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Aspidosperma polyneuron Müll.Arg. in Mart. & auct. suc., Fl. Bras. 6(1): 57. 1860. ≡ Aspidosperma polyneuron var. polyneuron. ≡ Thyroma polyneura (Müll.Arg.) Miers, Apocyn. S. Am.: 24. 1878. Lectotype (first-step lectotype designated by Woodson in Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 38(2): 158. 1951; second-step lectotype designated here):— BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: Morro Azul, s.d., L. Riedel 2332 (LE image!; isolectotypes: F [barcode V0092475F image!], G (mounted on three herbarium sheets) [barcode G00169347 image!], GH [barcode 00057216 image!], M [barcode M-0183491 image!], NY [barcode 00970697 image!, barcode 00970698 image!, barcode 00970699 image!], P [barcode P00639558 image!, barcode P00639559 image!, barcode P00639560 image!], S [No. S04-1792 image!], U [barcode U0000486 image!], W [No. W0057126 image!]). = Aspidosperma peroba Allemão ex Saldanha, Config. & Descr. Madeiras Rio Jan.: 9, 104. 1865. Neotype (designated here): — BRAZIL. São Paulo: Jun 1853, H. P. C. de Beaurepaire-Rohan s.n. (R [barcode R000023957!]; isoneotype: R [barcode R000023957 a!]). = Aspidosperma venosum Müll.Arg. in Warming in Vidensk. Meddel. Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn 1869(6–8): 103. 1869. Lectotype (designated here): — BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Lagoa Santa, s.d., J.E.B. Warming s.n. (C [barcode C10005743 image!]; isolectotypes: C [barcode C10005742 image!, barcode C10005744 image!], NY [barcode 00297997 image!, barcode 00297998 image!]). = Aspidosperma polyneuron var. longifolium Hassl. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12(325/330): 260. 1913. Lectotype (designated here): — PARAGUAY. [Amambay]: Sierra de Amambay, Punta Porá, Apr 1907 /1908, T. Rojas s.n. [E. Hassler [10408a]] (G [barcode G00108709 image!]; isolectotypes: A [barcode 00057217 image!], K [barcode K000587677 image!], NY [barcode 00297984 image!]). = Aspidosperma dugandii Standl., Trop. Woods 36: 15. 1933. Lectotype (first-step lectotype designated by Woodson in Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 38(2): 159. 1951; second-step lectotype designated here):— COLOMBIA. [Atlántico]: Barranquilla, near Arroyo de Caña, 18 Feb 1932, A. Dugand 355 (F [barcode V0092453 F image!]; isolectotypes: F [barcode V0092453 F image!], G [fragment] [barcode G00169348 image!], US [barcode 00111790 image!], WIS (mounted on two herbarium sheets) [barcode 00000920MAD image!, barcode 00000921MAD image!]). = Aspidosperma polyneuron var. puberulum Toledo in Handro in Arq. Bot. Estado São Paulo 3: 225. 1962. Holotype:— BRAZIL. Bahia: Dec 1912, L. Zehntner s.n. (SP [barcode SP000325 image!]), syn. nov. “ Aspidosperma polyneuron var. genuinum ” Hassl. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12(325/330): 260. 1913, a designation not validly published. “ Aspidosperma polyneurum ” Müll.Arg., mss. in sched. Notes —From the two gatherings mentioned in the protologue of A. polyneuron by Müller-Argoviensis (1860a), Woodson (1951) indicated the collection Riedel 2332 as the type. However, since this gathering has more than one specimen, it was necessary to narrow Woodson’s (1951) typification by selecting a material with mature leaves and flowers as the second-step lectotype of A. polyneuron (LE) (ICN article 9.17; Turland et al. 2018). We adopted the same approach for A. dugandii, as the gathering Dugand 355 chosen by Woodson (1951) from the four collections presented by Standley (1933) also has more than one specimen. Therefore, we selected the most complete specimen as the second-step lectotype of A. dugandii (F barcode V0092453F) (ICN article 9.17; Turland et al. 2018). Moreover, Müller-Argoviensis (1869) indicated the gathering Warming s.n. in the prologue of A. venosum but did not cite in which herbarium the type would be deposited. Thus, we selected a specimen with flower remains from this collection as the lectotype of A. venosum (C barcode C10005743) (ICN article 9.3; Turland et al. 2018). For that same reason, we elected a specimen from the single gathering cited by Hassler (1913) that belonged to his personal herbarium as the lectotype of A. polyneuron var. longifolium (G barcode G00108709) (ICN article 9.3; Turland et al. 2018). Also, since Saldanha da Gama (1865) did not explicitly indicate any gathering in the protologue of A. peroba, we understand that this name has no nomenclatural type attached to it. According to the ICN article 9.13 (Turland et al. 2018): “If no original material is extant or as long as it is missing, a neotype may be selected.”. Therefore, we elected a specimen with follicles as the neotype of A. peroba (R barcode R000023957) (ICN article 9.13; Turland et al. 2018). Lastly, according to the ICN article 24.3 (Turland et al. 2018), designations of infraspecific taxa that were intended to include the type of the species to which they were assigned were not validly published whenever they had infraspecific epithets like “ genuinum ” (e.g., “ A. polyneuron var. genuinum ”). We consider A. polyneuron var. puberulum as a synonym of A. polyneuron since its features may also be found in the latter, such as the lanceolate leaves with brochidodromous venation and numerous secondary veins (ca. 26–38), flowers with entirely tomentose ovary, and botuliform follicles., Published as part of Castello, Ana Carolina Devides, Pereira, Andreza Stephanie De Souza, Shimizu, Gustavo Hiroaki, Zuntini, Alexandre Rizzo, Simões, André Olmos & Koch, Ingrid, 2022, Taxonomy and nomenclature of Aspidosperma (Apocynaceae), pp. 239-277 in Phytotaxa 571 (3) on page 261, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.571.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7284667, {"references":["Muller-Argoviensis, J. (1860 a) Apocynaceae. In: Martius, C. F. P. (Ed.) Flora brasiliensis, vol. 6, part. 1. F. Fleischer, Leipzig, pp. 1 - 195.","Woodson, R. E. (1951) Studies in the Apocynaceae VIII: an interim revision of the genus Aspidosperma Mart. & Zucc. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 38: 119 - 204. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2394433","Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W. - H., Li, D. - Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J. & Smith, G. F. (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017 [= Regnum Vegetabile 159]. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashutten, 254 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / Code. 2018","Standley, P. C. (1933) The colombian species of Aspidosperma and Tabebuia. Tropical Woods 36: 13 - 20.","Muller-Argoviensis, J. (1869) Apocynaceae. In: Warming, J. E. B. (Ed.) Symbolae ad floram brasiliae centralis cognoscendam. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den Naturhistoriske Forening i KjObenhavn 1869: 98 - 116.","Hassler, E. (1913) Ex herbario Hassleriano: novitates paraguarienses XVIII. Repertorium specierum novarum regni vegetabilis 12: 257 - 278. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / fedr. 19130121703"]}

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the progressive and irreversible loss of natural cognitive functions in most elderly people. There is currently no cure for this neurodegenerative disorder, but there are therapies available on the market based on substances that inhibit acetylcholinesterase and cognitive symptoms as a way to improve cholinergic hypofunction. Polyneuridine is the main indole alkaloid extracted from the bark and leaves of Aspidosperma polyneuron, a brazilian plant species popularly known as peroba-rosa. The objective of this work is to investigate, through a scientific prospection, the polyneuridine alkaloid, as well as its anticholinesterase property, since it is known that the therapy of this disease is based on cholinesterase inhibitors. To carry out the study, two of the main publication databases of journals such as PubMed and Web of Science were analyzed. To search for scientific production, we inserted the following keywords combined with the terms in english to carry out the search in international databases: “Polyneuridine”, “Polyneuridine AND anticholinesterase properties”, “Polyneuridine AND Alzheimer's disease”. The need for studies on this alkaloid is urgent, especially since Brazil holds the plant species that produces the most polyneuridine, but the plant species Aspidosperma polyneuron is on the red line of extinction due to the unbridled exploitation of its wood. It is concluded that if this exploration scenario continues, Brazil will lose a very important pharmacological genetic resource of its plant flora.

