. aegypti. The FABE-SF solution also had a low hemolytic index, suggesting that treatment may be safe for animal and human use.

The objective was to evaluate the effect of concentrate supplementation using by-products of the Amazonian industry on milk production, milk composition, and milk fatty acid profile of dairy buffaloes. Twelve lactating buffaloes (544.5 ± 35.6 kg, 6.4 ± 2.2 years old, 59 ± 6 days in milk) were allotted in a pasture of Mombaca grass and managed under rotational grazing (4 days occupancy/28 days rest). A 3 × 3 Latin square was adopted, and each animal alternately received three supplementary treatments based on corn bran + soybean meal or cupuacu cake or murumuru cake for 21 days per treatment. Murumuru cake increased the levels of lauric acid and myristic acid in the milk (p < 0.05). Murumuru cake reduced the unsaturated fatty acid contents in the milk compared with animals fed control diet or cupuacu cake (24.27% vs. 25.24% vs. 25.08%). The n-6/n-3 ratio was 2.6, 1.97, and 2.0 in the control, cupuacu, and murumuru groups, respectively. Based on this parameter, cakes made from cupuacu as well as murumuru could be considered to be adequate for inclusion in dairy water buffalo feed. However, the murumuru cake addition requires some caution because its use induces the secretion of higher levels of lauric and myristic fatty acids that are related to human cardiovascular disease.

This manuscript aimed to evaluate the adsorption of ibuprofen (IBU) and naproxen (NPX) using chemically activated carbon (CAC) with ZnCl2 synthesized from the waste of murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru Mart.). The adsorbent was characterized in terms of its textural and physicochemical properties by determining its specific surface area (SBET), pore volume (Vtotal), percentage of ash, moisture, and yield, by FT-IR spectroscopy, XRD and TGA/DTA, as well as surface functional group, surface pH, and zero-charge point (pHPZC) analyses. Batch adsorption testing was carried out to evaluate the effect of adsorbent dosage, contact time, and pH. Adsorption mechanisms and the nature of the process were elucidated through kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamics studies. The best results of removal percentage (>70%) and adsorption capacity (>2.2 mg/g) for both adsorbates were obtained with 0.15 g CAC, pH 3.0 and 360 min. The kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model, with external diffusion the rate-determining step. The isotherms were well fitted by the Freundlich isotherm. The thermodynamic data revealed the endothermic, physical, and spontaneous nature of the adsorption process. The results obtained in this work reveal that CAC can be used as an efficient and viable alternative adsorbent for the removal of ibuprofen and naproxen in effluent treatment processes.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar manteigas comerciais obtidas a partir dos frutos amazônicos bacuri (Platonia insignis), cacau (Theobroma cacao), cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru), tucumã (Astrocaryum aculeatum) e ucuuba (Virola surinamensis) quanto às propriedades físico-químicas e ao perfil de ácidos graxos. Para tanto, as manteigas foram analisadas de acordo com os métodos oficiais descritos pela American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS) quanto aos teores de ácidos graxos livres, índice de acidez, dienos conjugados, índice de peróxidos, p-anisidina, valor totox, índices de saponificação, iodo e refração, ponto de fusão e matéria insaponificável. As manteigas apresentaram acidez acima do limite estabelecido pela regulamentação, evidenciando degradação hidrolítica, sobretudo nas de cupuaçu e ucuuba. Ao contrário para os índices de peróxidos, a formação de compostos primários foi abaixo do limite máximo permitido pela regulamentação. A manteiga de bacuri apresentou o maior valor totox, pelos mais altos índices de peróxidos e p-anisidina. Em geral, as manteigas apresentaram elevadas quantidades de ácidos graxos saturados. Maiores quantidades de ácido graxo monoinsaturado (oleico) foram encontradas nas manteigas de cupuaçu, bacuri e cacau. Palavras-chave: Ácidos graxos. Propriedades físico-químicas. Manteigas vegetais. Physicochemical characterization of amazonian fruit butters Abstract This study aimed to characterize commercial butters obtained from Amazonian fruits bacuri (Platonia insignis), cocoa (Theobroma cacao), cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru), tucumã (Astrocaryum aculeatum) and ucuuba (Virola surinamensis) regarding the physicochemical properties and the fatty acid profile. For this purpose, the butters were analyzed according to the official methods described by the American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS) regarding the levels of free fatty acids, acidity index, conjugated dienes, peroxide index, p-anisidine, totox value, saponification, iodine and refraction, melting point and unsaponifiable matter. The butters showed acidity above the limit established by regulation, showing hydrolytic degradation, especially in cupuaçu and ucuuba. In contrast to the peroxide values, the formation of primary compounds was below the maximum limit allowed by regulation. Bacuri butter had the highest totox value, due to the higher levels of peroxides and p-anisidine. In general, the butters showed high amounts of saturated fatty acids. Higher amounts of monounsaturated fatty acid (oleic) were found in cupuaçu, bacuri and cocoa butters. Keywords: Fatty acids. Physicochemical properties. Vegetable butters.

The research for new alternative energy sources has encouraged the study of different raw materials for the production of biodiesel. This work evaluated the use of murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru Mart.) butter, and oils of buriti (Mauritia flexuosa Mart.) and pracaxi (Pentaclethra macroloba (Willd.) Kuntze) for biodiesel production by homogeneous alkaline transesterification. It was also studied their thermal stability by thermal gravimetric analysis (TG/DTG) and performed a kinetic study of the thermal decomposition of biodiesels using the Ozawa method. Classical physical and chemical analyses were used to characterize the oils and synthesized biodiesels. The results regarding the physico-chemical properties of the biodiesels were consistent with the values specified by Brazilian, American and European standards. Pracaxi biodiesel was thermally more stable than buriti and murumuru biodiesels. Due to their low decomposition temperatures, buriti and murumuru biodiesels showed high volatility, a very important feature associated with improved combustion properties, allowing their application in diesel engines. The values obtained for the activation energy of the thermal decomposition process of biodiesels confirmed that pracaxi biodiesel possesses greater thermal stability among the species studied.

Ingredients of natural origin may represent alternatives for formulating sunscreens, without compromising their effectiveness. The literature has shown the antioxidant potential of compounds existing in murumuru (Astrocaryum murmuru), cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum) and cocoa (Theobroma cacao) butters that recommends further investigation. The objectives of this research were: (1) to develop bioactive photoprotective formulations containing cocoa, murmuru or cupuaçu butters in association with a physical sunscreen (titanium dioxide (TiO2)) and (2) determine the possible photoprotective activity of butters and their interactions with the sunscreen. Cocoa, cupuaçu and murumuru butter were individually associated to TiO2 in O / W emulsions. The anti-UVA and UVB efficacy in vitro was estimated by diffuse transmittance analysis in a Labsphere® UV2000S, using quartz plates and Transpore® tape to obtain the SPF (sun protection factor) and critical wavelength. Photoprotective formulations containing titanium dioxide and bioactive butters were obtained using Aristoflex® AVC and triglycerides of caprylic capric acid (GTCC). The SPF of the samples containing only TiO2 and formulations containing cocoa, murumuru or cupuassu butters associated with TiO2 ranged from 4 to 5. The critical wavelength values for these formulations ranged from 383.0 to 386.7 nm. The results indicated no increase in the SPF value for formulations containing vegetable butters. The critical wavelength values indicated their potential to absorb part of the UVA radiation.

CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior A copaíba é uma planta amplamente utilizada na medicina popular amazônica. Estudos têm evidenciado diversas atividades biológicas principalmente a antimicrobiana. Entretanto, ainda se faz necessário comprovações científicas acerca do seu uso em produtos fitoterápicos. Desta forma, o trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver um gel vaginal fitoterápico do tipo líquido cristalino baseado em manteiga extraída da espécie oleaginosa Astrocaryum murumuru Mart contendo óleo resina Copaifera reticulata Ducke, para o tratamento de vaginose bacteriana. O óloerresina de copaíba (ORCR) foi coletado na Floresta Nacional do Tapajós (FLONA) e sua constituição química foi analisada por Cromatografia Gasosa Acoplada a Espectrometria de Massas (CG-EM). Foi realizado a atividade antibacteriana do ORCR pela a técnica de difusão em disco e a concentração mínima inibitória (CMI) por microdiluição frente a cepas relacionadas a vaginose. Foram obtidas cinco formulações com quantidade fixa do tensoativo, e diferentes proporções de água, manteiga de murumuru e ORCR (50, 100, 250 e 500mg/g). Após 24 horas do preparo, todas as formulações foram submetidas a microscopia de luz polarizada a fim de caracterizar a fase líquido-cristalina. A atividade antimicrobiana das formulações foi avaliada pelo teste de perfuração em ágar. Posteriormente, foi realizado o estudo de estabilidade acelerada em diferentes condições de armazenamento (25 e 45ºC ±2ºC), no qual foi avaliado sua influência frente à atividade antimicrobiana e sobre suas propriedades óticas. Na composição química do ORCR foram determinados os seguintes majoritários, o β Cariofileno 32,43%, β-Bisaboleno 11,28% e α-Humuleno 8,41%. No teste de difusão em disco as cepas de Gardnerella vaginalis e Staphylococcus Epidermitidis foram as mais sensíveis frente ao ORCR, apresentando uma CMI de 500 µg/mL, com atividade bacteriostática. Após 24h do preparo, apenas as formulações contendo 100 mg/g e 50 mg/g de ORCR apresentaram texturas em forma de estrias, característico de estrutura líquido-cristalina de fase hexagonal. As formulações contendo 50 mg/g e 100 mg/g de ORCR apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana frente a todas as cepas testadas, quanto maior a concentração de ORCR nas formulações, maiores foram os halos de inibição. Durante os 60 dias do estudo de estabilidade acelerada em diferentes condições de armazenamento não foi observado alterações significativas nas características físicas e organolépticas das formulações, além disso, não houve desestruturação da fase hexagonal. Entretanto, as formulações armazenadas a 45ºC ±2ºC apresentaram diminuição da atividade antimicrobiana a partir do 30° dia. Portanto, todos os resultados advogam a favor da formulação com 5% de água e 55% de manteiga deMurumuru, contendo 100mg/g de ORCR como potencial candidata ao emprego clínico como um gel fitoterápico tópico do tipo líquido-cristalino para o tratamento de vaginose. Copaiba is a plant widely used in Amazonian folk medicine, studies have evidenced several biological activities, mainly antimicrobial. However, scientific evidence is still needed about the phytotherapic use. The aim of this work was to develop a liquid-crystalline phytotherapic vaginal gel based on butter extracted from the oleaginous species Astrocaryum murumuru Mart containing oil-resin of Copaifera reticulata Ducke, for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. The copaíba oil-resin (ORCR) was collected in the Tapajós National Forest and its chemical composition was analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The antibacterial activity of the ORCR was performed by the disc diffusion technique and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by microdilution against strains related to vaginosis. Five formulations with fixed amount of surfactant, and different proportions of water, murumuru butter and ORCR (50, 100, 250 and 500mg/g) were obtained. After 24 hours of preparation, all formulations were subjected to polarized light microscopy in order to characterize the liquid-crystalline phase. The antimicrobial activity of the formulations was evaluated by agar well diffusion test. Afterwards, the accelerated stability study was carried out under different storage conditions (25 and 45ºC ±2ºC), where the influence of antibacterial activity and the optical properties was evaluated. In the chemical composition of the ORCR, the following majorities were determined: β-Cariophylene 32.43%, β-Bisabolene 11.28% and α-Humulene 8.41%. In the disc diffusion test the strains of Gardnerella vaginalis and Staphylococcus Epidermitidis were the most sensitive to the ORCR, presenting a MIC of 500 μg/mL, with bacteriostatic activity. After 24 hours of preparation, only the formulations containing 100 mg/g and 50 mg/g of ORCR showed cylindrical textures, characteristic of liquid-crystal of hexagonal phase structure. The formulations containing 100 mg/g and 50 mg/g of ORCR showed antimicrobial activity against all tested strains, the higher the ORCR concentration in the formulations, the higher the inhibition halos. During the 60 days of the accelerated stability study in different storage conditions no significant changes in the organoleptic characteristics of the formulations were observed, in addition, there was no disintegration of the hexagonal phase. However, the formulations stored at 45°C±2ºC showed a decrease in antimicrobial activity from the 30th day. Therefore, all results showed the formulation F6-M55A05 containing 100mg /g of ORCR as a potential candidate for clinical use as a topical liquid-crystalline phytotherapic gel for the treatment of vaginosis. Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências

The plastomes of Astrocaryum murumuru and A. aculeatum revealed a lineage-specific structural feature originated by flip-flop recombination, non-synonymous substitutions in conserved genes and several molecular markers. Astrocaryum murumuru Mart. and A. aculeatum G.Mey. are two palm species of Amazon forest that are economically important as source of food, oil and raw material for several applications. Genetic studies aiming to establish strategies for conservation and domestication of both species are still in the beginning given that the exploitation is mostly by extractive activity. The identification and characterization of molecular markers are essential to assess the genetic diversity of natural populations of both species. Therefore, we sequenced and characterized in detail the plastome of both species. We compared both species and identified 32 polymorphic SSR loci, 150 SNPs, 46 indels and eight hotspots of nucleotide diversity. Additionally, we reported a specific RNA editing site found in the ccsA gene, which is exclusive to A. murumuru. Moreover, the structural analysis in the plastomes of both species revealed a 4.6-kb inversion encompassing a set of genes involved in chlororespiration and plastid translation. This 4.6-kb inversion is a lineage-specific structural feature of the genus Astrocaryum originated by flip-flop recombination between two short inverted repeats. Furthermore, our phylogenetic analysis using whole plastomes of 39 Arecaceae species placed the Astrocaryum species sister to Acrocomia within the tribe Cocoseae. Finally, our data indicated substantial changes in the plastome structure and sequence of both species of the genus Astrocaryum, bringing new molecular markers, several structural and evolving features, which can be applied in several areas such as genetic, evolution, breeding, phylogeny and conservation strategies for both species.

A carne de caitetu (Pecari tajacu) é muito apreciada na Amazônia. Este estudo objetivou avaliar níveis de subprodutos regionais (casca e torta de caroço de cupuaçu, Theobroma grandiflorum; torta do caroço de tucumã, Astrocaryum aculeatum; torta do caroço de muru-muru, Astrocaryum murumuru) em substituição ao milho em rações para alimentação de caitetus em cativeiro. Em quatro períodos experimentais, foram avaliados 45 animais (10 machos e 35 fêmeas, pesando 11,7±5,8 e 13,7±4,8 kg, respectivamente), sendo alojados 12 animais/período em quatro baias de 15 m2, que receberam quatro tratamentos (T0 = ração controle; T10 = ração com 10% do subproduto substituindo o milho; T20 = ração com 20% de substituição; T30 =ração com 30% de substituição). Animais que receberam até 10% de casca de cupuaçu tiveram maior peso, 19,2 ± 1 kg (P

O objetivo da pesquisa foi caracterizar a diversidade florística e os padrões ecológicos de comunidades de palmeiras na Área de Proteção Ambiental, Ilha do Combu, Belém, Pará visando contribuir para um melhor entendimento dos padrões de distribuição das espécies no contexto amazônico oriental e subsidiar as políticas públicas para as Unidades de Conservação Urbanas. Foram demarcadas aleatoriamente 60 parcelas de 50 m x 50 m (15 ha) e analisada a composição florística e os padrões ecológicos pelo hábito de crescimento, status ecológico, ambiente de ocorrência e grupos ecológicos. Foram registrados 14 gêneros e 23 espécies com 8.072 indivíduos. Os gêneros mais representativos em espécies foram Astrocaryum, Bactris, Desmoncus e Geonoma, enquanto Euterpe oleracea, Astrocaryum murumuru, Socratea exorrhiza, Bactris major, Astrocaryum tucuma, Astrocaryum vulgare, Raphia taedigera, Bactris minor, Desmoncus polyacanthos e Mauritia flexuosa com ≥100 indivíduos. Os padrões ecológicos mostraram a dominância do hábito arbustivo e nativas do ambiente de várzea alta e climácicas. A diversidade florística associada aos padrões ecológicos caracteriza a APA como importante banco de germoplasma de palmeiras para fins de conservação e de qualidade de vida ambiental dos moradores locais. Palavras-chave: Arecaceae, qualidade ambiental, unidade de conservação. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18561/2179-5746/biotaamazonia.v5n3p8-13

