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1. Perceptions of the impact of individual allergic rhinitis symptoms: A survey of ARIA clinical experts

Author

Sara Gil-Mata, MD, Tatiana Teixeira, MD, Anna Bedbrook, BSc, Jean Bousquet, PhD, Bernardo Sousa-Pinto, PhD, Rafael José Vieira, MD, Julijana Asllani, Habib Douagui, Estrella Asayag, Castro Maria Elizabeth, Carlos D. Crisci, René Maximiliano Gomez, Juan Carlos Ivancevich, Edgardo Jares, Jorge Fernando Máspero, Pablo Moreno, Hugo Eduardo Neffen, Mario Emilio Zernotti, Sinthia Bosnic-Anticevich, Kristin Chahhoud Carson, Biljana Cvetkovski, Janet M. Davies, Vicky Kritikos, Robyn O'Hehir, Brian Oliver, House Rachel Tan, Jessica Tattersall, Celia Zubrinich, Werner Aberer, Verena Niederberger-Leppin, Isabella Pali-Schöll, Virginie Doyen, Didier Ebo, Renaud Louis, Philippe Rombaux, Sophie Scheire, Kazi Bennoor, Bruno A. Barreto, Paulo Camargos, Herberto Jose Chong-Neto, Alvaro A. Cruz, Jane da Silva, Guidacci Marta, José Angelo Rizzo, Nelson Rosario Filho, Sarquis Serpa Faradiba, Dirceu Solé, Marilyn Urrutia-Pereira, George Christoff, Mandazhieva-Pepelanova Mariana, Odjakova Cvetanka, Todor A. Popov, Dilyana Vicheva, do Ceu Teixeira Maria, Jacques Bouchard, Jan Brozek, Derek K. Chu, Judah Denburg, Thomas Eiwegger, Paul K. Keith, Teresa To, Susan Waserman, Nancy Abusada, Emilio Alvarez Cuesta, Mario A. Calvo-Gil, Maria Antonieta Guzmán, Tamara Pérez Gomez, Wing Kin Wong Gary, Luo Zhang, Luis Caraballo, Alfonso Cepeda Sarabia, Dieudonné Nyembue, Manuel Soto-Martinez, Neven Miculinic, Davor Plavec, Constantinos Pitsios, Panayiotis Yiallouros, Petr Panzner, Milan Sova, Martina Vachova, Carsten Bindslev-Jensen, Ronald Dahl, Hans-Jorgen Malling, Lars Münter, Lars K. Poulsen, Suppli Ulrik Charlotte, Line Kring Tannert, Bassam Mahboub, Laila Salameh, Ivan Cherrez-Ojeda, de Guevara Karla Robles, Rasha Hassan El-Owaidy, Zeinab A. El-Sayed, Shereen Saad El-Sayed, Elham Hossny, Badr Eldin Mostafa, Kaja Julge, Nils Eric Billo, Patrik Eklund, Marina Erhola, Tari Haahtela, Jussi Karjalainen, Mika Makela, Sanna Toppila-Salmi, Erkka Valovirta, Tuula Vasankari, Isabella Annesi-Maesano, Isabelle Bossé, Melisande Bourgoin-Heck, Denis Charpin, André Coste, Frédéric de Blay, Philippe Devillier, Alain Didier, Anh Tuan Dinh-Xuan, Jean-François Fontaine, Jocelyne Just, Rachel Nadif, Nhân Pham-Thi, Bernard Pigearias, Nicolas Roche, Van Ganse Eric, Ekaterine Chkhartishvili, Amiran Gamkrelidze, Maia Gotua, Sven Becker, Karl-Christian Bergmann, Thomas Bieber, Randolf Brehler, Roland Buhl, Adam