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United Nations sustainable development goals (SDGs) are mended for the betterment of all living species on this earth. Climate change planning consistently revolves around sustainable products derived from natural raw materials. Our recent research has specifically targeted the optimization of biocatalyst production and microorganism growth through solid-state fermentation. In this research work, we utilized Aspergillus niger [S1], isolated from a mixed vegetable pickle. Initially, batch tests were conducted, altering the concentrations of five ingredients—sucrose, molasses, yeast extract, sunflower oil, and Tween-80 to achieve maximum extracellular biocatalyst (Lipases) production. Maximum extracellular biocatalyst activity was achieved in the presence of sucrose, molasses, yeast extract, sunflower oil and tween-80 at the rate of 6.39 ± 1.73a U/mL, 2.2 ± 1.09a U/mL, 2.22 ± 0.48a U/mL, 3.06 ± 1.27a U/mL and 2 ± 0.87a U/mL respectively using different concentration of 1 g/L, 4 g/L, 0.5 g/L, 3.5% v/v and 1% v/v respectively through one factor at a time approach. Response surface methodology was employed to examine the interaction of critical medium components and their impact on biocatalyst activity. The range and level of selected independent variables were explored using the Box-Behnken experimental design. The maximum production was observed at the 6th run, reaching 13.0 U/mL by using combination of various critical medium components i.e., sucrose 3 g/L, molasses 5 g/L, yeast extract 1.5 g/L, sunflower oil 2.25% v/v, and Tween-80 0.5% v/v. Regarding the basal quantity of substrate, 10 g of mustard meal was also utilized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the South of Russia, due to the large acreage of tomato crops (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.), there is an acute problem of plant protection against the obligate endoparasitic of the root system Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood 1949. The aim of this study was to assess the nematicidal activity of fungal strains isolated from the rhizosphere of tomato plants infected with root-knot nematodes (RKN) (Meloidogyne spp.). Results: After conducting route surveys, 10 soil samples were selected from the rhizosphere of tomato plants affected by RKN. Fifteen isolates of fungi belonging to different species were isolated from the soil samples. The species composition of the isolated fungal strains was determined: Metarhizium anisopliae IG01, Penicillium citrinum IG02, Trichoderma harzianum IG03, Aspergillus niger IG04, Trichoderma ghanense IG05, Trichoderma harzianum IG06, Trichoderma atroviride IG07, Aspergillus awamori IG08, Trichoderma atroviride IG09, Paramyrothecium roridum IG10, Trichoderma atroviride IG11, Trichoderma hamatum IG12, Beauveria bassiana IG13, Aspergillus ochraceus IG14, Purpureocillium lilacinum IG15. After initial screening in the laboratory, strains with the greatest nematicidal activity and safe for humans were selected: M. anisopliae ИГ01, T. harzianum IG03, T. ghanense IG05, T. atroviride IG07, T. atroviride IG09. The mortality rate of RKN when using these fungal strains varied from 79.4 ± 1.8 to 93.9 ± 3.1%. In the greenhouse, the fungal strains M. anisopliae IG01, T. harzianum IG03, T. ghanense IG05, T. atroviride IG07, T. atroviride IG09 showed high results in reducing the number of galls on the roots of tomato plants, and their biological efficacy was 71.4–83.0%. Conclusion: Work on the study of the nematicidal activity of fungi, in vitro and in vivo, allows us to conclude that strains isolated from the rhizosphere of plants can be effective in combating the north RKN (M. hapla). In the future, it is planned to establish the compatibility of M. anisopliae IG01, T. harzianum IG03, T. ghanense IG05, T. atroviride IG07, T. atroviride IG09 with each other and selecting the ratios of the studied strains to obtain mixtures to create an effective biological nematicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxalic acid is one of the important acids that is used in many fields. It is of medical, industrial and agricultural importance and is used as an acid in foods, building and construction, pharmacy, and others. This acid is produced in multiple ways, and the biogenic method is the best method because it is safe and cheap. Hence, this study came about, where reliance was placed on wheat bran in preparing nutrient medium to produce oxalic acid from Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger yeast isolated from environmental and pathogenic sources. The study aimed to use wheat bran as an alternative medium for growing fungi and yeasts that produce oxalic acid, and to compare the productivity of this medium with standard media. One hundred fungal isolates were isolated from different environmental and clinical sources, and grown in Sabouraud dextrose agar medium (SDA) and potato dextrose agar to obtain pure isolates of A. niger and C. albicans. Thirty seven isolates of C. albicans and thirty two isolates of A. niger were isolated. Thirty one contaminated samples were discarded. The isolates were grown in standard (SDB, PDB) and alternative (wheat bran) media. The amount of acid was estimated by mulching against potassium permanganate. The results showed that wheat bran medium was the most efficient in producing oxalic acid with a rate of 26.2% for A. niger and 25.3% for C. albicans, compared to standard media. The best temperature for acid production was 32 °C with a production rate of 19.1% for A. niger and 22.7% for C. albicans. The best pH was 6.5 for A. niger with a production rate of 20.2% and 5.5 for C. albicans with a production rate of 23.3%. The study conclude from the above that the fungus A. niger is the best compared to C. albicans, as well as the medium of wheat bran is a promising and effective medium in the production of oxalic acid in an environmentally friendly way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boerhavia diffusa L., (punarnava) is known for its rich, secondary metabolite content and potential pharmacological properties. Boeravinone B, a flavonoid, is a significant plant secondary metabolite found in punarnava, exhibiting various pharmacological properties that translate into anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and nephroprotective activities. However, the limited production of boeravinone B within the plant poses challenges in meeting market demands. In this study, various biotic components, including filtrates and supernatants of algae, fungi, and bacteria, are employed as elicitors to enhance the production of boeravinone B from the cell suspension cultures of punarnava. Fungal components like yeast extract, Aspergillus niger and Cordyceps militaris , bacteria like Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis , as well as Algae such as Valonia utricularis and Spirulina platensis , are utilised to assess their efficiency as elicitors at different day intervals. Results indicate that among all the elicitor treatments, fungal components like yeast extract, C. militaris and A. niger at 100 mg/L, 1 % and 5 % concentrations, administered 6, 6 and 2, days before harvesting, exhibit increased production of boeravinone B by 1.13, 1.14 and 2.63 folds, respectively, when compared to control cultures. Similarly, algae V. utricularis and S. platensis , at 2.5 % concentration and treated before harvesting on Day 6, demonstrate enhanced production of boeravinone B by 1.74 and 4.40 folds compared to control cultures. In addition, the efficiency of various biotic elicitors is examined by quantifying total phenolics and flavonoids in treated cell suspension cultures. These findings have the potential to enhance production strategies and meet the growing demand for this valuable compound with medicinal properties, leveraging easily accessible biotic elicitors. [Display omitted] Biotic components used for elicitation in punarnava cell suspension cultures for the production of Boeravinone B. • Biotic components as elicitors in punarnava cell cultures significantly enhanced boeravinone B production. • Fungal components (yeast extract, Aspergillus niger, Cordyceps militaris) and algae (Valonia utricularis, Spirulina platensis) showed substantial increase in metabolite production. • Optimal concentrations and timing before harvesting were identified, with Aspergillus niger showing the highest enhancement (2.63-fold) and Spirulina platensis (4.40-fold). • Total phenolics and flavonoids quantification supported the efficacy of biotic elicitors, offering promising production strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean molasses (SM), a sugar-rich by-product obtained from manufacturing soy protein concentrate, is an interesting source of fermentable sugars for biotechnological processes. For the first time, SM was used as a new and low-cost substrate in Aspergillus niger cultures to produce gluconic acid (GA), a carboxylic acid obtained by the oxidation of glucose and with a wide range of applications. The effect of SM composition and sugar content on GA batch production was studied in a stirred-tank bioreactor using two SM samples with different total sugar concentrations of 46 % and 52 % (w/w) and different sugar profiles. GA productivity improved as the total sugar concentration increased, whereas yield was unaffected. Agitation rate increase positively affected yield and productivity in SM medium with the highest sugar concentration. Under these conditions, the highest GA titer (79 g·L−1) was obtained. Oxalic acid and fructose syrup were other added-value compounds found from the submerged fermentation of SM. This work proved the potential of A. niger in the bioconversion of SM with different compositions into GA, providing a novel strategy for low-cost and eco-friendly GA production from SM. [Display omitted] • Soybean molasses is a new substrate for gluconic acid