‘Peroba rosa’ (Aspidosperma polyneuron Muell. Arg.) is a forest species native to Brazil, which is threatened of extinction due to intense predatory exploitation. Knowing the physiological and sanitary aspects of the seeds or seedlings of native species is essential to determine the viability of the establishment of seedlings and natural regeneration. In tropical regions such as Brazil, the susceptibility of phytopathogens in native forest species is still poorly understood. In this work, we report for the first time Fusarium species associated with pathogenicity in Aspidosperma polyneuron. We identified a diverse group of crop pathogens Fusarium species - F. solani, F. oxysporum, F. verticillioides, F. equiseti, F. fujikuroi, F. pseudocircinatum and F. subglutinans from seeds, able to cause darkening of the leaf limb of inoculated seedlings. These results provide valuable information on the pathogenic association of Fusarium with an indigenous forest tree and possible risks these fungi might pose to the forest species.

Seeds are exposed to diverse environmental factors when dispersed, including abiotic stresses, which will affect germination. Drought is the most important factor affecting germination, since water is essential for seed development. Aspidosperma polyneuron is a native endangered species which has been extensively exploited, mainly for timber extraction purposes. This study analyzed germination and degradation of soluble sugars and proteins of A. polyneuron seeds during germination under water stress. Seeds were placed on Germitest papers moistened with different water potential solutions, varying from 0.0 to -1.4 MPa. Degradation of soluble sugars and soluble proteins was assessed in five stages of germination at the different water potentials. A. polyneuron seeds lost germination capacity as the water potential decreased, being unable to germinate below -0.6 MPa. Glutelin was the most abundant storage protein in the seed, while prolamin was the least. Reserve degradation was altered in negative water potentials. Soluble proteins are degraded faster and soluble sugars are degraded slower as the water potential drops.

We describe the database of trees and shrubs of tropical dry forest patches of the Magdalena upper river basin in Colombia, preserved in the Herbarium of Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales. The dataset includes 211 taxa, from which 156 were identified to species. We reported 48 families and 137 genera. The most species rich and abundant families were Fabaceae and Rubiaceae and the most abundant species was Talisia stricta (Sapindaceae). We found differences in diversity between north and south zones of the study area. The Magdalena river upper watershed region is an important tropical dry forest conservation area. Twenty nine species and 4 genera recorded in this study have not been reported in previous reviews of the region. Additionally, Oxandra espintana is reported in literature as critically endangered and Aspidosperma polyneuron is reported as endangered, but there are no studies about their conservation status in the region. Our results suggest the strong need to develop additional inventories of plants that contribute to the knowledge of the plant diversity of this ecosystem in the region and studies of their conservation status.

There is a lack of knowledge on the grow requirements for most endangered plant species in tropical ecosystems. The interdisciplinary field of the “critical zone” provides an opportunity to understand the plant-soil interactions, allowing the development of strategies for species propagation and restoration. Aspidosperma polyneuron is a Tropical Dry Forest native species, currently categorized as “endangered” in Colombia and the neotropics. In this study, we evaluated the intrapopulation differences in the morphological and plastic responses of A. polyneuron seedlings along an experimental gradient of light and water. We collected seedlings from two locations of the same population at the department of Atlántico (Colombia) and exposed them to three levels of light (100, 55 and 10%) and two different levels of water (field capacity, 60% and dry conditions, 20%). We allowed these seeds to grow for six months in an experimental 3 x 2 x 2 m random factorial design. In addition, we measured 16 morphological and growth traits associated to their performance. Results showed that medium-light treatment produced the most favorable outcome when facing drought conditions, while low light aggravated negative performance effects when facing drought conditions. The seedlings origin was a significant factor influencing the morphological responses of most traits. Regarding plasticity, there were differences in the pattern and magnitude of the traits according to the locality they were collected from. The influence of water gradient prevailed over the light gradient in the phenotypic responses. The results showed differences in the response mechanism of the two groups of seedlings, indicating intrapopulation differentiation processes between both groups.

Introducción.Este trabajo de investigación se realizó en la Ciudad de Honda, Colombia.Identificó el efecto de la sombra de los árboles en la atenuación de la temperatura, humedad relativa, temperatura de superficie del suelo, radiación solar y ultravioleta (UV) y determinó requerimientos de agua para la vegetación arbórea.Metodología.Se tomaron datos de temperatura del aire y de superficie de suelo, humedad relativa del aire, radiaciones solares y UV bajo la sombra de árboles y a plena exposición. Resultados.Se encontró que la temperatura del aire osciló entre 50ºC a plena exposición solar y 41ºC bajo sombra. La temperatura desuperficie presentó a plena exposición solar valores de 66.8ºC y 42.6ºC bajo sombra. La variación de la radiación solar registrada ofreció un valor de 17.13 mW/cm2 a plena exposición solar y 1.69 mW/cm2 bajo sombra. La radiación UV presentó valores de 8 a plena exposición solar y 5 bajo sombra. La demanda hídrica por planta/día varió entre 5 y más de 500 litros, siendo la demanda diaria cercana a 2500 m3 .Conclusiones.En la ciudad no se realiza riego a los árboles, lo que conduce a que se produzca un déficit hídrico evidenciado por la pérdida de follaje ocasionando mínimas atenuaciones a la radiación UV. Las especies más relevantes respecto a la sombra son almendro (Terminalia cattapa), Pallandé (Pitecellobium dulce), naranjuelo (Capparis odoratissima), guayacán carrapo (Bulnesia carrapo), chirlobirlo (Tecoma stands), cumulá (Aspidosperma polyneuron) y mango (Manguifera indica). Los árboles pueden generar un buen servicio ecosistémico por la sombra, este servicio está mediado por la selección de la especie y el manejo de que son objeto los árboles. Introduction:This research work was carried out in the city of Honda, Colombia.It identified the effect of tree shade on temperature attenuation, relative humidity, soil surface temperature, solar and ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and determined water requirements for arboreal vegetation.Methodology:Data on air and soil surface temperature, relative air humidity, solar and UV radiation were taken under the shade of trees and at full exposure.Results:It was found that the air temperature ranged from 50ºC at full sun exposure to 41ºC under shade. The surface temperature was 66.8ºC and 42.6ºC under shade. The variation of the registered solar radiation offered a value of 17.13 mW/cm2 at full solar exposure and 1.69 mW/cm2 under shade. The UV radiation presented values of 8 at full solar exposure and 5 under shade. The water demand per plant/day varied between 5 and more than 500 liters, being the daily demand close to 2500 m3.Conclusions: There is no irrigation of trees in the city which leads to a water deficit evidenced by the loss of foliage causing minimal attenuations to UV radiation. The most relevant species regarding shade are almond (Terminalia cattapa), Pallandé (Pitecellobium dulce), orange (Capparis odoratissima), guayacán carrapo (Bulnesia carrapo), chirlobirlo (Tecoma stands), cumula (Aspidosperma polyneuron) and mango (Manguifera indica). Trees can generate a good ecosystem service by shade which is mediated by the selection of the species and the management of the trees.