M. Chaker, Ulf Darsow, Eckard Hamelmann, Joachim Heinrich, Thomas Keil, Ludger Klimek, Pavel Kolkhir, Susanne Lau, Marcus Maurer, Ralph Mösges, Angelos Neou, Oliver Pfaar, Johannes Ring, Martin Wagenmann, Torsten Zuberbier, Aiste Ramanauskaite, Anja Lingnau, Demetrios Christou, Sophia Neisinger, Xenophon Aggelidis, Jannis Constantinidis, Maria Dimou, Christos Grigoreas, Trisevgeni Kapsali, Michael Katotomichelakis, Stelios Loukides, Michael Makris, Emmanouil Manousakis, Nikolaos Mikos, Aris Pagkalos, Nikolaos G. Papadopoulos, Vasileios Papanikolaou, Giannis Paraskevopoulos, Konstantina Piskou, Emmanuel Prokopakis, Fotios Psarros, Konstantinos Samitas, Sofia Stamataki, Evangelia Stefanaki Lina, Ekaterini Syrigou, Ioanna Tsiligianni, Mina Vallianatou, Dimitrios Vourdas, Paraskevi Xepapadaki, Aspasia Karavelia, Fanny Wai San Ko, Gary Wong, Andor Hirschberg, Helga Kraxner, Kristof Nekam, Stephen Lane, Menachem Rottem, Cristina Artesani Maria, Simona Barbaglia, Bianca Beghé, Beatrice Bilo Maria, Attilio Boner, Matteo Bonini, Sergio Bonini, Fulvio Braido, Luisa Brussino, G Walter Canonica, Lorenzo Cecchi, Giorgio Ciprandi, Enrico Compalati, Gennaro D'Amato, Giulia De Feo, Stefano Del Giacco, Alessandro Fiocchi, Enrico Heffler, Carlo Lombardi, Riccardo Monti, Antonella Muraro, Eustachio Nettis, Stefania Nicola, Giovanni Passalacqua, Vincenzo Patella, Francesca Puggioni, Giovanni Rolla, Antonino Romano, Nicola Scichilone, Massimo Triggiani, Teresa Ventura Maria, Giovanni Viegi, Cristina Boccabella, Mattia Giovannini, Anand Mahesh Padukudru, Tomohisa Iinuma, Ken Ohta, Yoshitaka Okamoto, Kimihiro Okubo, Ruby Pawankar, Daiju Sakurai, Maho Suzukawa, Masao Yamaguchi, Zhanat Ispayeva, Yoon-Seok Chang, Hae-Sim Park, Mona Al-Ahmad, Ieva Cirule, Ineta Grisle, Carla Irani, Philip Rouadi, Fares Zaitoun, Ruta Dubakiene, Regina Emuzyte, Violeta Kvedariene, Brigita Gradauskiene, Arunas Valiulis, Markus Ollert, Farah Hannachi, Dejan Dokic, Amir Hamzah Abdul Latiff, Baharudin Abdullah, S.P. Palaniappan, Kent Woo, Stephen Montefort, Martín Bedolla Barajas, María del Carmen Costa Domínguez, Jesús Guillermo Espinoza Contreras, Jose Miguel Fuentes Pèrez, José Luis Gálvez Romero, María de la Luz Hortensia García Cruz, Sandra González Diaz, Yunuen Rocío Huerta Villalobos, Désiree E. Larenas-Linnemann, Jorge Agustin Luna-Pech, Juan José Matta Campos, Daniela Rivero Yeverino, Mónica Rodríguez González, Eréndira Rodríguez Zagal, Battur Lkhagvaa, Sandra Mavale-Manuel, Abrantes Nunes Elizabete, Niels Chavannes, Wytske J. Fokkens, Gerard Koppelman, Anke-Hilse