production by A. niger. • The sugar profile of soybean molasses affects organic acids production • Rise of agitation rate had positive effect on gluconic acid yield and productivity. • The highest titer (79 g·L−1) was obtained at 600 rpm and high sugar concentration. • Oxalic acid and high-fructose syrup were also produced from soybean molasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study explored the effect of immobilizing PEXANL1, a recombinant Aspergillus niger sn -1,3 lipase, immobilization on chitosan-coated Fe 3 O 4 magnetic nanoparticles (Fe 3 O 4 @CS MNPs) on its activity and secondary structure. Initially, Fe 3 O 4 @CS MNPs were synthesized and employed to facilitate the covalent immobilization of PEXANL1, confirmed through SEM, XRD, FTIR, VSM, XRD, and TGA analyses. The PEXANL1-Fe 3 O 4 @CS MNPs demonstrated significantly enhanced performance, achieving a maximum activity recovery of 154 % ± 2 % and an immobilization efficiency of 72 % ± 0.8 % under optimum conditions: acetonitrile + acetone as precipitant, support mass of 125 mg, a precipitant to enzyme solution ratio 4:1, glutaraldehyde concentration of 15 mM, crosslinking time of 1 h. Relative to PEXANL1, the immobilized enzyme showed a 17.2 % reduction in β-fold content. In contrast, α-helix, β-turn, and irregular curl contents increased by 9.3 %, 0.75 %, and 6.74 %, respectively, indicating a more ordered structural composition and enhanced stability. Repeated use of PEXANL1-Fe 3 O 4 @CS MNPs maintained about 52 % of its initial activity after 8 cycles. Glycerolysis tests showed that the sn -1,3 specificity of the immobilized PEXANL1 was 71.15 %. Compared to PEXANL1, immobilized PEXANL1 exhibited more excellent to variations in temperature, pH, metal ions, and organic solvents. [Display omitted] • The activity recovery of immobilized PEXANL1 under optimal conditions was 154 %. • Immobilization improves the ordered structure in the secondary structure of PEXANL1. • Immobilized PEXANL1 remains the sn -1,3 selectivity to triolein. • Immobilization improves the enzymatic properties and operational stability of PEXANL1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an endeavor to invent new antimalarial and antimicrobial agents, a series of coumarin bound 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles was synthesized through Cu(I)-promoted click reaction between coumarin bound terminal alkynes, that is, 4/7-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)-2H-chromen-2-one and 2-azido-N-arylpropanamides. The synthesized 1,2,3-triazoles were characterized by FTIR,1H NMR,13C NMR, and HRMS techniques and were assessed for in vitro antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum as well as in vitro antimicrobial activity against four bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and two fungal strains (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger). Compound 7o [(N-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(((2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propanamide)] displayed better activity against P. falciparum while compound 7y [(N-(3-nitrophenyl)-2-(4-(((2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propanamide)] displayed excellent activity against all the tested bacterial and fungal strains, amongst the synthesized triazoles. Also, the molecular docking studies of the most potent compounds against DNA gyrase (S. aureus) were also performed to have an insight on binding interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aegerolysin proteins are involved in various interactions by recognising a molecular receptor in the target organism. The formation of pores in combination with larger, non‐aegerolysin‐like protein partners (such as membrane attack complex/perforin proteins [MACPFs]) is one of the possible responses in the presumed competitive exclusion of other organisms from the ecological niche. Bicomponent pairs are already observed at the gene level. Fungi growing under extreme conditions can be divided into ubiquitous and extremotolerant generalists which can compete with mesophilic species and rare, isolated extremophilic and extremotolerant specialists with narrow ecological amplitude that cannot compete. Under extreme conditions, there are fewer competitors, so fungal specialists generally produce less diverse and complicated profiles of specialised molecules. Since extremotolerant and extremophilic fungi have evolved in numerous branches of the fungal tree of life and aegerolysins are unevenly distributed across fungal genomes, we investigated whether aegerolysins, together with their partner proteins, contribute to the extreme survival ecology of generalists and specialists. We compiled a list of 109 thermo‐, psihro‐, acido‐, alkali‐, halo‐, metallo‐ and polyextremo‐tolerant/‐philic fungal species. Several challenges were identified that affected the outcome: renaming fungal species, defining extremotolerant/extremophilic traits, identifying extremotolerant/extremophilic traits as metadata in databases and linking fungal isolates to fungal genomes. The yield of genomes coding aegerolysins or MACPFs appears to be lower in extremotolerant/extremophilic fungi compared to all fungal genomes. No candidates for pore‐forming gene pairs were identified in the genomes of extremophilic fungi. Aegerolysin and MACPFs partner pairs were identified in only two of 69 species with sequenced genomes, namely in the ubiquitous metallotolerant generalists Aspergillus niger and A. foetidus. These results support the hypothesised role of these pore‐forming proteins in competitive exclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusarium verticillioides is both an endophyte and pathogen of maize. During growth on maize, the fungus often synthesizes the mycotoxins fumonisins, which have been linked to a variety of diseases, including cancer in some animals. How F. verticillioides responds to other fungi, such as Fusarium proliferatum , Aspergillus flavus , Aspergillus niger , and Penicillium oxalicum , that coinfect maize, has potential to impact mycotoxin synthesis and disease. We hypothesize that low molecular weight acids produced by these fungi play a role in communication between the fungi in planta/nature. To address this hypothesis, we exposed 48-h maize kernel cultures of F. verticillioides to oxalic acid, citric acid, fusaric acid, or kojic acid and then compared transcriptomes after 30 min and 6 h. Transcription of some genes were affected by multiple chemicals and others were affected by only one chemical. The most significant positive response was observed after exposure to fusaric acid which resulted in >2-fold upregulation of 225 genes, including genes involved in fusaric acid synthesis. Exposure of cultures to the other three chemicals increased expression of only 3–15 genes. The predicted function and frequent co-localization of three sets of genes support a role in protecting the fungus from the chemical or a role in catabolism. These unique transcriptional responses support our hypothesis that these chemicals can act as signaling molecules. Studies with gene deletion mutants will further indicate if the initial transcriptional response to the chemicals benefit F. verticillioides. • Low-molecular-weight fungal acids impact the Fusarium verticillioides transcriptome. • Fusaric acid impacted more genes than other acids. • Kojic acid impacted two gene clusters that occur widely in Fusarium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) crown rot and root rot are common diseases caused by Aspergillus niger Van Tieghem. Early and accurate detection of A. niger is key to disease management. In this study, the design of two to five sets of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) primers was based on the EglA, GOD, Tub, NRPS, Tan, CbhA, and CbhB genes of A. niger. Of these, primer set GOD-91 was selected for optimization of the three-factor LAMP system: the Bst DNA polymerase concentration, the concentration ratio of the inner and outer primers, and the concentration of Mg2+. In addition, the optimized LAMP reaction system for A. niger detection was validated for specificity, sensitivity, and on-site feasibility. The specificity test showed that A. niger could be specifically detected with the proposed method without cross-amplification of other pathogenic fungi DNA. Moreover, based on the sensitivity test, the lowest detection limit of this reaction system was 5.1 × 10−7 ng/µL pAN01 plasmid DNA, after which a standard curve was generated for the quantitative detection of A. niger. The LAMP method was further applied for field sample assessment before and after A. niger infection, successfully detecting A. niger presence in the samples collected in the field. This study yielded a sensitive, specific, and reproducible LAMP system that can be used to assess on-site samples within 45 min. It is an effective approach for the rapid and quantitative detection of A. niger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Douchi is a kind of soybean-fermented food in China. To explore the common and differential compounds in different Douchi, Douchi was fermented by Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus arrhizus, and Bacillus circulans, respectively, and co-fermented by the three strains in this study. The common and characteristic flavor compounds and common and characteristic non-volatile components of different strains of fermented Douchi were explored through GC×GC-TOFMS and UPLC–Q-TOFMS omics analysis. The result suggested that Pyrazines, ketones, and alkenes such as tetramethyl-pyrazine, 2,5-dimethyl pyrazine, furaneol, 2,3-butanedione, gamma-terpinene might contribute to the basic flavor of the Douchi fermented by A. niger, R. arrhizus, and B. circulans. Peptides, amines, and flavonoids, such as N–acetylhistamine, 7,3′,4′–trihydroxyflavone, (3S,8As)-3-isobutylhexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione might contribute