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Bu çalışmada Olea europaea L. (Zeytin) bitkisinin yaprak ekstresi ve fenolik bileşeni olan oleuropein’in doğal enfekte farelerde Aspiculuris tetraptera’ya karşı antihelmintik etkisi araştırılmıştır. Aspiculuris tetraptera ile doğal enfekte 91 adet Balb/c fare, fekal flotasyon yöntemi ile tespit edilmiştir. Enfekte fareler 7 gruba ayrılmış ve ad libitum beslenmiştir. Olea europaea’nin 3 ve oleuropein’in 2 farklı dozu uygulanmıştır. 1. Grup (Kontrol grubu) farelere gavaj yoluyla su verildi. 2. grup farelere 10 mg/kg Albendazol ilacı verildi. 3. grup farelere Olea europaea 250 mg/kg, 4. grup farelere Olea europaea 500 mg/kg ve 5. deneme grubu farelere Olea europaea 1000 mg/kg’lık dozları gavaj yoluyla uygulandı. Aynı şekilde, 6. grup farelere 5 mg/kg oleuropein ve son olarak 7. deneme grubu farelere ise 20 mg/kg oleuropein ağız yoluyla verilmiştir. Dozlar, 7 gün boyunca verilip 8. gün tüm hayvanlara nekropsi yapıldı ve stereomikroskop altında Aspiculuris tetraptera parazit sayılarına bakıldı. Etkinlik yüzdesi ve p değerleri Mann-Whitney U analiz programıyla hesaplandı. Albendazolün etkinlik oranı %92,43 olarak hesaplandı. Olea europaea 250 mg/kg dozunun %70,56, Olea europaea 500 mg/kg dozunun %63,18, Olea europaea 1000 mg/kg dozunun %92,19, oleuropein 5 mg/kg dozunun %9,27 ve oleuropein’in 20 mg/kg’lık dozunun %70,56 oranında antihelmintik etkisini gösterdiği belirlendi. Albendazol ve Olea europaea 1000 mg/kg dozunun en yüksek, 5 mg/kg oleuropein dozunun en düşük etki değerine sahip olduğu görülmüştür. P değerlerine bakıldığında Olea europaea 1000 mg/kg dozunun önemliye yakın (P=0,05), Albendazolun önemli (p˂0,05) ve 1, 3, 4 6 ve 7 grupların da önemsiz (p˃0,05) olduğu görüldü. Olea europaea ve oleuropein dozları arttıkça Aspiculuris tetraptera’ya karşı antihelmintik etkisinin yükseldiği gözlemlendi. In this study, the anthelmintic effects of Olea europaea (olive) leaves extract and its major phenolic compound oleuropein have been investigated in mice naturally infected with Aspiculuris tetraptera. 91 Balb/c infected mice were identified by fecal flotation method and were divided into 7 groups. Infected groups were given free access to standard laboratory food and tap water. Tap water was available ad libitum. 3 doses of Olea europaea and 2 doses of oleuropein were orally administered. Group1 (control group) was provided with only tap water. 10 mg/kg dose of Albendazole was orally given to Group 2. Group 3, 4 and 5 were rendered with 250 mg/kg, 500mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg doses of Olea europaea respectively. Similarly, 5 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg doses of oleuropein were given to group 6 and 7. All the groups were orally administered by gavage for 7 days during treatments. On 8th day, animals were euthanized and gastrointestinal tract was removed and examined under a stereomicroscope to count and identify the parasite presence. Drug efficacies and statistical difference between the treatments and controls were evaluated by Mann-Whitney U test. According to the results, it has been found that reference drug Albendazole (92.43%) and 1000 mg/kg dose of Olea europaea (92.19%) showed significant efficacies against A. tetraptera counts while 250 mg/kg (70.03%) and 500 mg/kg (63.18%) doses exhibited moderate effects. Similarly, 5 mg/kg dose of oleuropein showed lower efficacy (9.27%) than 20 mg/kg (70.56%). Efficacy of 10 mg/kg oleuropein was found to be in par with 250 mg/kg leaves extract of Olea europaea. Statistical analysis of albendazole was found to be significant (p0.05). Anthelmintic effects of Olea europaea leaves extracts and oleuropein increased in a dose-dependent manner.