Submitted by PRISCILA SAWASAKI IAMAGUTI null (priiamaguti@hotmail.com) on 2017-01-20T20:55:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Priscila_Sawasaki_Iamaguti.pdf: 4641228 bytes, checksum: 2ce4cb5eb031f6140231252da871b09d (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-01-24T18:44:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 iamaguti_ps_dr_jabo_par.pdf: 437862 bytes, checksum: 0e35f6cb9ad197263c8d3b077823e059 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-24T18:44:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 iamaguti_ps_dr_jabo_par.pdf: 437862 bytes, checksum: 0e35f6cb9ad197263c8d3b077823e059 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-16 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Uma estratégia para reduzir a dependência do petróleo e as emissões provenientes de motores diesel é utilizar combustível alternativo, como o biodiesel. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o desempenho operacional do trator agrícola utilizando 6 proporções de mistura de biodiesel de soja (S) e murumuru (M): 90S10M, 80S20M, 70S30M, 90M10S, 80M20S e 70M30S como combustível, combinados com 7 rotações do motor. O ensaio de desempenho foi realizado em condição de campo e o da opacidade de forma estática, ambos em delineamento inteiramente casualizados. Houve interação significativa para potência na barra de tração, tendo o consumo horário volumétrico e ponderal o mesmo comportamento: os menores consumos são representados pelas 2 maiores proporções de biodiesel de murumuru (80M20S e 90M10S). O consumo específico aumentou do tratamento 90S10M para o 90M10S; em contrapartida, a opacidade da fumaça diminuiu para esses mesmos tratamentos. FAPESP: 01/09972-8

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a estrutura e valorar os produtos de Astrocaryum murumuru em floresta de várzea alta e baixa, ambas localizadas no município de Afuá, Pará. Foram alocadas, sistematicamente, 29 e 25 unidades amostrais de 20 m x 250 m na floresta de várzea alta e baixa respectivamente. Para o inventário foram instaladas 54 subamostras de 10 x 10 m, sendo 29 e 25 subamostras na várzea alta e baixa respectivamente. Para valoração da espécie foram obtidas informações de produção de frutos e amêndoas por meio de consulta à literatura. A espécie apresentou densidade de 20,62 ind.ha-1 navárzea alta e 32,96 ind.ha-1 para várzea baixa, correspondente a 0,54 m².ha-1 e 0,75 m2.ha-1 de área basal, respectivamente. A valoração da espécie foi estimada com receita potencial de frutos de R$ 23.018,81 e R$ 31.718,23 para várzea alta e baixa, já as amêndoas poderiam gerar retorno de R$ 8.970,00 para várzea alta e R$ 12.360,00 para várzea baixa e a gordura vegetal de murumuru apresentou valores de R$ 18.023,72 para várzea alta e R$ 24.835,36 para várzea baixa. O murumuru apresenta potencial como produto florestal não madeireiro e obteve com a valoração dos frutos uma expectativa de lucro maior do que na valoração de amêndoas e gordura de murumuru.Palavras-chave: Amazônia; Arecaceae; Murumuru; Produto florestal não madeireiro; Florestas de várzea. STRUCTURE AND VALUATION OF Astrocaryum murumuru Mart. IN THE REGION OF THE AMAZON ESTUARY ABSTRACT:The objective of the present study was to analyze the structure and to evaluate the products of Astrocaryum murumuru in high and low floodplain forest, both located in the Afua City, Para State. Systematically, 29 and 25 sample units of 20 m x 250 m were allocated in the high and low floodplain forests, respectively. For the inventory were installed 54 subsamples of 10 x 10 m, being 29 and 25 subsamples in the high and low floodplain forests, respectively. For the evaluation of the specie, information on fruit and almond production was obtained by consulting the literature. The species presented a density of 20.62 ind.ha-1 in the high floodplain and 32.96 ind.ha-1 in the low floodplain, corresponding to 0.54 m².ha-1 and 0.75 m2.ha-1 of basal area, respectively. The valuation of the specie was estimated with potential revenue of fruits of R$ 23,018.81 and R$ 31,718.23 for high and low floodplain, while almonds could generate a return of R$ 8,970.00 for high floodplain and R$ 12,360.00 for low floodplain. The vegetable fat of murumuru presented values of R$ 18,023.72 for high floodplain and R$ 24,835.36 for low floodplain. The murumuru presents potential as a non-timber forest product and obtained a higher expectation of profit with the valuation of the fruits than in the valuation of almonds and vegetable fat.Keywords: Amazonia; arecaceae; murumuru; non-timber forest product; floodplain forests DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/2318-7670.v05nespa18

Knowledge of the distribution of plant species is essential for planning management and conservation actions, especially for economically important species. Available data on plant species in the Amazon usually do not represent their whole area of occurrence. The most widely used approach to infer predictions on species occurrence is niche modelling, which consists of correlating records of species with environmental conditions in their occurrence areas, generating maps with the potential distribution based on a combination of environmental features suitable for each species. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of modelling to improve knowledge on the distribution of six timber species and six palm trees in the Amazon, and whether these models can benefit from using data from field surveys added to those of biological collections. Models were generated using the Maxent algorithm. All models generated showed a low extrinsic omission rate (TOE) and AUC above 0.75. Areas predicted for timber species were more consistent with empirical knowledge than those predicted for palm trees, probably due to the greater amount of occurrence sites available for timber species, especially after adding data from field surveys. The extent of the predicted area and the Jaccard index were used to compare the maps after insertion of field survey data. There was a large difference in extent just for two species, one timber and one palm, and a reduction in the predicted area for one species, Swietenia macrophylla. The application of the Jaccard index resulted in values between 0.41 and 0.65 for timber species, reinforcing that the inclusion of field survey data changed predicted areas. For palms, the similar extent of predicted areas and Jaccard values above 0.80, indicated a subtle difference between maps generated before and after the inclusion of field survey records, probably due to the addition of fewer records. The exception was Astrocaryum murumuru, for which the new records increased the extent of the predicted area. The niche models associated with field studies can contribute enormously to increase knowledge concerning the current distribution of species, but new field surveys should be carefully designed to cover wide and undersampled areas. However, it is necessary to consider that this strategy can only be adopted for species with clearly distinctive features, for which field identifications are reliable.

CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico INCT - Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia A β-lapachona (β-lap) é uma naftoquinona natural, encontrada como constituinte minoritário em algumas espécies de ipês (gênero Handroanthus sp., família Bignoniaceae) com propriedades farmacológicas como atividade antimicrobiana, tripanocida e anticancerígena. Entretanto sua aplicação terapêutica é um desafio devido à sua baixa solubilidade em meio aquoso e alta toxicidade. Com o objetivo de melhorar a biodisponibilidade deste composto e aumentar sua segurança, diferentes sistemas carreadores com tamanhos nanométricos vêm sendo desenvolvidos. As nanocápsulas (NC’s) de PLGA com núcleo oleoso de gordura de murumuru (NCMM) foram a escolha deste estudo para encapsular e carregar a β-lap. A extração e síntese da β-lap do lapachol da serragem de ipê promoveu um rendimento de 92,3%. Utilizando o método de nanoprecipitação, as nanocápsulas produzidas contendo β-lap (NCMMβ-lap) apresentaram forma esférica, superfície rugosa, tamanho médio entre 132,5±2,0 e 149 ±1,3, índice de polidispersão < 0,2, potencial zeta entre -0,009±0,2 e 0,15±0,2 e uma eficiência de encapsulação de 94,3%. As NCMMβ-lap apresentaram citotoxicidade dose e tempo-dependente, para as linhagens celulares NIH/3T3 e MCF7, sendo mais tóxica que β-lap livre nas mesmas concentrações, e seletiva para linhagem tumoral MCF7. Os mecanismos de morte celular da β-lap livre e de NCMMβ-lap foram muitos semelhantes, observando-se produção de ERO, fragmentação do DNA, bloqueio das células em fases de checagem, e indicação de apoptose tardia e necrose. Em suma, o encapsulamento da β-lap potencializou a atividade anticancerígena e sugeriu maior segurança na aplicação desta droga, apontando NCMMβ-lap como uma alternativa promissora para viabilizar a utilização da β-lap na clínica. The β-lapachone (β-lap) is a natural naphthoquinone, found as a minor constituent in some species of ipe (gender Handroanthus Mattos) with pharmacological properties such as antimicrobial, anticancer and trypanocidal activities. However, their therapeutic application is challenging due to its low aqueous solubility, and high toxicity. In order to improve the bioavailability of this compound and increase its safety, different carrier systems with nanometric sizes have been developed. The nanocapsules (NC's) PLGA with oil core of murumuru fat (NCMM) were the choice for this study to encapsulate and load the β-lap. The extraction and synthesis of β-Lap of ipe sawdust lapachol promoted a yield of 92.3%. Using the nanoprecipitation method, the produced nanocapsules containing β-lap (NCMMβ-lap) showed spherical shape, surface roughness, average size between 2.0 and 132.5 ± 1.3 ± 149, polydispersity

CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico Os Carreadores Lipídicos Nanoestruturados (CLN) têm sido propostas como uma categoria de carreadores para ingredientes farmacêuticos e cosméticos e crescente interesse devido a uma série de vantagens quando comparadas a formulações convencionais. As gorduras vegetais amazônicas são consideradas matrizes lipídicas de grande potencial para a produção de CLN de administração tópica, em função da baixa toxicidade e biocompatibilidade, alem de suas propriedades emoliente, protetora e hidratante na pele. O murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru Mart.) é uma palmeira amazônica e à utilização de sua gordura é promissora pois agrega valor aos produtos, favorece o crescimento da região, alem de utilizar esses recursos de maneira sustentável. O objetivo deste estudo foi obter e caracterizar os CLN a partir da gordura vegetal de Murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru Mart.) pela técnica de homogeneização sob alta pressão a quente, utilizando o cetoconazol como fármaco modelo. A cromatografia gasosa revelou o ácido láurico (48,1 %), ácido mirístico (26,6 %) e ácido oleico (8,4 %), como os principais constituintes. A caracterização físico-química mostrou valores de acidez, iodo, saponificação, peróxido, refração e densidade dentro dos limites e padrões recomendados. As matérias-primas isoladas e os CLN obtidos foram avaliados por calorimetria diferencial exploratória, sendo que os resultados sobre as materias-primas isoladas utilizadas corroboram com o descrito na literatura e os CLN evidenciaram uma estrutura cristalina menos ordenada. Nas formulações testadas, as nanopartículas apresentaram tamanho médio entre 98,60 e 161,56 nm, índice de polidispersidade entre 0,115 e 0,276, potencial zeta superiores a -30 mV e eficiência de encapsulação próximo a 100 %. A microscopia eletrônica de transmissão indicou aspecto esférico das nanopartículas e o perfil de liberação apresentou um modelo cinético de ordem zero, com liberação de cerca de 70,9 % do fármaco encapsulado em 8 horas. As nanopartículas permaneceram estáveis durante um período de 60 dias. O estudo realizado mostrou que a gordura de murumuru obteve um sistema eficaz, com pequenos tamanhos de partículas e penetrabilidade na pele, tornando possível à veiculação da formulação em usos farmacêuticos e cosmético. The nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) have been proposed as a carrier’s category for pharmaceutical and cosmetic ingredients and an increasing of interest due to a series of advantages when compared to conventional formulations. The Amazonian vegetable fats are considered lipids arrays of great potential for the production of NLC from topical administration, according to the low toxicity and biocompatibility, beyond their emollient properties, protector and moisturizer in the skin. The murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru Mart.) is an amazon palm and the utility of its fat is promising, because it adds value to the products, favour the growth in the region, in addition to using these resources in a sustainable way. The objective of this research was to obtain and characterize the NLC from the vegetable fat of Murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru Mart.) by the homogenization technique under high pressure to hot, using ketoconazole as a drug modelling. The gas chromatography showed lauric acid (48,1 %), myristic acid (26,6 %) and oleic acid (8,4 %), as main constituents. The physical-chemical characterization showed acid, iodine, saponification, peroxide, refraction and density values within the limits and standards recommended. The isolated raw materials and the NLC obtained were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry, where the results about the isolated raw materials used support as was described in Literature and the NLC demonstrated a crystalline structure less ordained. In the tested formulations, the nanoparticles showed average size between 98,60 and 161,56 nm, polydispersibility index between 0,115 and 0,276, zeta potential higher than -30mV and encapsulation efficiency near 100 %. The Transmission Electron Microscopy indicated spherical aspect of the nanoparticles and the! clearance profile showed a zero order kinetic model, with the release of 70,9 % of the encapsulated drug in 8 hours. The nanoparticles remained stable during a period of 60 days. This research showed that the murumuru fat obtained an effective system, with small sizes particles and penetrability in the skin, making possible the formulation propagation in pharmaceutical and cosmetic uses.

The market for natural cosmetics featuring ingredients derived from Amazon natural resources is growing worldwide. However, there is neither enough scientific basis nor quality control of these ingredients. This paper is an account of the chemical constituents and their biological activities of fourteen Amazonian species used in cosmetic industry, including açaí (Euterpe oleracea), andiroba (Carapa guianensis), bacuri (Platonia insignis), Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa), buriti (Mauritia vinifera or M. flexuosa), cumaru (Dipteryx odorata), cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), guarana (Paullinia cupana), mulateiro (Calycophyllum spruceanum), murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru), patawa (Oenocarpus bataua or Jessenia bataua), pracaxi (Pentaclethra macroloba), rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora), and ucuuba (Virola sebifera). Based on the reviewed articles, we selected chemical markers for the quality control purpose and evaluated analytical methods. Even though chromatographic and spectroscopic methods are major analytical techniques in the studies of these species, molecular approaches will also be important as used in food and medicine traceability. Only a little phytochemical study is available about most of the Amazonian species and some species such as açaí and andiroba have many reports on chemical constituents, but studies on biological activities of isolated compounds and sampling with geographical variation are limited.

A new species and new records of asexual ascomycetes from Brazil were documented during field trips in the National Forest of Amapa, Amapa State, in the Amazon Forest biome. Bhatia laevispora sp. nov., collected on decaying leaflets of Astrocaryum murumuru (Arecaceae), is described and illustrated. It differs from the type species by monoblastic conidiogenous cells with percurrent extensions and bigger, smooth conidia with brown to dark brown apical cells, paler central cells and pale brown to subhyaline basal cell. Cirrenalia donnae is a new record for the Neotropical region, and Balaniopsis kirkii and Dictyosporium pandani are new records for the American continent. Taxonomic information including descriptions, geographical distribution, comments and illustrations are provided. The genera Balaniopsis , Bhatia and Cirrenalia constitute new additions to the Brazilian mycobiota. This work expands the geographic range of these species to Brazil

