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L'objectif de ce travail est d'analyser les liens qui existent entre image du corps, estime de soi et honte corporelle (variables dépendantes) chez les patients atteints par le VIH, en fonction de l'âge, du sexe, du niveau d'étude, du statut sérologique et de l'année de dépistage. Nous voulions voir aussi comment ces variables indépendantes (genre et âge) influent sur l'estime de soi, l'image du corps et la honte corporelle. Les participants étaient 158 patients VIH (hommes et femmes) qui ont rempli une batterie de mesures d'autoévaluation : échelle d'estime de soi de Rosenberg (1965), échelle de l'image corporelle (QIC) de Bruchon-Schweitzer (1990) et la sous-échelle de honte corporelle de l'échelle d'expérience de la honte (ESS) d'Andrews et al. (2002). La première hypothèse qui teste le lien entre estime de soi, image du corps et honte corporelle et les variables sociodémographiques (âge, sexe, niveau d'étude, statut sérologique et année de dépistage) montrent un lien significatif chez les patients VIH gabonais. La seconde hypothèse qui évalue l'influence de l'âge et le genre sur toutes nos variables dépendantes (estime de soi, image du corps et honte corporelle) montre que les femmes n'expriment pas davantage une insatisfaction corporelle et de la honte par rapport à leur corps et que leur niveau d'estime de soi n'est pas moins élevé que celui des hommes. Pour finir, les résultats montrent qu'en s'appuyant sur la comparaison intergroupes, l'estime de soi est plus faible chez les jeunes dans certains groupes d'âge. Il existe des liens significatifs entre estime de soi, image du corps et honte corporelle. Aussi, l'estime de soi est plus faible chez les jeunes patients VIH. Pour les cliniciens engagés dans la prise en charge des patients VIH, la connaissance du niveau d'estime de soi, d'insatisfaction corporelle et de honte corporelle permettrait d'élaborer des prises en charge adaptées et des objectifs d'interventions thérapeutiques appropriés (groupe thérapeutique, groupe ponctuel pour accroître efficacité personnelle). The study proposes the analysis of the relationship between body image, self-esteem and body shame (dependent variables) in HIV patients according to their age, gender, level of education, HIV status and year of their HIV screening. We also wanted to see how independent variables (gender and age) affect self-esteem, body image and body shame. Participants included 158 HIV patients (men and women) who completed a battery of self-report measures: the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (1965), the Bruchon-Schweitzer Body Image Scale (BIS) (1990), and the body shame subscale from the Shame Experience Scale (ESS) by Andrews et al. (2002). The first hypothesis, which tests the link between self-esteem, body image and body shame and the sociodemographic variables (age, gender, level of education, HIV status and year of screening), showed a significant relationship among Gabonese HIV patients. The second hypothesis, which evaluates the influence of age and gender on all our dependent variables (self-esteem, body image and body shame), indicated that women are no more likely to express more body dissatisfaction and shame about their bodies and their level of self-esteem is no lower than that of men. Finally, an intergroup comparison demonstrated that self-esteem is lower among youth in certain age groups. There are significant links between self-esteem, body image and body shame with a lower level of self-esteem in young HIV patients. For clinicians involved in the management of HIV patients, knowledge of the level of self-esteem, body dissatisfaction and body shame would allow for the development of appropriate care and therapeutic intervention goals (therapeutic group, self-efficacy group). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Assessing and cultivating students’ HOTS are crucial for interior design education in a blended learning environment. However, current research has focused primarily on the impact of blended learning instructional strategies, learning tasks, and activities on the development of HOTS, whereas few studies have specifically addressed the assessment of these skills through dedicated scales in the context of blended learning. This study aimed to develop a comprehensive scale for assessing HOTS in interior design major students within the context of blended learning. Employing a mixed methods design, the research involved in-depth interviews with 10 education stakeholders to gather qualitative data, which informed the development of a 66-item soft skills assessment scale. The scale was administered to a purposive sample of 359 undergraduate students enrolled in an interior design program at a university in China. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were also conducted to evaluate the underlying factor structure of the scale. The findings revealed a robust four-factor model encompassing critical thinking skills, problem-solving skills, teamwork skills, and practical innovation skills. The scale demonstrated high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.948–0.966) and satisfactory convergent and discriminant validity. This scale provides a valuable instrument for assessing and cultivating HOTS among interior design major students in blended learning environments. Future research can utilize a scale to examine the factors influencing the development of these skills and inform instructional practices in the field.

Background. Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE) Score is a single-answer scale widely used within the global medical community. However, to date, it has not been adapted and validated into Russian, particularly as a tool to assess orthopedic shoulder conditions. The aim of the study is to conduct a cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Russian version of the SANE score as an assessment tool of orthopedic shoulder conditions. Methods. The study included a total of 160 patients with various shoulder pathologies, of which 101 (63%) males and 59 (37%) females. The median age was 45 (37-52) years. At the first stage of the study, we performed cross-cultural adaptation of the SANE score into Russian. The second stage was the validation of the obtained score. Its reliability, validity and responsiveness were evaluated. Reliability was assessed by “test-retest” method. It allowed to measure an intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) between the SANE score results obtained at the time of the first appointment and again in 14 days. The validity assessment was based on the comparison of the SANE and ASES (have already been adapted into Russian) score results. Responsiveness was assessed using statistical analysis for two dependent samples and calculation of the Guyatt’s Responsivity Index (GRI). Floor and ceiling effects were evaluated as the percentage of patients who reported either minimum or maximum scores. Results. The psychometric properties assessment has revealed good indicators of reliability (ICC = 0.77), validity (a strong direct correlation between SANE and ASES scores = 0.707; a moderate strength inverse correlation with ASES “Intensity of pain” subsection = 0.542) and responsiveness (GRI = 1.861). Floor and ceiling effects accounted for 1% and 3%, respectively, (all below 15%). Conclusions. Adapted to assess the shoulder conditions, the Russian version of the SANE score has good psychometric properties. Its advantage is the combination of completion speed and ease of use with a high-quality integrated subjective assessment of the patients’ set of complaints.

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Summary: Background: Brain fog is a subjective cognitive impairment commonly reported in coeliac disease. A standardised tool to define and assess it is an important unmet need. Aims: To develop a patient‐informed tool to assess brain fog in coeliac disease to support clinical care, research and drug development. Methods: A pilot online study defined patient descriptors of brain fog. A second study evaluated the factor structure and performance of the scale across two‐time points ('Now' and in the 'Past week'). One month later, participants were invited to repeat the study with two online cognitive processing tests, the Stroop task and the trail making test. Results: Among adults with treated coeliac disease, 37 (91.9% F) participated in the pilot study and 510 (88.8% F) in the second study of whom 99 repeated the study 1 month later with 51 completing cognitive testing. The most common brain fog descriptors were 'difficulty focusing', 'difficulty thinking' and 'difficulty finding the right words and communicating'. The 12‐item scale reflects 'cognitive impairment' and 'somatic and affective experience' and demonstrates strong psychometric properties. It tracked with patients report of brain fog being present or absent across two‐time points. It did not significantly correlate with the cognitive tests. Conclusion: The brain fog assessment and severity scale is the first patient‐informed clinical outcomes assessment tool measuring brain fog in coeliac disease. It is brief and validated for two time‐based formats. Further research coupling it with biomarker discovery is needed to confirm its validity as a predictor of cognitive performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La Short Dark Triad (SD3) est une échelle anglophone courte évaluant trois traits de personnalité de la Dark Triad (Triade Noire : Machiavélisme, Narcissime et Psychopathie). Elle a été créée, en 2013, par Delroy L. Paulhus et son équipe (University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC, Canada). Il n'en existait pas de version francophone au début de ce travail de validation. La SD3 fut donc traduite vers le français, puis rétro-traduite vers l'anglais pour la comparer à la version originale. La poursuite de la validation se fit via un questionnaire en ligne (LimeSurvey), permettant de comparer les résultats des trois sous-échelles avec les résultats aux trois échelles (validées en français) de référence (MACH-IV-fr, NPI-fr, LSRP-fr). Pour ce faire, 787 sujets ont répondu au questionnaire en ligne. Les analyses statistiques montrent une bonne cohérence interne (n = 580 et coefficient alpha de cronbach : 0,85 sur l'échelle totale, 0,78, 0,70 et 0,69 sur les sous-échelles de Machiavélisme, de Narcissisme et de Psychopathie) et une bonne validité externe de la SD3-fr ici traduite (n = 500 et Corrélation SD3 Machia avec MACHIV-fr : 0,70 ; Corrélation SD3 Narcis avec NPI-fr : 0,74 ; Corrélation SD3 Psychopathie avec LSRP-fr : 0,67). L'analyse factorielle confirmatoire est en faveur d'un modèle à trois facteurs corrélés. La SD3-fr peut être utilisée en populations francophones. The Short Dark Triad (SD3) scale has been created by Delroy L. Paulhus and his team in 2013 (University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada). Its purpose is to provide a brief measure of three socially aversive traits known as the Dark Triad (Machiavellianism, Narcissism and Psychopathy). This study aims to explore the psychometric properties of this French version of the scale and to validate this translation. The SD3 scale has been translated from English to French, then retro-translated to English again to compare it to the original version. The validation continued with an online survey (LimeSurvey) allowing to compare the results of the three sub-scales with the results of the three existing scales previously validated in French (MACH-IV-fr, NPI-fr, LSRP-fr). A total of 787 participants answered the online survey. Statistical analyzes suggest a good internal consistency (n = 580 and Cronbach's alpha coefficients: 0.85 on the full scale, 0.78, 0.70, 0.69 on the sub-scales of Machiavellianism, Narcissism and Psychopathy) and a good external validity of the SD3-fr translated in the present work (n = 500 and SD3 Machia–MACHIV-fr correlation: 0.70; SD3 Narcis – NPI-fr: 0.74; SD3 Psychopathy – LSRP-fr: 0.67). The confirmatory factor analysis suggests a three correlated factors model. This SD3-fr scale will be used in a further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractAimMethodResultsConclusionStuttering is a communication disorder that involves both manifest speech disfluencies and associated symptoms. The purpose of the present study was to introduce an easily administered and ecologically valid assessment tool designed for perceptual evaluation of stuttered speech, FreDESS (frequency of stuttering events, duration of