Bu çalışmada Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Biberiye ) bitkisinin ve bu bitkinin bir bileşeni olan Rosmarinik asidin doğal enfekte farelerde Aspiculuris tetraptera’ya karşı antihelmintik etkisi araştırılmıştır. Aspiculuris tetraptera ile doğal enfekte 90 adet Balb/c fare dışkı flotasyon yöntemi ile bakılarak tespit edilmiştir. Rosmarinus officinalis'in 3 dozuna bakılmıştır. Enfekte fareler 6 gruba ayrıldı. 1.Grup Biberiye bitkisinin yaprak ekstraktı 250 mg/kg, 2.grup R. officinalis 500 mg/kg, 3.grup R. officinalis 1000 mg/kg, 4.grup Rosmarinik asit, 5.grup, albendazol, 6.grup serum fiyolojik'dir. Bütün gruplar 7 gün boyunca gavajla beslenmiştir. 8.gün tüm hayvanlar ötanazi yapılarak içerdikleri parazit sayılarına bakıldı. Etkinlik yüzdesi ve p değerleri hesaplandı. Etki değerleri albendazolün %89,1399, rosmarinik asidin % -8,17, 250 mg/kg biberiye dozunun %25,44, 500 mg/kg biberiye dozunun %46,54, 1000 mg/kg biberiye dozunun %7,16‟dır. Albendazol en yüksek, rosmarinik asit ise en düşük etki değerine sahiptir. P değerlerinde ise grup 2, önemli (p˂0,05), grup 3, 4, 5 ve 6 da önemsiz (p˃0,05) olduğu görüldü. In this study, the anthelmintic effect of Rosmarinic asid, a component of Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Rosemary) plant and rosemary against Aspiculuris tetraptera in naturally infected mice was investigated. The faeces of 90 Balb/c mice, naturally infected with Asiculuris tetraptera, were determined by examining the feces by flotation method. Three doses of R. officinalis were examined. Infected mice were divided into 6 groups. Leaf extract of 1st group Rosemary plant 250 mg/kg, 2nd group R. officinalis 500 mg/kg, 3rd group R. officinalis 1000 mg/kg, 4th group Rosmarinic asid, 5th group albendazole, 6th group serum phiological. All groups were gavaged for 7 days. On the 8th day, all animals were euthanized and the number of parasites they contained was measured. Percentage of activity and p values were calculated. The effect values were % 89, 1399 of albendazole, % -8, 17 of Rosmarinic asid, % 25,44 of a 250 mg/kg Rosemary dose, % 46,54 of a 500 mg/kg Rosemary dose and % 7,16 of a 1000 mg/kg Rosemary dose. Albendazole has the highest effect value and Rosmarinic asid has the lowest effect value. P values were found to be significant in group 2 (p˂0,05), and insignificant in group 3, 4, 5, and 6 (p˃0,05).