Wood has several advantages as structural material. For this use to be applied in a safe way, it is necessary to know the statistical behavior of the mechanical properties. Some works and normative codes, such as the “Brazilian timber standard” (as well as its review project), accepts a normal distribution model for determining the characteristic value of compressive strength parallel to wood fiber, with the adoption of a coefficient of variation for this property equal to 18 %. This work evaluates the distribution model of compressive strength parallel to the fibers, as well as the coefficient of variation of this property. Tests and statistical treatment were performed in compression parallel to the fibers for 7 species of hardwood commonly found in Brazil. It was observed that the compressive strength of wood actually follows a normal distribution, and the adoption of an average coefficient of variation equal to 18 % is acceptable and in favor of safety.

Forest edge impacts emergent trees growth by reducing the number of growth releases. This reduction seems to be related with lianas infestation found at the forest edge. Deforestation in tropical regions is raising fragmentation to alarming levels. Not only does it lead to losses of forest area, but also the abiotic and biotic changes on forest edge areas alter the development of the remaining trees. We aimed to assess the impacts of forest fragmentation on the growth of tropical emergent trees. We sampled the endangered species Aspidosperma polyneuron (Apocynaceae) at forest edge and interior in the highly fragmented Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We obtained increment cores of each tree along with data about tree and surrounding canopy heights, plus their current levels of liana infestation. We used tree-ring analyses to estimate age and growth rate of trees. Sampled trees and surrounding canopy were taller at the forest interior than at the edge, even though both sampled populations have similar ages. Overall, trees at forest interior show a lifetime growth pattern common to shade-tolerant species, with a peak of growth rate at 120 years. Indeed, all sampled trees exhibited this pattern before fragmentation. However, trees at forest edge presented constantly slow growth rates for all diameter classes after the fragmentation event. The strong presence of lianas at forest edge prevents trees from experiencing the expected growth releases throughout their lifetime, probably by keeping the leaves of A. polyneuron under shaded conditions. Therefore, the management of lianas at the forest edge is likely the most effective procedure to ensure the growth of emergent trees, guarantying their role on forests structure, carbon storage, and ecosystem functioning.

Aspidosperma polyneuron is a Tropical Dry Forest endangered species. Knowledge on its requirements to grow and its responses to multiple stresses is important in order to develop effective strategies for its propagation and restauration. We evaluated the morpho-functional and plastic response of two populations of A. polyneuron seedlings along an experimental gradient of light (100, 55 and 10%) and water (field capacity, 60% and drought, 20%). We measured 16 morphological and biomass allocation traits associated to the plant's performance. Survival results showed that the negative effects of drought are less in conditions of intermediate irradiation and become more severe at higher or lower light levels. Morpho-functional and plastic responses supported the existence of complex syndromes that point to an enhanced water uptake and drought tolerance. Furthermore, seedlings from Luriza (low soil storage capacity for resources) expressed a greater magnitude in morphological traits whereas Tocagua (high soil storage capacity) showed higher values in biomass allocation traits. They also differed in their phenotypic response to light and the magnitude and pattern of plasticity in multiple traits. These distinctions are possibly the result of phenotypic differences driven by process of local specialization.

In this study, an efficient method for regenerating plants from nodal cultures of seedlings was developed for Aspidosperma polyneuron. Mature seeds were surface-sterilized and embryos were germinated in Woody Plant Medium (WPM). Epicotyl and hypocotyl nodal segments, excised from 3-week-old in vitro-grown seedlings, were cultured in WPM medium supplemented with 6-benzyladenine (BA) (2.5, 5.0, and 10 mM), alone or combined with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) or a-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (0.5 mM) for culture initiation and three subcultures. For root induction, IBA (2.5, 5.0, and 10 mM) pulse treatments (15 minutes) were initially applied, followed by transfer to growth regulator-free WPM for five weeks. Regenerated plants were first transplanted to trays containing soil and Plantmax® substrate (3:1) and later to polyethylene bags for acclimatization in a greenhouse. Hypocotyl explants exhibited superior shoot regeneration rate and rooting percentages compared with those of epicotyl explants. The highest numbers of shoots per explant (7-8) were obtained at the third subculture when using the culture medium supplemented with 10 mM BA. When combined with BA, the addition of 0.5 mM IBA or NAA did not affect the regeneration of shoots. An IBA pulse treatment of 5-10 mM for 15 minutes induced 60% of rooting. The regenerated plants were acclimatized and successfully established in a greenhouse, with a 90% survival rate observed after three months. Based on the results of this study, the micropropagation of Aspidosperma polyneuron from in vitro seedlings is feasible and could be a useful tool for the conservation and propagation of this important endangered species.

Facultative apomictic trees can produce offspring with a genotype identical to the mother due to asexual propagation through the embryo derived from cells in the maternal ovule tissues. These trees can also produce offspring with a genotype different from the mother due to genetic recombination. For many trees, these reproductive processes remain largely unexplored. Herein, we use microsatellite markers to identify apomictic and sexual reproduction in samples of adult and juvenile trees of the tropical, insect pollinated and wind seed dispersed Aspidosperma polyneuron, within a conservation area in Brazil. We also investigate seed and pollen flow and dispersal patterns and compare the genetic diversity, inbreeding, and intrapopulation spatial genetic structure (SGS) between adults and juveniles in two plots. Our results show that the species present both apomictic and sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction occurred mainly by outcrossing, but we did detect instances of self-fertilization and mating among relatives, which explains the inbreeding observed in juveniles. Seed dispersal distance was shorter than pollen dispersal distance in one of the plots, suggesting that insect vectors are more efficient in gene dispersal than wind for seed dispersal in a high density tropical forest. The patterns of pollen and seed dispersal showed isolation by distance, explaining the SGS detected for adults and juveniles. Our results show that both seed and pollen flow increase the allelic diversity in the population. The regeneration of apomictic individuals may guarantee the continuation of genotypes adapted specifically to the study site, while sexual reproduction results in new genotypes.

The great diversity of wood anatomical features found in trees worldwide results in a broad variety of growth-ring boundary types that are not always easy to recognize, especially in tropical woods. However, the presence of clearly visible limits between tree rings is essential for any tree-ring studies. Here, we propose the use of autofluorescence of wood in order to enhance tree-ring visualization. The multispectral light emitted from the fluorescence stereomicroscope can be filtered in specific wavelengths to improve the visualization of wood anatomical features. To evaluate the effectiveness of this technique, we compared visualization under natural light, GFP (green fluorescent protein) filter, RFP (red fluorescent protein) filter and UV filter. We tested this technique with a set of 38 tree species with different types of growth-ring boundaries. Although results are species-specific, fluorescence has been shown to improve the visualization of growth-ring boundaries by enhancing the contrast among cell types. It may highlight fibrous zones (e.g. Cavanillesia arborea, Aspidosperma polyneuron), different porosity patterns (e.g. Myracrodruon urundeuva), secretory canals (e.g. Copaifera langsdorffii), and parenchyma bands (e.g. Tipuana tipu). Fluorescence allows the visualization of growth-ring boundaries in species that were previously described as having indistinct growth rings under natural light. For species with clear tree-ring boundaries such as Cedrela fissilis and Hymenaea courbaril, this approach aids the identification of false rings. In addition to the visualization of growth-ring boundaries, autofluorescence may be useful for other qualitative and quantitative analyses of wood anatomy, such as wood identification and automated measurements of anatomical features. Scientists struggling with tree-ring counting and cross-dating due to difficult tree-ring visualization may find fluorescence useful. It may also aid to identify new species suitable for tree-ring studies.