Maitland-van der Zee, Sietze Reitsma, Ramanathan Chandrasekharan, Osman Yusuf, Maria Susana Repka-Ramirez, Juan Carlos Sisul, José E. Gereda, Marysia T. Recto, Slawomir Bialek, Artur Bialoszewski, Marta Chelminska, Radoslaw Gawlik, Ewa Jassem, Marek Jutel, Piotr Kuna, Maciej Kupczyk, Marcin Moniuszko, Marek Niedoszytko, Filip Raciborski, Jan Romantowski, Boleslaw Samolinski, Krzysztof Specjalski, Pedro Carreiro Martins, Jaime Correia de Sousa, Elisio Costa, Joao A. Fonseca, Olga Lourenço, Mario Morais-Almeida, Margarida Pereira Ana, Frederico Regateiro, Carlos Robalo Cordeiro, Jose Rosado Pinto, Bernardo Sousa-Pinto, Luis Taborda Barata, Ana Maria Todo-Bom, José Vieira Rafael, Daniela Carvalho, Maryam Ali Al-Nesf, Ioana Agache, Camelia Berghea Elena, Roxana Bumbacea, Diana Deleanu, Florin Mihaltan, Carmen Panaitescu Bunu, Musa Khaitov, Leyla Namazova-Baranova, Elena Vishneva, Ali Alshaikh Nada, Sanja Dimic-Janjic, Branislava Milenkovic, De Yun Wang, Martin Hrubiško, Natalija Edelbaher, Maja Jošt, Peter Kopac, Mitja Košnik, Nika Lalek, Antonija Poplas Susic, Irma Rozman Sinur, Tanja Soklic Košak, Nadja Triller, Katja Triller, Jure Urbancic, Mihaela Zidarn, Michael Levin, Paul Potter, Heather Zar, Isam Alobid, Aram Anto, Joan Bartra, Irina Bobolea, Paloma Campo, Vicky Cardona, Maria Carriazo Ana, José Antonio Castillo Vizuete, Tomas Chivato, Ignacio Jesus Davila Gonzalez, Joaquim Mullol, Antonio Nieto Garcia, César Picado, Santiago Quirce, Joaquin Sastre, Leticia de las Vecillas, Mikael Benson, Inger Kull, Marianne van Hage, Magnus Wickman, Nikolai Khaltaev, Yousser Mohammad, Pongsakorn Tantilipikorn, Pakit Vichyanond, Cemal Cingi, Bilun Gemicioglu, Ozlem Goksel, Omer Kalayci, Ali Fuat Kalyoncu, Cem Meço, Koyuncu Ilgim Vardaloglu, Arzu Yorgancioglu, Deniz Eyice Karabacak, Bruce Kirenga, Ian Michael Adcock, Hasan S. Arshad, Mike Bewick, Christine Bond, Christopher Brightling, Andrew Bush, Moïses Calderon, Kian Fan Chung, Adnan Custovic, Ratko Djukanovic, Stephen Durham, John Farrell, David Halpin, Michael Hyland, Sebastian Johnston, Brian Lipworth, Alla Nakonechna, David Price, Graham Roberts, Dermot Ryan, Jürgen Schwarze, Aziz Sheikh, Mike Shields, Samantha Walker, Sian Williams, Igor Kaidashev, Andrii Igorevich Kurchenko, Vladyslav Tsaryk, David Bernstein, Jonathan A. Bernstein, Thomas B. Casale, Sharon Chinthrajah, Mark Dykewicz, Gailen D. Marshall, Eli O. Meltzer, Robert M. Naclerio, Alkis Togias, Elina Toskala, Dana Wallace, Dennis M. Williams, Barbara Yawn, Fernan Caballero-Fonseca, Lan Le Thi Tuyet, and Tran Thien Quan Vu