to the basic function of the above three Douchi. The common metabolic pathways involved in the fermentation were isoflavonoid biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, etc. Ketones and esters such as 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one, 3-octanone, 5-methylfurfural and nonanal contributed to the unique flavor, while betaine, oleanolic acid, saikosaponin D and leucine might contribute to the unique function of A. niger fermented Douchi. Alkenes, pyrazine, and ketones such as α-terpinene, ethyl-pyrazine, dihydro-3-methyl-2(3H)-furanone, and linalool might contribute to unique flavor, while cordycepin, 2-Phenylacetamide might contributed to the unique function of R. arrhizus fermented Douchi. The unique flavor of B. circulans fermented Douchi might derived from ketones and esters such as 3-acetyl-2-butanone, 2-tridecanone, propionic acid-2-phenylethyl ester, while vitexin, astragalin, and phenethylamine might contribute to the unique function. Compared with single-strain fermented Douchi, the flavor substances and non-volatile components in multi-strain fermented Douchi were more abundant, such as hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, benzeneacetic acid ethyl ester, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid ethyl ester, nuciferine, and erucamide. It was speculated that there were common and differential substances in Douchi fermented by Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus arrhizus, and Bacillus circulans, which might contribute to the basic and unique flavor and function. Compared with single-strain fermented Douchi, the flavor substances and metabolites in multi-strain fermented Douchi were more abundant. This study provided a reference for the research of flavor and functional substances of Douchi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Union (EU) regulations mandate 10% of all food packaging to be reusable by 2030. United States (U.S.) exporters of specialty crops face new challenges in ensuring microbiological food safety using reusable packaging. A novel antimicrobial formulation consisting of ammonium carboxylate salt of capric acid and L-arginine (GS-2) was recently developed as a spray coating chemical for food packaging materials. In this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial efficacy of GS-2 against microbial strains representing three foodborne bacterial pathogens (Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica), one fungal spoilage organism (Aspergillus niger), and one surrogate viral pathogen (murine norovirus) on three reusable plastic materials (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, high-density polyethylene, and polypropylene) and one cardboard packaging material, respectively. Different chemical concentrations, exposure times, and storage conditions were individually evaluated for the relative antimicrobial efficacies of GS-2 against these microorganisms. Our results showed that GS-2 was highly effective for inactivating bacterial pathogens on both plastic and cardboard surfaces. For instance, 3% GS-2 achieved a >5 log CFU/in2 reduction in E. coli O157:H7, L. monocytogenes, and S. enterica on tested plastic surfaces at an exposure time of 60 min. However, its efficacy against A. niger and murine norovirus was less optimal, resulting in a ≤1 log CFU/in2 reduction on all tested surfaces. Based on our study, GS-2 demonstrated a strong potential as an antibacterial coating reagent for reusable food packaging materials to minimize pathogen contamination and ensure the safety of the specialty crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: As one of the main grain crops in China, maize is highly susceptible to Aspergillus infection during processing, storage and transportation due to high moisture at harvest, which results in the loss of quality. The aim of this study is to explore the early warning marker molecules when Aspergillus infects maize kernels. Methods: Firstly, strains MA and MB were isolated from moldy maize and identified by morphological characterization and 18S rRNA gene sequence analysis to be Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) and Aspergillus niger (A. niger). Next, fresh maize was moldy by contaminated with strains MA and MB. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during the contamination process of two fungal strains were analyzed by gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS). A total of 31 VOCs were detected in maize contaminated with strain MA, a total of 32 VOCs were detected in maize contaminated with strain MB, including confirmed monomers and dimers. Finally, heat maps and principal component analysis (PCA) showed that VOCs produced in different growth stages of Aspergillus had great differences. Combined with the results of GC-IMS, total fungal colony counts and fungal spores, it was concluded that the Aspergillus-contaminated maize was in the early stage of mold at 18 h. Results: Therefore, the characteristic VOCs butan-2-one, ethyl acetate-D, Benzaldehyde, and pentan-2-one produced by maize at 18 h of storage can be used as early mildew biomarkers of Aspergillus infection in maize. Discussion: This study provided effective marker molecules for the development of an early warning and monitoring system for the degree of maize mildew in granaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More and more non-medicinal wastes produced during the planting and processing of Chinese herbal medicine caused serious pollution. How to use these wastes efficiently and reasonably has become a popular topic with great interest. In this text, a new strain of antagonistic fungi Aspergillus niger was isolated from the root of the antimicrobial herb rhubarb, and the effect of its inoculation in Chinese medicinal herbal wastes (CMHWs) composting was investigated. Results suggested that the addition of CMHWs and A. niger could accelerate the composting process, improve the total N (TN) content (3.9%), the germination index (GI) value (132%) and the antibacterial activity against the phytopathogen Pectobacterium carotovorum (P. carotovorum) (zone of inhibition, 14.3 mm). Potting experiments suggested that a 15% dose of compost promotes the Chinese cabbage plant growth, and increases the soil TN content (0.3097%), and OM (organic matter, 74.49%), as well as the enzyme activities in the phytopathogen-contaminated rhizosphere soil. The abundance of soil Proteobacteria in compost treatments (38.2%-54.3%) was significantly higher. The highest relative abundance of Aspergillus, Pichia, and Fusarium in phytopathogen soil increased dramatically for the compost treatment, accounting for more than 65% of the microbial sequences at the fungal genus level. Redundancy analysis showed that the OM and TN were positively correlated with the Proteobacteria, Aspergillus and Fusarium, etc. Therefore, the CMHWs compost inoculated with endogenous fungi A. niger has great potential application in the waste resource utilization of Chinese herbal medicine and restoration of alkaline phytopathogenic soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT A straightforward and an efficient green synthetic method has been outlined for the construction of 3‐(benzo[d][1, 3] dioxol‐5‐yl)‐1,8‐naphthyridine derivatives in the presence of glacial acetic acid and Cu(OAc)2 catalyst accomplished excellent yields in short reaction time. The reaction proceeds efficiently by using a greener way under microwave conditions to elevate the quantity of pure products. The purity of all the synthesized compounds was confirmed by IR, 1H and 13CNMR, LC–MS data and also from the elemental analyses studies. The synthesized compounds 7d and 7f performed strongest antibacterial activity against pathogenic cell lines Bacillus subtilis (17.5, 20.5 mm), Escherichia coli (28.5, 30 mm), and antifungal cell lines Candida albicans (18, 22.5 mm), and Aspergillus Niger (28.5, 40.5 mm) which are compared with clinical drugs Penicillin, Grieseofulvin. We scrutinized the remaining molecules and found that their activity ranged from modest to exceptional. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastics are used widely in almost every field of life, but their synthetic and persistent nature makes them harmful for the environment. The aim of this research was to evaluate the degradation abilities of Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, and Acremonium sclerotigenum on microplastics (MPs). MP pieces of 4 ± 1 mm, including polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and polystyrene, were incubated with fungal inoculums for 30 days. The degradation of treated MPs was determined by biofilm formation, weight loss, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform analyses. The results indicated that the polyethylene MPs treated with Aspergillus niger exhibited the highest level of biofilm formation (optical density 1.595) and percentage weight loss (16%). In the case of polyethylene terephthalate and polystyrene MPs, Acremonium sclerotigenum and co‐culture showed weight loss of 6% and 10%, respectively. Candida albicans was observed to be the least effective in biodegradation analyses. SEM observation revealed the surface modifications as holes, pits, cracks, and increased roughness in treated MPs. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed that the chemical structure of each polymer exhibited some variations. The study concluded that the fungal strains play an important role in the biodegradation of plastics and can be utilized to mitigate environmental pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This article explains the synthesis of three Schiff base Cu(II) complexes derived from 3‐hydroxybenzaldehyde and ethylenediamine using three distinct copper anionic salts, and it explores the effects of those salts on the properties of the complexes. Elemental analysis, electronic spectra, FT‐IR, ESR, molar conductance, magnetic measurement, thermogravimetric analysis and PXRD were used to characterize the compounds. The anionic salt has been demonstrated to exhibit distinctive characteristics on Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria in terms of structure, DNA binding, cell viability, DNA breakage and activity. Furthermore, this ligand L1 and its derivatives indicated positive antifungal efficacy against Aspergillus niger and Trichophyton tonsurans. The study elucidates the manner in which distinct anion salts impacted the properties of complexes and their antifungal, anticancer and antibacterial outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungal infections pose a great threat to public health and there are only four main types of antifungal drugs, which are often limited with toxicity, drug-drug interactions and antibiotic resistance. Streptomyces is an important source of antibiotics, represented by the clinical drug amphotericin B. Here we report the discovery of alligamycin A (1) as an antifungal compound from the rapamycin-producer Streptomyces iranensis through genome-mining, genetics and natural product chemistry approaches. Alligamycin A harbors a unique chemical scaffold with 13 chiral centers, featuring a β-lactone moiety, a [6,6]-spiroketal ring, and an unreported 7-oxo-octylmalonyl-CoA extender unit incorporated by a potential crotonyl-CoA carboxylase/reductase. It is biosynthesized by a type I polyketide synthase which is confirmed through CRISPR-based gene editing. Alligamycin A displayed potent antifungal effects against numerous clinically relevant filamentous fungi, including resistant Aspergillus and Talaromyces species. β-Lactone ring is essential for the antifungal activity since alligamycin B (2) with disruption in the ring abolished the antifungal effect. Proteomics analysis revealed alligamycin A potentially disrupts the integrity of fungal cell walls and induces the expression of stress-response proteins in Aspergillus niger. Discovery of the potent antifungal candidate alligamycin A expands the limited antifungal chemical space. From the rapamycin-producer Streptomyces iranensis, authors report on the discovery of the antifungal candidate alligamycin A, which exhibited strong activities against several drug-resistant Aspergillus and Talaromyces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-value metabolites, such as enzymes and biofuels, can be produced from various agro-industrial waste containing high percentages of cellulose and hemicellulose. Aspergillus niger ITV02 demonstrates high potential in cellulases production, the key enzyme for converting lignocellulosic materials into fermentable sugars to produce second-generation bioethanol (bioethanol 2G). This study evaluated five lignocellulosic residues of agricultural importance: sugarcane bagasse (SCB), sorghum bagasse (SB), corn stubble (CS), barley straw (BS) and rice husk (RH) as substrates for cellulase production. The temperature, pH and stirring conditions were optimized using a Box–Behnken design to identify the most suitable conditions for cellulase production while minimizing nitrogen concentrations. The results indicate that the best way of propagation A. niger ITV02 is through the use of spores as an inoculant, in conjunction with the use of materials with a high cellulose/lignin ratio, such as CS and SB for the generation of cellulases. These conditions promote the expression of cellulases towards β-glucosidase production, unlike materials with lower cellulose/lignin ratios like BS and RH, which exhibited lower cellulase activity. The optimal conditions for cellulase production by A. niger ITV02 were determined to be 33 °C, pH 5.3, and 200 rpm, resulting in a 1.7-fold increase in Exoglucanase (FPase activity) (from 0.127 to 0.215 U/mL). These findings demonstrate the potential to enhance FPase activity by utilizing substrates with high cellulose/lignin content and implementing optimal operational conditions without the need to raise the nitrogen content of the basal medium, thus mitigating the economic impact of cellulase production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regulatory role of zinc in bone formation extends to the activation of proteins associated with bone homeostasis. Furthermore, copper is well known for its antibacterial properties. This dual function underscores the significance of zinc and copper in maintaining a balance of bone structure and function. In light of the aforementioned, zinc sulphide/copper oxide nanocomposites were created in this instance using a straightforward coprecipitation technique. Copper oxide was used as a nanocomposite to improve the structural, morphological, and biological performance of zinc sulphide nanoparticles. The X-ray diffraction pattern confirmed a transformation in the crystal structure from cubic to rhombohedral, along with increase in intensity. Fourier transforms infrared analysis indicated the presence of functional groups. Scanning electron microscopy images demonstrated a morphological shift from non-uniform to distinct spherical nanoparticles, impacting the enhancement of material properties. The pathogenic activity of the zinc sulphide/copper oxide nanocomposites was tested against nine bacterial strains. In antimicrobial testing, zinc sulphide/copper oxide nanocomposites showed promising results, particularly against Klebsiella pneumoniae (zone of inhibition: 14 mm at 100 µg/mL compared to 7 mm by standard) and Escherichia coli (zone of inhibition: 11 mm at 100 µg/mL compared to 10 mm by standard) after 24 h with zone of inhibition matching or exceeding that of the standard (chloramphenicol). Zinc sulphide nanoparticles and zinc sulphide/copper oxide nanocomposites were evaluated for their antifungal activity against fungal stains from Trichophyton rubrum, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus flavus. After a 24-h period, it was discovered that zinc sulphide/copper oxide nanocomposites were effective against Aspergillus flavus (zone of inhibition: 19.4 mm at 100 µg/mL compared to 6.3 mm by standard) at all concentrations (25–100 mg/mL), with zones of inhibition identical to or greater than those of the standard (fluconazole). Certainly, based on these results, zinc sulphide/copper oxide nanocomposites could be promising materials for drug delivery. Clinical trial registration: Not applicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioactive dimeric (pre‐)anthraquinones are ubiquitous in nature and are found in bacteria, fungi, insects, and plants. Their biosynthesis via oxidative phenol coupling (OPC) is catalyzed by cytochrome P450 enzymes, peroxidases, or laccases. While the biocatalysis of OPC in molds (Ascomycota) is well‐known, the respective enzymes in mushroom‐forming fungi (Basidiomycota) are unknown. Here, we report on the biosynthesis of the atropisomers phlegmacin A1 and B1 of the mushroom Cortinarius odorifer. The biosynthesis of these unsymmetrically 7,10'‐homo‐coupled dihydroanthracenones was heterologously reconstituted in the mold Aspergillus niger. Methylation of the parental monomer atrochrysone to its 6‐O‐methyl ether torosachrysone by the O‐methyltransferase CoOMT1 precedes the regioselective homocoupling to phlegmacin, catalyzed by the enzyme CoUPO1 annotated as an "unspecific peroxygenase" (UPO). Our results reveal an unprecedented UPO reaction, thereby expanding the biocatalytic portfolio of oxidative phenol coupling beyond the commonly reported enzymes. The results show that Basidiomycota use peroxygenases to selectively couple aryls independently of and convergently to any other group of organisms, emphasizing the central role of OPC in natural processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to successfully produce silica nanoparticles (SNPs) from Egyptian white sand using the fungal bioleaching process as a cost-effective and eco-friendly approach. The impact of fungus cultivation techniques (submerged culture SMC and solid-state culture SSC) on the characteristics of the produced SNPs has been investigated. In addition, the most promising fungal isolates for each culture method were selected and identified by morphological and molecular methods. The biosynthesized SNPs were fully characterized by DLS, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX, and HRTEM studies. DLS results showed that Aspergillus niger solid-state culture had developed SNPs with a mean particle size distribution of about 3.6 nm, whereas Penicillium crustosum submerged culture developed SNPs with 50.7 nm. SEM images revealed that the prepared SNPs under SMC and SSC have sphere-shaped particles with smooth surfaces and semi-homogeneous characteristics. Moreover, the HRTEM imaging confirmed the spherical shape with an average size of 3.5 and 28.8 nm for the nanosilica synthesized during solid-state and submerged culture, respectively. Based on the results, we recommended using SSC to produce silica nanoparticles from white sand with a small nano-size, high purity, and better economical production. The scientific advances focused on some particular fungi's capacity to manufacture SNPs with high purity, small size, and techniques that were both economical and environmentally beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine fungi diversity in dried beef meat sold in Ekiti State, characterize the isolated fungi, and determine the aflatoxin-producing ability of the Aspergillus fungi in the samples. Dried beef meat was collected from different markets in Ekiti State and screened for the presence of filamentous fungi using molecular methods. Samples were cultured aseptically on potato dextrose agar (PDA) for fungi isolation, and molecular identification was performed using DNA extraction, Polymerase chain Reaction (PCR), ITS-1/ITS-4 primer pair, and nucleotide sequencing. The results obtained indicated a range of filamentous fungi genera including Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Cladosporium, Alternaria, and other fungi species contaminating the dried meat at (43%), (42%), (3%), (2%), (2%), (1%), and (7%), respectively. High incidences were recorded for Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus fumigatus in most of the screened samples. Aspergillus flavus accounted for (24.7%) of all the Aspergillus species isolated with the presence of the gene needed for aflatoxin production. The occurrences of these filamentous fungal species pose a cause for concern, as most of these fungal species are known producers of certain toxic substances. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis showed a high similarity index score, which indicated a good relationship between isolated Aspergillus Species and the closely related strains from GenBank, isolated from different sources and countries. The implication of this study is that consumer health may be at risk through exposure to contaminated dried meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The current research focuses on the production and optimization of a natural yellowish-brown Azaphilone dye using Aspergillus niger. A variety of culture media were tested to ascertain the best conditions for dye synthesis. The formation of the yellowish-brown dye was confirmed by a color shift in the reaction mixture, and UV–Vis spectroscopy detected the dye at 450 nm. Static conditions were found to be more favorable than shaking for higher dye yields, and fed-batch fermentation was more effective than batch fermentation. Maximum dye production was achieved after 28 days of incubation. Factors such as temperature, pH, and inoculum percentage were shown to influence dye synthesis, with the highest production (2.5 ml) occurring at 30 °C, pH 7, and a 3% spore suspension in yeast extract peptone broth (YEPB) medium under static conditions. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis validated the presence of Azaphilone dye in the culture filtrate. The dye was successfully applied to a pretreated cotton cloth. These findings advance our understanding of optimizing fungal dye production for sustainable and eco-friendly textile coloration applications. This study appears to be the first of its kind to report azaphilone dye production by A. niger in the YEPB medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

d-Xylitol is a naturally occurring sugar alcohol present in diverse plants that is used as an alternative sweetener based on a sweetness similar to sucrose and several health benefits compared to conventional sugar. However, current industrial methods for d-xylitol production are based on chemical hydrogenation of d-xylose, which is energy-intensive and environmentally harmful. However, efficient conversion of l-arabinose as an additional highly abundant pentose in lignocellulosic materials holds great potential to broaden the range of applicable feedstocks. Both pentoses d-xylose and l-arabinose are converted to d-xylitol as a common metabolic intermediate in the native fungal pentose catabolism. To engineer a strain capable of accumulating d-xylitol from arabinan-rich agricultural residues, pentose catabolism was stopped in the ascomycete filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger at the stage of d-xylitol by knocking out three genes encoding enzymes involved in d-xylitol degradation (ΔxdhA, ΔsdhA, ΔxkiA). Additionally, to facilitate its secretion into the medium, an aquaglyceroporin from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was tested. In S. cerevisiae, Fps1 is known to passively transport glycerol and is regulated to convey osmotic stress tolerance but also exhibits the ability to transport other polyols such as d-xylitol. Thus, a constitutively open version of this transporter was introduced into A. niger, controlled by multiple promoters with varying expression strengths. The strain expressing the transporter under control of the PtvdA promoter in the background of the pentose catabolism-deficient triple knock-out yielded the most favorable outcome, producing up to 45% d-xylitol from l-arabinose in culture supernatants, while displaying minimal side effects during osmotic stress. Due to its additional ability to extract d-xylose and l-arabinose from lignocellulosic material via the production of highly active pectinases and hemicellulases, A. niger emerges as an ideal candidate cell factory for d-xylitol production from lignocellulosic biomasses rich in both pentoses. In summary, we are showing for the first time an efficient biosynthesis of d-xylitol from l-arabinose utilizing a filamentous ascomycete fungus. This broadens the potential resources to include also arabinan-rich agricultural waste streams like sugar beet pulp and could thus help to make alternative sweetener production more environmentally friendly and cost-effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Although the progression of invasive Aspergillosis (IA) shares some risk factors in the development of active Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB), however, the prevalence of IA in PTB remains unclear. Material and methods: 100 consecutive sputum samples with proven PTB between 12.7.203 and 7.12.23 were collected during the study period. All sample were processed for KOH mount followed by culture on SDA, if growth appeared colony were processed by slide culture followed by LPCB. Result: out of 100 sputum samples positive for Pulmonary Tuberculosis, 8 samples were found positive for pulmonary Aspergillosis of which A. fumagatus, A.flavus and A.niger were 4, 3 and 1 respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extraction methods used to obtain natural products face some problems, such as solvent toxicity, high extraction time, and low yields. Supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction (SFE-CO2) is an encouraging extraction system for obtaining high-yield of natural extracts. In this work, Schinus terebinthifolia fruits were extracted via SFE-CO2 using two conditions: A (static extraction) (SE) for 15 min, followed by dynamic extraction (DE) for 45 min, and B (without SE but with DE for 60 min). The extract yield was 0.205 g and 0.236 g via condition A and B, respectively. High-performance liquid chromatography assessment revealed the occurrence of several constituents with high quantities in the extract at condition B. The well diffusion test showed inhibition of 26 ± 0.1, 25 ± 0.2, 29 ± 0.1, 33 ± 0.2, 27 ± 0.1, and 8.0 ± 0.1 mm zones using the extract at condition B, while at condition A there were low inhibition zones towards Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas areginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger, correspondingly. Lipase (obesity stimulant) and butyrylcholinesterase (Alzheimer stimulant) were inhibited by the extract at condition B with IC50 quantities of 27.03 and 4.83 µg/mL, while it was 37.45 and 17.57 µg/mL, respectively at condition A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to describe the chemical composition of essential oils from three Vietnamese Annonaceae species, Meiogyne virgata, M. vietnamica, and Orophea polycarpa, and their antimicrobial activity. Essential oils were extracted by hydro-distillation. From the GC-FID/MS (gas chromatography-flame ionization detection and mass spectrometry) analysis, the leaf essential oil of M. virgata was reported to contain the major compound germacrene D (42.48%). Spathulenol (24.51%), bicyclogermacrene (18.58%), β-selinene (11.14%), and germacrene D (8.20%) can be seen as the main compound in M. vietnamica leaf essential oil. α-Phellandrene (39.35%), bicyclogermacrene (13.07%), β-phellandrene (10.87%), and limonene (8.27%) represented O. polycarpa leaf essential oil. Essential oil of M. virgata leaves exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against the Gram (+) bacterium Bacillus subtilis ATCC 5230, the Gram (-) bacterium Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, and the fungus Aspergillus niger ATCC 9587 with the same MIC value of 16 μg/mL. The docking method showed that germacrene D has the ΔGbinding (binding affinity) values of –6.68, –5.265, and –5.602 kcal/mol with the proteins E. coli DNA gyrase, B. subtilis TasA, and A. niger PhyA, respectively. Alkyl and pi-alkyl interactions are the main contributors to the binding affinity between the studied proteins and ligands. Furthermore, germacrene D is predicted to have low toxicity and is not active against any of the considered organ targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concurrent tuberculosis and fungal otitis media complicated with skull base osteomyelitis is a rare and intricate clinical entity, particularly in well-controlled diabetes mellitus patients with unusual symptomatology. We present the case of an elderly gentleman with well-controlled type II diabetes mellitus who endured four months of chronic left ear pain, left-sided temporal headaches, and left ear pulsatile tinnitus, which persisted despite multiple courses of antibiotics. Initial investigations yielded conflicting suggestions, indicating the possibility of either an infection or the presence of a glomus tumor. However, intraoperative samples sent for microbiological and histological investigation revealed the presence of Aspergillus Niger and Mycobacterium complex. Treatment with antifungal and antituberculosis agents led to a remarkable improvement in the patient's clinical symptoms and radiological and biochemical markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The food enzyme has four declared activities: endo‐polygalacturonase ((1–4)‐α‐d‐galacturonan glycanohydrolase (endo‐cleaving); EC 3.2.1.15), pectinesterase (pectin pectylhydrolase; EC 3.1.1.11), pectin lyase ((1–4)‐6‐O‐methyl‐α‐d‐galacturonan lyase; EC 4.2.2.10) and non‐reducing end α‐l‐arabinofuranosidase (α‐l‐arabinofuranoside non‐reducing end α‐l‐arabinofuranosidase; EC 3.2.1.55). It is produced with the non‐genetically