A análise morfométrica das fibras das folhas de Astrocaryum murumuru var. murumuru Mart. revelou que as fibras do pecíolo apresentaram comprimento e espessura da parede superiores às regiões da ráquis e folíolo, com médias variando de 1.266,09 µm a 3.270,56 µm e 5,56 µm a 10,67 µm, respectivamente. Em relação ao índice de Runckel e coeficiente de flexibilidade, as regiões pecíolo e ráquis obtiveram valores considerados favoráveis para sua utilização na indústria papeleira e, o índice de enfeltramento demonstrou que provavelmente as fibras dessas regiões apresentarão uma boa resistência ao rasgo quando submetidas às avaliações físico-mecânicas. Diante dos resultados, a espécie se revela promissora como fonte alternativa de matéria-prima para a produção de papel, sendo necessários, entretanto, estudos de resistências físico-mecânicas a consolidação deste pré-diagnóstico. The analysis morphometric of the leaf fibers of Astrocaryum murumuru var. murumuru Mart. demonstrated that the petiole's fibers had presented length and wall thickness superiors than the rachis and leaflets, with yours means varying of 1.266,09 µm to 3.270,56 µm and 5,56 µm to 10,67 µm, respectively. In relation the index of Runckel and flexibility's coefficient the petiole and rachis had gotten values considered favorable for its use in the paper industry and, the felting index it probably demonstrated that the fibers of these regions will present good crash resistance when submitted to the evaluations physical-mechanical. therefore, the results show the species is a alternative source of raw material to produce paper, but its necessary to do physical-mechanical resistance studies to consolidate this pre diagnostic.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of supplementation in the diet of silver catfish with blend of buruti and murumuru oils, in natura or enzimatically esterified on biological responses, chemical composition, oxidative stability and sensory characteristics of fillets. Silver catfish females were fed the experimental diets for 8 weeks. The fish growth parameters were evaluated. Subsequent to slaughter, the fillets were frozen for 12 months. After slaughter, were evaluated chemical composition, volatile compounds and sensory analysis of cooked steaks. Was also evaluated influence of power silver catfish on lipid oxidation and protein of frozen fillets within 3, 6 and 12 months of storage. In addition, we assessed levels of vitamin E from the fillets. The fatty acid profile of steaks was assessed after slaughter. We evaluated degradation of fatty acid C22:6n3. Supplementation esterified Amazon oils showed the best results in growth, total length and total biomass. The different treatments did not result in changes in the chemical composition of the fillets. Fatty acids in the diet leads reflect in the composition of fillets for all supplementations. Amazon oils diet had higher MUFA fatty acids. As for sensory analysis, supplementation with Amazon oils no difference in preference for the odor of cooked fillets. A few volatile compounds were detected and the higher amount hexanal was supplemented with soybean oil. Content of conjugated dienes increased three months of storage for all treatments. For amount of peroxides, esterified Amazon oils showed lower values in comparison with other treatments. An increase in TBARS values occurred in 12 months to freeze fillets and interesterified oils showed the lowest values. After 12 months of storage, degradation was approximately 40% C22:6n3 for SO and for BM. There was a reduction in amount of carbonylated proteins after 3-6 months of storage. Sulphydryl proteins no changes over storage for all treatments. There was a decrease in hardness of fillets 12 months of storage for all treatments. In short, supplementation with blends oils (buriti+murumuru) decreases formation of lipid oxidation compounds and volatile compounds leads to lower lipid and protein oxidation. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência da suplementação na dieta de jundiás com mistura de óleos de buruti e murumuru, in natura ou esterificado enzimaticamente, sobre respostas biológicas, composição química, estabilidade oxidativa e características sensoriais de filés. Fêmeas de jundiás foram alimentadas com as dietas experimentais durante 8 semanas. Os parâmetros de crescimento dos peixes foram avaliados. Posteriormente ao abate, os filés foram congelados pelo período de 12 meses. Após o abate, foram avaliados a composição centesimal, os compostos voláteis e análise sensorial por ordenação de preferência dos filés cozidos. Avaliou-se também a influência da alimentação dos jundiás sobre a oxidação lipídica e proteica de filés congelados no período de 3, 6 e 12 meses de congelamento. Além disso, avaliou-se o teor de vitamina E dos filés. O perfil de ácidos graxos dos filés foi avaliado após o abate. Foi avaliada a degradação do ácido graxo C22:6n3. A suplementação com óleo esterificado apresentou os melhores resultados quanto ao crescimento, comprimento total, biomassa total e crescimento específico. Os diferentes tratamentos não acarretaram em alterações na composição centesimal dos filés. Os ácidos graxos presentes na dieta se refletiram na composição dos filés para todas as suplementações. Dietas contendo óleos da Amazônia apresentaram maiores valores de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados. Quanto à análise sensorial, a suplementação com óleos da Amazônia não mostrou diferença na preferência para o odor dos filés cozidos. Poucos compostos voláteis foram detectados e hexanal teve maior quantidade na suplementação com óleo de soja. O conteúdo de dienos conjugados aumentou em três meses de congelamento para todos os tratamentos. Para o valor de peróxidos, suplementação com óleos Amazônia esterificado apresentou menores valores em comparação com os outros tratamentos. Um aumento nos valores de TBARS ocorreu em 12 meses de congelamento dos filés e BME apresentou os menores valores. Após 12 meses de congelamento, houve degradação de aproximadamente 40% de C22:6n3 para suplementações com óleo de soja e buriti+murumuru esterificado. Houve uma redução na quantidade de proteínas carboniladas após 3-6 meses de congelamento. Proteínas sulfidrílicas não alteraram ao longo do armazenamento para todos os tratamentos. Houve uma diminuição da dureza dos filés em 12 meses de congelamento para todos os tratamentos. Em suma, a suplementação com misturas de óleos (buriti+murumuru) diminui a formação de compostos de oxidação lipídica e leva a menores compostos voláteis de oxidação lipídica e proteica.

Animals aid population growth and fitness in tropical forest communities through dispersal and negatively impact populations through seed predation. The interaction between dispersal and seed predation can produce distance- or density-dependence; powerful mechanisms for maintaining species diversity incorporated in the Janzen-Connell model. Large mammals, the highest biomass seed predators of intact Amazonian communities and at risk due to human disturbance, are potentially central to these interactions. This study tests the Janzen-Connell model and investigates the impact of mammalian seed predators on seedling recruitment and maintenance of tree diversity. Patterns of both vertebrate and invertebrate seed predation and seedling recruitment were studied in the two most abundant canopy tree species in western Amazonia (Arecaceae: Astrocaryum murumuru and Iriartea deltoidea). We specifically examined effects of both spatial and temporal variation of the highest biomass seed predator in southwest Amazonian forests, the white-lipped peccary ( Tayassu pecari), on recruitment through disturbed and undisturbed sites and through a fortuitous 12 year natural extinction and recolonization event of T. pecari. Distance-dependent seedling recruitment was found in Astrocaryum and Iriartea at both sites. However, the median distance of seedlings was approximately 1.5x farther from reproductive adults in both palms at the undisturbed site. The number of Iriartea seeds escaping predation increased 6,000% in both space and time due to the decline of T. pecari abundance. The results demonstrate that Janzen-Connell effects are stronger in intact ecosystems and tie these mechanistically to changes in seed predator abundance. This study shows that anthropogenic changes in mammal communities decrease the magnitude of Janzen-Connell effects in Amazonian forests and may result in decreases in tree diversity.

We take advantage of a fortuitous local extinction and recolonization of white-lipped peccaries (WLPs) at the Cocha Cashu Biological Station in southeastern Peru to assess the impact of this high-biomass seed predator on the recruitment of a dominant member of the tree community, the palm Astrocaryum murumuru. WLPs were common at Cocha Cashu in the mid-1970s. In 1978, the species vanished from the entire region and did not reappear until 1990. To assess the impacts of the presence-absence of WLPs on Astrocaryum recruitment, we conducted transect counts of both the number and spatial distribution of palm seedlings in 1978 (when WLPs were present), in 1990 (after a 12-yr absence of WLPs), and in 1999 (after 10 yr of recovery). Other factors affecting recruitment, such as climate variability, differences in tree fecundity, and fluctuations of vertebrate and invertebrate seed predators were also examined as alternative hypotheses for any changes in seedling spatial distribution and abundance. In the absence of WLPs, the density of Astrocaryum seedlings increased 1.7-fold, and the spatial distribution of seedlings with respect to safe sites was significantly altered. After the return of WLPs to the study area, seedling density dropped to its former level, and the spatial distribution of seedlings with respect to safe sites returned to the same pattern found 21 yr earlier in 1978. None of the other factors investigated varied systematically with the census intervals. These results demonstrate that the absence of a single, albeit important, member of a diverse seed predator guild can have a major impact on the demography of a common tree species. We infer that individual seed predators can play central roles in regulating the demography of tropical trees, as envisioned many years ago by Janzen and Connell, and that their extirpation or extinction can have cascading effects in tropical ecosystems.

Palm seeds of the genus Astrocaryum are known to attract a wide range of seed predators, including insects, rodents and peccaries. We investigated the removal of seeds of Astrocaryum murumuru var. macrocalyx in dense groves and under solitary palms, both within and outside of peccary exclosures. We set out arrays of 40 seeds at each of 40 sites representing four treatments: in the open and in peccary exclosures, in groves and under solitary palms. Seed removal from each site was monitored daily for 55 d. Infra-red-triggered cameras were installed to identify the species that removed seeds. From the known and hypothesized behaviour of vertebrate seed predators under various circumstances, we predicted that (1) overall seed loss should be higher under solitary trees, (2) peccaries should forage preferentially in groves, (3) the variance in the rate of seed removal should be higher in groves, (4) a greater fraction of the seeds removed from solitary palms should be scatterhoarded, and consequently, (5) greater numbers of seedlings should recruit near solitary palms than in groves. The first four of these predictions were confirmed and the last was rejected by the results. Peccaries preferred to forage in groves, and small rodents preferred to forage under solitary palms. Whether in groves or under solitary palms, peccaries preferentially removed seeds from large arrays (21–40 seeds), and mostly ignored small arrays (≤ 20 seeds). Camera trapping demonstrated that the most frequent visitors to seed arrays were Myoprocta pratti and Proechimys spp. There was no significant difference in the numbers of seedlings around trees in groves versus solitary trees.