Subjects
Allergic rhinitis, Survey, Professional-patient relation, Immunologic diseases. Allergy, RC581-607
Abstract

Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a highly prevalent disease. We aimed to assess the symptoms that physicians who see patients with AR perceive as the most bothersome in their patients. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study based on an online questionnaire sent to all members of the Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) initiative. The survey included questions on the physicians' perceptions of patients’ AR symptoms as well as of their own AR symptoms. Results: Among 401 respondents, 155 (38.7%) reported having AR. ARIA members reported nasal symptoms to be the most frequent (89.7%) and bothersome (80.0%) symptoms experienced by themselves. Likewise, nasal symptoms were reported by ARIA members as the most frequent (94.8% in members with AR vs 96.0% in members without AR) and bothersome (57.0% in members with AR vs 67.9% in members without AR) in their patients. We found a significant association (p = 0.001) between physicians’ own symptoms and those perceived as the most bothersome in their patients. Conclusion: Physicians perceive nasal symptoms to be the most frequent and the most bothersome symptoms in AR patients. The physicians' personal experiences with AR may influence their perception of patients’ symptoms.

Published
2024
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2. A survey study on antibiotic prescription practices for acute asthma exacerbations: An European academy of allergy and clinical immunology task force report

Author

Anne‐Lotte Redel, Wojciech Feleszko, Alessandra Arcolaci, Francesca Cefaloni, Marina Atanaskovic‐Markovic, Gert‐Jan Braunstahl, Cristina Boccabella, Matteo Bonini, Aspasia Karavelia, Eefje Louwers, Norbert Mülleneisen, Liam O'Mahony, Laura Pini, Anna Rapiejko, Esmeralda Shehu, Milena Sokolowska, Eva Untersmayr, Gerdien Tramper‐Stranders, and EAACI Task Force on Conscious and Rational use of Antibiotics in Allergic Diseases

Subjects
antibiotics, asthma, exacerbation, survey, Immunologic diseases. Allergy, RC581-607
Abstract

Abstract Introduction Guidelines recommend treating asthma exacerbations (AAEs) with bronchodilators combined with inhaled and/or systemic corticosteroids. Indications for antibiotic prescriptions for AAEs are usually not incorporated although the literature shows antibiotics are frequently prescribed. Aim To investigate the antibiotic prescription rates in AAEs and explore the possible determining factors of those practices. Methods A digital survey was created to determine the antibiotic prescription rates in AAEs and the influencing factors for the prescription practices. The survey was distributed among European academy of allergy and clinical immunology (EAACI) members by mass emailing and through regional/national societies in the Netherlands, Italy, Greece, and Poland. Furthermore, we retrieved local antibiotic prescription rates. Results In total, 252 participants completed the survey. Respondents stated that there is a lack of guidelines to prescribe antibiotics in AAEs. The median antibiotic prescription rate in this study was 19% [IQR: 0%–40%] and was significantly different between 4 professions: paediatrics 0% [IQR: 0%–37%], pulmonologists 25% [IQR: 10%–50%], general practitioners 25% [IQR: 0%–50%], and allergologists 17% [IQR: 0%–33%]) (p = 0.046). Additional diagnostic tests were performed in 71.4% of patients before prescription and the most common antibiotic classes prescribed were macrolides (46.0%) and penicillin (42.9%). Important clinical factors for health care providers to prescribe antibiotics were colorised/purulent sputum, abnormal lung sounds during auscultation, fever, and presence of comorbidities. Conclusion In 19% of patients with AAEs, antibiotics were prescribed in various classes with a broad range among different subspecialities. This study stresses the urgency to compose evidence‐based guidelines to aim for more rational antibiotic prescriptions for AAE.

Published
2024
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3. Dangerous liaisons

Author

Ervin Ç. Mingomataj, Dominika Ambrożej, Milena Sokolowska, Marina Atanaskovic-Markovic, Matteo Bonini, Eva Untersmayr, Aspasia Karavelia, Christina Boccabella, Wojciech Feleszko, Liam O’ Mahony, Alessandra Arcolaci, Gerdien A. Tramper-Stranders, University of Zurich, Tramper‐Stranders, Gerdien, and Pediatrics

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Allergy, medicine.drug_class, Antibiotics, Immunology, 610 Medicine & health, Microbial dysbiosis, Dermatitis, Atopic, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Immune system, 10183 Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, Pregnancy, medicine, Hypersensitivity, Immunology and Allergy, Humans, Intensive care medicine, Child, 030304 developmental biology, Asthma, 0303 health sciences, 2403 Immunology, Bacteria, business.industry, Infant, Atopic dermatitis, Antimicrobial, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Anti-Bacterial Agents, 030228 respiratory system, Child, Preschool, 2723 Immunology and Allergy, Female, business
Abstract