We analyzed 54 specimens of Hoplias aff. malabaricus (Bloch, 1794) collected between March 2010 and March 2011 from the upper Paraná river Neotropical floodplain, Brazil. All hosts were parasitized by at least one species of Monogenea. The parasites species with higher prevalence were Urocleidoides cuiabai Rosim, Mendoza-Franco & Luque, 2011 (96.29 %) and U. malabaricusi Rosim, Mendoza-Franco & Luque, 2011 (92.59%). The community of gill ectoparasites examined showed an aggregated pattern. Urocleidoides cuiabai was the dominant species in the sample (C > 0.25). The parasitic abundance showed significant positive correlation with the standard length of the host for U. malabaricusi and U. eremitus Kritsky, Thatcher & Boeger, 1986. There were significant differences in the abundance values between male and female fish to the species of parasites Urocleidoides brasiliensis Rosim, Mendoza-Franco & Luque, 2011 and U. cuiabai. The gonad maturation stages of the host did not influence the levels of parasitism. Four species of parasites showed positive and significant correlation with parasitic abundance and the relative condition factor. The Ivinheima river presented higher abundance of parasitism in relation to other subsystems. The ecological study of monogeneans can provide a greater knowledge of the biology of these parasites and their hosts, the collection site, and even how the host responds to the presence of these parasites. We discuss the factors that were fundamental in the levels of parasitism in this important fish species in the floodplain of the upper Paraná river. Analizamos 54 especímenes de Hoplias aff. malabaricus colectados entre marzo de 2010 y marzo de 2011 en la planicie de inundación Neotropical del alto rio Paraná, Brasil. Todos los hospederos fueron parasitados por lo menos con una especie de Monogenea. Las especies de parásitos con las mayores prevalencias fueran Urocleidoides cuiabai (96,29 %) y U. malabaricusi (92,59%). La comunidad de ectoparásitos de branquias ha presentado patrón de distribución agregado. Urocleidoides cuiabai fue la especie dominante en la muestra (C > 0,25). La abundancia del parasitismo ha presentado correlación positiva y significativa con la longitud estándar del hospedero para las especies U. malabaricusi y U. eremitus Kritsky, Thacher & Boeger, 1986. Hubo diferencia significativa en la abundancia de parasitismo entre peces machos y hembras para los parásitos U. brasiliensis y U. cuiabai. La fase de maduración gonadal del hospedero no influyó los niveles de parasitismo. Cuatro especies de parásitos han presentado una correlación positiva y significativa con la abundancia de parasitismo y el factor de condición relativo. El rio Iviñeima ha presentado alta abundancia de parasitismo en relación a otros subsistemas. El estudio ecológico de monogeneas puede proveer un gran conocimiento de la biología de estos parásitos y sus hospederos, el sitio de colecta, y hasta como el hospedero responde a la presencia de estos parásitos. Este artículo presenta los factores que fueron fundamentales en los niveles de parasitismo en esta importante especie de pez en la planicie de inundación del alto rio Paraná.

Laboratory mice Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758 are commonly used as important models in veterinary and biomedical research. Forty laboratory mice were collected in four different vivaria at the National Autonomous University of Mexico and evaluated for parasites. Examination of intestinal organs revealed nematode Aspiculuris tetraptera (Nitzsch, 1821) Schulz, 1927 (n=104) and Syphacia obvelata Rudolphi, 1802 (n=1582). Astatistical study was performed to determine host sex preference of infection. Cestode parasites, Rodentolepis nana (Siebold, 1852) synonymous (Hymenolepis nana and Vampirolepis nana) including a potential cause of human cestodiasis, with an emphasis on those pathogens with zoonotic potential. Evident ectoparasites were not present. A review reporting parasites on rodents employed on vivaria in Mexico was elaborated from a database at the National Helminths Collection of the Institute of Biology of the National Autonomous University of Mexico. This is the first report of the occurrence of these nematodes, A. tetraptera and S. obvelata, on M. musculus used and their known geographical distribution. El ratón común Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758 es empleado comúnmente como modelo de investigación en las ciencias veterinarias y biomédicas. Cuarenta organismos fueron colectados en cuatro diferentes bioterios de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México y fue evaluada la presencia de parásitos. La examinación intestinal reveló al nematodo Aspiculuris tetraptera (Nitzsch, 1821) Schulz, 1927 (n=104) y Syphacia obvelata Rudolphi, 1802 (n=1582). El análisis estadístico determinó que no hay preferencia parasitaria por sexo del hospedero. Se registró al cestodo Rodentolepis nana (Siebold, 1852) sinónimos (Hymenolepis nana y Vampirolepis nana) que son causantes de cestodiasis en el humano. Este trabajo tiene un énfasis en estos helmintos debido a su potencial zoonótico. No se detectó la presencia de ectoparasitos. Se elaboró un reporte del registro de parásitos en roedores de bioterio en México obtenido de una base de datos de la Colección Nacional de Helmintos del Instituto de Biología de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Este es un primer registro preliminar de la ocurrencia del nematodo A. tetraptera y S. obvelata en el ratón común M. musculus en cuatro bioterios en la ciudad de México. Este trabajo amplía la distribución geográfica y contribuye también, a un nuevo registro del parásito.