[EN] Four new species of eriophyoid mites associated with native palm trees (Arecaceae) from the Amazon and Pantanal, Brazil, and from Cocora Andean Valley, Colombia, are described and illustrated. They include three new species in the Eriophyidae, all in Notostrix Keifer Notostrix speciosa sp. nov., from Attalea speciosa Mart. ex. Spreng; Notostrix juma sp. nov., from Bactris glaucescens Drude; and Notostrix colombiana sp. nov., from Ceroxylon quindiuense H. Karst; and one new species in the Phytoptidae, Propilus flechtmanni sp. nov., from Astrocaryum murumuru Mart. ex. Spreng. Morphological differences between Notostrix and Propilus species, including the new taxa herein described, are summarized., The authors are grateful to FACEPE (Fundacao de Amparo a Ciencia e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco), CAPES (Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior) and CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico) for financial support and research fellowships.

The objective was to evaluate the creamy requeijão cheese of water buffalo milk supplemented with protein concentrates, T1 (control): corn and soy meal, T2: corn and soy meal and cupuaçu pie (Theobroma grandiflorum), and T3: corn and soy meal and murumuru pie (Astrocaryum murumuru), in three replications. The animals are originated the experimental herd of the Unidade de Pesquisa "Dr. Felisberto Camargo" (01º28'S e 48º27'W), Belem, Para State, Brazil, Embrapa Eastern Amazon. Analyzes were performed physicochemical, microbiological and sensory in order to detect differences in the use of milk from different diets. The nutritional composition of dairy products resulted in no significant differences (p 0.05), which indicates that milk production is feasible with use of feed where there is partial replacement of corn and soy meal, by low cost ingredients, consisting of agroindustrial by-products, and prevent them from being discarded into the environment. The derivatives produced met the standards recommended by the hygienic and sanitary legislation. Regarding the acceptability and significant difference between the treatments and the derivatives were well accepted, indicating viability of production, low cost (US$ 0.69/100 g). That way, dietary supplementation with agro-industrial residues can encourage livestock buffalo milk, generate employment and income in small farms and enable the development of the productive chain Objetivou-se avaliar o requeijão cremoso de leite de búfalas suplementadas com concentrados proteicos, T1 (controle): farelo de milho e soja, T2: farelo de milho e soja e torta de cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), e T3: farelo de milho e soja e torta de murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru), em três repetições. Os animais são provenientes do rebanho experimental da Unidade de Pesquisa "Dr. Felisberto Camargo" (01º28'S e 48º27'W), Belém, Pará, da Embrapa Amazônia Oriental. Foram realizadas análises físico-químicas, microbiológicas e sensoriais, a fim de detectar diferenças na utilização de leite oriundo de diferentes dietas alimentares. A composição nutricional dos derivados lácteos não resultou em diferenças significativas (p0,05), o que indica que a produção de leite é viável com uso de rações onde há substituição parcial da soja e milho, por ingredientes de baixo custo, constituídos por subprodutos da agroindústria, além de evitar que sejam descartados no ambiente. Os derivados elaborados atenderam aos padrões higiênico-sanitários preconizados pela legislação vigente. Quanto à aceitação sensorial, houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos e os derivados foram bem aceitos, o que indica sua viabilidade de produção, de baixo custo (R$ 1,43/100 g). Dessa forma, a suplementação alimentar com resíduos agroindustriais pode incentivar a pecuária bubalina leiteira, gerar emprego e renda na pequena propriedade e possibilitar o desenvolvimento da cadeia produtiva.

Palms (family Arecaceae) are abundant in Amazonian forests, but the allometry of these monocotyledonous plants remains poorly quantified. Woody palm biomass is most commonly estimated with dicotyledonous tree models, which leaves substantial uncertainty as to their true biomass and productivity. We developed the first extensive dataset of directly-measured arborescent palm biomass: 136 individuals from nine species in terra firme and wetland forests — Astrocaryum murumuru , Attalea phalerata , Bactris gasipaes , Euterpe precatoria , Iriartea deltoidea , Mauritia flexuosa , Mauritiella aculeata , Oenocarpus bataua , and Socratea exorrhiza . We created single species ( n = 8–21) and family-level ( n = 97–106) allometric equations, using diameter, stem height, total height, and stem dry mass fraction, to estimate (i) total aboveground biomass for all species, (ii) belowground biomass for the two wetland species ( Mauritia and Mauritiella ), and (iii) leaf mass for all species. These new palm models were then applied to nine 1-ha plots in the southwestern Amazon (Tambopata) to calculate the impact on forest biomass estimates once palm mass is estimated with palm-specific models, rather than from models created for dicot trees. We found that stem height was the best predictor variable for arborescent palm biomass, but the relationship between stem height and biomass differed among species. Most species showed weak biomass–diameter relationships, but a significant relationship could be identified across all species. The new palm models were better estimators of palm mass than existing dicot models. Using our species-level models increased estimates of palm biomass at our study site by 14–27%, compared to using recently published pantropical biomass models for trees. In other forests, the effect of using these palm equations on biomass estimates will depend on palm sizes, abundance, and species composition.

The amount of leaf litter fall produced by different tree species in tropical forests varies in space and time. Falling litter may cover seeds and thereby enhance their survival by making their detection by seed predators more difficult. Tests were made to determine whether Astrocaryum murumuru and Dipteryx micrantha seeds survive better in microsites covered by leaf litter. Seed numbers and litter cover on the forest floor were experimentally manipulated. How natural variation in leaf litter cover and thickness affects seed and seedling survival of these two plant species was also examined. Seed survivorship was significantly higher for both plant species in microsites with leaf litter than in those with bare soil. Results from an experiment in which the litter was not disturbed showed that Astrocaryum seed survival was positively correlated with litter thickness (defined as the number of overlying dead leaves). Astrocaryum seedling survival was also significantly affected by leaf litter; more seedlings survived in shallow litter. Leaf litter had no effect on Dipteryx seedling survival. The results of the study suggest that early recruitment of both Astrocaryum and Dipteryx is influenced by the spatial distribution and amount of forest leaf litter.

The physicochemical characteristics, yield and fatty acid composition of pulp oils from bacaba (Oenocarpus distichus) pataua (Jessenia batana) and tucuma (Astrocaryum vulgare) and kernel fats from tucuma and muru-muru (Astrocaryum murumuru), all obtained from palm tree fruits collected in the brazilian rain forest (Amazonia region), were determined. The pulp oils belong to the oleic group (> 57% oleic acid) and the kernel fats to the lauric group (> 77% lauric acid).Se determinaron las características de los aceites de la pulpa de Bacaba (Oenocarpus distichus), Pataua (Jessenia batana) y Tucumã (Astrocaryum vulgare) y grasas de las nueces (coquitos) de Tucumã y Muru-Muru (Astrocaryum murumuru), frutos de palmeras originarias de la región amazónica del Brasil. Rendimiento de aceite, características de su calidad y de composición fueron determinadas. Las pulpas producen aceites del grupo Oleico (≤57% ac. oleico) y las nueces grasas del grupo Láurico (≥27% ac. láurico).

The role of regeneration strategies in structuring tropical tree communities has been a recent focus of attention of tropical ecologists. Canopy discontinuities created by tree-falls are considered to be critical to many rain forest trees for establishing and completing their life cycles. It was investigated whether it is advantageous for two common large-seeded and shadetolerant Amazonian tree species, the palmAstrocaryum murumuruand the legume,Dipteryx micrantha, to have their seeds dispersed to gaps. The dispersal process was simulated by placing experimental seeds and seedlings in gaps and in the shaded understorey, and then following their performance. Seeds and seedlings from the two species were used. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate the survival functions and compare survivorship curves. Survival ofAstrocaryumseeds, and ofDipteryxseeds and seedlings, was higher in two gap zones (crown and bole) than in the shaded understorey (both near and far away from a conspecific adult). A higher proportion of seedlings of both plant species survived within gaps than in the shaded understorey over an 18-wk period. One year after the seedlings had been transplanted into gaps these patterns still held. Naturally occurringAstrocaryumseeds survived better beneath conspecific adult trees located within 30 m of gaps than beneath trees located 100 m from gaps. Variation in gap size was significant forDipteryxseeds, but not forDipteryxseedlings andAstrocaryumseeds and seedlings.Dipteryxseeds survived longer in smaller than in larger gaps. By colonizing tree-fall gaps, these two species improved their chances of completing their life cycles.