events, effort, secondary behaviours, and severity). More specifically, we wanted to study its reliability and validity.Video recordings of conversations with 38 people who stutter (PWS), 19 females and 19 males aged 13–25, were assessed by three speech language pathologists (SLP). Inter- and intrajudge reliability was estimated with intraclass correlation, standard error of measurement, and agreement between listeners. Internal consistency for the FreDESS parameters was estimated with Cronbach’s alpha (α). To test the validity of FreDESS, the relationships between the average estimated parameters of frequency, duration, secondary behaviours, and severity of FreDESS and the Stuttering Severity Instrument (SSI-3), were analysed using intraclass correlation.The interjudge reliability was good, especially for the frequency, duration, and severity parameters (90 per cent + agreement given 1 scale point difference). All parameters of the FreDESS had strong intrajudge reliability (ICC = 0.86–0.94) and the overall internal consistency was high (α = 0.98). The average ratings on the two assessment scales were in line with each other (r = 0.90–0.96), indicating high concurrent validity.The FreDESS scale for the assessment of stuttered speech may be a valuable tool in clinical and research contexts. It is a valid and more time-efficient assessment instrument than the more commonly used SSI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plusieurs études ont démontré l'existence de pathologies psychiques et de risques psychosociaux chez les marins, notamment les officiers de la marine marchande. Les principaux facteurs de risque notifiés sont la fonction d'officier, l'accroissement de la durée de travail et en corollaire la diminution du temps de sommeil, la solitude, l'éloignement familial et plus récemment l'impact de la pandémie de COVID-19 (peur pour sa santé, celle de sa famille, allongement des durées d'embarquement). La faible latitude décisionnelle des membres d'équipage comparativement aux officiers a également été mis en exergue. À ce jour, il n'existe pas d'étude chez les élèves officiers de la marine marchande. Un groupe de travail comprenant des membres des écoles supérieurs de la marine marchande et du CHU de Brest a été constitué. Un questionnaire comprenant des données démographiques et des navigations auquel nous avons adjoint le questionnaire GHQ-12, HAD et le questionnaire de Karasek a été élaboré. L'ensemble des élèves a été sollicité et a rempli le questionnaire de manière anonyme par voie électronique. Les résultats des différents questionnaires ont ensuite été analysés en utilisant les modalités de cotation reconnues au niveau international. Une phase d'analyse descriptive puis une analyse selon les catégories du score de Karasek a été menée. Cent soixante-dix questionnaires ont pu être inclus. La population est majoritairement masculine (76,4 %), et l'âge moyen des élèves est de 21,7 ans. Près de 20 % des élèves déclarent avoir vécu un événement traumatisant au cours d'un stage embarqué. Nous observons que la moyenne du GHQ-12 est à 13,3 et donc supérieure à 12. Les moyennes du HAD anxiété et HAD dépression sont respectivement 6,9 et 5,37, avec respectivement 18,2 % et 7,6 % des élèves inclus présentant des signes d'anxiété et de dépression. Selon la classification de Karasek, nous notons que la classe « actif » est la plus représentée avec 29,4 % des élèves, puis viennent à égalité les classes « tendu » et « détendu » avec 27,6 %. La classe « passif » est la moins représentée avec 15,3 %. Cette étude montre que les élèves de l'école officiers de la marine marchande française ont une évaluation moyenne de leur santé globale et que nous retrouvons une prédominance de troubles anxieux mais peu de signes de dépression. Des signes de « work strain » selon Karasek sont retrouvés pour 1/4 de la population de ces jeunes officiers. La proportion d'élèves officiers présentant des signes d'anxiété et dépression selon le questionnaire HAD est similaire aux études chez les officiers français et européens. Par contre, la proposition d'élèves classés comme « tendus » est plus importante. Concernant les événements traumatisants, dans une analyse semi-dirigée sur les premiers embarquements des étudiants, les principaux facteurs de stress déclarés étaient la conduite du navire, les avaries, la piraterie puis les conditions météorologiques. La période des études au sein des ENSM est une période d'apprentissage théorique mais également de mise en situation lors des stages. Dans ce milieu très spécifique de la marine marchande, l'impact des contraintes psychosociales semble important. Ces données nous interrogent également sur l'impact de la profession mais également celui de la période de pandémie de SARS CoV-2. Cela soulève aussi la problématique de l'aptitude à la navigation de certains élèves présentant des signes anxieux et dépressifs lors de l'enquête, et d'autres à risque de développer ce type de pathologies entrant dans la liste des inaptitudes à la navigation. Several studies have demonstrated the existence of mental disorders and psychosocial risks among sailors, particularly merchant navy officers. The main risk factors reported are assuming the status of an officer, longer working hours and the consequent reduction in sleep time, loneliness, separation from family, and, more recently, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic (fear for one's own health and that of one's family, and longer embarkation times). The low decision latitude of crew members compared to that of officers has also been highlighted. To date, no studies have been carried out among merchant navy officer cadets. A working group including members of the Merchant Navy school and the hospital of the University of Brest was set up. A questionnaire was devised that included demographic and navigational data to which we added the GHQ-12, HAD and Karasek questionnaires. All the students were asked to complete the questionnaire anonymously and submit it electronically. The results of the questionnaires were then analyzed using internationally recognized scoring procedures. A descriptive analysis phase was conducted which was followed by an analysis according to the Karasek scoring categories. In all, 170 questionnaires were submitted. The participant population was predominantly male (76.4%), and the average age of the students was 21.7 years. Nearly 20% of the students stated that they had experienced a traumatic event during an on-board training course. We note that the average GHQ-12 is 13.3 and therefore higher than 12. The HAD anxiety and HAD depression averages are 6.9 and 5.37 respectively, with 18.2% and 7.6% of the students included showing signs of anxiety and depression. According to Karasek's classification, we note that the "active" class is the most represented with 29.4% of students, followed by the "tense" and "relaxed" classes with 27.6%. The "passive" class is the least represented with 15.3%. This study demonstrates that the students of the French Merchant Navy Officer Training School evaluated their overall health as average, with a predominance of anxiety disorders but few signs of depression. Signs of "work strain" according to the Karasek questionnaire were found in 1/4 of these young officers. The proportion of cadets showing signs of anxiety and depression according to the HAD questionnaire is similar to that shown in studies among French and European officers. On the other hand, the proportion of cadets classified as "tense" is higher. Concerning traumatic events, in a semi-structured analysis of the students' first deployments at sea, the main stress factors reported were how the ship was managed, damaged, piracy and then weather conditions. The period of study within the ENSM involves both a period of theoretical learning but also one of practical training. In the highly specific environment of the merchant navy, the impact of psychosocial constraints seems to be significant. These data also raise questions about the impact of the profession as well as that of the SARS CoV-2 pandemic period. This also raises the issue of the fitness of certain students to sail where they showed signs of anxiety and depression at the time of the survey, and of others who are at risk of developing this type of pathology, which is included in the list of criteria for unfitness for sea duty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: A scale to evaluate knowledge about lymphedema has not been found in the Turkish literature before. With this study, it was aimed to develop a scale that enables the evaluation of the level of knowledge of healthcare personnel on lymphedema management. Materials and Methods: The permission for this methodological study was obtained from the Ethics Committee of University Faculty of Medicine with protocol 31 number 1453. Application permission was obtained from University Rectorate Practice and Research Hospital Chief Physician. With literature review, the item pool of the Lymphedema Management Knowledge Scale, consisting of 35 45 items including the headings of "etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and lifestyle", was organized. For 36 the evaluation of the scale, opinions of 16 faculty members who are experts in the field of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation were consulted. Results:In our study, lymphedema management was gathered under four main headings and a conceptual framework was created, and it was seen that it was appropriate to evaluate all the questions in one dimension after the construct and reliability validity analyses. The scale is suitable for real life and easy to apply in terms of the questions it contains. Conclusion: With this Lymphedema Management Information Rapid Assessment Scale, which was developed by reviewing the literature and taking expert opinions, the quality of counselling services provided to lymphedema patients will be raised, and the rise in protective measures will increase the quality of life of the patients [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Certaines études rapportent une chute de l'empathie clinique des étudiants en médecine lors de leur première année d'externat. Or, différentes pédagogies expérientielles et interactives pourraient limiter sa chute, voire favoriser son développement. Cette étude évalue l'efficacité d'un module associant simulations humaines (jeux de rôle et consultations avec patients simulés) et groupes Balint sur l'évolution de l'empathie des étudiants. Une étude interventionnelle monocentrique prospective avec évaluation avant et après du module pédagogique a été mise en place à destination d'étudiants de quatrième année de médecine en Île-de-France. L'empathie était mesurée par auto-questionnaire Jefferson Scale of Empathy – Medical Students et les connaissances par questions à réponse multiples. Les scores des 100 étudiants d'empathie autoévaluée montrent une amélioration statistiquement significative entre avant (108,8 ± 11,9) et après (113,7 ± 10,4 ; p < 0,001) le module. Une amélioration statistiquement significative entre avant (2,3 ± 1,1) et après (2,9 ± 1,2 ; p < 0,001) est retrouvée pour les 101 étudiants ayant rempli les questionnaires de connaissances. Enfin, une faible corrélation positive a été retrouvée (r = 0,256) entre les améliorations des questionnaires d'empathie et de connaissances. La simulation humaine associée aux groupes Balint semble favoriser le développement de l'empathie cognitive des étudiants en médecine en contexte français. Leur transposition sous visioconférence avec jeux en téléconsultation semble une voie pertinente et alternative aux limites de la réalité virtuelle dans les domaines non techniques. Some studies have reported a decline in medical students' clinical empathy during their first-year internships. Empathic skills in doctor–patient relationships have proven to have substantial benefit on the physiological as well as psychological parameters, and on the patients' and physicians' satisfaction. A range of experiential and interactive training modules have the potential to limit this decline and even foster the development of empathy, and yet French medical schools do not routinely implement such non-technical training. Moreover, there is no consensus about the concept of empathy, and previous studies rarely coordinate their definition with the method chosen to implement how it is measured. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a training module that combines human simulations (simulated patient interviews and role-playing) and Balint groups in order to develop medical students' empathy as a measured cognitive attribute, declarative knowledge, and their correlation. We implemented a monocentric prospective study of fourth-year medical students from the Île-de-France area, which included pre/post-test assessment. First-year clinical interns initially completed five role-play sessions of one hour and a half each, with a group of 12 to 14 students led by a trained senior medical doctor. The sessions addressed successively issues of the doctor–patient relationship, breaking bad news scenarios, management of chronic conditions, violence and aggression, inappropriate treatment requests, or communication about medical errors. A pre-briefing session provided oral and written instruction and promoted a non-judgmental approach. Then two students role-played the doctor–patient interaction. Finally, a three-stage debriefing supported reflective learning. Subsequently, the students attended six Balint group sessions of one hour and a half each, within the same groups. One of the students was encouraged to bring up a challenging clinical situation. Then, the trained Balint supervisor invited all the students to share their observations, so as to explore the assumptions, beliefs and emotions raised by this account, and to collectively reframe the multiple perspectives on the case. At the end of the year, each student carried out two ten-minute consultations with a simulated patient, without an observer. The clinical scenarios were an HIV diagnosis disclosure and resisting a request for a prescription for antibiotics for a common cold. After each simulation, the simulated patient (SP) provided direct feedback to the student, with at times additional feedback given by their supervisor. The SP feedback was focused on empathy. The level of the medical students' empathy was assessed using the self-reported Jefferson Scale of Empathy, which measures their declarative knowledge through multiple-choice questions. Of the 100 students who completed the empathy questionnaires, we found a statistically significant difference between the pre (108.8 ± 11.9) and post-test (113.7 ± 10.4; P < 0.001). On the three JSPE-MS subscales, two students reported a statistically significant improvement (perspective taking; and the ability to put themselves in the patient's shoes). Of the 101 students who completed the knowledge questionnaires, we found a significant difference between the pre (2.3 ± 1.1) and post-test (2.9 ± 1.2; P < 0.001). Moreover, a weak correlation was found (r = 0.256) between improvements of empathy and knowledge assessments. These results in the French context are consistent with those reported in international literature on the benefits of implementing simulation training and Balint groups to limit the decline of empathy during the medical students' first clinical internships. These results are further reinforced by the consistency between the definition of empathy and the implementation of a means to measure it as a cognitive dimension. The reliance on self-assessment of empathy might lessen the validity of these results and stresses the need for a wider multidimensional approach. The quality of the evidence is also limited by a monocentric, non-randomized and non-controlled design, which calls for further research. The use of human simulations combined with Balint groups seems to support the development of the cognitive empathy of medical students in the French context. Given the recent developments in remote learning worldwide to comply with social distancing measures, their online translation into role-played tele-consultations would appear to be a very topical opportunity, while also avoiding the inherent limitations of virtual reality to address non-technical skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cet article présente l'outil d'autoévaluation des émotions douloureuses (EED), un outil quantitatif et qualitatif conçu pour accompagner le proche dans le cadre du programme Ensemble qui propose des interventions personnalisées. L'EED comporte une partie de cotation de la fréquence des émotions douloureuses et de l'urgence du besoin d'aide vis-à-vis de celles-ci, suivie d'un échange pour définir les actions cliniques. Des données ont été collectées auprès de 73 proches de patients atteints de troubles psychiatriques. Les données démographiques, les scores de l'EED et les scores de l'inventaire bref des symptômes (Brief Symptom Inventory , BSI) sont collectés lors d'entretiens avec les intervenants du programme Ensemble. L'Impuissance et l'Anxiété sont des émotions particulièrement préoccupantes pour les proches aidants. Les analyses de validité montrent que la fréquence du ressenti des émotions douloureuses est un indice significatif de la détresse psychologique des proches aidants. Les scores obtenus avec l'EED peuvent orienter le suivi proposé par l'intervenant. Les bonnes propriétés psychométriques de l'EED et son utilisation simple en font un outil rapide à administrer et bien adapté à l'accompagnement sur mesure des proches aidants. Informal caregivers take on a variety of tasks to help their ill loved ones. Despite the personal and professional resources available, their health is sometimes impacted, and they may suffer from sleep disorders, chronic fatigue, and psychological distress. Supporting informal caregivers to prevent the risk of exhaustion entails a recognition of distressful emotions that can be associated with the role of caregiver. This article presents the Distressing Emotions Evaluation (DEE) tool, a quantitative and qualitative tool designed to support informal caregivers in the context of the Ensembl e program which proposes tailored and individualized interventions. Ensemble is independent of the patient's treatment and follow-up and its objective is to offer individual support to informal caregivers. It is structured in three phases spread over five one-hour sessions: an evaluation phase, followed by a support phase and finally an assessment phase. During the first phase, a professional trained in Ensemble 's methods assesses the needs, difficulties, painful emotions, and social resources of the informal caregiver. The DEE includes a rating scale, assessing the frequency of distressing emotions and the urgency of the need for help with dealing with them, followed by a dialogue to identify clinical actions. To assess the psychometric properties of the DEE, data were collected from 73 informal caregivers of patients with psychiatric disorders. The DEE tool consists of an inventory of cards illustrating eight distressful emotions: anxiety, anger, confusion, guilt, helplessness, feeling judged by others, loneliness, and sadness/distress. Demographic data, DEE scores, and Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) scores were collected during interviews with Ensemble practitioners. Helplessness and anxiety are particularly distressing emotions for informal caregivers. Indeed, they are among the most frequently reported emotions (present for 88 % and 71 % of the participants, respectively), and are the emotions for which unmet need for help is the most urgent (in 49 % and 40 % of the participants, respectively). Validity analyses with reference to associations with BSI scores show that the frequency of experiencing distressing emotions is a significant indicator of the psychological distress of informal caregivers. DEE scores can inform a practitioner's follow-up, e.g., with tools for managing emotions. The positive psychometric properties of the DEE, and its simple use based on illustrated card sorting which facilitates verbalization, make it a tool that is readily administered and well suited to the personalized support of informal caregivers. Based on the EED tool, the results demonstrated that helplessness and anxiety are very frequent painful emotions for informal caregivers and that there is a need for help that is not currently met by existing support services. The engaging clinical EED tool makes it easier to work with informal caregivers. This approach can be used to increase health literacy in personalized interventions focused on the recovery paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Health care services are undergoing a digital transformation in which the Participatory Health Informatics field has a key role. Within this field, studies aimed to assess the quality of digital tools, including mHealth apps, are conducted. Privacy is one dimension of the quality of an mHealth app. Privacy consists of several components, including organizational, technical, and legal safeguards. Within legal safeguards, giving transparent information to the users on how their data are handled is crucial. This information is usually disclosed to users through the privacy policy document. Assessing the quality of a privacy policy is a complex task and several scales supporting this process have been proposed in the literature. However, these scales are heterogeneous and even not very objective. In our previous study, we proposed a checklist of items guiding the assessment of the quality of an mHealth app privacy policy, based on the General Data Protection Regulation. Objective To refine the robustness of our General Data Protection Regulation-based privacy scale to assess the quality of an mHealth app privacy policy, to identify new items, and to assign weights for every item in the scale. Methods A two-round modified eDelphi study was conducted involving a privacy expert panel. Results After the Delphi process, all the items in the scale were considered "important" or "very important" (4 and 5 in a 5-point Likert scale, respectively) by most of the experts. One of the original items was suggested to be reworded, while eight tentative items were suggested. Only two of them were finally added after Round 2. Eleven of the 16 items in the scale were considered "very important" (weight of 1), while the other 5 were considered "important" (weight of 0.5). Conclusion The Benjumea privacy scale is a new robust tool to assess the quality of an mHealth app privacy policy, providing a deeper and complementary analysis to other scales. Also, this robust scale provides a guideline for the development of high-quality privacy policies of mHealth apps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dans l'anorexie mentale, les préoccupations corporelles sont un enjeu clé de la pathologie, mais aussi de la thérapeutique. Il est, à ce jour, établi que la perception de soi serait modulable par des interventions centrées sur le toucher. Dans ce contexte et avec l'appui de recherches en psychiatrie et en psychologie, nous posons la question de la place de l'ostéopathie en tant qu'aide à la remédiation physico-psychique. Nous avons réalisé le suivi de 40 patientes souffrant de troubles du comportement alimentaire et réparties en quatre sous-groupes de dix sujets non randomisés durant dix semaines afin d'évaluer la valeur ajoutée de l'ostéopathie vis-à-vis de la psychomotricité sur les préoccupations corporelles. À l'issue de la prise en charge, nous observons une diminution des préoccupations corporelles pour les sujets du groupe psychomotricité (p < 0,05) et ceux du groupe de double suivi ostéopathie-psychomotricité (p < 0,05). Le groupe ostéopathie ne montre pas d'amélioration suffisante vis-à-vis du groupe témoin (p > 0,34). Les résultats et les limites de la présente étude sont discutés, ainsi que les recommandations pour des recherches ultérieures. Anorexia nervosa is a psychosomatic disorder that mainly concerns women where body image and corporal sensations are questioned. For these patients, their morphology is an obsessional issue and they tend to ignore sensorial perceptions such as hunger or pain. Treatment remains extremely complex, in spite of the vast expanse of relevant specialities, and a close coordination of soma and psyche mediations is required. In fact, it has been proven that for anorexics, there is a strong link between the image of their degraded body and sensorial disorders. These phenomena also concern the structures of the interceptive system. Therefore, the body's perceived shape is a key issue not only in the pathology but also in the therapeutic intervention. To date, it has been established that self-perception can be modulated by interventions focused on touch. In this context and with the support of research in child psychiatry and psychology, we raise the question of the place of osteopathy as an aid in physico-psychic remediation. Our goal is to develop a therapeutic mediation covering the somatic phenomena induced by the