El ratón común Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758 es empleado comúnmente como modelo de investigación en las ciencias veterinarias y biomédicas. Cuarenta organismos fueron colectados en cuatro diferentes bioterios de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México y fue evaluada la presencia de parásitos. La examinación intestinal reveló al nematodo Aspiculuris tetraptera (Nitzsch, 1821) Schulz, 1927 (n=104) y Syphacia obvelata Rudolphi, 1802 (n=1582). El análisis estadístico determinó que no hay preferencia parasitaria por sexo del hospedero. Se registró al cestodo Rodentolepis nana (Siebold, 1852) sinónimos (Hymenolepis nana y Vampirolepis nana) que son causantes de cestodiasis en el humano. Este trabajo tiene un énfasis en estos helmintos debido a su potencial zoonótico. No se detectó la presencia de ectoparasitos. Se elaboró un reporte del registro de parásitos en roedores de bioterio en México obtenido de una base de datos de la Colección Nacional de Helmintos del Instituto de Biología de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Este es un primer registro preliminar de la ocurrencia del nematodo A. tetraptera y S. obvelata en el ratón común M. musculus en cuatro bioterios en la ciudad de México. Este trabajo amplía la distribución geográfica y contribuye también, a un nuevo registro del parásito.

Rattus rattus tiene hábitos sinantrópicos que lo convierten en el roedor importante para la difusión de parasitos zoonóticos. Treinta individuos fueron capturados y someterse a necropsia con el objetivo de conocer la fauna de helmintos de R. rattus. Se encontraron tres espécies, dos nematodos (Aspiculuris tetraptera y Syphacia obvelata) y uno cestodo (Hymenolepis diminuta). El área rural mostró mayor diversidad de helmintos.

Rattus rattus has synanthropic habits which make it an important rodent for the dissemination of zoonotic parasites. Thirty individuals were captured and necropsied with the aim of knowing theie helminth fauna. Three species of parasites were found, two nematodes (Aspiculuris tetraptera and Syphacia obvelata) and one cestode (Hymenolepis diminuta). The rural area showed most diversity of helminthes. Rattus rattus tiene hábitos sinantrópicos que lo convierten en el roedor importante para la difusión de parasitos zoonóticos. Treinta individuos fueron capturados y someterse a necropsia con el objetivo de conocer la fauna de helmintos de R. rattus. Se encontraron tres espécies, dos nematodos (Aspiculuris tetraptera y Syphacia obvelata) y uno cestodo (Hymenolepis diminuta). El área rural mostró mayor diversidad de helmintos.

Aspiculuris tetraptera a pinworm of mice, is an important parasite in institutions with mice colonies for both research and teaching purposes. Infection with this parasite has impact on biomedical research. This is likely due to the availability of the parasite’s eggs in the environment, therefore can easily be transmitted and infection is generally asymptomatic. No information regarding the prevalence, morphology or phylogeny is available on A. tetraptera from Saudi Arabia. A group of 50 laboratory mice were investigated for the presence of A. tetraptera. Worms were described morphologically and molecular characterization was attempted using 18S rRNA and Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I genes. The prevalence of A. tetraptera infestation in the laboratory mice examined was found to be 46%. Morphological description indicated that the worms belong to A. tetraptera and this was confirmed by molecular characterization. Both regions studied have shown that the worm under investigation grouped with A. tetraptera. 18S rDNA sequences obtained in the present study showed high identity with sequences from A. tetraptera while Cytochrome c Oxidase subunit I gene (COI) sequences showed intraspecific variation resulted into two haplotypes from the isolates in the present study. A. tetraptera was recorded for the first time from Saudi Arabia. Molecular characterization has shown, based on the COI sequences, that the Saudi isolates of A. tetraptera are distinct.

