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The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the process of implementation of the European Union (EU) acts in the field of capital markets into Ukrainian legislation. The author examines the international legal basis of this process and describes the main stages of Ukraine’s relations with the EU in relation to the approximation of Ukrainian legislation to the EU acquis. The author also examines the key documents that define the relations between Ukraine and the EU in the context of European integration, including the 1994 EU-Ukraine Partnership and Cooperation Agreement and the 2014 EU-Ukraine Association Agreement. The article analyses in detail the reports of the European Commission on Ukraine’s progress in approximating its legislation to the EU acquis in the field of capital markets. The main achievements and areas requiring further improvement are highlighted. In particular, the author examines the issues of capital market supervision, rating of financial instruments, and such mechanisms for raising funds as securitisation and covered bonds. The author examines the internal aspects of bringing Ukrainian legislation in line with EU requirements, including legislative plans and current draft laws. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of recently adopted laws aimed at bringing Ukrainian legislation closer to the EU acquis in the field of capital markets. The article also examines the priority areas for further work on the implementation of EU acts, including improving legislation on combating capital market abuse, creating a mechanism for compensation to investors in securities, strengthening the supervisory powers of the National Securities and Stock Market Commission, and introducing certain types of collective investment institutions that operate in the EU but are not currently provided for in Ukrainian legislation, such as European long-term investment funds, venture capital funds, and other types of collective investment institutions. Based on the analysis, the author formulates recommendations for improving the implementation process, including strengthening coordination between various government agencies, attracting international technical assistance and holding broad consultations with market participants [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discloses the content of social standards that state authorities are obliged to observe in the process of exercising their competence after the Association Agreement enters into force. Attention is focused on the fact that EU requirements regarding the activities of all branches of the state apparatus of Ukraine in terms of ensuring social standards are of primary importance in the context of the introduction of European approaches to good governance. It is substantiated that the timely and optimal implementation of EU social standards in Ukraine is possible only if a special legal mechanism is developed and applied. The heart of such a mechanism is the Association Agreement. Based on the analysis of the provisions of the specified document, the essence of the most significant social standards, which Ukraine undertakes to implement in practice, has been identified and disclosed. In particular, it is ensuring justice and improving the quality of life of citizens on the basis of equality and non-discrimination, increasing the level of social orientation of state policy towards migrants, introducing innovative approaches in the sphere of activity of authorities to combat the illegal circulation of narcotic drugs, precursors and psychotropic substances in order to overcome negative consequences for health and the negative social consequences of drug addiction, taking into account the social interests of the modern population while simultaneously caring for future generations, developing measures aimed at minimizing the risks to the population’s health from the nuclear industry, the social orientation of the organization of the fiscal and economic policy of the state. It has been proven that against the background of the deepening of the European integration processes of Ukraine, the modernization of the domestic social policy of the state is inevitable. First of all, this process requires the creation of an innovative legal basis for diversifying the mechanisms of its implementation, leveling the level of socio-economic development of Ukraine in order to avoid regional socio-economic asymmetry. In practice, this takes the form of changes in the legal regulation of a significant number of institutions of social security law of Ukraine, revision of organizational and legal approaches of state administration in the direction of implementing social standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that the Ukraine-EU summits have served as one of the effective political instruments of cooperation, contributing significantly to advancing the shared goals of both sides. By analyzing the evolution of these summits in the 1990s and after signing the Association Agreement, and their impact on both domestic and regional dynamics, this article will shed light on the multifaceted contributions of this institutional mechanism to the Ukraine-EU partnership. These summits serve as platforms for highlevel political dialogue, setting the strategic direction for the bilateral relationship and monitoring progress in AA implementation. Examining the effectiveness of Ukraine-EU summits necessitates not only acknowledging their achievements but also critically evaluating their limitations and challenges. This article delves into these complexities, highlighting both the success stories and areas for improvement. Ultimately, it seeks to offer insights into the future of this vital partnership, considering the current geopolitical landscape and the ever-evolving needs of both Ukraine and the EU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that the Ukraine-EU summits have served as one of the effective political instruments of cooperation, contributing significantly to advancing the shared goals of both sides. By analyzing the evolution of these summits in the 1990s and after signing the Association Agreement, and their impact on both domestic and regional dynamics, this article will shed light on the multifaceted contributions of this institutional mechanism to the Ukraine-EU partnership. These summits serve as platforms for high-level political dialogue, setting the strategic direction for the bilateral relationship and monitoring progress in AA implementation. Examining the effectiveness of Ukraine-EU summits necessitates not only acknowledging their achievements but also critically evaluating their limitations and challenges. This article delves into these complexities, highlighting both the success stories and areas for improvement. Ultimately, it seeks to offer insights into the future of this vital partnership, considering the current geopolitical landscape and the ever-evolving needs of both Ukraine and the EU.

