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Additional file 1: Table S1. Self-reported total PA for participants with data at all time points and for participants with observations carried forward.

Additional file 2. Interview guide - Dance On: A mixed-method study into the feasibility and effectiveness of a dance programme to increase physical activity levels and wellbeing in adults and older adults.

Omar Khoja,1,* Bárbara Silva Passadouro,1,* Matthew Mulvey,2 Ioannis Delis,3 Sarah Astill,3 Ai Lyn Tan,1,4 Manoj Sivan1,4,5 1Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; 2Academic Unit of Palliative Care, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; 3School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; 4NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK; 5COVID Rehabilitation Service, Leeds Community Healthcare NHS Trust, Leeds, UK*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Manoj Sivan, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Floor D Martin Wing, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, LS1 3EX, UK, Tel +44 113 3922564, Email M.Sivan@leeds.ac.ukObjective: Musculoskeletal (MSK) pain is being increasingly reported by patients as one of the most common persistent symptoms in post-COVID-19 syndrome or Long COVID. However, there is a lack of understanding of its prevalence, characteristics, and underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. The objective of this review is to identify and describe the features and characteristics of MSK pain in Long COVID patients.Methods: The narrative review involved a literature search of the following online databases: MEDLINE (OVID), EMBASE (OVID), CINAHL, PsyclNFO, and Web of Science (December 2019 to February 2022). We included observational studies that investigated the prevalence, characteristics, risk factors and mechanisms of MSK pain in Long COVID. After screening and reviewing the initial literature search results, a total of 35 studies were included in this review.Results: The overall reported prevalence of MSK pain in Long COVID ranged widely from 0.3% to 65.2%. The pain has been reported to be localized to a particular region or generalized and widespread. No consistent pattern of progression of MSK pain symptoms over time was identified. Female gender and higher BMI could be potential risk factors for Long COVID MSK pain, but no clear association has been found with age and ethnicity. Different pathophysiological mechanisms have been hypothesized to contribute to MSK pain in Long COVID including increased production of proinflammatory cytokines, immune cell hyperactivation, direct viral entry of neurological and MSK system cells, and psychological factors.Conclusion: MSK pain is one of the most common symptoms in Long COVID. Most of the current literature on Long COVID focuses on reporting the prevalence of persistent MSK pain. Studies describing the pain characteristics are scarce. The precise mechanism of MSK pain in Long COVID is yet to be investigated. Future research must explore the characteristics, risk factors, natural progression, and underlying mechanisms of MSK pain in Long COVID.Keywords: post-COVID-19 syndrome, post-acute COVID-19, chronic pain

Background: Physical activity is a modifiable factor for preventing falls in older people. Engaging in dance, has the potential to modify risk factors such as levels of physical activity that are associated with falling. Purpose: To determine if a community-based dance programme; ���Dance on��� can modify risk factors associated with falling including levels of physical activity. Methods: Older people, aged 55 years an over enrolled on the Dance On programme (June 2019-March 2020). Physical Activity (SALQ), Fear of Falling (FES-I), mobility and balance (Timed up and Go), life satisfaction, happiness, and perceived health state were collected and compared at baseline, 3 months and 6 months follow-up using inferential analyses. A health economic evaluation was also undertaken. Results: 114 adults (F=103; 76.73 �� 9.21yrs) enrolled on the programme (baseline) with data collected from N=86 at 3m and N=21 at 6 months. Adherence was 76.6 �� 17.50 and 76.5 �� 19.04% at 3 and 6m respectively. Fear of falling, timed-up-and-go, life satisfaction, happiness, perceived health state did not improve. However total minutes of physical activity increased from baseline 104.34 (�� 27.62) to 3 and 6 months 186.84 (�� 24.77) (F(1.10, 78.98)=4.58, p=0.032). The program was considered cost effective at 3 and 6m. Conclusions: Dance can increase levels of physical activity and this persists while engaged in the dance programme. Adherence to the programme was high but frequency and duration of sessions, and initial physical activity levels need to be considered to maximise benefits., The Health & Fitness Journal of Canada, Vol. 14 No. 3 (2021): Proceedings from the 8th International Society for Physical Activity and Health Congress

A bstract Proprioceptive feedback and its role in control of isometric tasks is often overlooked. In this study recordings were made from upper leg muscles during an isometric knee extension task. Internal knee angle was fixed and subjects were asked to voluntarily activate their rectus femoris muscle. Muscle synergy analysis of these recordings identified canonical temporal patterns in the data. These synergies were found to encode two separate features: one concerning the coordinated contraction of the recorded muscles and the other indicating agonistic/antagonistic interactions between these muscles. The second synergy changed with internal knee angle reflecting the influence of afferent activity. This is in contrast to previous studies of dynamic task experiments which have indicated that proprioception has a negligible effect on synergy expression. Using the MIIND neural simulation platform, we developed a spinal population model with an adjustable input representing proprioceptive feedback. The model is based on existing spinal population circuits used for dynamic tasks. When the same synergy analysis was performed on the output from the model, qualitatively similar muscle synergy patterns were observed. These results suggest proprioceptive feedback is integrated in the spinal cord to control isometric tasks via muscle synergies. Significance statement Sensory feedback from muscles is a significant factor in normal motor control. It is often assumed that instantaneous muscle stretch does not influence experiments where limbs are held in a fixed position. Here, we identified patterns of muscle activity during such tasks showing that this assumption should be revisited. We also developed a computational model to propose a possible mechanism, based on a network of populations of neurons, that could explain this phenomenon. The model is based on well established neural circuits in the spinal cord and fits closely other models used to simulate more dynamic tasks like locomotion in vertebrates. Conflict of interest statement The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.