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Mallon et al. [[10]] explored the modeling and control of a lithium-ion battery and ultra-capacitor hybrid energy storage system for an electric vehicle for improved battery lifespan and energy consumption. 10.3390/en15020634 10 Mallon K., Assadian F. A Study of Control Methodologies for the Trade-Off between Battery Aging and Energy Consumption on Electric Vehicles with Hybrid Energy Storage Systems. Utilizing an adaptive equivalent consumption minimization energy management strategy, the proposed combined system shows a fuel consumption reduction of 18.4% over the standard FTP75 cycle. [Extracted from the article]

Assessing the potential of advanced driver assistance systems requires developing dedicated control algorithms for controlling the longitudinal speed of automated vehicles over time. In this paper, a multiobjective off-line optimal control approach for planning the speed of the following vehicle in adaptive cruise control (ACC) driving is proposed. The implemented method relies on the principle of global optimality fostered by dynamic programming (DP) and aims to minimize propelling energy consumption and enhance passenger comfort. The powertrain model and onboard control system are integrated within the proposed car-following optimization framework. The retained ACC approach ensures that the distance between the following vehicle and the preceding vehicle is always maintained within allowed limits. The flexibility of the proposed method is demonstrated here through ease of implementation on a wide range of powertrain categories, including a conventional vehicle propelled by an internal combustion engine solely, a pure electric vehicle, a parallel P2 hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) and a power-split HEV. Moreover, different driving conditions are considered to prove the effectiveness of the proposed optimization-driven ACC approach. Obtained simulation results suggest that up to 22% energy-saving and 48% passenger comfort improvement might be achieved for the ACC-enabled vehicle compared with the preceding vehicle by implementing the proposed optimization-driven ACC approach. Engineers may adopt the proposed workflow to evaluate corresponding real-time ACC approaches and assess optimal powertrain design solutions for ACC driving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]