The article is dedicated to analyzing the cooperation between Ukraine and the European Union, which began with the signing of the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement in 1994 and reached a new level after the signing of the Association Agreement in 2014. The focus is on the impact of this agreement on Ukraine's domestic and foreign policies, particularly in the context of sustainable development and ensuring environmental security. The article examines the role of international agreements in regulating Ukraine's environmental policy, particularly the principles of preventive measures and the use of natural resources within the framework of sustainable development. Despite the formal incorporation of relevant provisions in international treaties, the real situation regarding environmental security remains challenging due to the conflict between the economic interests of developed countries and transnational corporations and the demands of environmental protection. The article separately addresses the influence of international law on the development of Ukraine's energy policy and its integration into the pan-European energy space. The importance of transitioning to renewable energy sources and the role of the European Union in financing and supporting such projects are analyzed. It is noted that sustainable development and environmental protection should become priorities within the framework of Ukraine's energy security policy. The article also outlines the main challenges Ukraine faces in the context of international environmental security, particularly the insufficient effectiveness of international organizations in recognizing and counteracting environmental crimes. Despite this, the importance of cooperation with the EU to achieve a stable deceleration of environmental degradation is emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On March 29, 2022, the Parliament of Georgia passed the Law on Protection of Consumer Rights, with its primary provisions taking effect on June 1, 2022. By enacting the Law, Georgia has largely fulfilled its commitment under the Association Agreement with the European Union (EU) to implement EU directives governing consumer protection into its national legislation. However, it is essential to recognize that this reform marks just the initial phase of approximation. Challenges persist, especially in relation to European directives concerning the regulation of the digital marketplace. This article aims to provide a concise overview of the reform facilitated by the adoption of the new Law. Moreover, given that only one year has passed since the implementation of the Law, there remains a lack of practical experience or judicial precedent to assess its positive or negative impacts. Academic studies in this direction are also lacking. Consequently, the discussion in this article primarily centers on the novelty and challenges presented by the Law in the light of EU directives.

Copyright of Law of Ukraine / Pravo Ukraini is the property of Editorial Board of Journal "Law of Ukraine" and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Investigaciones Historicas is the property of Universidad de Valladolid, Facultad de Filosofia y Letras and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article summarizes the process of implementing the EU acquis into the national legislation of Ukraine, as well as the obligations undertaken within the framework of the Association Agreement. Thus, as part of the negotiation process, Ukraine’s commitments are grouped into six clusters, which in turn contain 34 chapters. It was found that 80 state authorities assessed the approximation of Ukrainian legislation to EU legislation (self-screening) within six months. According to the results of the inspection, several EU acts do not require implementation into Ukrainian legislation, some acts are subject to further full or partial incorporation, and some of the acts have already been fully implemented into Ukrainian legislation. It was also analysed that the largest number of EU acquis acts, which Ukraine has already fully incorporated into its legislation, relate to the sections «Customs Union», «Statistics», «External Relations», «Food Safety, Veterinary and Phytosanitary Policy» and «Protection of Consumer Rights and Health Care». However, under such sections as «Transport Policy», «Food Safety, Veterinary and Phytosanitary Policy», «Freedom of Movement of Goods», «Freedom of Entrepreneurship and Provision of Services» there is still work to be done in terms of the implementation of EU norms in the internal legislation of Ukraine. In addition, the article also defines the state of implementation of the EU acquis in Ukraine. In addition, the activities of government bodies during 2023 in the process of implementing EU legislation were also analysed. It was found that Ukraine also fulfilled all seven recommendations of the European Commission, which it received during the granting of candidate status. It was also determined that Ukraine, on its way to European integration, continues to fulfill its obligations under the Association Agreement. During the period from 2015 to 2022, Ukraine fulfilled 72% of its obligations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 26 April 2024, the European Commission put forward a proposal for the Council to conclude the Association Agreement (AA) between the European Union and Andorra and San Marino. The AA with Andorra and San Marino goes another step further and introduces in an unprecedented manner the supervision and jurisdiction of the European Commission and the Court of Justice (CJEU) in the context of an association agreement. Accordingly, the Union may now have fully exhausted its association competence when it comes to the depth of integration it may offer third countries.