The role of rodents as reservoirs of helminths of public health importance is not well known. The zoonotic potential of Syphacia spp. has been confirmed; therefore, the study aimed to estimate the occurrence of oxyurid nematodes in small rodents from pet shops and breeding clubs in Slovakia. Fecal samples of 586 pet rodents kept in 133 cages were collected between 2016 and 2018 and examined by Faust´s flotation method. Four species of oxyurid nematodes, Syphacia muris, S. obvelata, Aspiculuris tetraptera and Paraspidodera uncinata were detected. A. tetraptera was found in the faecal samples of all rodent species included in this survey. The number of positive boxes varied from 5.4% in hamsters to 70.0% with mice. The prevalence of Syphacia muris was highest in Mongolian gerbils where up to 75.0% boxes were positive; S. obvelata was found in 26.7% of boxes with mice, 25.0% of boxes with Mongolian gerbils and 3.2% of boxes with rats. The high prevalence of Syphacia spp. in all animal species points out the infection risk for humans. Animals offered for sale are often in close contact with human beings; therefore they should be regularly tested for parasites and then effectively dewormed.

The role of rodents as reservoirs of helminths of public health importance is not well known. The zoonotic potential of Syphacia spp. has been confirmed; therefore, the study aimed to estimate the occurrence of oxyurid nematodes in small rodents from pet shops and breeding clubs in Slovakia. Fecal samples of 586 pet rodents kept in 133 cages were collected between 2016 and 2018 and examined by Faust´s flotation method. Four species of oxyurid nematodes, Syphacia muris, S. obvelata, Aspiculuris tetraptera and Paraspidodera uncinata were detected. A. tetraptera was found in the faecal samples of all rodent species included in this survey. The number of positive boxes varied from 5.4% in hamsters to 70.0% with mice. The prevalence of Syphacia muris was highest in Mongolian gerbils where up to 75.0% boxes were positive; S. obvelata was found in 26.7% of boxes with mice, 25.0% of boxes with Mongolian gerbils and 3.2% of boxes with rats. The high prevalence of Syphacia spp. in all animal species points out the infection risk for humans. Animals offered for sale are often in close contact with human beings; therefore they should be regularly tested for parasites and then effectively dewormed. Resumo O papel dos roedores como reservatórios de helmintos de importância para a saúde pública não é bem conhecido. O potencial zoonótico de Syphacia spp. foi confirmado; portanto, o estudo teve como objetivo estimar a ocorrência de nematóides oxiurídeos em pequenos roedores de pet shops e clubes de reprodução na Eslováquia. Amostras fecais de 586 roedores mantidos em 133 gaiolas foram coletadas entre 2016 e 2018 e examinadas pelo método de flotação de Faust. Foram detectadas quatro espécies de nematódeos oxiurídeos, Syphacia muris, S. obvelata, Aspiculuris tetraptera e Paraspidodera uncinata, A. tetraptera foi encontrado nas amostras fecais de todas as espécies de roedores incluídas nesta pesquisa. O número de gaiolas positivas variou de 5,4% em hamsters a 70,0% em camundongos. A prevalência de Syphacia muris foi maior nos gerbilos da Mongólia, onde até 75,0% das gaiolas foram positivas; S. obvelata foi encontrada em 26,7% das gaiolas com camundongos, 25,0% das gaiolas com gerbilos da Mongólia e 3,2% das gaiolas com ratos. A alta prevalência de Syphacia spp. em todas as espécies animais aponta o risco de infecção para os seres humanos. Animais oferecidos para venda estão frequentemente em contato próximo com seres humanos; portanto, eles devem ser regularmente testados quanto a parasitas e, então, efetivamente desparasitados.

La habilidad del hospedador para reducir la carga parasitaria (resistencia) y limitar el daño causado por el patógeno (tolerancia) es el resultado de la co-evolución del complejo hospedador-huésped. Ésta está influenciada por múltiples factores, entre ellos, el genotipo del hospedador. En una población no seleccionada de ratones y dos pares de líneas de selección divergente para peso con más de 68 generaciones, infestadas naturalmente con Syphacia obvelata y Aspiculuris tetraptera, se evaluó si los genotipos de las líneas influían en la resistencia y tolerancia a estos parásitos. Se estimaron los siguientes parámetros: a) de resistencia: prevalencia, y abundancia e intensidad del número de huevos por gramo de peso corporal; b) de tolerancia: pendiente de la regresión del peso en el número de huevos. La prevalencia de una de las líneas seleccionada para alto peso fue significativamente menor (p