Peroba rosa (Aspidosperma polyneuron) is a native forest species endangered due to intense predatory exploitation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association and fungi transmission in peroba rosa seeds from four regions of Paraná. Germination and vigor were evaluated using the paper roll method. Sanitary analysis consisted of the detection of endophytic and epiphytic fungi using potato-dextrose-agar medium and Fusarium selective medium. For transmission, non-disinfested seeds were sown in vermiculite and kept in greenhouse. Germination ranged from 9.3% to 60%. Fusarium sp. and Phomopsis sp. were found as epiphytic and also as endophytic. There was transmission of Fusarium sp. and Phomopsis sp. from seeds to seedlings, causing malformation and necrosis on roots and cotyledons. Made available in DSpace on 2019-06-04T00:32:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2019AlvaroFloramAssociation.pdf: 840203 bytes, checksum: 0f4dde7e10af2dca8606a97989620c54 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019

Considering the importance of the Iguaçu National Park for the conservation of the Atlantic Forest and the absence of scientific or technical studies characterizing the ecology of forest species after seven and a half decades of its existence, a phytosociological survey of the arboreal vegetation was conducted to identify the various existing species and their successional stages. A total of 54 families, 135 genera, and 218 species were found in this survey. Euterpe edulis Mart. was the most frequently occurring species, which together with Aspidosperma polyneuron Müll. Arg., characterize the seasonal forests in the central and south regions of the park. In the north region, located 700 m asl, Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze and Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil. were observed along with some seasonal species, characterizing a transitional environment between seasonal and ombrophillous forests. In general, forests in the park were classified in advanced stages of ecological succession.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:07:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-01-02 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) The textile industry is responsible for discarding wastewater contaminated with dyes. The timber industry generates waste in the form of sawdust. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the adsorptive potential of sawdust obtained from the Aspidosperma polyneuron tree for the removal of the textile dye from wastewater. Sawdust was subjected to different pre-treatments (acid, alkaline and polyethyleneimine) in order to increase its adsorption capacity. Based on the results from the isotherms, treatment with polyethyleneimine (PEI) led to the greatest adsorption capacity and fits the Freundlich model, indicating cooperative adsorption. Other treatments with sawdust best fit the Langmuir model, but the untreated sawdust presented better results than the treated sawdust. These results were only surpassed by sawdust treated with PEI. A. polyneuron revealed good potential for use as an adsorbent to remove dyes, which is a novel result, since to date there is no study on its use as a sorbent material. Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology São Paulo State University (UNESP) CAPES: 130621/2016-1

O Brasil possui grande diversidade de espécies florestais, no entanto, os povoamentos em sua maioria são com espécies dos gêneros Eucalyptus e Pinus. Frente a isso, o presente estudo baseia-se na análise das características de espécies nativas com alto potencial madeireiro e espécies de caráter inovador para cultivo. O cedro australiano (Toona ciliata) e o mogno africano (Khaya spp.) constituem espécies importantes, principalmente, beneficiando na redução da exploração das matas nativas ainda existentes no país. Entretanto as espécies de guajuvira (Cordia americana) e peroba-rosa (Aspidosperma polyneuron) mostram-se com um grande potencial ainda a ser explorado, tanto para liberação de plantios comerciais e seu uso adequado, que atenda exigências de sustentabilidade. Brazil has a great diversity of forest species; however, the stands contain mostly species of Eucalyptus and Pinus. Faced with this, the present study is based on the analysis of the characteristics of native species with high potential and innovative character of timber species for cultivation. The Australian cedar (Toona ciliata) and African mahogany (Khaya spp.) are important species, mainly benefiting in reducing the exploitation of native forests remaining in the country. However, the species of (Cordia Americana) and (Aspidosperma polyneuron) show great potential yet to be explored, both in releasing commercial plantations and their proper use, that meets sustainability requirements.

“Peroba rosa” (Aspidosperma polyneuron Muell. Arg.) is a native tree species to the forests of Brazil, Venezuela, Argentina, Colombia, Peru, and Paraguay. The species has a high commercial value and, due to logging and destruction of its original ecosystems, is at extinction risk. Currently, the plant is listed for ex-situ and in-situ conservation in Brazil and Venezuela. In 2014, samples of peroba rosa seeds were collected from native trees in Parana State, southern Brazil, and analyzed to evaluate their sanitary quality (Mazarotto et al. 2019). Following germination under greenhouse conditions with average temperature of 24°C, Diaporthe sp. (TR-57) was transmitted from seeds to seedlings, causing necrotic spots on cotyledons, malformation of plants, and eventually their death. In PDA medium, this isolate showed sparse mycelium, white to olive, ochre reverse, presence of semi-immersed dark pycnidia, and alpha (7 × 3 µm) and beta conidia (28 × 2 µm), resembling Diaporthe oxe Gomes, Glienke & Crous (Gomes et al. 2013). The presence of perithecia was not observed. For species identification, the ITS and TEF-1α regions were partially sequenced using the primer pairs ITS4/ITS5 and EF1-728F/EF1-986R, respectively. The obtained sequences were compared phylogenetically with 90 congeneric species. The ITS (GenBank accession no. KX385041) and TEF-1α (KX385079) sequences had respectively 98 and 100% similarity with D. oxe (KC343166, KC343893) (Gomes et al. 2013). This isolate was deposited in the Collection of Forest Fungi and Oomycetes, Embrapa Florestas, Colombo, Parana State, Brazil. For the pathogenicity test in seedlings, disks (5 mm diameter) of active mycelium in PDA were removed and deposited on the adaxial side of the leaves with previous circular needle injuries (4 mm²). This procedure was repeated for 10 young leaves in three seedlings (1 year old), with one disk per leaf. The control consisted of a PDA disk deposited on the injured leaf. The seedlings were incubated in a humid chamber for 72 h and then kept in a greenhouse for 30 days. A darkening of the leaf blade was detected reaching an area of approximately 8 mm² and a white mycelial growth of the pathogen over the lesions in 20% of the leaves. The control group had no symptoms. The symptomatic leaves were plated in PDA for 7 days at 24°C. D. oxe was reisolated from 100% of the inoculated leaves, and identification was confirmed by molecular sequencing, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. In Brazil, D. oxe was isolated as an endophyte from Maytenus ilicifolia (Gomes et al. 2013) and, in Uruguay, was pathogenic to Pyrus communis (Sessa et al. 2017). This study represents the first report of D. oxe associated with peroba rosa seeds as pathogens, not only in Brazil but also worldwide.

espanolResumen: En secciones transversales de la madera de Anacardium excelsum (Bertero ex Kunth.) Skeels., Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. y Aspidosperma polyneuron Mull. Arg., se caracterizo la anatomia y se diferenciaron los anillos de crecimiento anual. Estas especies crecen en los bosques tropicales secos de la reserva Los Besotes y Rio de Janeiro en Valledupar (Cesar, Caribe de Colombia). Las especies estudiadas mostraron poros solitarios o en agrupaciones multiples, de diametro pequeno o mediano. La delimitacion (marcaje) de los anillos de crecimiento fue un proceso con dificultades porque las secciones de las maderas de B. simaruba y A. polyneuron, presentaron manchas de resina mientras que los anillos de A. excelsum no eran facilmente distinguibles. Los resultados obtenidos confirman la posibilidad de diferenciar la formacion anual de los anillos en especies que crecen en los bosques tropicales secos. EnglishAbstract: In transverse sections of the wood of Anacardium excelsum (Bertero ex Kunth.) Skeels., Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. and Aspidosperma polyneuron Mull. Arg., the anatomy was characterized and the annual growth rings were differentiated. These species grow in the dry tropical forests of the reserve of Besotes and Rio de Janeiro in Valledupar (Cesar, Caribbean of Colombia). The species studied presented solitary pores or in multiples clusters, of small or medium diameter. The delimitation (marking) of the annual rings of growth was a process with difficulties because the sections of the woods of B. simaruba and A. polyneuron, presented resin spots while the rings of A. excelsum were not easily distinguishable. The results obtained confirm the possibility of differentiating the annual formation of rings in species that grow in dry tropical forests.