There have been major geopolitical changes on the international landscape over the last three years, not to mention the consolidation of other transformations with deeper roots. To what extent, and how, does this new international context reframe the prospects of firming up the “agreement in principle” between the European Union (EU) and Mercosur approved in 2019? Working from an eclectic theoretical framework, which combines geopolitical and geoeconomic approaches with consideration of the impact of material and ideational factors, this paper takes a longitudinal view, drawing on a wide variety of sources, to try to shed light on the chances and prospects of an agreement of this type in the new global settings.

The aim of the study is to conduct an empirical analysis of environmental convergence between the EU and Ukraine. This involves evaluating a set of indicators, identifying clusters of EU and Ukrainian countries to obtain adequate empirical estimates, and directly assessing not only the convergence process but also other patterns of environmental and economic development. Methodology. In addition to the classical models of beta, sigma, gamma and delta convergence, the study of environmental convergence should apply methods that focus on the growth process and the increase in the level of economic development of less developed countries, rather than simply on the reduction of development disparities. Such methods should emphasise the importance of efforts and policies aimed at bringing countries closer together and creating favourable conditions for their growth towards higher levels of development. The authors use the concept of upward convergence (divergence). The empirical analysis of environmental convergence between the EU and Ukraine was conducted for the period 2000-2021, divided into two sub-periods: 2000-2013 and 2014-2021, in order to identify trends in the Russian military invasion in 2014 and its impact on environmental and economic convergence during the war. Results. Studies of different types of convergence between Ukraine and the EU show different results: some indicators indicate convergence, while others show divergence. In fact, the interaction between Ukraine and the EU is a complex process that manifests itself differently depending on the specific indicators. Some aspects of cooperation are already leading to convergence and similarity between the countries, while others are leading to divergence. This demonstrates the need to implement effective strategies and policies of cooperation between Ukraine and the EU to achieve sustainable development. Practical implications. The results obtained can be used to develop environmental policies, commitments, forms of manifestation and main consequences for the ecological and economic system of Ukraine in the context of the Association Agreement and the European Green Deal. The fulfilment of obligations under these initiatives should become the basis for developing effective means of ensuring sustainable development through the implementation of the relevant state environmental and economic policy. Value/originality. The advantage of the proposed approach is that it takes into account negative growth, including environmental pollution. The results of the upward convergence assessment serve as a basis for the development of appropriate strategies, mechanisms, policies, effective governance, investment in human capital and infrastructure, and the creation of favourable conditions for entrepreneurship and innovation.

There have been major geopolitical changes on the international landscape over the last three years, not to mention the consolidation of other transformations with deeper roots. To what extent, and how, does this new international context reframe the prospects of firming up the "agreement in principle" between the European Union (EU) and Mercosur approved in 2019? Working from an eclectic theoretical framework, which combines geopolitical and geoeconomic approaches with consideration of the impact of material and ideational factors, this paper takes a longitudinal view, drawing on a wide variety of sources, to try to shed light on the chances and prospects of an agreement of this type in the new global settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article conducts a scientific and practical study of the organizational and legal issues of the integration of the transport system of Ukraine into both European and world transport systems with the aim of forming and further developing a single trans-European transport network. The international documents of the European Union and the national legislation of Ukraine in the international transport sphere were analyzed in order to identify problematic issues, search for effective organizational and legal mechanisms for their solution and priority forms of cooperation in this sphere. Іt was revealed that the main concepts, ways to achieve the goal and even specific actions regarding the creation of a modern transport network are outlined in the strategy of the European Commission "Transport - 2050: road map for the formation of the Single European transport space - on the way to a competitive and resource-efficient transport system" - " White book - 2011". One of the main goals of cooperation in accordance with the Association Agreement between Ukraine, on the one hand, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their member states, on the other hand, was specified, and its content was formed. It was emphasized that the situation with European integration in the international transport sphere remains difficult and this is a negative phenomenon and a joint responsibility of the Government and the Parliament regarding the obligations of Ukraine's implementation of mandatory and directly related regulations and directives of the European Union. The necessary steps for the implementation of the organizational and legal mechanism of European integration processes regarding the liberalization of international transportation and the development of the international transport sphere with the European Union and its member states are proposed, which can be the conclusion of bilateral agreements between Ukraine and the European Union on the simplification of the permit system between Ukraine and the member states of the European Union. of the Union for transit