The aim of this study was to investigate the anthelmintic effect of pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita maxima) against Aspiculuris tetraptera in naturally infected mice. For this purpose, the natural infection was determined by the cellophane tape (on the anal region), and the centrifugal flotation methods of stool samples in approximately 150 male Swiss albino mice (27 to 35 g). The infected mice (29 animals) were divided into four groups. The animals in the first (G1) and second groups (G2) received water and ethanol extracts of pumpkin seeds orally at the dose suggested for human for 7 days, respectively. The mice in the positive control group (G3) were treated with ivermectin intramuscularly at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg body weight. The mice in fourth groups (G4) received the same amount of serum physiologic orally. The mice were housed in clean polypropylene cages and maintained under standard laboratory conditions at an ambient temperature of 20±2°C with 45% relative humidity and a 12 h light dark cycle. At the eighth day of the study, all animals were killed humanly following inhalation anaesthesia. After euthanasia, the number of parasites in the intestine was counted. Data obtained from the treatment groups were compared using one-way ANOVA. The percentage efficacy of the drugs was calculated. The results of the study showed that the efficacies for water (G1) or ethanol (G2) extracts of pumpkin seed and ivermectin were 81, 85 and 91% compared with the negative control, respectively. These results revealed that pumpkin seed has high anthelmintic activity against nematodes as well as its continued use in traditional medicine for the treatment of helminthiasis. Key words: Aspiculuris tetraptera, mice, anthelmintic effect, efficacy, Cucurbita maxima.

It has been established that the therapeutic efficacy of anthelmintic agents (fenbendazole, Nilverm) in combination with Ribotan depends on the dose of the immunomodulator. Administration of Ribotan in a dose of 0.05 mL/kg of body weight increased nonspecific resistance to invasion and enhanced the anthelmintic action of fenbendazole and Nilverm. Ribotan in a dose of 0.5 mL/mg has a negative effect on the result of specific treatment of mice infected by Aspiculuris tetraptera.

The effects of ivermectin were studied in laboratory rats naturally infected with the pinworm Syphacia muris. Ivermectin was administered over four 5-days periods in drinking water; the ivermectin dose was 2.5 mg/kg of body weight per day. All the rats were weighed every five days and their ova production was monitored by a cellophane — tape test. Every fifth day six males and six females from the experimental group were euthanized and examined for adult pinworms and larvae. The rats’ health condition, behaviour and consumption of food and water were monitored every day. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of orally administered ivermectin as a treatment against adult pinworms and their larvae in laboratory rat colonies.

The inhibiting effect of the nonspecific resistance stimulator ribotan on the liver P450 cytochrome system combined with immunoregulatory activity of the drug is established in the model “mouse-A. tetraptera” system. The effect of inhibition depends on dose and regime of using ribotan. A close inverse correlation is found between anti-invasion resistance and activity of the metabolic system of liver microsomes.

Rodent pinworm infestations are common in modern animal facilities, and treatments to eradicate these nematodes are often costly and labor-intensive. The authors describe a method they developed to treat rodents with ivermectin using the automatic watering system available at their facility. This delivery method proved an efficacious and cost-effective means of eradicating Aspiculuris tetraptera from a large colony of mice. The system might also be used to provide other orally administered agents to mice and other species.

Data on the frequency, distribution and mean intensity of the helminth fauna recovered from outbred and inbred mice conventionally maintained in Brazilian animal houses, are reported. The oxyurid nematodes Syphacia obvelata and Aspiculuris tetraptera presented overall frequencies of 91.5% and 8.5%, respectively. The frequency of S. obvelata in animals of three groups out of the four investigated ranged from 9% to 74% and A. tetraptera from 17% to 83%, since animals of one of the groups were negative for helminths. Infections due to a single species were observed in 62% of the animals, compared to 16% related to associations. The frequency of single infections in each group varied from 58.6% to 100% whereas associations varied from 24.1% to 41.4%. The analysis of specific mean intensities showed that S. obvelata was represented by 13.35 to 66.58 specimens/host and A. tetraptera by 5.85 to 16.75 specimens/host.