The amount of available water for nursery irrigation is forecasted to decline on this decade and over or deficit watering of seedlings may have adverse consequences. To produce quality seedlings for accelerate the restoration of ecosystems and prevent further environmental damage, nursery water management should be reformed, especially for endangered species, such as Aspidosperma polyneuron Mull. Arg. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of three gross irrigation depths (8, 11 and 14 mm) applied daily and two irrigation frequencies (two and four times a day) on growth, irrigation efficiency and initial development of Aspidosperma polyneuron seedlings. Irrigation efficiency, in A. polyneuron seedlings, is related to the shoot part development degree (height and shoot dry mass). Increases in irrigation efficiency do not necessarily produce a greater development of morphological parameters and root system quality in the nursery. The 11 mm irrigation depth produces the same amount of seedlings with able root systems that the 14 mm irrigation depth, and uses 21% less water. The 11 mm irrigation depth applied in two irrigation frequencies produce A. polyneuron seedlings with optimum roots system and proper morphological development in the nursery, which continues after planting. Key words: Peroba-rosa, land degradation, tropical forest, gross irrigation depth, irrigation frequency, runoff, forest nurseries, development after planting.

The broader knowledge about physical and mechanical properties of wood allows reliable timber structures design. Even little addressed in the literature, in several situations Poisson's ratios are required for the evaluation of stresses acting on structural elements. This study aimed to obtain values of Poisson's ratios (ν), plans Longitudinal-Radial (νLR) and Longitudinal-Tangential (νLT), for species Peroba Rosa (Aspidosperma polyneuron) and Jatobá (Hymenaea courbarilL.). For this purpose, forty samples Peroba Rosa and eight samples of Jatobá were prepared for testing in compression parallel to the grain, following the recommendations of ABNT NBR 7190 standard. The results of means confidence intervals, considered at the level of 5% significance, revealed that the Poisson's ratios νLR e νLT to Peroba Rosa are 0.27 and 0.42, respectively, and 0.25 and 0.43 to Jatobá.

RESUMO Fitossociologia da Vegetação Arbórea do Parque Nacional do Iguaçu - O Parque Nacional do Iguaçu está inserido no Bioma Mata Atlântica, sendo considerado o maior Parque extra-amazônico brasileiro. Apesar de sua importância e expressiva área de superfície florestal, poucos são os estudos científicos relacionados à sua vegetação. Com o objetivo de atender esta demanda foi realizado inventário fitossociológico da vegetação arbórea por meio de parcelas instaladas em diferentes condições ambientais, buscando a máxima representatividade ambiental possível. Na classificação da vegetação por meio da TWINSPAN as florestas foram separadas inicialmente em ambientes montanos e submontanos. Uma região de transição entre as florestas estacionais e ombrófilas foi observada no ambiente montano, com altitude acima de 700m. A Floresta Estacional Montana foi observada em altitudes entre 600 a 700 m e a Floresta Estacional Submontana, imediatamente abaixo, foi separada em duas subformações devido às variações fisionômicas regidas pela geomorfologia e variabilidade hídrica existente. A vegetação arbórea do Parque Nacional do Iguaçu é, de acordo com os resultados encontrados, um remanescente de grande relevância para a preservação das espécies florestais no sul do Brasil, entre as quais, se destacam Aspidosperma polyneuron Müll. Arg., Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze, Euterpe edulis Mart. e Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil. ABSTRACT Phytosociology of tree vegetation in Iguaçu National Park is inserted within Atlantic Forest biome and is considered the largest Brazilian non-Amazon Park. Despite its importance and its significant forest area, there are few scientific studies related to its vegetation. In order to meet this demand, we conducted a phytosociological inventory of the tree vegetation by means of plots installed in different environments, striving to achieve optimum environmental representation. In the classification of vegetation by TWINSPAN the forests were initially separated intoambientmontaneand submontane.An ecotone region between seasonal and araucaria forests was observed in the montane site, at an altitude above 700 m. The semideciduous forest montane was observed at altitudes of 600-700 meters. The Forest Seasonal Submontane in the lowlands was separated into two subformations, Typical and Humid, due to physiognomic variations regulated by geomorphology and humidity. According to the results, the tree vegetation of Iguaçu National Park is a remnant of great importance for the conservation of forest species in southern Brazil, among which stand out Aspidosperma polyneuron Müll. Arg., Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze, Euterpe edulis Mart. and Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.

Ilex paraguariensis A. St.Hil., Aquifoliaceae (“yerba mate”) is a native plant from South America whose leaves are used to prepare an infusion or tea of popular consumption. Its market has been expanding internationally, because yerba mate is nutritious, energizing, and it contains antioxidants. Yerba mate trees are usually grown in monocultures (known as yerbales), where the leaves are harvested several times a year. This conventional management results in decreased plant productivity and soil erosion in the long term. Since yerba mate grows naturally in subtropical forest and is shade tolerant, it is adequate for growing under the canopy of other tree species as a component of agroforestry systems (AFS). Incorporating trees in degraded yerbales in the province of Misiones has been shown to provide environmental and economic benefits. This chapter provides a list of native species that have been tested in different experimental areas and are suitable for growing in association with yerba mate. The following tree species are recommended for yerba mate AFS as they have shown good growth performance and provide high quality timber: Cordia trichotoma, Balfourodendron riedelianum, Bastardiopsis densiflora, Nectandra lanceolata, Araucaria angustifolia, Aspidosperma polyneuron, Eugenia involucrata, Cedrela fissilis, and Jacaranda micrantha. All of these species have monopodic growth (i.e., form a single stem as a result of apical dominance and lack of branching), and are self-pruning. Other tree species with sympodial growth (i.e. with lateral branching) and large crown which have attributes that are valuable for restoration purposes include: Handroanthus heptaphyllus, Enterolobium contortisiliquum, Peltophorum dubium and Anadenanthera colubrina. Species that provide fruit, or have medicinal, honey, landscape, or ornamental values such as the multi-purpose palm Euterpe edulis, are also recommended. These species can also increase AFS diversification and landscape biodiversity. Finally, results of an economic evaluation indicated that yerba mate AFS can be financially attractive to farmers.

The large amount of wood in Brazil related to the numerous uses of this material stimulates many studies to be carried out in order to use this raw material increasingly in a rational and adequate way. Compared with concrete and steel, wood presents an excellent relation between mechanical strength and its mass, beauty, low energy consumption for its processing, good thermal insulation and easy workability. In order to make the best use of wood, this work proposes to study the correlation between the values of the longitudinal modulus of elasticity (E) obtained in the 3-point bending test with a 14H and 21H (H = height of cross-sectional area) of specimen measurement between the supports. The data were analyzed through linear regression analysis, thus, three correlations were calculated between values from 14H of span length to the other 21H of span length in the test for a particular correlation of each hardwood species (Peroba Rosa and Eucalyptus Tereticornis) and the third one was generalized for the use in more hardwood species. Thus, the correlation of the longitudinal modulus of elasticity for the species of the hardwood group was possible for: Peroba Rosa (Aspidosperma polyneuron) with 35 specimens and Eucalyptus Tereticornis (Eucalyptus tereticornis) with 33 specimens.

The large-scale abundance of wood in Brazil combined with the advantages of its use stimulate many studies to be encouraged in order to make use of this raw material in a more optimized and adequate form. Compared with concrete and steel, wood presents an excellent relation between mechanical strength and its mass, beauty, low energy consumption for its processing, good thermal insulation and easy workability. Objectifying the best use of wood, this work proposes that the equivalence between longitudinal and transversal modulus of elasticity values with radial (ELR; GLT) and tangential load application (ELT; GLR) in the 3 and 4-point bending tests used for their determinations. The test of equivalence used in the analysis of the results for the modulus of elasticity was the Tukey’s test, by which the statistical equivalence between values of longitudinal (ELR x ELT) and transversal (GLT x GLR) modulus of elasticity with the radial and tangential load application, respectively. It was concluded that for the species of the hardwood group: Peroba Rosa (Aspidosperma polyneuron) with 35 specimens, Eucalyptus Tereticornis (Eucalyptus tereticornis) with 33 specimens, Jatoba (Hymenaea courbaril) with 28 specimens and Canafistula Peltophorum dubium) with 12 test specimens, tested in this work, there was no significant influence of the direction change of the loads on the values of the calculated modulus of elasticity.

