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The goal of this study is a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of processes and flows within the solid waste management (WM) system in Kutaisi, Georgia, and the wider Imereti region. The applied methodology based upon data collected through customized questionnaires enabled both the formal and informal sectors (IS) to be characterized. Moreover, waste composition studies in the region’s rural and semi-urban areas revealed that the share of recyclables is higher in urban areas and commercial centres. A material flow analysis was used to transparently consolidate the collected data, showing that dumping and landfilling still play a major role within the Georgian WM system. The total amount of waste landfilled on ‘Nikea’ landfill in 2019 equals 58,000 tonnes year−1, from where around 55,500 tonnes year−1 is formally collected municipal solid waste, and 2,503 tonnes year−1 is commercial and industrial waste. According to the findings, the size of the IS in Kutaisi is 0.07–0.15% of the city’s population, whose supposed cumulative income is estimated GEL 0.57–1.13 million (EUR 180–360 thousand) in 2019. Informally collected recyclables are estimated 870–1,750 tonnes year−1, comprising 6–11% of recyclables landfilled in Kutaisi in 2019. The study provides a basis for decision-makers. Replicating the applied methodologies and approaches to create this sound database could support the WM system across whole Georgia. The study further reveals the importance of the need to stop neglecting the IS and recognizes the importance of its role in the WM system of Kutaisi and the wider Imereti region, respectively.

Research is ever deepening its knowledge in a multitude of fields. Such research contributes in great depth to identifying and understanding problems (e.g. in the field of climate change). However, when it comes to societal implementation, it may ultimately lead to zero knowledge at infinite depth, as it has been ironically put. To tackle sustainability, respectively to achieve the 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) set by the UN, science has to come together and work in transdisciplinary teams. Scientists are poorly prepared for such an exercise and standard procedures of scientific work, sharing and publication of results in specialised conferences and journals do not help.In view of this problem, the Austrian Alliance of Sustainable Universities and research centres has created a project, UniNEtZ (Universities and Sustainable Development Goals), to jointly address the issues raised by the SDGs and develop suggestions for policies in a multidisciplinary approach. In order to facilitate this for the scientists involved, UniNEtZ is preparing collaborative measures and methods to address the issue of cooperation between disciplines to guarantee that all important interactions among SDGs are considered and addressed in equal detail. It is expected that changes in the way science and scientists are used to work together are necessary to achieve that. The developed concepts will be published in a handbook for UniNEtZ,In a next step, the handbook also hints at the need for municipal, regional, and national administrations to transition towards a kind of governance, that enables implementation of policies towards the SDGs. Current hierarchically organised structures don’t seem ideal for the kind of transsectoral cooperation that will be needed to implement the expected measures.The contribution presents the findings of this work on cooperative research and governance structures.Keywords: SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals, transdisciplinary research, transsectoral implementation

The emissions of tyre wear particles (TWPs) into the environment are increasing and have negative impacts on the environment and human health. The aim of this study was therefore to establish a mass balance for vehicle tyres und TWP emissions in Austria using static material flow analysis, which enabled a quantification of mass flows of rubber including carbon black as the most mass-relevant tyre filler. Vehicle-specific and mileage-dependent emission factors were used to calculate the TWP emissions. The results for the year 2018 indicate that 80% of the tyre rubber remained in use, while 14% was re-treaded, recycled, incinerated or exported as end-of-life tyres and 6% was emitted as TWPs to air, soil or surface water. Of these 21,200 t/y released and dissipative lost TWPs, 6% were microscale, with a possible size between 0.1 and 10 μm, and 0.3% were nanoscale below 0.1 μm. The mass balance on the substance level shows that the TWPs contained 5,500 t/y of carbon black emitted in the form of airborne TWPs (6%) or entering in the soil or surface waters (47% each). Regarding air pollution from road vehicles, about 3,600 t/y were non-exhaust emissions, including tyre, brake and road-surface wear, which contributed to 9% of total dust emissions across Austria. Scenario analysis for 2050 with regard to e-mobility and the European Green Deal reveals that non-exhaust emissions can only be significantly reduced by a general reduction of the mileage or an environmentally friendly tyre design. This modelling approach provides a solid basis for decision makers in traffic planning as well as for chemical risk assessment. However, dynamic models with higher temporal and spatial resolution are needed to predict future mass flows of TWPs and their environmental fate, including their degradation products and possible accumulation effects.