transportation by transport, making appropriate changes to already existing bilateral agreements regarding the conditions of transit transportation of goods between Ukraine and the member states of the European Union, in general, resolving issues regarding the obligations of implementing the Association Agreement between Ukraine, on the one hand, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their member states, on the other hand, in the field of infrastructure, acceleration of the stages of reform in Ukraine within the framework of the implementation of the Association Agreement, in particular, the approval by the parliament of European integration bills in the field of transport infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Union (EU) has over time developed close relations, typically taking the form of acquis‐based association agreements, with the countries in its Western and Eastern neighbourhood. This article examines when, where and how these non‐Member States can influence the terms of their association with the EU's law and policies via institutional venues. It expands on the literature of external Europeanization and governance, which has mainly focused on the downloading of EU rules by these countries. Yet, the associated neighbours have the opportunity to exert influence at different stages of the law or policy‐making process: first, before the downloading of relevant new rules by uploading or cross‐loading, that is, by attempting to initiate or shape these rules during the agenda‐setting and the formulation phases; and second, during or after the downloading by tweaking or rebuffing relevant new rules in the adoption and implementation phases. These mechanisms of influence at different points in time and in different bodies are illustrated by examples from the countries of the European Free Trade Association, of the Eastern Partnership and in the EU's customs union. The findings indicate that more uploading opportunities can generally be expected, the more downloading is required, and the better the associated countries' access to EU bodies in the early stage of the formulation of new rules. Weak uploading opportunities make joint bodies more important for tweaking and rebuffing. The proposed conceptual framework contributes to the study of external differentiated integration and opens new research avenues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given its depth and ambition, the Association Agreement (AA) concluded between the EU and Ukraine may have been expected to result in significant reverse influence on the EU. However, this article shows that this influence is indirect, arising from mechanisms and international processes brought into sharp relief by the AA. These are: the power asymmetry between the parties, politicization of the agreement and geo‐politicization as a form of contestation of the agreement in the geopolitical arena, stirred by Russia's grievances. The article argues that in responding to the asymmetry, politicization and geo‐politicization of the AA, the EU has been pushed to innovate to prevent the legal and political failure of the negotiated agreement. Innovation occurred at different levels: at institutional level to assist Ukraine's capacity to implement it, at constitutional level to ensure its ratification given politicization in the Netherlands, and at policy level to address Russia's geopolitical moves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Georgia signed an Association Agreement with the European Union in 2014, and this launched a process of approximation and harmonization with EU law. Energy law is one of the most important areas, which has to be developed and modified in accordance with the EU directives, regulations and rules of the Energy Community. Georgia took responsibility for establishing the energy exchange system and reorganizing the Georgian electricity market on a new model. In fact, these issues have not been studied, as they require, on the one hand, a very in-depth, practical knowledge of the issue and, on the other hand, erudition in the issues of legal approximation and information about the obligations assumed by the association agreement. The purpose of the article is to review the legislative regulations on the Georgian electricity market, the legal framework that defines the main principles of the market, the basis of operation, and sociopolitical and legal mechanisms of market stability. In the article, special attention will be paid to the status of the energy exchange in Georgia, its concept, its legal basis, problematic issues related to its implementation, and the future perspective. As a result of the analysis of the issues, based on the evaluation of the existing problems, the necessary legal ways of the development of energy law and the mechanisms promoting harmonization with the laws of the European Union are determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Georgia signed an Association Agreement with the European Union in 2014, and this launched a process of approximation and harmonization with EU law. Energy law is one of the most important areas, which has to be developed and modified in accordance with the EU directives, regulations and rules of the Energy Community. Georgia took responsibility for establishing the energy exchange system and reorganizing the Georgian electricity market on a new model. In fact, these issues have not been studied, as they require, on the one hand, a very in-depth, practical knowledge of the issue and, on the other hand, erudition in the issues of legal approximation and information about the obligations assumed by the association agreement. The purpose of the article is to review the legislative regulations on the Georgian electricity market, the legal framework that defines the main principles of the market, the basis of operation, and sociopolitical and legal mechanisms of market stability. In the article, special attention will be paid to the status of the energy exchange in Georgia, its concept, its legal basis, problematic issues related to its implementation, and the future perspective. As a result of the analysis of the issues, based on the evaluation of the existing problems, the necessary legal ways of the development of energy law and the mechanisms promoting harmonization with the laws of the European Union are determined.