A baixa qualidade de mudas pode advir de problemas na irrigação e/ou nutrição das mudas em sua fase de formação em viveiros. Em relação à irrigação, problemas podem surgir referentes à má distribuição da água ou mesmo seu manejo, levando ao deficit ou ao excesso de irrigação, enquanto o excesso pode lixiviar nutrientes, o deficit pode prejudicar o desenvolvimento da planta. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar a eficiência de irrigação de um sistema de irrigação por microaspersão já instalado em um viveiro de mudas de espécies florestais e também avaliar a eficiência de um sistema de subirrigação de mudas florestais nativas cultivadas em tubetes. A avaliação da eficiência da microaspersão foi realizada em um viveiro de mudas de espécies nativas florestais na cidade de Itutinga - MG, o delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado (DIC) em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, estando o equipamento de irrigação na parcela (três níveis: MA-20, Rondo e Inverted Rotor Spray) e três espécies florestais na subparcela. Na avaliação de eficiência em tubetes de 300 cm³, as categorias da subparcela foram: araucária (Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Ktze.), jerivá (Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman) e cutieira (Joannesia princeps Vell.). Em tubetes de 110 cm³ os três níveis da subparcela foram as espécies: mutamba (Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.), angico-vermelho (Anadenanthera macrocarpa Benth.) e peroba-rosa (Aspidosperma polyneuron Muell.). A avaliação da eficiência da subirrigação foi realizada em uma estufa localizada na Universidade Federal de Lavras, em dois tanques de subirrigação em três repetições. As maiores eficiências de aplicação foram obtidas para o emissor modelo MA-20. Não houve diferenças significativas entre a eficiência de aplicação dos microaspersores em relação às espécies estudadas, em ambos os tubetes. A eficiência de irrigação no tanque de tubetes de 300 cm³ foi 90,42%, enquanto para tubetes de 110 cm³ foi 92,17%. Os tanques de subirrigação mostraram-se como alternativa interessante para irrigação de mudas das espécies florestais testadas, apresentando alta eficiência para os dois tamanhos de tubetes avaliados.

Most natural forests have been converted for human use, restricting biological life to small forest fragments. Many animals, including some species of bats are disappearing and the list of these species grows every day. It seems that the destruction of the habitat is one of its major causes. This study aimed to analyze how this community of bats was made up in environments with different sizes and quality of habitat. Data from studies conducted in the region of Londrina, Parana, Brazil, from 1982 to 2000 were used. Originally, this area was covered by a semi deciduous forest, especially Aspidosperma polyneuron (Apocynaceae), Ficus insipida (Moraceae), Euterpe edulis (Arecaceae), Croton floribundus (Euforbiaceae), and currently, only small remnants of the original vegetation still exist. The results showed a decline in the number of species caught in smaller areas compared to the largest remnant. In about 18 years of sampling, 42 species of bats were found in the region, representing 67% of the species that occur in Paraná and 24.4% in Brazil. There were two species of Noctilionidae; 21 of Phyllostoma; 11 Vespertilionidae and eight Molossidae. Eight of these were captured only in the largest fragment, Mata dos Godoy State Park (680 ha). Ten species had a low capture rate in the smaller areas with less than three individuals. Of the total sampled, 14 species were found in human buildings, and were able to tolerate modified environments, foraging and even using them as shelter. As the size of the forest area increases, there is a greater variety of ecological opportunities and their physical conditions become more stable, i.e., conditions favorable for growth and survival of a greater number of species. Forest fragmentation limits and creates subpopulations, preserving only long-lived K-strategist animals for some time, where the supporting capacity of the environment is a limiting factor. The reduction of habitats, species and genetic diversity resulting from human activities are endangering the future adaptability in natural ecosystems, which promotes the disappearance of low adaptive potential species. A maior parte das florestas naturais foi convertida para uso humano, confinando a vida biológica a pequenos fragmentos florestais. Muitos animais, dentre os quais algumas espécies de morcegos, encontram-se em vias de desaparecimento e a lista dessas espécies aumenta a cada dia, sendo a destruição dos habitats um dos principais responsáveis por esse quadro. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a composição da comunidade de morcegos em ambientes com diferentes tamanhos e qualidade de habitat; para isso, foram utilizados dados de trabalhos realizados na região de Londrina - Paraná, Brasil, entre os anos de 1982 e 2000. Originalmente, essa área era coberta por floresta estacional semidecidual, com destaque para Aspidosperma polyneuron (Apocynaceae), Ficus insipida (Moraceae), Euterpe edulis (Arecaceae) e Croton floribundus (Euforbiaceae); nota-se que, atualmente, restam apenas pequenos remanescentes da vegetação original. Os resultados mostraram um declínio no número de espécies capturadas nas áreas de menor tamanho em relação ao maior remanescente. Em aproximadamente 18 anos de amostragens, 42 espécies de morcegos foram encontradas na região, o que representa 67% das espécies que ocorrem no Paraná e 24,4% no Brasil, sendo duas espécies de Noctilionidae, 21 de Phyllostomidade, 11 de Vespertilionidae e oito de Molossidae. Destas, oito foram capturadas apenas no maior fragmento, o Parque Estadual Mata dos Godoy (680 ha). Dez espécies apresentaram baixo índice de captura nas menores áreas, com menos de três indivíduos. Do total amostrado, 14 espécies foram encontradas em edificações humanas, sendo capazes de tolerar ambientes modificados, forrageando e até mesmo utilizando-os como abrigo. Conforme o tamanho da área de floresta aumenta, há uma maior variedade de oportunidades ecológicas e suas condições físicas tornam-se mais estáveis, ou seja, há condições favoráveis para o crescimento e a sobrevivência de um maior número de espécies. A fragmentação florestal limita e cria subpopulações, preservando somente por algum tempo um animal de vida longa, K-estrategista, em que a capacidade suporte do meio é um fator restritivo. A redução dos habitats, das espécies e da diversidade genética resultante das atividades humanas está pondo em risco a adaptabilidade futura nos ecossistemas naturais, o que promove o desaparecimento de espécies de baixo potencial adaptativo.

Se analizó el patrón espacial de la regeneración de Aspidosperma polyneuron Müll.Arg. en un sector remanente de la selva Paranaense en la provincia de Misiones, Argentina. Se mapearon los individuos presentes en un área de 210 m x 100 m (2,1 ha). Se aplicaron técnicas de análisis de patrones de puntos univariados y bivariados mediante el índice "O" de Wiegand & Moloney. La regeneración presentó agrupamientos a escalas de hasta 10 metros resultando en conglomerados de 30 metros de diámetro. No se verificaron asociaciones entre la regeneración y los individuos mayores de la especie ni con los árboles muertos, mientras que se observaron asociaciones a pequeña escala con individuos de otras especies. Los resultados permiten concluir que la regeneración presenta patrones agregados que tienden a la homogeneidad en los adultos. La presencia de renovales está condicionada a la presencia de adultos en las cercanías y la instalación de la regeneración está asociada a individuos de más de 10 cm de diámetro al pecho siendo la regeneración en sitios abierto una excepción.