Recycling of waste materials is desirable to reduce the consumption of limited primary resources, but also includes the risk of recycling unwanted, hazardous substances. In Austria, the legal framework demands secondary products must not present a higher risk than comparable products derived from primary resources. However, the act provides no definition on how to assess this risk potential. This paper describes the development of different quantitative and qualitative methods to estimate the transfer of contaminants in recycling processes. The quantitative methods comprise the comparison of concentrations of harmful substances in recycling products to corresponding primary products and to existing limit values. The developed evaluation matrix, which considers further aspects, allows for the assessment of the qualitative risk potential. The results show that, depending on the assessed waste fraction, particular contaminants can be critical. Their concentrations were higher than in comparable primary materials and did not comply with existing limit values. On the other hand, the results show that a long-term, well-established quality control system can assure compliance with the limit values. The results of the qualitative assessment obtained with the evaluation matrix support the results of the quantitative assessment. Therefore, the evaluation matrix can be suitable to quickly screen waste streams used for recycling to estimate their potential environmental and health risks. To prevent the transfer of contaminants into product cycles, improved data of relevant substances in secondary resources are necessary. In addition, regulations for material recycling are required to assure adequate quality control measures, including limit values.

This paper demonstrates the power of material flow analysis (MFA) for designing waste management (WM) systems and for supporting decisions with regards to given environmental and resource goals. Based on a comprehensive case study of a nationwide WM-system, advantages and drawbacks of a mass balance approach are discussed. Using the software STAN, a material flow system comprising all relevant inputs, stocks and outputs of wastes, products, residues, and emissions is established and quantified. Material balances on the level of goods and selected substances (C, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, N, Ni, P, Pb, Zn) are developed to characterize this WM-system. The MFA results serve well as a base for further assessments. Based on given goals, stakeholders engaged in this study selected the following seven criteria for evaluating their WM-system: (i) waste input into the system, (ii) export of waste (iii) gaseous emissions from waste treatment plants, (iv) long-term gaseous and liquid emissions from landfills, (v) waste being recycled, (vi) waste for energy recovery, (vii) total waste landfilled. By scenario analysis, strengths and weaknesses of different measures were identified. The results reveal the benefits of a mass balance approach due to redundancy, data consistency, and transparency for optimization, design, and decision making in WM.

