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Running economy (RE), defined as the energy demand for a given velocity of submaximal running, has been identified as a critical factor of overall distance running performance. Plyometric and resistance trainings, performed during a relatively short period of time (~15–30 days), have been successfully used to improve RE in trained athletes. However, these exercise types, particularly when they are unaccustomed activities for the individuals, may cause delayed onset muscle soreness, swelling, and reduced muscle strength. Some studies have demonstrated that exercise-induced muscle damage has a negative impact on endurance running performance. Specifically, the muscular damage induced by an acute bout of downhill running has been shown to reduce RE during subsequent moderate and high-intensity exercise (>65% VO2max). However, strength exercise (i.e., jumps, isoinertial and isokinetic eccentric exercises) seems to impair RE only for subsequent high-intensity exercise (~90% VO2max). Finally, a single session of resistance exercise or downhill running (i.e., repeated bout effect) attenuates changes in indirect markers of muscle damage and blunts changes in RE.

Effect of resistance training in people with diabetes mellitus The diabetes mellitus is characterized mainly by the absence or inadequacy of the hormone insulin, and its endogenous production stimulated by the exercise, contributing like this to a better control glycemic. The resistance training promote increase sensibility the insulin, muscular mass and cardiovascular benefits, demonstrating be like this important tools in the treatment and prevention of the complications of the diabetes type I and II. The prescription of exercises for those individuals should be individualized, accompanied by a team multiprofessional and based on the results of exams clinical, physical, laboratory and nutritional. The objective of this study was to analyze through literature review the effects of the resistance exercises in individuals with diabetes mellitus, suggesting that resistance exercises are important for Diabetes Mellitus's bearers, they may promote increase of the muscular mass, there fore greater uptake of glucose and improvement of the basal metabolism O diabetes mellitus caracteriza-se principalmente pela ausência ou insuficiência do hormônio insulina sendo sua produção endógena estimulada pelo exercício, contribuindo para um melhor controle glicêmico. O treinamento resistido, promove um aumento da sensibilidade à insulina, da massa muscular e benefícios cardiovasculares, demonstrando ser um instrumento eficaz no tratamento e prevenção das complicações do diabetes tipo I e II. A prescrição de exercícios para esses indivíduos deve ser individualizada, acompanhada por uma equipe multiprofissional e baseada nos resultados de exames clínicos, físicos, laboratoriais e nutricionais. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar por meio de levantamento bibliográfico, os efeitos dos exercícios resistidos em portadores de diabetes mellitus, apontando que os exercícios resistidos são importantes para os portadores de Diabetes Mellitus, pois podem promover aumento da massa muscular, conseqüentemente maior captação da glicose e melhora do metabolismo basal.

The aim of the present study was to control the intensity of a local exercises program for elderly women using Borg scale. sixteen elderly women (65.5±3.6 years) were selected; they were enrolled in the Physical Education, Sports and Recreation Center of ESALQ-USP. The proposed training was developed in 24 sessions during 12 weeks. The volunteers were submitted to a planned, organized and segmented (in periods) program. For performance comparison, were used validated protocols such as: international physical activity questionnaire and Borg’s scale. The data were collected in moments 30 and 60 minutes of each session for detection of ratings of perceived exertion from participants. The results were expressed by the mean values of perceived effort in moments 30 min and 60 min of the training sessions during the macrocycle and suggest that the method used showed to be effective in detecting changes of perceived intensity by participants in each training phase. It can be affirmed that Borg’s scale utilization is important in the control of intensity and progression of exercise load in elderly women. O objetivo do presente estudo foi controlar a intensidade de um programa de exercícios localizados destinados a mulheres idosas por meio da escala de Borg. Foram selecionadas 16 idosas (65,5±3,6 anos), inscritas no Centro de Educação Física, Esporte e Recreação da ESALQ-USP. O treinamento proposto foi desenvolvido em 24 sessões durante 12 semanas. As voluntárias foram submetidas a um programa de treinamento planejado, programado e segmentado em períodos (periodizado). Para comparação da performance foram utilizados protocolos validados, como o questionário internacional de atividade física e a escala de Borg. Os dados foram coletados nos momentos de 30 e 60 minutos de cada sessão para detectar a percepção subjetiva do esforço por parte das participantes. Os resultados foram expressos como média dos valores do esforço percebido pelas voluntárias nos momentos 30 min e 60 min das sessões de treino durante o macrociclo de treinamento e sugerem que o método utilizado demonstrou ser efetivo para a detecção da mudança na intensidade percebida pelas participantes em cada fase do treinamento. Pode-se afirmar que a utilização da escala de Borg é importante para o controle da intensidade e da progressão da sobrecarga de exercícios em idosas.