Título en ingles: Standardization of the disinfection protocol for the micropropagation of Aspidosperma polyneuronAspidosperma polyneuron es un especie nativa de la región neotropical, en países como Colombia, Venezuela, Perú, Brasil, Argentina y Paraguay, propio de bosques semideciduos, catalogada desde 1998 por la UICN como “En Peligro (EN)”, debido a que sus poblaciones naturales fueron sometidas a una intensa explotación con fines madereros y su hábitat se vio seriamente degradado por actividades agrícolas y silvopastoriles. Las dificultades para su regeneración natural y el enraizamiento de las estacas, hace que el cultivo in vitro sea una eficaz herramienta para contrarrestar las dificultades reproductivas que presenta. Sin embargo, la presencia de contaminantes que afectan la viabilidad de los explantes, precisa el desarrollo de protocolos que permitan el establecimiento in vitro de la especie. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue lograr el establecimiento aséptico y la inducción de la callogénesis en explantes de A. polyneuron, mediante la evaluación de diferentes tratamientos de desinfección. Los explantes se obtuvieron de individuos de regeneración natural, en el municipio de Armero, departamento del Tolima, los cuales se sumergieron en agua destilada con una gota de Tween® 80 por cada 100 ml, durante 10 minutos y lavados con agua destilada estéril. Se utilizaron como agentes desinfectantes, el hipoclorito de sodio y el dicloruro de mercurio a distintas concentraciones y tiempos de inmersión. De los explantes utilizados: ápices, segmentos nodales y láminas foliares, este último fue seleccionado por su capacidad de producir callos friables de color verde, para lo cual una desinfección con dicloruro de mercurio (HgCl2) al 0.125% durante 10 minutos fue suficiente para el control de la contaminación y bajos índices de oxidación. Aspidosperma polyneuron is a species native to the Neotropics, in countries like Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay, typical of semi-deciduous forests, catalogued since 1998 by the IUCN as "Endangered (EN)", because its natural populations were subjected to an intense exploitation for timber and its habitat was seriously degraded by agricultural and silvopastoral activities. The difficulties for its natural regeneration and the rooting of cuttings, make the in vitro culture an efficient tool to counteract the reproductive difficulties that it presents. However, the presence of pollutants that affect the viability of the explants needs the development of protocols that allow the in vitro establishment of this species. The objective of this research was to achieve aseptic establishment and the induction of callogenesis in explants of A. polyneuron, by evaluating different disinfection treatments. The expants were obtained from individuals of natural regeneration, in the Municipality of Armero in the Department of Tolima, which were immersed in distilled water with a drop of Tween® 80 for each 100 ml, for 10 minutes and then rinsed with sterile distilled water. There were used as disinfectant agents, sodium hypochlorite and mercury dichloride in different concentrations and times of immersion. Among the used explants: buds, nodal segments and leaf blades, the last one was selected for its capacity of producing friable and green callosity, for which a disinfection with mercury dichloride (HgCl2) 0.125% for 10 minutes was enough for contamination control and low indexes of oxidation.Key words: in vitro, mercury dichloride, endogen and exogen contamination, forestal species.

O presente trabalho objetivou estabelecer um protocolo para obtenção de culturas assépticas de Aspidosperma polyneuron visando à regeneração in vitro de mudas dessa espécie. Brotações apicais de mudas de dois anos de idade foram coletadas em casa de vegetação e desinfestadas com hipoclorito de sódio (NaOCl) ou cloreto de mercúrio (HgCl2) visando ao estabelecimento de culturas assépticas. Os tratamentos testados com NaOCl foram: solução 0,125 ou 0,25%, durante cinco ou dez minutos e com HgCl2: 0,025; 0,05 ou 0,1%, durante cinco ou dez minutos e em todas as estações do ano. As avaliações das percentagens de necrose, contaminação fúngica, contaminação bacteriana e de sobrevivência foram feitas após três semanas. Os resultados revelaram que o tratamento com solução de NaOCl a 0,25%, durante 10 minutos, resultou em 70% de sobrevivência para brotações apicais, independente da época do ano (verão e outono). O HgCl2 foi mais eficiente que o NaOCl na desinfestação de brotações apicais de peroba-rosa, sendo recomendado o tratamento de 0,05% de HgCl2, durante 10 minutos (84,10% de sobrevivência). Em todas as estações do ano, foram estabelecidas culturas assépticas, contudo, os melhores resultados foram obtidos na primavera e verão.

RAPD was used to access the genetic variability in Aspisdosperma polyneuron, a long-lived, late-reproducing tropical tree, and highly important for the Atlantic Forest. RAPD profiles from adults (pre-fragmentation, >300 years old) and seedlings (post-fragmentation, 300 anos) e plântulas (pós-fragmentação, <

Phenotypic and genotypic variability of 18 endophytic Guignardia strains from different host plants (Anacardiaceae: Anacardium giganteum, Myracrodruon urundeuva, Spondias mombin; Apocynaceae: Aspidosperma polyneuron; Ericaceae: Rhododendron sp.; Fabaceae: Bowdichia nitida; Leguminosae: Cassia occidentalis; Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium) growing in different sites in Brazil was assessed by means of morphometric measurements and inter-single-sequence-repeat-anchored polymerase chain reaction (ISSR-PCR) amplifications of the DNA. Morphology of conidia and ascospores and growth rates of the Brazilian isolates corresponded well with those of G. mangiferae. Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) of the ISSR-PCR data yielded three groups of strains, which did, however, not correspond either to the host or to the geographic origin. The same individual tree hosted genotypically different strains indicating multiple infections. Phylogeny based on ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence analyses confirmed conspecificity of the Brazilian isolates with G. mangiferae (syn. G. endophyllicola).

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis system (PAGE) and inhibition tests for biochemical characterization of alpha- and beta-esterases were used to obtain a functional classification of esterases fromAspidosperma polyneuron. The characterization of alpha- and beta-esterases from young leaves of A. polyneuron by the PAGE system showed fourteen esterase isozymes. The differential staining pattern showed that Est-2 isozyme hydrolyzes beta-naphthyl acetate; Est-6, Est-7 and Est-8 isozymes hydrolyze alpha-naphthyl acetate, and Est-1, Est-3, Est-4, Est-5, Est-9, Est-10, Est-11, Est-12, Est-13, and Est-14 isozymes hydrolyze both alpha- and b-naphthyl acetate. Inhibition pattern of a- and beta-esterases showed that Folidol is a more potent inhibitor that Malathion, while Thiamethoxan (an insecticide with organophosphorus-like action) acts as an Est-4 and Est-6 inhibitor and induces the appearance of Est-5 and Est-7 isozymes as more intensely stained bands. Inhibition tests showed that OPC insecticides inhibit or activate plant esterases. Thus, plant esterases may be used as bioindicators to detect the presence and toxicity of residues of topically applied insecticides in agriculture and may be valuable for monitoring pollutants in the environment.

 Premise of the study : This study was designed to develop and characterize a preliminary set of nuclear microsatellite markers for Aspidosperma polyneuron , an endangered tropical tree species.  Methods and Results : Leaf samples were collected from a group of mature A. polyneuron trees in a large area along the Pardo and Mogi-Gua c u river basins in S a o Paulo State in the southeastern region of Brazil. Twenty-fi ve simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were developed and 16 of 30 samples had polymorphic loci. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 17 (average = 7.06). A high diversity ( H e = 0.65) and parentage exclusion probability for the fi rst (0.9995) and second (0.9999) parents were measured.  Conclusions : These 16 polymorphic markers suggest a high potential for genetic diversity, gene fl ow, and mating system analyses in A. polyneuron .