Im Rahmen eines zweijahrigen Projektes wurde untersucht, ob die osterreichische Abfallwirtschaft (AWS) ihre Ziele gemas Abfallwirtschaftsgesetz (AWG) erreicht, und ob die verwendeten finanziellen Mittel wirkungsvoller eingesetzt werden konnten. Dazu wurde eine neue, auf Materialbilanzen und Lebenszyklusanalyse basierende Methodik zur Bewertung und Optimierung der AWS entwickelt. Die Wirtschaftlichkeit wurde anhand der modifizierten Kostenwirksamkeitsanalyse (mKWA) beurteilt, wobei der Zielerreichung die zugehorigen Kosten gegenubergestellt wurden. Die Grundlage fur die Bewertung bildet eine ausgeglichene Materialbilanz der Abfallwirtschaft, ein Alleinstellungsmerkmal dieser Studie. Neben Guterbilanzen wurden auch Bilanzen ausgewahlter Wert- und Schadstoffe erstellt. Ausgewahlte Umweltbelastungen (Treibhaus-, Versauerungs-, Photooxidantien- und Eutrophierungspotenzial) wurden mit der Methode der Okobilanzierung berechnet. Fur ausgesuchte Indikatoren wurde mittels Materialflussanalyse oder Okobilanzierung der Status quo errechnet. Die Ergebnisse unterstreichen den hohen Stand der osterreichischen AWS und zeigen in einzelnen Bereichen Moglichkeiten fur zukunftige Optimierung auf: Unter anderem gilt es, Erfassungs- und Verwertungsquoten von rezyklierbaren Materialen (z. B. Holz und Kunststoffen) zu erhohen, wobei die Frage der Ausschleusung von Schadstoffen gelost werden muss. Zur Reduktion langfristiger Emissionen sind klare Regelungen zur Entlassung aus der Deponienachsorge notwendig. In einigen Bereichen ist die Bewertung mangels verfugbarer Methoden und Daten an Grenzen gestosen. Wahrend die osterreichische AWS quantitativ gut dargestellt werden konnte, gelang es nicht immer, ausreichend zu bewerten, ob die Ziele der AWS durch die ergriffenen Masnahmen auch erreicht werden, insbesondere bei den Themen „Schutz der menschlichen Gesundheit“, „saubere Kreislaufe“ und „sichere letzte Senken“. Die Bewertung zeigt auch, dass die funf AWG-Ziele einzeln in sich stimmig sind, aber zwischen den einzelnen Zielen eine Konkurrenz bzw. Abhangigkeit besteht. Es ist nicht moglich, mit einer Einzelmasnahme alle Ziele des AWG gleichwertig zu bedienen und zu verbessern. Es muss somit ein Mittelweg und das bestmogliche Zusammenspiel mehrerer Masnahmen gefunden werden, um eine effektive und wirtschaftliche Erreichung der Ziele zu gewahrleisten.

This article reviews, categorizes, and evaluates the objectives, means, and results of the application of material flow analysis (MFA) in waste management. It identifies those areas where MFA methodologies are most successful in supporting waste management decisions. The focus of this review is on the distinction between MFA on the level of goods and on the level of substances. Based on 83 reviewed studies, potentials, strengths, and weaknesses are investigated for the two levels of MFA when applied for analysis, evaluation, and improvement of waste management systems. The differences are discussed in view of effectiveness, applicability, and data availability. The results show that MFA on the level of goods are instrumental for understanding how waste management systems function, facilitating the connections of stakeholders, authorities, and waste management companies. The substance level is essential to assess qualitative aspects regarding resources and environment. Knowledge about the transformation, transport, and storage of valuable and hazardous substances forms the base for identifying both resource potentials and risks for human health and the environment. The results of this review encourage the application of MFA on both levels of goods and substances for decision making in waste management. Because of the mass balance principle, this combination has proven to be a powerful tool for comprehensively assessing if a chosen system reaches designated waste management goals

Assessment methods are common tools to support decisions regarding waste management. The objective of this review article is to provide guidance for the selection of appropriate evaluation methods. For this purpose, frequently used assessment methods are reviewed, categorised, and summarised. In total, 151 studies have been considered in view of their goals, methodologies, systems investigated, and results regarding economic, environmental, and social issues. A goal shared by all studies is the support of stakeholders. Most studies are based on life cycle assessments, multi-criteria-decision-making, cost-benefit analysis, risk assessments, and benchmarking. Approximately 40% of the reviewed articles are life cycle assessment-based; and more than 50% apply scenario analysis to identify the best waste management options. Most studies focus on municipal solid waste and consider specific environmental loadings. Economic aspects are considered by approximately 50% of the studies, and only a small number evaluate social aspects. The choice of system elements and boundaries varies significantly among the studies; thus, assessment results are sometimes contradictory. Based on the results of this review, we recommend the following considerations when assessing waste management systems: (i) a mass balance approach based on a rigid input–output analysis of the entire system, (ii) a goal-oriented evaluation of the results of the mass balance, which takes into account the intended waste management objectives; and (iii) a transparent and reproducible presentation of the methodology, data, and results.