muscular frame so as to demonstrate a possible improvement in how anorexics perceive their own morphology. We included 40 patients suffering from eating disorders in our experiment forming a heterogeneous age-group and respecting the minimum threshold. During the ten weeks of the trial, the group was divided into 4 subgroups of 10 non-randomized participants each and based on voluntary participation with one subgroup of 10 patients as a control group, one subgroup of 10 patients treated exclusively using psychomotricity, a third subgroup of 10 patients evaluated exclusively using osteopathy, and a fourth subgroup of 10 patients using a mixed approach. We relied on the "Body Shape Questionnaire" (BSQ-34) to conduct our comparative measurements. It is a reference psychometric tool for measuring bodily concerns, and the French version has been validated and is commonly used. At the end of our ten-week treatment period, we observed positive results for psychomotricity (P < 0.05) and a double osteopathy-psychomotricity follow-up (P < 0.05), but osteopathy alone does not show sufficient improvement compared to the control group (P > 0.34). In view of the results obtained with our patients, the modulations of bodily concerns among those participants treated by touch appear to be effective in the intra-group, but our approach could require extended treatment for more than 10 weeks with regard to intergroup comparisons. Osteopathy must, like the other bodily mediations already involved in the follow-up of anorexia nervosa before it, establish the extent of its contribution to and value in this pathophysiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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À l'heure actuelle, l'évaluation psychologique préopératoire fait partie des éléments incontournables pour toute personne souhaitant bénéficier d'une chirurgie bariatrique. Toutefois, il aura fallu attendre la fin du XIXe siècle pour que la prise en charge de l'obésité s'inscrive dans une approche pluridisciplinaire, posant ainsi les bases de l'évaluation psychologique dans ce domaine. En étant intégrée comme un traitement possible, la chirurgie va renforcer l'intérêt d'une telle perspective, notamment en s'appuyant sur ce type d'évaluation qui a pour fonction d'établir l'existence éventuelle de contre-indications. Celles-ci sont définies selon les pays par différentes instances comme l' American Society for Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery ou la Haute Autorité de santé. Bien qu'il n'existe pas d'outil spécifique pour ce type de bilan, certains font figure de référence depuis l'émergence de cette discipline dont l'Inventaire Multiphasique de la Personnalité du Minnesota. Depuis sa création, il est utilisé dans l'univers de la chirurgie bariatrique, démontrant sa validité et ses qualités psychométriques au fil du temps. Par ailleurs, la littérature continue à s'enrichir de travaux de recherche concernant sa capacité prédictive des suites d'une chirurgie renforçant la pertinence et l'intérêt de son utilisation dans cette pratique. At present, the preoperative psychological assessment is one of the essential elements for anyone wishing to undergo bariatric surgery. However, it was not until the end of the 19th century that the management of obesity became part of a multidisciplinary approach, thus laying the foundations for psychological assessment in this area. By being integrated as a possible treatment, surgery will reinforce the interest of such a perspective, in particular by relying on this type of assessment, which has the function of establishing the possible existence of contraindications. These are defined in different countries by different bodies such as the American Society for Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery or the Haute Autorité de santé. Although there is no specific tool for this type of assessment, some have been used as a benchmark since the emergence of this discipline, including the Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory. Since its inception, it has been used in the world of bariatric surgery demonstrating its validity and psychometric qualities over time. In addition, the literature continues to be enriched by research work concerning its predictive capacity for the aftermath of surgery, reinforcing the relevance and interest of its use in this practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facial feminization surgery (FFS) is often the first procedure requested by patients wishing to undergo gender-affirming surgery. This study aims to evaluate the applicability and effectiveness of deep plane facelifts in FFS. The authors conducted a prospective study that included patients who requested a deep plane facelift as a standalone procedure to achieve a more feminine facial appearance as the only procedure of FFS. These patients underwent deep plane facelifts to achieve a more feminine oval face shape and increased tissue projection of the zygomatic-malar region. To assess the effectiveness of the procedure and patient satisfaction, the Face-Q scales, Face and Neck lift Objective Photo-Numerical Assessment Scale, the Satisfaction With Life Scale, and the Subjective Happiness Scale were applied preoperatively and one year after surgery. Thirty-six patients were included in the study. A statistically significant difference (p < 0.005) was observed between pre and postoperative scores. The repositioning of the malar fat pads increased the malar volume, providing a more oval overall shape of the face, which is typically feminine. No major complications were observed. Despite our encouraging results, new studies with a larger sample of patients are needed to support the benefits of the deep plane facelift as part of FFS to elevate this technique from an ancillary to a routine procedure for patients undergoing gender affirmation surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Nocturia has high impact on quality of life (QoL) based on varying geographical and cultural factors. Speculating this, nocturia-related QoL (NRQoL) assessment scale was developed precisely, appropriate to the Indian context. Objective The current study aimed to develop and validate an NRQoL assessment scale for Indian adults. Methods An exploratory descriptive design was performed among 420 cases and 206 controls aged 35 to 65 years from two selected tertiary hospitals in Mangaluru, Karnataka, India. The NRQoL assessment scale was formulated through the following phases: review of literature, evaluation by experts, and pretesting. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed to reduce the number of items and to define domains. Reliability, construct validity, discriminant validity, and convergent validity of the scale were calculated. Results EFA resulted in the removal of seven items from a 36-item instrument, resulting NRQoL assessment scale into six domains as follows: (1) functional, (2) sleep, (3) emotional, (4) physical, (5) social and family, and (6) spiritual. The findings from the tertiary hospitals study confirmed that the scale was valid and reliable to measure NRQoL among adults. Conclusion The NRQoL assessment scale is a new, valid, and reliable instrument that is well-understood by adults and can be answered quickly. It is a useful new tool that can be translated and tested in other cultures and languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Hidden hunger remains a severe public health problem that affects millions of people worldwide. In China, challenges related to dietary imbalance and hidden hunger persist. Micronutrient inadequacy deserves more attention among adolescents, given its vital role in their growth and development; however, this problem appears to have been largely ignored. High school students, in particular, are often at a high risk of hidden hunger but have limited assessment tools available. Therefore, this study aims to revise the hidden hunger assessment scale for high school students (HHAS-HSS) in China and assess its reliability and validity. Methods: Based on a literature review, expert consultation, pre-experiment, and formal survey, a hidden hunger assessment scale was revised for high school students. The formal survey involved 9 336 high school students in 11 of the 16 cities in Anhui Province, China, and 9 038 valid questionnaires were collected and included in the analysis. The item analysis, internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, content validity, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis of the HHAS-HSS were examined. Results: The HHAS-HSS included a total of 4 dimensions and 12 items: "vegetables and food diversity" (three items), "fruits and dairy products" (three items), "micronutrient-dense foods" (four items), and "health condition and eating habits" (two items). The results showed a Cronbach's alpha of 0.758, a split-half reliability of 0.829, and a test-retest reliability of 0.793, indicating good internal consistency. Using the Bartlett's test and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test (KMO) to test the exploratory factor analysis presented a four-factor model of the HHAS-HSS, the KMO value was 0.820 (P < 0.001), which indicated the possibility for factor confirmatory factor analysis. Using the maximum variance rotation method, four factors were obtained, and the cumulative variance explained rate was 57.974%. Confirmatory factor analysis also supported the division of the scale into four dimensions, and the fitting indices were 𝜒² = 1417.656, 𝜒²/df = 29.534, goodness-of-fit index = 0.974, adjusted goodnessof-fit index = 0.958, parsimonious goodness-of-fit index = 0.600, normed fit index = 0.938, incremental fit index = 0.940, Tucker-Lewis index = 0.917, comparative fit index = 0.939, and root mean square error of approximation = 0.056. Except for 𝜒²/df, all the indices reached the fitting standard, and the above results showed that the construct validity of the scale reached an acceptable level. Conclusions: The HHAS-HSS has good validity and reliability for Chinese high school students. It is a convenient self-report measure of hidden hunger risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction Healthcare workers’ adoption of mHealth is critical to the success or failure of clinician based mHealth services in the developing world. mHealth adoption is affected or promoted by certain factors, some of which are peculiar to the developing world. Identifying these factors and evaluating them will help develop a valid and reliable measuring instrument for more successful prediction of mHealth adoption in the future. The aim of this study was to design and develop such an instrument. Method A Healthcare workers’ mHealth Adoption Questionnaire (HmAQ) was developed based on five constructs identified through a prior literature review: multi-sectorial engagement and ownership; staffing and technical support; reliable infrastructure; usefulness and stewardship; and intention to adopt. After testing face and content validity, the questionnaire was administered to 104 nurses and midwives in the Ewutu-Senya district of the Central Region of Ghana who used a maternal mHealth intervention. After data collection confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling were applied and the Healthcare Worker mHealth Adoption Impact Model (HmAIM) developed. Results Exploratory factor analysis showed the eigenvalue of all five components to be significant (cumulative total greater than 1.0). Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity was significant, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value was 0.777, and the mean Cronbach’s α value was 0.82 (range 0.81–0.83). Confirmatory factor analysis showed that constructs for the HmAQ were within acceptable limits and valid. Structural equation modelling showed the causal relationships between components. This resulted in development of the HmAIM. A modified model was then developed using the averages of individual construct items. This model showed strong correlation among the constructs. Further research will be required to understand new dimensions of mHealth adoption as a result of emerging technology needs, new complexities in the healthcare work environment, and how different cadres of healthcare workers respond to it. Conclusion The study presents a valid and reliable instrument, the HmAIM, to serve as a tool for assessment of healthcare workers’ mHealth adoption in the developing world. Use of the instrument will enhance the likelihood of successful adoption of mHealth implementations.

Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a common symptom that occurs in most cancer patients and survivors. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has proven to have unique values in clinical treatment of CRF in China, although still needs to be supported by higher level of clinical evidence as modern medicine develops. How to select an appropriate tool to assess CRF is essential to objectively estimate the treatment effect in clinical research on CRF using TCM. We reviewed the common tools used for assessing CRF in clinical research, and discussed the necessity of promoting the development of a standard TCM syndrome scale for CRF, so as to promote the standardization process of TCM treatment of CRF.

Background: Competency-based medical education has been emerging as a new educational model for learning. The development of medical education in Middle Eastern countries lacks basic literature in the area of medical education, particularly competency-based medical education (CBME). Aim: Our objective is to validate a brief/rapid scale that informs us on the current perception of the acquiring of competencies of medical students and graduates from the Lebanese University, Lebanon. Methods: A survey containing the Englander's common taxonomy for medical competencies—a set of 57 items—was distributed to medical students and graduates from the Lebanese University. Three parameters were used for the validation of this scale: construct validity using the principal component analysis technique, internal reliability using Cronbach alpha, and convergent validity using Pearson correlation. Results: A total of 377 participants responded to the survey. Factor analysis, using Varimax rotation, showed appropriate loading of domains; loadings varied between 0.648 and 0.899. Construct validity showed for all competencies loaded appropriately in their respective domains; loadings ranged between 0.656 and 0.913. Cronbach alpha values were very good to excellent (0.868 to 0.932). Pearson correlation coefficients showed a good correlation with the total score and varied between 0.739 and 0.893 (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: The Englander's common taxonomy scale is valid and reliable among Lebanese medical students and could be used for concise assessment of current and past medical education in faculties among Lebanese medical students. Using such scales can be used in assessing the improvement of medical education towards CBME. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The aims of this study were to conduct a cross-cultural validation of the Panic Disorder Severity Scale – Self-Report (PDSS-SR) and to examine psychometric properties of the French-Canadian version. Methods A sample of 256 adults were included in the validation study based on data from the baseline interview of a clinical trial on transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral therapy for mixed anxiety disorders. Participants completed the Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule (ADIS-5), and self-report instruments including the PDSS-SR, Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Mobility Inventory for Agoraphobia (MIA), Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ). The cross-cultural adaptation in French of the PDSS-SR included a rigorous back-translation process, with an expert committee review. Sensitivity to change was also examined with a subgroup of patients (n = 72) enrolled in the trial. Results The French version of the PDSS-SR demonstrated good psychometric properties. The exploratory factor analysis supported a one factor structure with an eigenvalue > 1 that explained 64.9% of the total variability. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) corroborated a one-factor model with a good model fit. Internal consistency analysis showed a .91 Cronbach’s alpha. The convergent validity was adequate with the ADIS-5 clinical severity ratings for panic disorder (r = .56) and agoraphobia (r = .39), as well as for self-report instruments [BAI (r = .63), MIA (accompanied: r = .50; alone: r = .47) and SDS (r = .37)]. With respect to discriminant validity, lower correlations were found with the SPIN (r = .17), PSWQ (r = .11), ISI (r = .19) and PHQ-9 (r = .28). The optimal threshold for probable diagnosis was 9 for the PDSS-SR and 4 for the very brief 2-item version. The French version showed good sensitivity to change. Conclusions The French version of the PDSS-SR has psychometric properties consistent with the original version and constitutes a valid brief scale to assess the severity of panic disorder and change in severity over time, both in research and clinical practice.

Este estudio se centra en adaptar y validar la escala Teacher Efficacy Scale for Writing al contexto educativo español. Participaron en el estudio 452 profesores de Lengua Castellana y Literatura de la Educación Obligatoria. Se analiza un modelo factorial de dicha escala constituido por 2 factores, eficacia general y eficacia personal, constituido este último por dos subfactores. Asimismo, se compara el ajuste factorial del modelo propuesto frente al modelo tradicional bidimensional y se analiza la invarianza de este en base al género y nivel educativo en el que imparten docencia los participantes. Los resultados obtenidos confirman un buen ajuste de los datos al modelo factorial propuesto y la invarianza factorial del mismo según las características de los participantes. Por tanto, la Escala de Eficacia Docente para la Escritura se puede considerar una herramienta de rápida aplicación, válida y fiable para determinar la eficacia docente hacia la escritura en el profesorado español.

Introduction: After a critical event, which has left the person dependent in self-care activities, their recovery is influenced by the emotions and attitudes that the person adopts. Objective: To develop an instrument that allows the assessment of attitudes and emotional factors with the greatest impact on recovery, of a person dependent on basic self-care activities. Methods: A methodological study that aims to describe the construction and study of the metric properties of the Attitudes Assessment Scale during the self-care recovery process. Data were collected at a hospital and two long-term care units, between October 2019 and December 2020, 118 people with dependence on basic self-care activities participated. Results: A four-dimensional structure with 37 items showed adequate psychometric characteristics of validity after an exploratory factorial analysis. The coefficient alpha of Cronbach varied between 0.84 and 0.96, suggesting a good internal consistency. Conclusion: Assessment of emotional disorders and attitudes of the person, with a deficit in self-care, during the recovery process, contributes to a more effective and integrated recognition and planning of care needs, ensuring higher quality and a more personalized care. The replicability and validation of this measure in other contexts, countries and cultures, can probably contribute to a more informed analysis of the attitudes of the person with dependence in the basic self-care activities, during the recovery process after a disabling event.