Copyright of Legal Studies / Studia Prawnicze is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Legal Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As a country aspiring to join the European Union, Moldova has been working towards the harmonization of its criminal justice standards and laws with those of the EU. This involves aligning its legal framework with the EU acquis communautaire, which is the body of EU law that all member states must comply with. One of the main objectives of this harmonization process is to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the Moldovan criminal justice system, as well as to enhance its capacity to fight against cross-border crime and other forms of transnational organized crime. To achieve this, Moldova has implemented a number of reforms aimed at improving its criminal justice institutions and processes, including the adoption of new laws and regulations that are in line with EU standards and practices. In addition, Moldova has also established closer cooperation with other EU countries, both through bilateral agreements and through its participation in EU-wide initiatives such as Eurojust and the European Public Prosecutor's Office. This cooperation allows for the exchange of information and best practices between Moldova and the EU, as well the coordination of efforts to combat cross-border crime and other forms of transnational organized crime. The path traveled by the states of Central and Eastern Europe in the last decade demonstrates that European integration cannot be considered only as a priority of the country's foreign policy, as was declared by the Government of the Republic of Moldova until recently. Since independence, conditions have been created in the Republic of Moldova that allow a new approach to the European integration process, and the course towards joining the European Union has become a priority state policy that is consistently promoted internally and externally. The adoption of such a new approach is all the more important, as the expansion of the European Union has taken on an unprecedented scale and it is the first time that the accession of new members directly targets the interests of the Republic of Modova. Overall, the harmonization of criminal justice standards and legislation in Moldova is an ongoing process that will require continued effort and cooperation between Moldova and the EU. The article is dedicated to the analysis of the cooperation of the Republic of Moldova with the European Union through the prism of the provisions of the Association Agreement, implicitly, by connecting its national legislation to the requirements stipulated in the legal acts of the EU, this being achieved by implementing the provisions of Directives, Regulations, Decisions of the EU and of the CoE. In the Association Agreement, in particular, in its annexes, a list of concrete legal acts of the EU and the deadline for their implementation established for the Republic of Moldova is included. This denotes the fact that Moldova is obliged not only to harmonize its relevant legislation with these legal acts, but also to implement it and ensure its compliance by the set deadline. It should be taken into account that the Republic of Moldova is not a member state of the EU and, therefore, it is obliged to follow a gradual process of harmonization, because Moldova is not, for now, obliged to carry out full harmonization with the EU acquis, at the level of the EU member states, in order to fulfill its obligations deriving from the Agreement. However, the acquisition in 2022 by the Republic of Moldova of the status of a candidate state for EU accession, denotes wider efforts in terms of harmonizing national legislation with EU legislation, which is not limited to the EU acquis included in the annexes to the Association Agreement, but implies the need to ensure the transposition into national legislation of the entire legislative body of the EU. According to the analysis of the European Commission, Moldova has reached a certain level of preparation (level II) for the implementation of the EU acquis in the field of justice, freedom and security. The legislation is largely aligned with EU legislation, and Moldova has implemented a number of important strategies. However, there is room for improvement regarding institutional cooperation and coordination to boost implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the effects of determinants of bilateral trade on export flows of Republic of Moldova during last decade in the framework of gravity model. Being a structural model with solid theoretical foundations it proves that markets are linked and changes in one partner country can cause changes in trade performance of another partner country. The variables include trade partner’s GDP, economic distance, and Association Agreement membership. Specifically, the model relies on a fixed effect panel estimation for explaining the export flows of the Republic of Moldova. In order to check the viability of the gravity equation, there are executed statistical tests. Based on the analysis, there are provided policy recommendations for trade policy.

Legitimacy is essential for compliance. Agreements between the European Union and Ukraine contain a commitment to enhance labour standards. Certain audiences view this commitment as just symbolic and reflective of the low degree of legitimacy the commitment has. All this could now change following Ukraine’s requested accession to the EU.