modified Aspergillus niger strain PEC by DSM Food Specialties B.V. A safety evaluation of this food enzyme was made previously, in which EFSA concluded that this food enzyme did not give rise to safety concerns when used in three food manufacturing processes. Subsequently, the applicant has requested to extend its use to include four additional processes. In this assessment, EFSA updated the safety evaluation of this food enzyme when used in a total of seven food manufacturing processes. As the food enzyme–total organic solids (TOS) are removed from the final foods in one food manufacturing process, the dietary exposure to the food enzyme–TOS was estimated only for the remaining six processes. The dietary exposure was calculated to be up to 0.612 mg TOS/kg body weight (bw) per day in European populations. When combined with the no observed adverse effect level previously reported (204 mg TOS/kg bw per day, the highest dose tested), the Panel derived a margin of exposure of at least 333. Based on the previous evaluation, the assessment of the new data and the revised margin of exposure, the Panel concluded that this food enzyme does not give rise to safety concerns under the revised intended conditions of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The food enzyme carboxypeptidase C (EC 3.4.16.5) is produced with the genetically modified Aspergillus niger strain PEG by DSM Food Specialties B.V. The genetic modifications do not give rise to safety concerns. The food enzyme is free from viable cells of the production organism and its DNA. It is intended to be used in nine food manufacturing processes. Dietary exposure to the food enzyme‐total organic solids (TOS) was estimated to be up to 2.053 mg TOS/kg body weight (bw) per day in European populations. The toxicity studies were carried out with a xylanase obtained from A. niger strain XEA. The Panel considered this food enzyme as a suitable substitute for the carboxypeptidase to be used in the toxicological studies, because both strains were derived from the same recipient strain, the location of the inserts was comparable, no partial inserts were present and the production methods were essentially the same. Genotoxicity tests did not raise a safety concern. The systemic toxicity was assessed by means of a repeated dose 90‐day oral toxicity study in rats. The Panel identified a no observed adverse effect level of 1850 mg TOS/kg bw per day, the highest dose tested, which when compared with the estimated dietary exposure, resulted in a margin of exposure of at least 901. A homology search for the amino acid sequence of the food enzyme to known allergens was made and one match with a wheat allergen was found. The Panel considered that the risk of allergic reactions by dietary exposure cannot be excluded, especially in wheat‐allergic individuals, but the likelihood is low. Based on the data provided, the Panel concluded that this food enzyme does not give rise to safety concerns under the intended conditions of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The food enzyme triacylglycerol lipase (triacylglycerol acylhydrolase; EC 3.1.1.3) is produced with the non‐genetically modified Aspergillus tubingensis strain NL151 by Shin Nihon Chemical Co., Ltd. The food enzyme was free from viable cells of the production organism. It is intended to be used in six food manufacturing processes. Dietary exposure was estimated to be up to 0.278 mg total organic solids (TOS)/kg body weight (bw) per day in European populations. Genotoxicity tests did not indicate a safety concern. The systemic toxicity was assessed by means of a repeated dose 90‐day oral toxicity study in rats. The Panel identified a no observed adverse effect level of 1669 mg TOS/kg bw per day, the highest dose tested, which when compared with the estimated dietary exposure, resulted in a margin of exposure of at least 6004. A search for homology of the amino acid sequence of the food enzyme to known allergens was made and no match was found. The Panel considered that, the risk of allergic reactions upon dietary exposure cannot be excluded, but the likelihood is low. Based on the data provided, the Panel concluded that this food enzyme does not give rise to safety concerns, under the intended conditions of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Otitis externa (OE), a fungal infection of the external auditory canal, often involving Aspergillus niger, can lead to OE externa, posing severe health risks. Establishing an animal model of OE induced by Aspergillus niger, this study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of Nigella sativa (NS) extract, specifically its effect on inflammation and antioxidant activity in this OE animal model. The detection of Aspergillus niger on the 3rd day post-induction confirmed its thriving presence within the ear canal. NS extract, containing thymoquinone, significantly reduced the expression of IL-1B and TNF-a proteins. Notably, NS extract at 5 and 10 % showed comparable effects, surpassing the efficacy of topical miconazole. Evaluation of MDA protein expression, indicative of oxidative damage, revealed a significant decrease with NS extract treatment, especially at 5 % dosage. NS extract exhibited a notable decrease in subunit p50 and p65 proteins expression, particularly at the 5 % concentration. In conclusion, NS extract displayed promising anti-inflammatory effects on Aspergillus niger-induced otitis externa by modulating various inflammatory markers and pathways. These findings highlight the potential therapeutic role of NS extract in addressing inflammation associated with OE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring sustainability has increasingly become a significant concern not only in aquaculture but in the general agrifood sector. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate pathways to feed substitutes/best practices to enhance aquaculture sustainability. The application of fungi in aquaculture provides innovative methods to enhance the sustainability and productivity of aquaculture. Fungi play numerous roles in aquaculture, including growth, immunity enhancement and disease resistance. They also play a role in bioremediation of waste and bioflocculation. The application of fungi improves the suitability and utilization of terrestrial plant ingredients in aquaculture by reducing the fibre fractions and anti-nutritional factors and increasing the nutrients and mineral contents of plant ingredients. Fungi are good flotation agents and can enhance the buoyancy of aquafeed. Pigments from fungi enhance the colouration of fish fillets, making them more attractive to consumers. This paper, via the relevant literature, explores the multifaceted roles of fungi in aquaculture, emphasizing their potential to transform aquaculture through environmentally friendly and sustainable techniques. The effectiveness of fungi in reducing fibre fractions and enhancing nutrient availability is influenced by the duration of fermentation and the dosage administered, which may differ for various feed ingredients, making it difficult for most aquaculture farmers to apply fungi approximately. Therefore, the most effective dosage and fermentation duration for each feed ingredient should be investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rare earth elements (REEs) are indispensable in modern industry and technology, driving an urgent demand for innovative, eco-friendly recovery technologies. As space exploration advances, the impact of microgravity on microorganisms has become a focal point, yet the effects on microbial growth and REEss recovery remain uncharted. This study investigates the biosorption of REEs by Burkholderia cepacia (B. cepacia) and Aspergillus niger (A. niger) from a mixed solution containing La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Er, and Y under varying initial concentrations, pH levels, and microgravity conditions. We observed that the medium's pH rose with B. cepacia and fell with A. niger when cultured in normal gravity conditions, suggesting distinct metabolic responses. Notably, microgravity significantly altered microbial morphology and metabolite profiles, significantly enhancing REEs recovery efficiency. Specifically, the recovery of B. cepacia of Ce and Pr peaked at 100%, and A. niger achieved full recovery of all tested REEs at pH 1.5 (suboptimal growth conditions). This study pioneers the application of biosorption for the recovery of REEs in microgravity conditions, presenting a promising strategy for future resource exploitation by space biomining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To study the predisposing factors, treatment, and complications of Aspergillus otitis externa. Methods: A retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with Aspergillus otitis externa at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Helsinki University Hospital, between January 2010 and December 2018 was performed. Results: Of the 269 Aspergillus otitis externa (OE) patients, 96 developed otitis media (OM) and 7 developed mastoiditis. Antibiotic and steroid treatment and otological history were risk factors for Aspergillus OE. Systemic diseases and immunocompromising states were more common in mastoiditis patients. Repetitive ear cleaning and topical drugs are primary treatments, but systemic drugs and surgery were needed in resistant and invasive cases. Forty‐five novel tympanic membrane (TM) perforations were reported. A strong association between Aspergillus species and final infection types was found; A. niger was the dominant species in OM and in novel TM perforations, whereas A. flavus and A. fumigatus caused mastoiditis. Some of the TM perforations persisted despite treatment. Permanent hearing impairment was associated with OM and mastoiditis. Conclusion: As Aspergillus OE has the potential to cause acute and chronic complications, fungal OE should be suspected early on if