1024x768 This research aimed to investigate possible differences in values of longitudinal modulus of elasticity for wood species usually employed for structural purposes, as Castanheira (Bertholletia excelsa), Cambará (Erisma uncinatum), Cumaru (Dipteryx odorata), Jatobá (Hymenaea stilbocarpa), Garapa (Apuleia leiocarpa) and Peroba Rosa (Aspidosperma polyneuron), obtained from compression and tension parallel to grain, and static bending tests. Recommendations of the Brazilian standard ABNT NBR 7190:1997, Annex B, were followed. Statistical analysis results for the cited properties, had equivalent averages for the six wood species analyzed. This confirms that any of the three tests can be used to obtain the longitudinal elastic modulus and which could avoid the necessity of evaluating stiffness values for wood by more than one kind of mechanical test. Normal 0 21 false false false PT-BR X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}

Different species of plants can act as environmental filters affecting the composition, structure and spatial distribution of seeds and seedlings of forest species. This study aimed to examine whether the presence of the fern stratum acts as a biotic environmental filter on the woody species seedling bank in a semi-deciduous forest remnant (Atlantic biome), Southern Brazil. Two experiments were developed in areas with ferns (F) and ferns-free (NF): a) richness and abundance of woody seedling bank were determined in 10 plots (25 m 2 ) in each area; b) seedlings abundance of Actinostemon concolor (Spreng.) Mull. Arg., Aspidosperma polyneuron Mull. Arg., Euterpe edulis Mart., Guarea kunthiana A. Juss. and Inga marginata Kunth were monitored for a year in three areas F, NF and an area with ferns whose fronds were cut (CF). In this experiment, it was used five plots (4 m 2 ) in each area. The abundance of seedlings (considering all species) was higher in F areas and ferns positively and negatively affected the abundance of A. polyneuron and G. kunthiana , respectively. It is possible to conclude that ferns worked as a selective environmental filter for some woody species.

While many natural and synthetic compounds exhibit auxin-like activity in bioassays, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is recognized as the key auxin in most plants. IAA has been implicated in almost all aspects of plant growth and development and a large array of bacteria have been reported to enhance plant growth. Cells ofKlebsiella oxytocaisolated from the rhizosphere ofAspidosperma polyneuronand immobilized by adsorption on different inorganic matrices were used for IAA production. The matrices were prepared by the sol-gel method and the silica-titanium was the most suitable matrix for effective immobilization. In operational stability assays, IAA production was maintained after four cycles of production, obtaining42.80±2.03 μg mL−1of IAA in the third cycle, which corresponds to a 54% increase in production in relation to the first cycle, whereas free cells began losing activity after the first cycle. After 90 days of storage at 4°C the immobilized cells showed the slight reduction of IAA production without significant loss of activity.

Background Aspidosperma polyneuron (Apocynaceae), commonly known as peroba-rosa, is a native and perennial species characteristic of semideciduous forest in submontane formation of Atlantic rain forest [1]. This species is recommended for ecosystems recovery and restoration of riparian forests in areas without flooding. But, the crescent logging, agriculture and urban expansion caused the reduction of native population of A. polyneuron. It is now included in the Red List of Threatened Species [http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/ 32023/0]. Little is known about the population structure of A. polyneuron and the effects of the spatial isolation on the levels of genetic diversity and gene flow. In this study, we developed microsatellite loci for A. polyneuron aiming future studies of genetic structure, gene flow and mating system.

Studies on intraspecific variation can contribute to the development of conservation strategies by identifying units of conservation for threatened species. Aspidosperma polyneuron is a tropical tree of seasonal semideciduous forests that is currently endangered and protected because it has been heavily logged for lumber, although it was once common in Brazil and neighboring countries. We investigated genetic structure in two samples of A. polyneuron collected from steep hillsides and from flat areas of a natural forest fragment in northern Parana State, Brazil. Seven AFLP primer combinations yielded 200 markers, with a polymorphic rate of 88.5% for samples from the flat area and 99% for samples from the high declivity area. Total genetic diversity (H(T)) was 0.387, while the genetic diversity within the populations (H(S)) was 0.307 and 0.372, for samples from the flat and the high declivity areas, respectively. Genetic differentiation between samples was high, with a mean F(ST) of 0.265 and a genetic distance of 0.148, indicative of a high degree of genetic structure over a short distance. Principal coordinate analysis separated the samples into three groups of individuals; the first group included individuals from the high declivity area, the second group consisted of individuals only from the flat area, and the third group had individuals from both areas. Bayesian analysis also showed K = 3 clusters. The unexpected high level of intraspecific variation of A. polyneuron in this small forest fragment should be taken into account when evaluating the genetic impact of forest degradation on this species in other semideciduous forest fragments.

Size structure and spatial arrangement of 13 abundant tree species were determined in a riparian forest fragment inParaná State, South Brazil (23"16'S and 51"01'W). The studied species were Aspidosperma polyneuron Müll. Arg., Astronium graveolens Jacq. and Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng) Harms (emergent species); Alseis floribunda Schott, Ruprechtia laxiflora Meisn. and Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. (shade-intolerant canopy species); Machaerium paraguariense Hassl, Myroxylum peruiferum L. and Chrysophyllum gonocarpum (Mart. & Eichler ex Miq.) Engl. (shade-tolerant canopy species); Sorocea bonplandii (Baill.) Bürger, Trichilia casaretti C. Dc, Trichilia catigua A. Juss. and Actinostemon concolor (Spreng.) Müll. Arg. (understory small trees species). Height and diameter structures and basal area of species were analyzed. Spatial patterns and slope correlation were analyzed by Moran's / spatial autocorrelation coefficient and partial Mantel test, respectively. The emergent and small understory species showed the highest and the lowest variations in height, diameter and basal area. Size distribution differed among emergent species and also among canopy shade-intolerant species. The spatial pattern ranged among species in all groups, except in understory small tree species. The slope was correlated with spatial pattern for A. polyneuron, A. graveolens, A. floribunda, R. laxiflora, M. peruiferum and T. casaretti. The results indicated that most species occurredin specific places, suggesting that niche differentiation can be an important factor in structuring the tree community.Visando contribuir para o conhecimento das estratégias devida de espécies em fragmentos florestais, foram determinadas as estruturas de tamanho e espacial de 13 espécies arbóreas do remanescente de floresta ciliar no Estado do Paraná, no Sul do Brasil (23"16'S e 51"01'W). Foram analisadas as espécies: Aspidosperma polyneuron Müll. Arg., Astronium graveolens Jacq. e Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng) Harms, (emergentes); Alseis floribunda Schott, Ruprechtia laxiflora Meisn. e Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. (dossel, intolerantes à sombra); Machaerium paraguariense Hassl, Myroxylum peruiferum L. e Chrysophyllum gonocarpum (Mart. & Eichler exMiq.) Engl. (dossel, tolerantes à sombra); Sorocea bonplandii (Baill.) Bürger, Trichilia casaretti C. Dc, Trichilia catigua A. Juss. e Actinostemon concolor (Spreng.) Müll. Arg. (subosque). Analisou-se a estrutura de diâmetro de cada espécie. Para a análise do padrão espacial e correlação com adeclividade foram utilizados o Índice de Autocorrelação espacial de Moran e o Teste Parcial de Mantel, respectivamente. Os grupos das árvores emergentes e das espécies de subosque apresentaram as maiores e as menores variações na altura e no diâmetro e maior e menor área basal, respectivamente. Diferenças nas estruturas de diâmetro foram observadas entre as espécies emergentes e entre as espécies de dossel intolerantes à sombra. O padrão espacial variou entre as espécies de todos os grupos, exceto as espécies de subosque tolerantes à sombra. A topografia estava relacionada com a distribuição espacial de A. polyneuron, A. graveolens, A. floribunda, R. laxiflora, M. peruiferum e T. casaretti. A análise dos resultados indicou que para cada espécie a maioria dos indivíduos ocorriam em locais específicos, sugerindo que a diferenciação de nicho pode estar relacionada à estruturação desta comunidade arbórea.