This paper reviews the European Union-Georgia relations and explores why and how the Europeanization has been a tool for Georgia's democratization. It examines the notions of Europeanization and democratization, and scrutinizes their linkage in the context of Georgia. In order to prove the research question, the research reviews several major official documents and implemented reforms, mostly in democracy, good governance, human rights, strengthening democratically accountable institutions, justice, freedom and security. The paper argues that democratization agenda has been driven by Europeanization because of three reasons: it was a legitimization factor; they had value convergence; and pragmatic reason - EU provided necessary technical expertise, knowledge and financial resources for facilitating the painful reforms and easing their transitional consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European integration is a key priority of Ukraine's foreign policy. The main strategic document of interaction between Ukraine and the EU is the Association Agreement, the most important component of which is the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA). The article presents the results of studying the dynamics, state, and structure of Ukraine's foreign trade with the countries of the European Union before the war. It was revealed that Ukraine continues to establish itself in international markets as a key player-exporter of agricultural products. It is emphasized that Ukraine is an important political and trade partner of the EU. It is demonstrated that both sides are striving for even greater convergence of relations that go beyond simple cooperation, towards gradual economic integration and deepening political cooperation. Despite the prospects for the further development of trade relations, which improved in 2021, 2022 made adjustments. In particular, the aggression of Russia against Ukraine had a negative impact on trade flows both in Ukraine and in the whole world. Despite this, since the beginning of the war in Ukraine, there has been an increase in merchandise exports to the EU, which because the blocking of seaports does not allow Ukrainian companies to directly deliver goods to Asia, Africa, and America, and they are forced to do this through the EU countries. As a result, after the outbreak of a full-scale war between Russia and Ukraine, the EU further strengthened the position of Ukraine's main trading partner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the Mercosur--European Union Association Agreement (AA) from a non-European perspective. It covers the Mercosur normative system, more specifically the part that deals with the incorporation of international laws and treaties into the regional legal system. First, it seeks to explain the nuances behind the announcement made by the States Parties to the AA in June 2019, seeking to contextualise the time frame for the development of the negotiations and the subsequent signing of the AA. Next, two important aspects for the effectiveness of the agreement are analysed: the procedure for incorporating the rules adopted by Mercosur Members, with reference to the provisions currently in force and applicable to Mercosur Members as a result of the agreements signed by them; and the difficulties associated with the procedure. Finally, the pillars on which the negotiations were initially conducted are discussed, with special attention to political dialogue, trade and cooperation, and the sustainable development considerations that are present in the AA. By adopting a non-European perspective, this article presents the issues related to Mercosur's internal normative system for the incorporation of international norms and regulations, that is, the agreement itself, and the procedure for its entry into force and possible obstacles to its implementation. It is concluded that, despite all the efforts made to finalise the negotiations, there is a clear and indisputable uncertainty regarding the effective application of the agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes various aspects of socioeconomic and juridical life of the Republic of Moldova in the context of European integration. The author pays special attention to the functionality of state institutions and the level of trust, perception of the population regarding the quality of the act of justice, the quality of the act of government as a whole. The analysis reveals major problems that need to be solved from the perspective of bringing our country closer to the community space, to join the European Union. The extensive use of the results of different sociological investigations allows the author to make a comparative and dynamic analysis of the situation in the field of justice and other fields of activity.

The impact of international law on national legal systems varies considerably according to the forms not only of each national legal system, but also of specific regions. The highest level of influence has been traced on the European continent, especially the European Union (EU). The author investigates the acts of the European Union institutions and concludes that they can serve as a model for national legal regulation. In the relations of the European Union with third countries, there is a tendency to more actively promote the ideas of European integration and with different regions at different stages of integration. The aim of the paper is to analyze the legal capacity of the EU with third countries and its implementation in association agreements with third countries, which determine the first step towards "Europeanization". Thus, the most common form of EU cooperation with third countries is association agreements. The authors carefully examine the features of associative agreements in the practice of the European Union's external relations and pay great attention to the association as a special partnership of EU Member States with a third country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In the Eastern Partnership (EaP) countries, the subject of geographical indications is particularly important. Although the approach to the subject of GIs in the EaP countries is uneven and differs from country to country, the attention that each of these states pays at the national level to the field of geographical indications cannot be neglect. In countries such as Georgia and Moldova, the development of the GI system is one of the national strategic objectives. This interest is largely due to those economic benefits offered by the implementation of the geographical indications system, especially in countries where the share of the agri-food sector in GDP is significant. Despite the fact that challenges regarding the implementation of the association agreement in the part concerning geographical indications in the EaP countries are quite similar, there are no complex studies regarding the implementation of the geographical indications systems in the Eastern Partnership Countries. The main purpose of this paper is to fulfill the existing gap and to analyze the current situation in the field of GI highlighting best practices but also the vulnerabilities of the GI system in the EaP countries.