the infection persists after conventional treatment. The identification of Aspergillus species could aid in spotting patients at risk for more severe disease and complications. Intensive local treatment is sufficient in most cases of OE and OM but effective topical antifungals are limited. Patients with Aspergillus OM and mastoiditis should be followed up for hearing impairment and permanent TM perforations after the infection resolves. Level of evidence: Level 4 (The Oxford 2011 Levels of Evidence). Aspergillus otitis externa may lead to a wide range of frequent and rare complications, including tympanic membrane perforations, otitis media, mastoiditis, permanent hearing loss, and cranial nerve palsies. Aspergillus niger causes most otitis media and tympanic membrane perforations, whereas A. flavus, A. fumigatus, and immunocompromising states are predispoding factors for mastoiditis. Careful local treatment is efficient in most cases but surgery and systemic antifungals are needed in profound infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methanol reportedly stimulates citric acid (CA) production by Aspergillus niger and A. tubingensis ; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we elucidated the molecular functions of the citrate exporter gene cexA in relation to CA production by A. tubingensis WU-2223L. Methanol addition to the medium containing glucose as a carbon source markedly increased CA production by strain WU-2223L by 3.38-fold, resulting in a maximum yield of 65.5 g/L, with enhanced cexA expression. Conversely, the cexA -complementing strain with the constitutive expression promoter Ptef1 (strain LhC-1) produced 68.3 or 66.7 g/L of CA when cultivated without or with methanol, respectively. Additionally, strain LhC-2 harboring two copies of the cexA expression cassette produced 80.7 g/L of CA without methanol addition. Overall, we showed that cexA is a target gene for methanol in CA hyperproduction by A. tubingensis WU-2223L. Based on these findings, methanol-independent CA-hyperproducing strains, LhC-1 and LhC-2, were successfully generated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regarding economic significance, the Dioscoreaceae family, which includes the well-known Dioscorea (yam) species, is the fourth most important tuber crop globally. A basic meal found all across the world, yams encourage and ensure the food security of households. Although they are challenging to preserve and store however a post-harvest deterioration control must be developed. Over the years, Nigerian farmers have employed medicinal herbs to manage post-harvest pest invasion; nevertheless, the scientific basis for this fungal management has not yet been well documented. As a result, Landolphia owarensis leaf extract was used as a biological control, and fungi were isolated from Dioscorea cayenensis, Dioscorea alata, and Discorea rotundata. Samples of yam tubers – both rotten and healthy – were procured in the markets and brought to the lab for fungus isolation and identification. Leaves of Landolphia oweriensis were collected, air-dried, milled, and macerated in pure methanol for 72 h, extracted and concentrated with a rotary evaporator. The agar-well diffusion method was used for the biological control assay against the fungal isolates. The biological control results were presented as mean ± SD (standard deviation) while analysis of variance (Anova) was used to deduce least significant difference (LSD). A total number of 605 fungi isolates were observed in which D. cayenensis had the highest, 50.58 %, D. alata and Discorea rotundata 24.71 % respectively. Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus were found in the three species while Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus stolonifer, Collentotricum spp. and Penicillium spp. in either of the species. L. owarensis methanolic leaves extracts possesses biological potentials against Colletotrium spp., A. fumigatus, A. niger and A. flavus only. The problem of postharvest fungal invasion of Dioscorea species can be solved with the inhibition observed with L. owarensis methanolic leaves extracts as a biological control measure thereby sustaining food security in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chitosan production process from fishery waste is already established in industrial scale, whereby fungal chitosan is produced in lower amounts. Since fungal chitosan could be isolated from under-valorized vegan streams while exhibiting slightly different characteristics, it has also potential for other applications. Within this publication, we focus on the chitosan production from Aspergillus niger. This study provides a detailed determination of the biomass composition, adapting and comparing different analytical tools, with special focus on the chitin and chitosan content. The major content of the dried biomass is composed of glucans (48.6 ± 1.4%), followed by proteins with an amount of 22.2 ± 0.7%. Chitin and chitosan provide 16.0 ± 0.8% of the biomass. Within our chitosan production studies, we compared the effect of different process strategies including steps as deproteinization (DP), acid extraction (AE), deacetylation (DA), as well as purification. Initially, we obtained poor values (lower than 73.6%) for the chitosan purity. A direct DA step followed by purification resulted in a chitosan purity of up to 89.6%, a recovery of 30.5% and a yield with regard to the biomass of 5.5%. The DA degree of the resulting chitosan is similar to chitosan derived from fishery waste, whereas the molecular weight is lower. The results achieved so far are consistent with the literature, extending beyond, the data emphasized that a chitosan production from residual fungal biomass after fermentation is suitable by direct DA and purification. However, further adaption is necessary so that other matrix compounds could be also obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of UVC (254 nm) treatment on the mould-free shelf-life of par-baked wholemeal, rye and six-grain bread was examined. Currently, these breads are par-baked, wrapped in high-density polyethylene (HDPE)-foil and transported or stored at room temperature for a couple of days before being full-baked and sold/consumed. Generally, after five days, these breads show signs of mould spoilage. A shelf-life increase in one or more days would already offer immense economical and logistic benefits for the baker or retailer. In this study, the parameters fluence rate (irradiation intensity), fluence (UV dose), distance to the UV-lamp (DTL) and number of layers of a common wrapping HDPE-foil (20 µm) were diversified. The breads were subjected to a UVC treatment (0–2502 mJ/cm²), packed and stored at room temperature for a period of 15 days (21.5 ± 0.8 °C). Similar as for the breads, agar plates with mould spores of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus montevidensis and Penicillium roqueforti were UVC treated (0–1664 mJ/cm²) and checked daily for visible mould growth during 15 days (25 °C). Aspergillus niger showed the strongest resistance towards UVC, a fluence of 800 mJ/cm² was needed to inhibit growth during 15 days of storage, whereas for P. roqueforti and A. montevidensis, respectively, UV levels of 291 and 133 mJ/cm² were found sufficient. Furthermore, the shelf-life of wholemeal, rye and six-grain bread can be prolonged from 5 to 6, 8 and 9 days, respectively, using 2502 mJ/cm². The effect of higher UVC dosage on shelf-life reached a maximal level and was strongly impacted by the wide spread on data of mould-free shelf-life. The main factors influencing the potential of UV decontamination were the rough bread surface, differences in DTL, the possibility of post-contamination and UV permeability of packaging materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel endo -polygalacturonase (PGC-AN64) from Aspergillus niger HO32 was produced (88.22 U/mL) on orange peel by-product (OPP), purified, biochemically characterized, and its utility in clarification of orange juice was elucidated. The enzyme was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation (80 %) and gel filtration chromatography on Sephacryl® S-200 HR column. Its pH and temperature optima were 6.5 and 70 °C, respectively, and was stable over a pH range of 5–7 and temperature 60–80 °C. The 26-residue NH 2 -terminal sequence of PGC-AN64 showed high homology with those of Aspergillus pectinases. Metal ions (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, and Zn2+) positively affect PGC-AN64 activity, while Ba2+, Cd2+, and Cr3+ negatively affect its original activity. Interestingly, PGC-AN64 exhibited a considerable substrate specificity and catalytic efficiency compared to the commercial enzymes PECLYVE V (P1) and PECLYVE CP (P2). More interestingly and compared to P1 and P2, PGC-AN64 showed that the clarification process had a significant effect on the transmittance percentages with 84.68 ± 2.08, 88.05 ± 1.79, and 93.13 ± 3.58 % for PGC-AN64, P1, and P2, respectively. Furthermore, color parameters after the clarification process increase in the L* and b* values, and led to a decrease in the a* value. The obtained results suggest that PGC-AN64 revealed its potential in orange juice clarification. [Display omitted] • Orange peel waste is used as substrate for pectinase production from A. niger HO32. • A novel thermostable endo -polygalacturonase PGC AN64 was purified and characterized. • PGC AN64 is a monomer of 64 kDa and its optimal activity was at pH 6.5 and 70 °C. • It exhibited a good substrate specificity and k cat /K m than PECLYVE V and PECLYVE CP. • This pectinase is considered as possible candidate for clarification of orange juice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial biotransformation of lemongrass oil to geraniol and geranic acid, high value compounds of citral biosynthetic pathway has been reported. Biotransformation studies were carried out using a