Background: Currently, case studies or clinical trials in different patient populations remain the main resource underlying the understanding of disorder of consciousness (DoC). This provides a low efficacy for the derivation of data and the implementation of associated controlled experimental designs. Preclinical models provide precise controls, reduced variability, rich data output and limited ethical complexity. Nonhuman primates are suitable model animals for disorders of consciousness due to their brain structure being very similar to that of humans. Behavioral tests remain the primary standard for assessing the consciousness status of humans. However, there is currently no behavioral assessment scale available for evaluation of the state of consciousness disorder in nonhuman primates. This presents a significant challenge for the establishment of different models of consciousness disorder. Therefore, there is considerable motivation to focus on the development of a proper tool for assessment of the state of consciousness associated with nonhuman primate models that are based on clinically common consciousness assessment scales. Methods: It is assumed that the Delphi and level analysis methods based on clinical consciousness disorder assessment scales may provide an effective way to select and include assessment indexes for levels of consciousness in nonhuman primates. Results: 8 first-level indicators with 41 second-level indexes were selected preliminary as a pool of evaluation entries of state of consciousness of nonhuman primates. Conclusions: It may be practicable to extract appropriate indicators for non-human primates from the clinical consciousness disorder assessment scales. Besides, a combination of Delphi method, behavioral analysis, electroencephalography, neuroimaging (such as positron emission tomography-computed tomography) and functional magnetic resonance imaging is necessary to test the reliability and validity of the novel scale reported here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Japanese operative-rating scale for laparoscopic distal gastrectomy (JORS-LDG) was developed through cognitive task analysis together with the Delphi method to measure intraoperative performance during laparoscopic distal gastrectomy. This study aimed to investigate the value of this rating scale as an educational tool and a surgical outcome predictor in laparoscopic distal gastrectomy. Methods: The surgical performance of laparoscopic distal gastrectomy was assessed by the first assistant, through self-evaluation in the operating room and by video raters blind to the case. We evaluated inter-rater reliability, internal consistency, and correlations between the JORS-LDG scores and the evaluation methods, patient characteristics, and surgical outcomes. Results: Fifty-four laparoscopic distal gastrectomy procedures performed by 40 surgeons at 16 institutions were evaluated in the operating room and with video recordings using the proposed rating scale. The video inter-rater reliability was > 0.8. Participating surgeons were divided into the low, intermediate, and high groups based on their total scores. The number of laparoscopic surgeries and laparoscopic gastrectomy procedures performed differed significantly among the groups according to laparoscopic distal gastrectomy skill levels. The low, intermediate, and high groups also differed in terms of median operating times (311, 266, and 229 min, respectively, P < 0.001), intraoperative complication rates (27.8, 11.8, and 0%, respectively, P = 0.01), and postoperative complication rates (22.2, 0, and 0%, respectively, P = 0.002). Conclusions: The JORS-LDG is a reliable and valid measure for laparoscopic distal gastrectomy training and could be useful in predicting surgical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A flash flood disaster is one of the most destructive natural disasters. With the increase in extreme rainfall events, more and more areas will be threatened by flash floods. The flash flood susceptibility assessment is the basis of flash flood risk assessment and is also an important step in flash flood disaster management. Based on Citespace analysis tools, this study made a bibliometric and visualized analysis of 305 documents collected in the core collection of Web of Science in the past 15 years, including the analysis of the number of publications and citation frequency, influence analysis, keyword analysis, author co-citation analysis, and institutional co-operation analysis. This paper summarizes the current research status and future development trend of flash flood susceptibility assessment from five key research subfields, including assessment scale, assessment unit, assessment index, assessment model, and model assessment method, discusses the analysis of the application of remote sensing and GIS in flash flood susceptibility assessment, discusses the problems encountered in the current research of the five subfields, and provides suggestions for flash flood hazard control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La Self-Stigma Scale-Short (SSS-S) est un questionnaire en neuf items conçu pour mesurer le degré d'auto-stigmatisation des individus issus de divers groupes minoritaires. Elle comporte un score de cognition, un score affect et un score comportement. L'objectif est de valider cette échelle en français dans le contexte des patients psychiatriques. La SSS-S a été traduite puis rétro-traduite et approuvée par ses auteurs. Quatre-vingt-seize patients ont été évalués à l'aide de ce questionnaire ainsi que par l'échelle du paradoxe de l'auto-stigmatisation (PaSS-24), l'échelle d'auto-efficacité généralisée (GSE), l'échelle d'Estime de soi de Rosenberg, l'échelle de désespoir de Beck, la version abrégée de l'échelle de stigmatisation (KSS-S) ainsi qu'avec la qualité de vie globale de l'échelle WHOQOL. La validité interne, la fidélité ainsi que la validité convergente ont été évaluées. Les résultats indiquent un bon ajustement du modèle original à trois facteurs, une bonne fidélité ainsi qu'une bonne validité convergente de l'ensemble des scores de la SSS-S. La SSS-S représente un outil générique rapidement complété présentant de bonnes qualités psychométriques auprès d'une population de patients psychiatriques. The Self-Stigma Scale - Short (SSS-S) is a 9 item questionnaire designed to measure the degree of self-stigma of individuals from various minority groups. It consists of a cognition score, an affect score and a behaviour score. The aim is to validate this scale in French in the context of psychiatric patients. The SSS-S has been translated and then back-translated and approved by its authors. A total of 96 patients were assessed using this questionnaire as well as the Self-Stigma Paradox Scale (PaSS-24), the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Beck Hopelessness Scale, the abbreviated version of the Stigma Scale (KSS-S) and the Overall Quality of Life of the WHOQOL scale. Internal validity, reliability as well as convergent validity were evaluated. The results indicated a good fit of the original three-factor model, a good reliability and a good convergent validity of all KSS-S scores. The SSS-S is a rapidly completed generic tool with good psychometric properties with a population of psychiatric patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Healthcare workers' adoption of mHealth is critical to the success or failure of clinician based mHealth services in the developing world. mHealth adoption is affected or promoted by certain factors, some of which are peculiar to the developing world. Identifying these factors and evaluating them will help develop a valid and reliable measuring instrument for more successful prediction of mHealth adoption in the future. The aim of this study was to design and develop such an instrument. Method: A Healthcare workers' mHealth Adoption Questionnaire (HmAQ) was developed based on five constructs identified through a prior literature review: multi-sectorial engagement and ownership; staffing and technical support; reliable infrastructure; usefulness and stewardship; and intention to adopt. After testing face and content validity, the questionnaire was administered to 104 nurses and midwives in the Ewutu-Senya district of the Central Region of Ghana who used a maternal mHealth intervention. After data collection confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling were applied and the Healthcare Worker mHealth Adoption Impact Model (HmAIM) developed. Results: Exploratory factor analysis showed the eigenvalue of all five components to be significant (cumulative total greater than 1.0). Bartlett's Test of Sphericity was significant, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value was 0.777, and the mean Cronbach's α value was 0.82 (range 0.81–0.83). Confirmatory factor analysis showed that constructs for the HmAQ were within acceptable limits and valid. Structural equation modelling showed the causal relationships between components. This resulted in development of the HmAIM. A modified model was then developed using the averages of individual construct items. This model showed strong correlation among the constructs. Further research will be required to understand new dimensions of mHealth adoption as a result of emerging technology needs, new complexities in the healthcare work environment, and how different cadres of healthcare workers respond to it. Conclusion: The study presents a valid and reliable instrument, the HmAIM, to serve as a tool for assessment of healthcare workers' mHealth adoption in the developing world. Use of the instrument will enhance the likelihood of successful adoption of mHealth implementations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Student self-evaluation is a phenomenon that increasingly occupies the thoughts and interests of both educational workers and society as a whole. This is due to the fact that the educational process has lost its characteristics of evaluation and assessment in well-known didactic relations where teachers are the only evaluators and students are the exclusive objects in the implementation of that process. Relying on the modest results of previous studies and research of studentself-evaluation, empirical research was prepared and conducted with the aim of determining the connection between the components of self-evaluation of young learners at primary school. The research included 208 young learners at primary school. The method of theoretical analysis and synthesis, the research method as well as the analytical-descriptive method were applied in the interpretation of the obtained results. Based on the obtained results, it was found that students assessed the representation of individual components of self-evaluation as fairly equally represented (M = 3.90) and a statistically significant correlation was found among the assessed components of self-evaluation of young learners at primary school. The results of the research imply the need to introduce not only student self-evaluation into teaching practice with the aim of improving student success, but also the democratization of relations in teaching, which raises various questions for further scientific research.

Abstract Aim Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are highly prevalent in the general population, and their lifelong impact on physical and mental health is profound. In assessing ACEs, it is vital to consider the pathways and modalities by which an individual internalizes events as an adverse experience and its effects on their biological, psychological, and social function. However, conventional assessments of ACEs are inadequate in that they do not comprehensively assess the source of the adverse event and the pathway and mode of its impact on the individual. Methods This study developed an original scale for ACEs that classifies the source of the event and the pathway and mode of its impact on the individual from a retrospective review of medical charts. We also used this scale to investigate the ACEs in 536 patients with psychiatric disorders (depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia). Results This scale consisted of 28 items, and its reliability and validity were sufficient. We also found that 45.9% of the patients studied had at least one ACE, ranging from 43.5% to 51.5% for all disorders. Psychological trauma (bullying) from peers was the most common cause at 27.2%. Conclusion We developed a retrospective chart review‐based assessment tool for ACEs which enables the examination of the source of the events of ACEs and the pathways and modalities of their impact on the individual. The frequency of ACEs is high regardless of the type of psychiatric disorder, and horizontal trauma (bullying victimization) is as frequent as vertical trauma (parental maltreatment).

In this study, we adapt and validate the Teacher Efficacy Scale for Writing to the Spanish educational context. The study participants comprised 452 teachers of Spanish language and literature from compulsory education. We analyse a factorial model of the scale with two factors, personal efficacy and general efficacy, and two sub-factors within the personal efficacy factor. We also compare the fit of the proposed factorial model to the traditional 2-factor model and analyse the factorial invariance of the model with respect to participants' gender and educational level. Our results confirm that the proposed factorial model has a good fit to the data as well as its factorial invariance with respect to the sample characteristics. The Escala de Eficacia Docente para la Escritura is a valid, reliable, easy-to-use instrument for assessing teacher efficacy for writing in Spanish teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The use of the Gait Speed (GS) test in clinical practice has been documented in many scientific studies. However, there is a lack of tools to use the aforementioned test for diagnosis and follow-up of changes in the process of health training in postmenopausal women. Having considered the foregoing, the main objective of this study was to develop quantitative and qualitative criteria to assess gait speed in women aged 60-75 years. Material and methods: Sixty women aged 60-75 years participated in the study. The structure of the gait speed rating scale was based on Zaciorski's model. The data collected during the GS test was analyzed. We developed quantitative and qualitative criteria to assess gait speed in women over the age of 60, which ranged from 1.25 m/s to 2.3 m/s. Results and conclusions: The scale presented in this study can constitute an effective tool to help estimate the level of gait speed in women aged 60-75 years, which is particularly important in coaching practice during diagnostics and programming of physical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Microsurgery training has become an important part of ophthalmology teaching and one of the main topics of examination. Accurate and effective evaluation of microsurgery skills is vital for the training and teaching of residents. In this study, we aimed to establish a pterygium surgery assessment scale for use by ophthalmic residents and evaluate its reliability and validity. Methods Based on a literature search, experienced pterygium surgeons developed the preliminary scale according to the standard surgical procedure. The preliminary scale and a questionnaire were sent to teaching and research experts in the field for feedback. Face and content validity and reliability of the scale were determined by rounds of modifications based on expert feedback. For construct validity, existing assessment scales were obtained and a range of factors were tested. Results Nineteen expert surgeons completed the questionnaire and modifications were made until all surgeons agreed on the final scale. Good construct validity was found by evaluation against 257 existing scales. For reliability, 280 evaluation scales were completed. Inter- and intra-rater reliability analysis both found Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) > 0.8 for all items and total scores. Conclusion The pterygium surgery assessment scale developed in this study has good reliability and validity, and is an effective measurement tool for the evaluation of ophthalmology residents’ pterygium surgical skills.