The purpose of the work is to study the issue of domestic exports of agricultural products to the European Union (EU). Methodology. General scientific economic and mathematical methods as analysis, synthesis, abstraction, concretization and special methods as comparison, tabular were used. Results. It is noted that an important step in terms of deepening trade relations between Ukraine and the EU was the conclusion of the Association Agreement and the establishment of a free trade area in the framework of this Agreement. For Ukraine, this is both one of the greatest achievements (in terms of shaping the worldview and social development) and a challenge (in terms of ensuring economic growth of the country, search for internal sources and incentives). It is noted that European guidelines provide the agricultural sector with an effective direction of development and reveal modern opportunities for its recovery, create additional preferences in the agri-food market. It is investigated that since the beginning of 2014 there have been dramatic changes in the geographical structure of domestic exports. Before that, about a quarter of goods were sent to the EU countries, about a third – to the markets of the CIS countries, the rest – to other countries. During 2014-2020, this distribution changed towards a significant decrease in the share of the CIS countries and a gradual increase in the share of the EU and other countries of the world. The article provides an analytical assessment of the geographical structure of Ukraine's merchandise exports by three main blocks of countries – the EU, the CIS and the rest of the world. The role and importance of the free trade area between Ukraine and the EU, which is a powerful milestone in bilateral trade relations and opens new economic opportunities for both the EU and Ukraine, is determined. The main trading partners of Ukraine in the export of goods are characterized. The geographical structure of exports with the EU countries is investigated and it is noted that Ukraine supplies goods to almost all EU countries. The total value of exports in 2020 decreased by 1552103 thousand US dollars compared to 2018. The largest share of exports falls on Poland, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain. The commodity structure of agricultural exports with the EU countries during 2018-2020 was studied, a significant share of agricultural products was noted, which ranges from 34%. Practical implications. The factors that influenced the formation of exports in 2020 are identified. The problems that affect the development of exports and the prospects for its increase are identified.

Legitimacy is essential for compliance. Agreements between the European Union and Ukraine contain a commitment to enhance labour standards. Certain audiences view this commitment as just symbolic and reflective of the low degree of legitimacy the commitment has. All this could now change following Ukraine's requested accession to the EU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-border cooperation represents a "laboratory" of the international integration process, in which synergy is created between the diverse political, economic, cultural and social characteristics of the actors involved. The present paper examines perceptions of local crossborder cooperation actors in Slovak-Ukrainian borderlands. It is aimed 1) to identify their perceptions regarding the impact of more intensive cross-border interaction and expected impacts of the Association Agreement and 2) to verify the relationship between their views on the effects of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement implementation, as well as on deepening cross-border interaction and their tendency to perceive the EU, Ukraine or Slovakia as reliable partners. The empirical research and the statistical analysis were based on the approach proven within the EXLINEA research project. The results have revealed that the more intensive cross-border interaction has, as perceived by local actors on both sides of the border, a rather positive impact on borderlands. At the same time, perceptions regarding the reliability of Ukraine's partnership with Slovakia and the EU are seen as relatively significant correlates of attitudes of local cross-border cooperation actors. Namely, their attitudes to the effects of cross-border economic interaction, cross-border cooperation and the impacts of the Association Agreement implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses the EU policies towards the extension of a Common Transit Procedure and the New Computerised Transit System (NCTS) over associated countries given a case of Ukraine. A reasonable amount of the EU actions and aid on implementing the NCTS are performed within frameworks of the Eastern Neighbourhood Policy. It is instrumental for approximation of customs legislation, capacity budling, and modernization of customs authorities of the EU neighboring states. However, the impact of the NCTS implementation goes far beyond mere transit arrangements. It has the potential to introduce basic principles of the EU administrative law and best practices of administration into the day-by-day performance of national customs authorities. Ukrainian customs have favorable start conditions; so far, the national customs authorities and traders have experience in utilizing customs IT solutions. However, the transition to the new transit procedure may face specific issues due to disproportionately strict authorization criteria for transit simplification set by national legislation that exceeds the relevant rules of the EU legislation. Such restrictions cause low popularity of the new procedures harmonized with the EU legislation. Besides, in some cases, the approximation to the EU customs legislation results in discontinuing the existing simplification of customs procedures, which raises the question of possible distortions in the implementation of respective obligations and failure to share basic principles of good administration promoted by the EU.

The influence of disintegration processes on the development of regional trade agreements is revealed. Opportunities and threats to cooperation between Ukraine and the EU within the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area at the state level, for enterprises and the population have been identified. To achieve the aim of the research, the method of hypotheses, the method of developing search questions and questionnaires, the method of expert questionnaire survey of government officials, business community and the scientific community were applied in combination with statistical methods of primary information processing and the software SPSS Statistics 23. The aim of article is to identify threats and opportunities of the Ukraine - EU Free Trade Area and priority forms of cooperation. Ukraine is exposed to disintegration tendencies and destabilizing political processes, influence of loss of control over the most industrially developed eastern territories, disruption and severance of established internal economic ties. The efficiency of cooperation forms in ensuring the stability of international economic relations is estimated. Based on results of the study, practical recommendations were developed for both enterprises (micro-level of international cooperation) and for the government (macro-level). In the context of digitalization and informatization in the global environment and the dynamic growth of the IT sector, international cooperation in this area is becoming especially important. According to the results of the study, Ukraine and the EU have mutual economic interests to develop cooperation in the IT field, which requires support and involvement of both parties in improving regulatory conditions and integration mechanisms.