Large-seeded plant species tend to be restricted to late-seral and mature forests, yet the reason for this habitat specificity is often not understood. The typical absence of these species from younger forests may be due to either their ineffective seed dispersal to early-seral habitats or postdispersal factors such as life history traits and physical and biotic variables, or both. Two large-seeded palm species, Iriartea deltoidea and Astrocaryum murumuru var. javarense, were used to experimentally evaluate the role of postdispersal limitation by testing whether the species exhibit differential seedling survivorship in forest stands of different ages. Under natural conditions, both palm species are largely absent from early- and mid-seral floodplain forest but are common in late-seral and mature forest. Iriartea seedlings and juveniles are found occasionally in early- and mid-seral forest, whereas Astrocaryum are almost never found there. To assess the degree to which postdispersal factors could account for these patterns, seeds of the two palm species were transplanted into four zones in the successional floodplain forest of Manu National Park, Peru. Three experiments quantifying seedling establishment and survivorship were carried out : a 3-yr experiment using Iriartea, in which flooding during the 1st yr was lower than average (Iriartea Dry Experiment) ; a 1-yr experiment using Iriartea, in which flooding during the 1st yr was higher than average (Iriartea Wet Experiment) ; and a 2-yr experiment using Astrocaryum, in which flooding during the 1st yr was also higher than average (Astrocaryum Wet Experiment). For each experiment, four or five plots, each containing 75 seeds, were placed in each of four zones from early to late succession. The entire design was replicated in two successional transects that were separated by 6 km. Seedling survivorship of Astrocayum was highest in the late-seral zones of both transects, which corresponded closely to its restricted natural distribution. Hence, postdispersal limitations, perhaps in conjunction with restricted seed dispersal, apparently contributed heavily to the general absence of Astrocaryum from the early- and mid-seral floodplain forests. Flooding did not appear to influence Astrocaryum seedling survivorship. Postdispersal factors also seemed to influence strongly Iriartea establishment, as evidenced by the significant variation in seedling survivorship across seral zones and between transects. Moreover, in the Iriartea Dry Experiment, seedling survivorship was negatively correlated with level of flooding. During the Iriartea Wet Experiment, survivorship was substantially lower in all seral zones, probably due to the heavy flooding. Thus, flooding, as a postdispersal factor, appeared to play a major role in shaping the natural distribution of Iriartea in the successional floodplain forests. Because seedling survivorship in one mid-seral zone was substantially higher than would be predicted from the natural Iriartea seedling density, results from transplant experiments also suggest that limited seed dispersal may contribute to this palm's early-seral distribution. For Iriartea, seed dispersal limitation may play a role complementary to that of flooding. In Amazonian primary-successional floodplain forest, the habitat specificity of at least one, and perhaps two, large-seeded species appears to result from both dispersal limitation and postdispersal limitation factors.

This study aimed to assess the potential use of increasing levels of murumuru cake (Astrocaryum murumuru var. murumuru, M art.) (MC) in sheep diets as a replacement for Mombasa grass (Panicum maximum Jacq). Metabolic tests were performed with 20 castrated male sheep at Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém, Pará, during 26 days. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design, with five diets and four replications. MC0: 100% grass; MC10: 10% MC and 90% grass; MC20: 20% MC and 80% grass; MC40: 40% MC and 60% grass; and MC60: 60% MC and 40% grass. The intake and the coefficient of apparent digestibility of dry matter (DMI and CDDM), organic matter (OMI and CDOM), crude protein (CPI and CDCP), neutral detergent fiber (NDFI and CDNDF), acid detergent fiber (ADFI and CDADF), ether extract (EEI and CDEE), cellulose (CELI and CDCEL), hemicellulose (HEMI and CDHEM), and nitrogen balance (NB) of experimental diets were determined. The intake of mineral material (MMI) and lignin (LIGI) were also determined. The DMI, OMI, MMI, CPI, NDFI, and ADFI displayed a decreasing linear effect with the replacement of Mombasa grass by MC in the diet. The EEI and the LIGI presented quadratic effects according to the replacement levels of MC in the diet. The CDDM, CDOM, and CDHEM displayed increasing linear effects, between MC0 and MC60. The CDEE, CDNDF, CDADF, and CDCEL displayed a quadratic effect, with optimum replacement levels of 56.65%, 41%, 31.33%, and 27.46%, respectively. The nitrogen balance presented a negative linear effect in the range of 0% to 60% of murumuru cake. One can conclude that murumuru cake is an alternative to the dietary supplementation of ruminants in replacing the Mombasa grass because it provides an increase in the digestibility of nutrients for sheep. However, a limited replacement level must be implemented, considering that from 27.46%, 31.33%, 41%, and 56.65% replacement, a decline occurs in the CDCEL, CDADF, CDNDF, and CDEE, respectively, although a negative nitrogen balance does not occur.

CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Foi avaliado a torta de murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru var. murumuru, Mart.), oriunda do processamento de amêndoas, após a extração do óleo pela indústria cosmética, sobre os efeitos da substituição dos níveis 0%; 10%, 20%, 40% e 60%, na dieta básica da gramínea mombaça (Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça) sobre o consumo e digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca (CDMS); matéria orgânica (CDMO); extrato etéreo (CDEE); proteína bruta (CDPB); fibra em detergente neutro (DAFDN); fibra em detergente ácida (CDFDA); celulose (CDCEL) e hemicelulose (CDHCEL) e balanço de nitrogênio. Foi realizado ensaio metabólico com 20 ovinos castrados, peso vivo médio de 24 kg, distribuídos em cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Houve período adaptativo de 21 dias, com cinco dias de coleta de dados da dieta fornecida e sobras, fezes e urina. Os CMS, CMO, CEE, CPB, CFDN, CFDA, CHCEL, CLIG apresentaram efeitos quadráticos em função dos níveis de substituição com torta na dieta. Os CDMS; CDMO e CDPB não apresentaram efeitos significativos. Os CDEE, com nível de substituição ótimo de 56,64% e digestibilidade máxima de 88,62%, CDFDN com nível de substituição ótimo de 42,45% e digestibilidade máxima de 68,25%, CDFDA com nível de substituição ótimo de 31,63% e digestibilidade máxima de 66,80%, CDCEL com nível de substituição ótimo de 27,45% e digestibilidade máxima de 72,21% apresentaram efeito quadrático devido à substituição com torta de murumuru. O balanço de nitrogênio não apresentou efeito significativo no intervalo de inclusão de 0% a 60% de torta. Conclui-se que a torta de murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru var. murumuru, Mart.), tem como principal limitação o baixo consumo alimentar e digestibilidade, além da impossibilidade de sua utilização como concentrado exclusivo na dieta de ovinos mostrando-se como alternativa alimentar em até 20% de substituição em dietas para ovinos. We assessed the pie murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru var. murumuru, Mart.), from processing kernels after oil extraction by the cosmetic industry, the effects of the substitution levels of 0%, 10%, 20%, 40% and 60% in the basic diet of Mombaça grass (Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça) on intake and digestibility of dry matter (CDDM), organic matter (CDOM), ether extract (CDEE), crude protein (CDCP), fiber neutral detergent (CDFND), fiber acid detergent (CDFDA), cellulose (CDCEL) and hemicellulose (CDHCEL) and nitrogen balance. Metabolism trial was conducted with 20 castrated sheep, live weight of 24 kg, distributed in five treatments and four replications in a completely randomized design. Adaptation period was 21 days with five days of data collection of diet and refusals, feces and urine. The CMS, CMO, EEC, CCP, FND, CFDA, CHCEL, CLIG showed a quadratic effect as a function of the substitution with pie in the diet. The CDDM, and CDCP CDMO showed no significant effects. The CDEE with optimal replacement level 56,64% and 88,62% maximum digestibility, CDFND with optimal replacement level 42,45% and 68,25% maximum digestibility, CDFDA with optimal replacement level of 31,63% and maximum digestibility of 66,80%, CDCEL with optimal replacement level 27,45% and 72,21% maximum digestibility showed a quadratic effect due to substitution murumuru pie. Nitrogen balance had no significant effect of inclusion in the grass of 0% to 60% of pie. It is concluded that the pie murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru var.Murumuru Mart.), Has as its main limitation is the low dietary intake and digestibility, in addition to impossibility of its use as a concentrate exclusively on the diet of sheep showing up as an alternative food for up to 20% replacement in diets.

CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico Neste trabalho investigou-se a viabilidade da oleaginosa Murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru) como matéria prima para a produção de biodiesel através do uso de catálise heterogênea básica na transesterificação. O murumuru é um fruto constituído de polpa e amêndoa, sendo que esta produz cerca de 50% de uma gordura branca, inodora, com a vantagem de não rancificar facilmente, pois é rica em ácidos graxos saturados de cadeia curta como láurico e mirístico. O biodiesel convencionalmente é produzido através da rota catalítica básica homogênea. No entanto, essa rota apresenta algumas desvantagens, tais como: a saponificação dos ésteres e a dificuldade de remoção do catalisador. Por outro lado, a rota catalítica heterogênea evita os inconvenientes da catálise homogênea, reduzindo a quantidade de efluentes aquosos gerados no processo e a reutilização dos catalisadores. O catalisador heterogêneo hidrotalcita foi sintetizado e caracterizado através das análises de fluorescência de raios X, difratometria de raios X, análise termogravimétrica, análise textural (método BET) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Foi realizado um planejamento fatorial completo utilizando metanol como reagente. As variáveis independentes foram temperatura, razão molar e concentração de catalisador e a variável de resposta foi a conversão, medida através do método espectrofotométrico. Essas reações foram conduzidas em um reator batelada pressurizado. A melhor conversão encontrada a partir do planejamento foi de 88,97% para razão molar de metanol/óleo igual a 12, temperatura de 200ºC e concentração de catalisador igual a 6%, em 1 hora de reação. Para essa condição, foram realizados estudos cinéticos e testada a utilização de etanol, através do estudo cinético pode-se obter uma boa correlação entre as constantes cinéticas e conversão, quando utilizado o modelo que considera reação reversível, reação química como etapa controladora que segue o mecanismo de Eley Rideal. This work investigated the feasibility of Murumuru oilseed (Astrocaryum murumuru) as raw material for biodiesel production through the use of heterogeneous catalysis in the basic transesterification. Murumuru is a fruit composed of pulp and kernel, producing about 50% of white fat, odorless, with the advantage of not be tasteless easily because it is rich in saturated fatty acids of short-chain such as for lauric and myristic. The biodiesel is conventionally production through the basic homogeneous catalysis. However this catalysis presents a few inconvenients, such as saponification of esters and the difficulty of removing the catalyst. On the otter hand, the heterogeneous catalytic route avoids the drawbacks of homogeneous catalysis, reducing the amount of aqueous effluent generated during the process and reuse of catalysts. The heterogeneous catalyst hydrotalcite, was synthesized and evidenced by analysis of X-ray fluorescence, X – ray diffraction, thermal analysis, textural analysis (BET method) and electronic scanning microscopy. A complete factorial planning was conducted using methanol as reacting product. Independent variables were temperature, molar ratio and catalyst concentration and the response variable was the conversion, measured through spectrophotometric method. These reactions were conducted in to a pressurized batch reactor. The best conversion found through factorial planning was 88,97% for molar ratio of methanol/oil worth 12, temperature of 200ºC and catalyst concentration equaling 6% in 1 hour of reaction. For this condition, kinetic studies were performed and tested the use of ethanol; through the kinetic study a good correlation can be achieved between the kinetic constants and conversion when using the model that considers reversible reaction, chemical reaction as controlling stage following the Eley Rideal mechanism.

O presente estudo foi desenvolvido objetivando avaliar a composição florística e a estrutura de floresta de várzea alta do estuário amazônico. Uma parcela amostral de 1,0 ha, dividida em subparcelas de 20 x 50 m, foi instalada no Bailique/AP, furo do Mazagão/AP e rio Maniva/PA, e medidos os indivíduos com DAP ≥ 5 cm. Foram identificados 69 espécies e 60 gêneros de 29 famílias, sendo que 21 espécies foram comuns aos três locais e 24 a apenas um dos três locais. As famílias mais abundantes foram: Arecaceae com 416 plantas/ha (50,4%), com a espécie Euterpe oleracea Mart., 207 plantas/ha (25,1%) e Astrocaryum murumuru Mart. 160 plantas/ha (19,4%); Caesalpiniaceae com 95 plantas/ha (11,5%) com a espécie Mora paraensis Ducke, 82 plantas/ha (9,9%) e família Mimosaceae com 83 plantas/ha (10,0%), com a espécie Pentaclethra macroloba (Willd.) Kuntze 56 plantas/ha (6,7%). Para dominância absoluta: 30,07; 34,18; e 36,56 m2/ha. Diversidade de espécies: 2,31; 2,67 e 2,84. Quociente de mistura: 1:18, 1:18 e 1:20 no Bailique, Mazagão e Maniva, respectivamente. Floristic composition and forest’s structure in Amazon estuarine high floodplain Abstract The present study was developed aiming to evaluate the floristic composition and the structure of high floodplain forest in the Amazon estuary. One sample plot of one hectare divided in sub-plots of 20 x 50 m, were installed in Bailique/AP, furo do Mazagão/AP and rio Maniva/PA, for measurement of all trees with DBH ≥ 5 cm. It was identified 69 species and 60 genera of 29 families, with 21 species common to the three areas and 24 only at one of the three areas. The families most abundant were: Arecaceae with 416 plants/ha (50,4%) with the specie Euterpe oleracea Mart. 207 plants/ha (25,1%) and Astrocaryum murumuru Mart. 160 plants/ha (19,4%), Caesalpiniaceae with 95 plants/ha (11,5%) with the specie Mora paraensis Ducke 82 plants/ha (9,9%), and Mimosaceae family with 83 plants/ha (10,0%), with Pentaclethra macroloba (Willd.) Kuntze 56 plants/ha (6,7%). Absolute dominance were: 30,07; 34,18; and 36,56 m2/ha. Species diversity: 2,31; 2,67 and 2,84. Mixture quotients: 1:18, 1:18 and 1:20 for Bailique, Mazagão and Maniva, respectively.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a estrutura da regeneração natural de uma floresta explorada de várzea baixa localizada no município de Afuá, no norte do Estado do Pará. Foram amostradas 25 subparcelas de 100 m², nas quais foram medidos a altura de todos os indivíduos das espécies arborescentes com altura (h) ³ 0,30 m e diâmetro a 1,30 m do nível do solo (DAP) < 15,0 cm e o diâmetro das espécies com h ³ 3,0 m e DAP < 15,0 cm, além de ter sido realizada a identificação botânica. Foram amostrados 13.380 indivíduos/ha, distribuídos em 63 espécies, 51 gêneros e 23 famílias botânicas. As espécies mais importantes da fitocenose foram: Euterpe oleracea, Astrocaryum murumuru, Crudia bracteata, Gustavia augusta e Inga edulis. Mais de 60% das espécies estudadas apresentaram padrão de distribuição agregado, e o índice de diversidade de Shannon-Weaver (H') foi de 3,05. This paper aimed to analyze the natural regeneration structure of an exploited low floodplain forest located at EMAPA forestlands, Afuá County, in northern Pará. Sampling was accomplished in 25 sub-plots of 100 m². In each sub-plot of 100m², all individuals with height (h) ³ 0.30 m and diameter at 1,30m above ground level (DBH) £ 15.0 cm were surveyed and were botanically identified, as well as all the plants with (h) ³ 3.0 m and diameter at 1.30 m above ground level (DBH) < 15.0 cm. A total of 13.380 individuals/ha distributed in 63 species, 51 genera and 23 botanical families were sampled. The most important species of the phytocenosis were: Euterpe oleracea, Astrocaryum murumuru, Crudia bracteata, Gustavia augusta and Inga edulis. Over 60% of the species studied in the area showed a clustering distribution pattern and a Shannon-Weaver index (H´) of 3.05.

La fenología reproductiva de siete especies de palmeras arborescentes, correspondientes a 176 individuos fue estudiada durante 34 meses, entre julio 2005 y mayo de 2008, en Madre de Dios, Perú. Las observaciones mensuales consideraron dos fenofases a evaluar: floración (botones florales y flores) y fructificación (frutos inmaduros y maduros), cuyos porcentajes de producción fueron reducidos a 5 categorías. La floración se produjo durante la temporada de mayor precipitación o época húmeda y la fructificación se presentó en la transición de época seca a época húmeda. Mauritia flexuosa presenta los valores más altos de floración y fructificación, que junto con Socratea exorrhiza, Euterpe precatoria, Oenocarpus bataua, Iriartea deltoidea, Astrocaryum murumuru y Attalea butyracea demuestran ser componentes integrales para la conservación de ecosistemas con funcionalidad hídrica, así como también constituyen parte fundamental en la dieta de diversos herbívoros amazónicos, garantizando de esa manera su distribución y densidad en los bosques amazónicos de Madre de Dios.