An oral combination of piperazine and ivermectin was used over a 6-week period for treating three different colonies of mice or rats infested with Syphacia obvelata, Syphacia muris or Aspiculuris tetraptera. No acute toxic effect was found in transgenic lines of mice or rats with these products in a preliminary trial. The colonies were treated with piperazine, 2.1 mg/ml in tap water for 2 weeks, then with ivermectin, 0.007 mg/ml, in tap water for the third and fourth weeks, and finally with piperazine for two further weeks. Hygiene measures such as a complete cage change, thorough disinfection and cleaning of the rooms were associated with the treatment. All examinations subsequent to completion of treatment have proved negative for further parasites.

Background The present study deals with the effect of helminthic infection as Nematode parasite like Aspiculuris tetraptera on the haematological parameters of infected and vaccinated mice. Methods Totally 15 mice were used. Five mice were used for positive control, 5 mice used for negative control and 5 mice used for experiment. The hematological parameters were studied viz. RBC, Hb, and serum protein values. Results The mice carrying heavy infection showed decrease in the Hb, RBC, and serum protein but in the vaccinated mice, all studied parameters were become on normal range. The level of immune response was assessed based on above studied hematological parameters in infected and vaccinated mice with Aspiculuris tetraptera. Conclusion The increased value of RBC, Hb and Serum protein in infected and vaccinated mice compared to infected and non vaccinated suggested the involvement of blood parameters in immune response. This study also proves that somatic antigen of A. tetraptera was effective in imparting immunity in mice

Verbascum L. (Scrophulariaceae) species are used for desiccating wounds and as a fish poison in Anatolia as well as for diarrhea and dysentery of animals in several countries. To further evaluate their activity, methanolic extracts obtained from 13 Verbascum species growing in Turkey, including V. chionophyllum Hub.-Mor., V. cilicicum Boiss., V. dudleyanum (Hub.-Mor.) Hub.-Mor., V. lasianthum Boiss., V. latisepalum Hub.-Mor., V. mucronatum Lam., V. olympicum Boiss., V. pterocalycinum var. mutense Hub.-Mor., V. pycnostachyum Boiss. & Heldr., V. salviifolium Boiss., V. splendidum Boiss., V. stachydifolium Boiss. & Heldr. and V. uschackense (Murb.) Hub.-Mor. were evaluated for their in vivo anthelmintic activity. The extracts from V. lasianthum , V. latisepalum , V. mucronatum and V. salviifolum showed the highest inhibitory rates against Aspiculuris tetraptera at 100 mg/kg in mice. Additionally, extracts from V. dudleyanum and V. pterocalycinum var. mutense were found generally highly effective. The remaining species did not show any activity. Results of the present study support the utilization of these plant species employed in Turkish folk medicine.

This study was performed to investigate the anthelmentic (nematodes) effect of garlic in Swiss albino mice naturally infected with Aspiculuris tetraptera. Natural infection was determined by the use of cellophane tape method on the perianal region and by the technique of centrifugal flotation of stool samples. The infected mice were divided into three groups; namely, Group 1: garlic treatment groups (n: 18), Group 2: positive control (treated with ivermectin, n: 19) and Group 3: untreated control group (n: 19). The mice in Group 1 were given orally freshly crushed garlic homogenates every day for 7 days. The animals in Group 2 were treated with ivermectin intramuscular at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg body weight. The mice in Group 3 received only serum physiologic orally. After 8 days of administrations, all mice were killed humanely using inhalation anaesthesia and then the parasites in the intestine were counted. It was observed that garlic and ivermectin were 91.24 % and 78.03 % effective against A. tetraptera in naturally infected mice, respectively. Results obtained from this study were compared statistically and differences were found to be significant (p < 0.001). It was found that garlic was efficient along the duration of the treatment in mice. Garlic may be useful as an alternative treatment against nematode parasites in animals and human. This article includes a new research using Allium sativum anthelmentic effect on mouse and has been patented.