fungus Aspergillus niger strain AUD-C2 isolated from the rhizospheric soil of lemongrass, as catalyst. Three different methodologies using culture broth, spore suspension and cell-free extract, have been utilized for biotransformation and successfully demonstrated at litre scale in bioreactors. Overall 55% geraniol and 75% geranic acid were obtained by biotransformation of lemongrass oil in 48 h using spore suspension and cell free extract, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspergillus niger is a species of fungus that is widely found in natural ecosystems and has an important role in various industrial fields and is readily available. To study the adhesion of microbial cells to solid substrates and to improve their properties, physicochemical characterization of microorganisms is extremely important. For this purpose, in this study, the surface properties of A. niger biomass were determined at low cost and with high accuracy by inverse gas chromatography (IGC), a physicochemical characterization technique. IGC experiments were conducted between 303.2 and 328.2 K at infinite dilution. Among these temperatures, various organic solvent vapors were passed over the A. niger biomass considered as stationary phase and their retention behavior was studied. Using the raw data, net retention volumes were calculated and retention diagrams were drawn. From the linear retention diagrams, the dispersive surface energy was calculated according to Dorris-Gray (48.73–46.09 mJ/m2), Donnet-Park (47.12–44.50 mJ/m2), Schultz (46.88–42.45 mJ/m2), and Hamieh (76.42–64.06 mJ/m2) methods. With the IGC method, the acidity-basicity parameters of A. niger biomass were determined and it was found that the surface was basic ( K D / K A = 4.871 ). In the second part of this study, the butyl acetate isomer series, which are difficult to be separated by conventional methods, were effectively separated by the IGC method using A. niger stationary phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Itaconic acid is an industrially crucial organic acid due to its broad range of applications. The main hurdle in itaconic acid production is the high cost of the substrate, i.e., pure glucose, required for the fermentation process. Pakistan annually produces about 1.7 to 1.8 million metric tonnes of mango fruit. Keeping this in view, the potential of a sugar-rich fruit by-product, i.e., mango peels, was analyzed to be used as a substrate for the biosynthesis of itaconic acid using Aspergillus niger by submerged fermentation. Different physicochemical parameters (incubation period, temperature, agitation rate, inoculum size, and pH) were optimized using the central composite design (CCD) design of response surface methodology (RSM). The maximum production of itaconic acid, i.e., 4.6 g/L, was analyzed using 10% mango peels w/v (water hydrolysate), 3 mL inoculum volume after 5 days of fermentation period at pH 3, and a temperature of 32 °C when the media was kept at a 200-rpm agitation speed. The itaconic acid extraction from mango peels was done using the solvent extraction method using n-butanol. The identification and quantification of itaconic acid produced in the study were done using the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum and the High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method. According to HPLC analysis, 98.74% purity of itaconic acid was obtained in the research. Hence, it is concluded from the results that sugar-rich mango peels can act as a promising substrate for the biosynthesis of itaconic acid. Further conditions can be optimized at the bioreactor level to meet industrial requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug biotransformation studies emerges as an alternative to pharmacological investigations of metabolites, development of new drug candidates with reduced investment and most efficient production. The present study aims to evaluate the capacity of biotransformation of rifampicin by the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger ATCC 9029. After incubation for 312 h, the drug was metabolized to two molecules: an isomer (m/z 455) and the rifampicin quinone (m/z 821). The monitoring of metabolite formation was performed by high‐performance liquid chromatography, followed by their identification through ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometer. In vitro antimicrobial activity of the proposed metabolites was evaluated against Staphylococus aureus microorganism, resulting in the loss of inhibitory activity when compared with the standards, with minimum inhibitory concentration of 7.5 μg/ml. The significant biotransformation power of the ATCC 9029 strain of A. niger was confirmed in this study, making this strain a candidate for pilot studies in fermentation tanks for the enzymatic metabolization of the antimicrobial rifampicin. The unprecedented result allows us to conclude that the prospect of new biotransforming strains in species of anemophilic fungi is a promising choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forestry residues (FR) and medicinal-aromatic plant waste (MAPW) are considered potential resources for energy recovery. In this context, we explore the bioethanol production potential of three microbial strains Aspergillus niger, Zymomonas mobilis, and Trichoderma longibrachiatum using this lignocellulosic hydrolysate as a substrate. The blend of FR and MAPW was pretreated by different methods like acid sulfuric (AS), steam explosion (SE), and enzymatic (E). The ethanol yield was measured by gas chromatography (GC). Zymomonas mobilis demonstrated the highest ethanol yield of 5.95% on untreated substrate. Conversely, Aspergillus niger exhibited peak performance with an ethanol yield of 10.78% following AS, SE and E combined pretreatment. Trichoderma longibrachiatum, yielded ethanol ranging from 1.27% to 2.47%. Furthermore, the use of immobilized d' Aspergillus niger strains revealed a small decrease in ethanol yield from 11.34% in the first cycle to only 5.02% in the sixth cycle. In conclusion, Aspergillus niger emerges as a promising candidate due to its dual functionality in pretreatment and ethanol fermentation, offering pathways for advancing sustainable biofuel technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Controlling the morphology of filamentous fungi is crucial to improve the performance of fungal bioprocesses. Microparticle‐enhanced cultivation (MPEC) increases productivity, most likely by changing the fungal morphology. However, due to a lack of appropriate methods, the exact impact of the added microparticles on the structural development of fungal pellets is mostly unexplored. In this study synchrotron radiation‐based microcomputed tomography and three‐dimensional (3D) image analysis were applied to unveil the detailed 3D incorporation of glass microparticles in nondestructed pellets of Aspergillus niger from MPEC. The developed method enabled the 3D analysis based on 375 pellets from various MPEC experiments. The total and locally resolved volume fractions of glass microparticles and hyphae were quantified for the first time. At increasing microparticle concentrations in the culture medium, pellets with lower hyphal fraction were obtained. However, the total volume of incorporated glass microparticles within the pellets did not necessarily increase. Furthermore, larger microparticles were less effective than smaller ones in reducing pellet density. However, the total volume of incorporated glass was larger for large microparticles. In addition, analysis of MPEC pellets from different times of cultivation indicated that spore agglomeration is decisive for the development of MPEC pellets. The developed 3D morphometric analysis method and the presented results will promote the general understanding and further development of MPEC for industrial application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Recently, antimicrobial-resistant pathogens and cancers have emerged as serious global health problems, highlighting the immediate need for novel therapeutics. Consequently, we aimed to isolate and characterize endophytic Streptomyces strains from the rhizospheres of the Himalayan region of Nepal and identify specialized metabolites with antibacterial, antifungal, and cytotoxic potential. Methods: To isolate Streptomyces sp., we collected two soil samples and cultured them on an ISP4 medium after pretreatment. We isolated and identified the strains PY108 and PY109 using a combination of morphological observations and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results: The BLAST results showed that PY108 and PY109 resembled Streptomyces hundungensis PSB170 and Streptomyces sp. Ed-065 with 99.28% and 99.36% nucleotide similarity, respectively. Antibacterial assays of ethyl acetate (EA) extracts from both isolates PY108 and PY109 in a tryptic soy broth (TSB) medium were conducted against four pathogenic bacteria. They showed significant antibacterial potential against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Similarly, these extracts exhibited moderate antifungal activities against Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus niger. Cytotoxicity assays on cervical cancer cells (HeLa) and breast cancer cells (MCF-7) revealed significant potential for both extracts. LC-MS/MS profiling of the EA extracts identified 27 specialized metabolites, including diketopiperazine derivatives, aureolic acid derivatives such as chromomycin A, and lipopeptide derivatives. In comparison, GC-MS analysis detected 34 metabolites, including actinomycin D and γ-sitosterol. Furthermore, a global natural product social molecular networking (GNPS)-based molecular networking analysis dereplicated 24 metabolites in both extracts. Conclusions: These findings underscore the potential of endophytic Streptomyces sp. PY108 and PY109 to develop new therapeutics in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]