Introduction: The use of the Gait Speed (GS) test in clinical practice has been documented in many scientific studies. However, there is a lack of tools to use the aforementioned test for diagnosis and follow-up of changes in the process of health training in postmenopausal women. Having considered the foregoing, the main objective of this study was to develop quantitative and qualitative criteria to assess gait speed in women aged 60–75 years. Material and methods: Sixty women aged 60–75 years participated in the study. The structure of the gait speed rating scale was based on Zaciorski's model. The data collected during the GS test was analyzed. We developed quantitative and qualitative criteria to assess gait speed in women over the age of 60, which ranged from 1.25 m/s to 2.3 m/s. Results and conclusions: The scale presented in this study can constitute an effective tool to help estimate the level of gait speed in women aged 60–75 years, which is particularly important in coaching practice during diagnostics and programming of physical activity.

Background: The aims of this study were to conduct a cross-cultural validation of the Panic Disorder Severity Scale – Self-Report (PDSS-SR) and to examine psychometric properties of the French-Canadian version. Methods: A sample of 256 adults were included in the validation study based on data from the baseline interview of a clinical trial on transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral therapy for mixed anxiety disorders. Participants completed the Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule (ADIS-5), and self-report instruments including the PDSS-SR, Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Mobility Inventory for Agoraphobia (MIA), Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ). The cross-cultural adaptation in French of the PDSS-SR included a rigorous back-translation process, with an expert committee review. Sensitivity to change was also examined with a subgroup of patients (n = 72) enrolled in the trial. Results: The French version of the PDSS-SR demonstrated good psychometric properties. The exploratory factor analysis supported a one factor structure with an eigenvalue > 1 that explained 64.9% of the total variability. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) corroborated a one-factor model with a good model fit. Internal consistency analysis showed a.91 Cronbach's alpha. The convergent validity was adequate with the ADIS-5 clinical severity ratings for panic disorder (r =.56) and agoraphobia (r =.39), as well as for self-report instruments [BAI (r =.63), MIA (accompanied: r =.50; alone: r =.47) and SDS (r =.37)]. With respect to discriminant validity, lower correlations were found with the SPIN (r =.17), PSWQ (r =.11), ISI (r =.19) and PHQ-9 (r =.28). The optimal threshold for probable diagnosis was 9 for the PDSS-SR and 4 for the very brief 2-item version. The French version showed good sensitivity to change. Conclusions: The French version of the PDSS-SR has psychometric properties consistent with the original version and constitutes a valid brief scale to assess the severity of panic disorder and change in severity over time, both in research and clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breast augmentation is one of the most frequently performed plastic surgery procedures. Providing patients with realistic 3D simulations of breast augmentation outcomes is becoming increasingly common. Until recently, such programs were expensive and required significant equipment, training, and office space. New simple user-friendly programs have been developed, but to date there remains a paucity of objective evidence comparing these 3D simulations with post-operative outcomes. The aim of this study is to assess the aesthetic similarity between a pre-operative 3D simulation generated using Arbrea breast simulation software and real post-operative outcomes, with a focus on patient satisfaction. Methods: The authors conducted a prospective study of patients requiring breast augmentation. Patients were asked to assess how realistic the simulation was compared to the one-year post-operative result using the authors' grading scale for breast augmentation simulation assessment. Patient satisfaction with the simulations was assessed using a satisfaction visual analogue scale (VAS) ranging from 0 (not at all satisfied) to 10 (very satisfied). Patient satisfaction with the surgical outcome was assessed using the BREAST-Q Augmentation Module. Results: All patients were satisfied with the simulations and with the attained breast volume, with a mean VAS score of 8.2 ± 1.2. The mean simulation time took 90 s on average. The differences between the pre-operative and one-year post-operative values of the three BREAST-Q assessments were found to be statistically significant (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Three-dimensional simulation is becoming increasingly common in pre-operative planning for breast augmentation. The present study aimed to assess the degree of similarity of three-dimensional simulations generated using Arbrea Breast Software and found that the use of the software provided a very satisfying representation for patients undergoing breast augmentation. However, we recommend informing patients that only the volume simulation is extremely accurate. On the other hand, it is necessary to not guarantee an absolute correspondence regarding the breast shape between the simulation and the post-operative result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Les stratégies de coping modèrent la relation entre les situations stressantes et les issues de santé. Une question se pose quant à la capacité des individus à alterner entre différentes stratégies. Cette capacité fait référence au processus de flexibilité du coping , qui est considéré comme une capacité méta-cognitive. Cette conceptualisation de la flexibilité du coping nécessite la mise à disposition d'outils permettant de la mesurer. L'objectif des deux études présentées ici était d'examiner les propriétés psychométriques de l'échelle de flexibilité du coping (CFS) en population générale adulte française. La CFS est un questionnaire d'auto-évaluation permettant d'apprécier les dimensions d'évaluation et d'adaptation de la flexibilité du coping. La structure factorielle, la fiabilité ainsi que la validité de la CFS ont été évaluées à travers deux échantillons. Une analyse factorielle exploratoire conduite sur les données du premier échantillon a conduit à retirer trois des dix items originaux de la CFS en raison de faibles saturations observées. Une analyse factorielle confirmatoire a mis en évidence une structure à deux facteurs pour la CFS à 7 items. Cette nouvelle échelle réduite a démontré par ailleurs des validités de critère et de construit satisfaisantes. Le second échantillon a permis de confirmer ces résultats, en particulier la structure à deux facteurs de la CFS. Dans l'ensemble, les résultats obtenus sur les deux échantillons conduisent à considérer la CFS à 7 items comme un outil permettant de mesurer les dimensions d'évaluation et d'adaptation de la flexibilité du coping. Coping strategies moderate the relationship between a stressful situation and health outcomes. A question arises as to the ability of individuals to alternate between different strategies. This capacity refers to the process of coping flexibility which could be defined as the individuals' ability to effectively modify coping behavior according to the specific nature of stressful situations. Among the different theoretical frameworks of coping flexibility, the dual-process theory considers that coping flexibility is a meta-cognitive ability, which comprises two reciprocal processes: evaluation coping and adaptive coping. In order to measure these two processes, the Coping Flexibility Scale (CFS) has been developed. The objective of the two studies reported in this paper was to examine the stability of the psychometric properties of the CFS in French adult population, because there is no validated French scale to assess coping flexibility and because existing validated French-language scales are primarily dedicated to assess the extent to which individuals are variable in their use of coping strategies but not in how they are flexible in such use. The CFS is a self-report questionnaire for assessing the two dimensions of coping flexibility, namely evaluation and adaptive coping. Two studies were conducted to test the two-factor structure, reliability and validity of the CFS in several samples. In both studies, coping flexibility was measured with the CFS; coping strategies with the Brief COPE inventory and two indexes of stress adaptation were measured using the Perceived Stress Scale, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. In Study 1, extremely poor factor loading led to remove three of the 10 original items. A confirmatory factor analysis evidenced a two-factor structure for the 7-item CFS, which also demonstrate satisfactory construct and criterion validity. The Study 2 replicated the results obtained in Study 1, especially the two-factor structure of the CFS. Overall, the results obtained in the two validation studies of the CFS reveal a satisfactory stability of the factorial structure of the scale in its 7-item version. The 7-item French CFS appears as a questionnaire that can capture the two dimensions of coping flexibility defined as a meta-cognitive ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the effect of cognitive and sociodemographic characteristics of healthcare and non-healthcare workers on their traumatic responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected using an online survey between August-September 2020. The survey included the following scales: Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI), and Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). Traumatic responses were categorized into three types: avoidance (IES-R_A), intrusion (IES-R_I), and hyperarousal (IES-R_H). The study included a total of 672 participants, comprised of 399 (59.4%) men, and 273 (40.6%) women with a mean age of 39.25 ± 933 years. The results indicated that women had higher IES-R_I (r =.5.78, p < 0.001), IES-R_A (r = 4.47, p < 0.001), and IES-R_H (r =.5.20, p < 0.001) scores compared to men. Patients with a history of psychiatric diseases had significantly higher IES-R_I (r = −3.82, p < 0.001), IES-R_A (r = −2.00, p < 0.05), and IES-R_H (r = −4.06, p < 0.001) scores compared to patients with no history of psychiatric diseases. Non-healthcare workers had significantly higher IES-R_A (r = −2.69, p < 0.01) scores compared to healthcare workers. Female gender and a positive history of psychiatric diseases were found to lead to an increase in the frequency of all three traumatic responses to COVID-19. Contrary to expectation, being a healthcare worker was not found as a factor facilitating trauma response formation in our study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to translate the Sunnybrook Facial Grading System and its specific criteria into French and validate its use by French-speaking physicians for facial palsy evaluation. The original English version of the Sunnybrook Facial Grading System and its specific criteria was translated into French according to international standards. Twenty videos of patients with a wide range of facial palsy in terms of duration and severity were independently rated, twice each, by 6 physicians with varied experience in facial palsy care. Internal consistency and intra- and inter-rater reliability were analyzed. The French version of Sunnybrook Facial Grading System and its specific criteria both showed good internal consistency, with Cronbach alpha of 0.84 and 0.86 respectively. Inter-rater reliability was excellent in both sessions for the composite score, the score of symmetry at rest and during voluntary movement and synkinesis: intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between 0.77 and 0.98. Intra-rater reproducibility on the composite score and subscores was also excellent and comparable for expert, experienced and novice physicians, with an average ICC of 0.95. The French version of the Sunnybrook Facial Grading System and its specific criteria is reliable, reproducible and easy to use by French-speaking teams for facial palsy evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents results of the development of a scale for assessing university digital educational environment (AUDEE Scale; N = 406; 366 (90.1% women; age varies from 19 to 72 years, on average 28.7 ± 9.6 years (median = 24 years)).AUDEE scale provides a comprehensive description of digital educational environment based on the distinguishing of six indicators: satisfaction with the educational process; satisfaction with communicative interaction; stress tension; the need for support; dishonest strategies in knowledge control; and environment accessibility.The results of the confirmatory factor analysis confirm the six subscales model (IFI = 0.87; χ2 / df = 2.6; RMSEA = 0.06 [0.058; 0.066]; SRMR = 0.06).All subscales have acceptable reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.72—0.91, Split-half Guttman alpha = 0.82—0.92) and demonstrate predictable relationships with convergent indicators: experiences during learning (efforts, pleasure, meaning); cognitive motivation, achievement motivation, self-development motivation, introjected and external motivation, amotivation.To standardize the scale, stanines are calculated.