In Anlehnung an die von der DVG erstellten Richtlinien zur Desinfektionsmittelpr üfung erfolgte die Testung des Desinfektionsmittels Neopredisan 135–1, Wirkstoff Preventol CMK (p–Chlor–m–kresol), im Suspensionsversuch. Als Testobjekt dienten die Dauerstadien von Trichuris muris. Die benötigten Wurmeier wurden aus dem Kot experimentell infizierter Mäuse gewonnen. Da unter natürlichen Verhältnissen eine kontinuierliche, aber nur geringgrade Eiauscheidung erfolgt, wurden Balb/c Mäuse zunächst mit Prednisolon immunsupprimiert. Dadurch wurde eine weitaus höhere Eiausscheidung erzielt. Die Beurteilung des Embryonierungsgrades der Eier erfolgte lichtmikroskopisch nach angemessener Bebrütungsdauer. Es wurden pro Versuchansatz jeweils 300 Eier einer Kontrollgruppe sowie je 300 Eier nach 30, 60, 90, 120 und 180minütiger Desinfektionsdauer begutachtet. In der vom Hersteller gegen Wurmeier angegebenen Anwendungskonzentration von 2% wurde nach der zur Bewertung der Wirksamkeit herangezogenen Einwirkzeit von 120 Minuten in drei Versuchsansätzen eine durchschnittliche Wirksamkeit von 99% erzielt. Tiere, die Eier erhielten, die länger als 30 Minuten dem Desinfektiosmittel ausgesetzt worden waren, zeigten keine Eiausscheidung. Ein Suspensionstest wurde mit einer Anwendungskonzentration von 1% durchgeführt. Hierbei wurde nach 120 Minuten Desinfektionszeit ebenfalls eine Wirksamkeit von 99% ermittelt. Für die Überprüfung der Wirksamkeit von Neopredisan 135–1 auf Aspiculuris tetraptera–Eier wurde ein andere Weg gewählt, da ein Teil der Eier zum Zeitpunkt der Eigewinnung aus dem Kot bereits embryoniert war. Es erfolgte ein Infektionsversuch nach Desinfektion der Eier mit 2%iger Lösung und angemessener Embryonierungsdauer. Die Tiere der Kontrollgruppe und die Tiere, die Wurmeier erhielten, welche 30 Minuten” desinfiziert“ worden waren, schieden in der Folge Eier aus. Eier, die mindestens 60 Minuten dem Desinfektionsmittel ausgesetzt worden waren, führten nicht mehr zu patenten Infektionen mit Eiausscheidung. Somit konnte im Rahmen der Versuche die gute Wirksamkeit des Desinfektionsmittels Neopredisan 135–1 gegen die getesteten Wurmeier nachgewiesen werden., Following the DVG guidelines for the testing of disinfectants, experiments in suspension were carried out in order to study the efficiency of Neopredisan 135–1 with Preventol CMK (p-chlorine-m-cresol) as active ingredient. In these investigations eggs of Trichuris muris were used as testing objects. The worm eggs for the testing runs were extracted from the excrement of experimentally infected mice. Under natural conditions a continuous but only a rather low egg release is obtained. The immunity of Balb/c mice was thus suppressed by the application of Prednisolon. In this way a considerably higher egg release could be achieved. After an appropriate breeding time, the development of the eggs was studied via inspection with a light microscope. In each run 300 eggs of a control group were assessed together with 300 eggs that had been disinfected for 30, 60, 90 120 and 180 minutes, respectively. A disinfectant solution containing 2% Neopredisan 135–1, as proposed by the manufacturer, was applied for 120 minutes. An average efficiency of 99% was obtained in three runs. Animals infected with eggs which had been exposed to the disinfectant for more than 30 minutes did not exhibit any egg release. One suspension test was carried out with a concentration of 1%. The effectiveness after a disinfection time of 120 minutes was also found to be 99%. Animals infected with eggs which were exposed for more than 30 minutes to disinfectant did exhibit egg release. To test the efficiency of Neopredisan 135–1 against the eggs of Aspiculuris tetraptera we chose a different approach because some the eggs were already embryonated at the time the eggs were extracted from the mouse excrement. An infection test was performed with eggs which were disinfected with a 2% solution and an appropriate duration of embryonation. Both, the animals of the control group and the animals with eggs that had been” disinfected“ for 30 minutes excreted eggs. However, eggs that had been exposed to the disinfectant for at least 60 minutes did not lead to a patent infection with egg release. In conclusion, the high effectiveness of the disinfectant Neopredisan 135–1 against worm eggs could be verified.