This article analyses the Mercosur-European Union Association Agreement (AA) from a non-European perspective. It covers the Mercosur normative system, more specifically the part that deals with the incorporation of international laws and treaties into the regional legal system. First, it seeks to explain the nuances behind the announcement made by the States Parties to the AA in June 2019, seeking to contextualise the time frame for the development of the negotiations and the subsequent signing of the AA. Next, two important aspects for the effectiveness of the agreement are analysed: the procedure for incorporating the rules adopted by Mercosur Members, with reference to the provisions currently in force and applicable to Mercosur Members as a result of the agreements signed by them; and the difficulties associated with the procedure. Finally, the pillars on which the negotiations were initially conducted are discussed, with special attention to political dialogue, trade and cooperation, and the sustainable development considerations that are present in the AA. By adopting a non-European perspective, this article presents the issues related to Mercosur's internal normative system for the incorporation of international norms and regulations, that is, the agreement itself, and the procedure for its entry into force and possible obstacles to its implementation. It is concluded that, despite all the efforts made to finalise the negotiations, there is a clear and indisputable uncertainty regarding the effective application of the agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers a comparative analysis of Ukraine's Association Agreement against the backdrop of other agreements of the EU with third countries that facilitate their partial integration into the EU's common space of four freedoms, albeit without institutional membership (EEA Agreement of Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein; EU–Swiss Bilaterals, and Turkey's Customs Union). In addition, this analysis includes the Stabilisation and Association Agreements of the Western Balkan countries and the former Europe Agreements of the Central European countries. The research draws on concepts of differentiated integration and external governance of the EU. The analysis is built along two dimensions: identification of the regulatory boundary (policy-taking: scope of transposition of the EU acquis, legal quality of transposition, and the type of supervision mechanism) and organizational boundary (policy-shaping: inclusion in the EU institutions). The analysis concludes that Ukraine's Association Agreement compared with other EU integration agreements with third countries includes the largest structural asymmetry, that is, a biggest gap between the largest volume of acquis, which Ukraine has to incorporate into its national legislation on one hand, and the lowest level of institutional involvement of Ukraine in policy-shaping within the EU on the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Galician economic journal is the property of Ternopil Ivan Puluj National Technical University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Central European Political Studies / Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne is the property of Faculty of Political Science & Journalism, Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article analyses the Mercosur–European Union Association Agreement (AA) from a non-European perspective. It covers the Mercosur normative system, more specifically the part that deals with the incorporation of international laws and treaties into the regional legal system. First, it seeks to explain the nuances behind the announcement made by the States Parties to the AA in June 2019, seeking to contextualise the time frame for the development of the negotiations and the subsequent signing of the AA. Next, two important aspects for the effectiveness of the agreement are analysed: the procedure for incorporating the rules adopted by Mercosur Members, with reference to the provisions currently in force and applicable to Mercosur Members as a result of the agreements signed by them; and the difficulties associated with the procedure. Finally, the pillars on which the negotiations were initially conducted are discussed, with special attention to political dialogue, trade and cooperation, and the sustainable development considerations that are present in the AA. By adopting a non-European perspective, this article presents the issues related to Mercosur’s internal normative system for the incorporation of international norms and regulations, that is, the agreement itself, and the procedure for its entry into force and possible obstacles to its implementation. It is concluded that, despite all the efforts made to finalise the negotiations, there is a clear and indisputable uncertainty regarding the effective application of the agreement.

Copyright of ScienceRise: Juridical Science is the property of PC TECHNOLOGY CENTER and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Many scholars blame Turkish politicians for the country's suspension of its Association Agreement with the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1978. Some have argued that rising Turkish anti-Westernism caused the agreement to fail; others maintain that Prime Minister Ecevit's protectionist government derailed it. Such perspectives overlook the role played by concrete economic issues. The 'Maghrebization' of the Association, agricultural affairs, and the situation of Turkish workers in Europe decreased the economic desirability of the Association for Turkey. EEC correspondence, which has not yet been used by other scholars, demonstrates that the EEC was cognizant of the worsening terms of the Association but decided not to revise the conditions despite repeated protests from Turkey. This article argues that the 1978 suspension of the EEC-Turkey Association Agreement was not the result of the initiative of a purportedly anti-Western or erratic Ecevit government. Instead, the article highlights the declining economic benefits of the Association for Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Yearbook of European Integration / Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej is the property of Faculty of Political Science & Journalism, Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)