Introduction The self-report version of the Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS-SR) is a reliable and valid instrument to assess panic disorder, but is unavailable in French. Objectives The aim of this study was to conduct a transcultural validation of the French-Canadian PDSS-SR and examine its psychometric properties. Methods This study is part of a pragmatic RCT of group transdiagnostic CBT for anxiety disorders, and includes 272 adults meeting DSM-5 panic disorder diagnostic criteria. At baseline, participants completed the Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule (ADIS-5), the French-Canadian PDSS-SR and self-report measures. Convergent validity was assessed with Spearman correlations, Cronbach’s α was used to analyse internal consistency, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) evaluated its factor structure. Sensitivity to change was assessed with paired sample t-tests in patients (n = 72) meeting DSM-5 criteria for panic disorder at baseline with posttreatment data. Results 108 patients met DSM-5 criteria for panic disorder, including 58 with agoraphobia. The majority were women (85.3%) and mean age was 37.1 (SD = 12.4). Internal consistency (Cronbach’s α) was 0.91. For convergent validity, the highest correlation was with the Beck Anxiety Inventory (r = 0.64). CFA suggested a two-factor model. Optimal threshold for probable diagnosis was 10. Analyses support sensitivity to change when comparing transdiagnostic group CBT and control conditions. Conclusions With its good psychometric properties in primary care patients, the French-Canadian self-report version of the Panic Disorder Severity Scale is an efficient and practical instrument for both clinicians and researchers working in the field of mental health. Disclosure No significant relationships.

The search for understanding psychological trauma has grown considerably over the past fifteen years, leading to a real conceptual revolution at the crossroads of psychiatry, psychology, neurobiology, sociology, and anthropology, among others. However, despite the wealth of semiological descriptions, the under-diagnosis and late diagnosis of post-traumatic disorders, at the stage of intense suffering, remain numerous. This could be because the traumatic origins of the disorders remain unclear, due to their clinical characteristics–that is, the "unspeakable experience" of dissociation in language–, or because the healthcare system and the networks of practitioners come up against conceptual impasses that undoubtedly reflect the psychotraumatic process present even in theoretical discourse, to the point of rendering it ineffective. Now is the time to build a new model. Based on a linguistic methodology, the standardized computerized and manual study of the speech of psychically injured patients recently enabled us to define the notion of traumatic psycholinguistic syndrome (SPLIT). Our new perspective aims to overcome the diagnostic and therapeutic obstacles that too many people with mental health injuries still face. More objective than semiological and psychometric approaches, linguistic markers pave the way for the digital phenotyping of post-traumatic stress disorder and make it possible to better assess the recommended care. After discussing the pioneering work in the literature, we build a psycholinguistic tool allowing for the identification of psychically injured subjects. The exploratory analysis material includes two corpora of traumatic event narratives called "Bataclan" (n = 20 collected among survivors of the Paris attacks in 2015) and "Afghanistan War" (n = 15 collected among French soldiers deployed), which are matched to a control group. The narratives were transcribed and segmented into clauses and the following linguistic characteristics were analyzed: disfluencies (silent pauses, hesitation pauses, vocalic lengthenings, incomplete words, incomplete utterances, contiguous word repetitions). Narrative coherence, certain lexical fields (concerning death, emotions, etc.), spatio-temporal references, references to the person (personal and generic pronouns in particular), and non-literal language were also taken into account. In order to confirm the validity of the SPLIT-10 scale, we tested it on two additional corpora of traumatic narratives: the "Nice" corpus (n = 20) collected in the days following the attack perpetrated in Nice (July 14, 2016) and the "sexual assault" corpus (n = 20) composed of testimonies from people who were victims of a single sexual assault that occurred during adulthood. Linguistic characteristics that proved irrelevant either because they were insignificant, or because they were too frequent and/or difficult to discriminate in practice were eliminated: lexicon of emotions, verbal tenses, non-generic pronouns, narrative coherence. Conversely, the criteria that appear to be the most relevant for differentiating between traumatic and non-traumatic narratives were the following ones: lexicon concerning death, body parts, and unreality; verbs of perception, movement, or position of the body; spatial context including the appreciation of distances; generic pronouns; mention of the time and duration of the event; incomplete utterances; repetitions; and non-literal language. These criteria constitute a 10-item scale for which we will give examples for each criterion, then present as a global test. The results show that the SPLIT-10 scale significantly discriminates between traumatic and non-traumatic narratives. The SPLIT-10 items correspond to 5 psycholinguistic sub-syndromes: reference to death (item 1), derealization (items 2 to 4), depersonalization (items 5 to 7), flashbacks (items 8 and 9) and unspeakability (item 10). While these items turn out to be compatible with the criteria for PTSD retained by the DSM-5 (like those concerning acute stress disorder), the linguistic markers that we have identified appear to be much more detailed and specific to the psychological trauma than the usually described psychiatric symptoms. Because it accurately accounts for dissociation, SPLIT-10 is syndromically more consistent than the definition of PTSD in the nosography. It would be useful to replicate our study by considering larger multicenter corpora by controlling comorbidities, by varying the types of unique and complex traumatic events, and by focusing specifically on traumas occurring in childhood when language is still being constructed. In addition, the cut-off point of 5 on the 10-point scale could be revised upwards, or even be adapted according to the length of the verbal production. Moreover, a feasibility analysis should be carried out in current clinical practice measuring the effectiveness of practitioners trained in the use of this new tool. Finally, beyond the 10 items that we have retained, it would be interesting to develop a more complex scale that could be used for fundamental research purposes by integrating many other linguistic characteristics. Due to its infiltration of the theoretical discourse that attempts to grasp it, traumatic dissociation has until now remained a difficult notion to model. As a new clinical approach to dissociation, traumatic psycholinguistic syndrome reflects the "linguistic wound" constitutive of trauma. The definition of the SPLIT-10 scale appears more objective than the usual clinical analysis or the scales and questionnaires based on the nosography, which call for the subjective assessment of symptoms by the patient and/or the practitioner. Nevertheless, far from denying all subjectivity, the semantic analysis of discourse, in tandem with lexical and syntactic linguistic approaches, also offers to better characterize the specificity of what caused the trauma in a singular subject. Finally, the pragmatic analysis of the dialogical interaction between the patient and the clinician will prove to be fundamental in our understanding of the effective therapeutic mechanisms that allow patients to move beyond their traumatic dissociation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: There are many tools for measuring patient's potential adoption of mHealth (i.e. mobile health) in the developed world, but none of these instruments provides a comprehensive means for measuring critical issues affecting the adoption of mHealth by patients in the developing world. The aim of this paper was to develop a valid and reliable assessment instrument for predicting mHealth adoption by patients in the developing world. Method: A Patients mHealth Technology Adoption Questionnaire (PmTAQ) was developed based on themes identified through a prior published structured literature review of factors affecting patients’ mHealth adoption in the developing world, from which eight constructs evolved. Face and content validity was confirmed by 15 mothers who had used mHealth (the Mobile Technology for Community Health (MoTeCH) service) for maternal care, and the findings were used to improve the instrument. To assess the validity and reliability of the instrument at least 64 mothers who used MoTeCH were randomly selected from each of nine clusters of health posts in one district in Ghana. The assessment instrument consisted of 39 items, categorised under eight components: Cost and ownership, user characteristics, language and literacy, infrastructure, collaboration and funding, governance, system utility, and intention to adopt. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were performed. Results: The data from 585 mothers were analysed. Exploratory factor analysis showed the eigenvalue of all eight components to be significant (cumulative total greater than 1.0). Bartlett's test of sphericity was significant, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value was 0.84 and the mean Cronbach's α value was 0.82 (range 0.81–0.83). The components were found to be valid. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that all indices for the measurement model were within acceptable limit leading to the use of structural equation modelling to show the causal relationship between components, resulting in the development of the mHealth Adoption Impact Model (mAIM). The mAIM shows a strong relationship between latent constructs for patients' mHealth adoption. Conclusion: The study presents an evidence-based, reliable and valid instrument and model for application in future research, policy development, and implementations related to patient mHealth adoption in the developing world.