Microbiota composition and associated metabolic activities are essential for the education and development of a healthy immune system. Microbial dysbiosis, caused by risk factors such as diet, birth mode, or early infant antimicrobial therapy, is associated with the inception of allergic diseases. In turn, allergic diseases increase the risk for irrational use of antimicrobial therapy. Microbial therapies, such as probiotics, have been studied in the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases, but evidence remains limited due to studies with high heterogeneity, strain-dependent effectiveness, and variable outcome measures. In this review, we sketch the relation of microbiota with allergic diseases, the overuse and rationale for the use of antimicrobial agents in allergic diseases, and current knowledge concerning the use of bacterial products in allergic diseases. We urgently recommend 1) limiting antibiotic therapy in pregnancy and early childhood as a method contributing to the reduction of the allergy epidemic in children and 2) restricting antibiotic therapy in exacerbations and chronic treatment of allergic diseases, mainly concerning asthma and atopic dermatitis. Future research should be aimed at antibiotic stewardship implementation strategies and biomarker-guided therapy, discerning those patients that might benefit from antibiotic therapy.

Published
2021

4. Management of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis during the COVID‐19 pandemic—An EAACI position paper

Author

Jean Bousquet, Adam Chaker, Cezmi A. Akdis, Claus Bachert, Peter Valentin Tomazic, Marek Jutel, Sanna Toppila-Salmi, Valérie Hox, Wytske Fokkens, Carmen Rondon, Barbara Wollenberg, Banu Bozkurt, Jan Hagemann, Aspasia Karavelia, U Förster-Ruhrmann, Ralph Mösges, Cemal Cingi, Tilman Huppertz, Philippe Gevaert, Ioana Agache, Sven Becker, Ludger Klimek, HUS Inflammation Center, Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Hospital Area

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, education, Immunology, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, 03 medical and health sciences, Nasal Polyps, 0302 clinical medicine, Adrenal Cortex Hormones, Pandemic, medicine, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, biologics, Nasal polyps, Sinusitis, Risk factor, Intensive care medicine, Rhinitis, Biological Products, SARS-CoV-2, business.industry, chronic rhinosinusitis, Standard treatment, COVID-19, CRSwNP, medicine.disease, Dupilumab, Asthma, 3. Good health, 030104 developmental biology, 030228 respiratory system, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, Chronic Disease, Position paper, business
Abstract

BackgroundChronic rhinosinusitis is regarded as a chronic airway disease. According to WHO recommendations, it may be a risk factor for COVID-19 patients. In most CRSwNP cases, the inflammatory changes affecting the nasal and paranasal mucous membranes are type-2 (T2) inflammation endotypes. MethodsThe current knowledge on COVID-19 and on treatment options for CRS was analyzed by a literature search in Medline, Pubmed, international guidelines, the Cochrane Library and the Internet. ResultsBased on international literature, on current recommendations by WHO and other international organizations as well as on previous experience, a panel of experts from EAACI and ARIA provided recommendations for the treatment of CRS during the COVID-19 pandemic. ConclusionIntranasal corticosteroids remain the standard treatment for CRS in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Surgical treatments should be reduced to a minimum and surgery preserved for patients with local complications and for those with no other treatment options. Systemic corticosteroids should be avoided. Treatment with biologics can be continued with careful monitoring in noninfected patients and should be temporarily interrupted during the course of the COVID-19 infection.

Published
2021
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5. A compendium answering over 140 questions on COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2

Author

Menno C. van Zelm, Aspasia Karavelia, Oliver Pfaar, Mattia Giovannini, Jürgen Schwarze, Milena Sokolowska, Mübeccel Akdis, Luo Zhang, Ahmet Kursat Azkur, Dilek Azkur, Ioana Agache, Carmen Riggioni, Heimo Breiteneder, Zuzana Diamant, María José Torres, Burcin Beken, Wytske Fokkens, Thomas Eiwegger, Beatriz Moya, Josep M. Antó, Marek Jutel, Ludger Klimek, De Yun Wang, Jean Bousquet, Sebastian L. Johnston, Leticia De las Vecillas, Magna Alves-Correia, Ya-dong Gao, Kari C. Nadeau, Farah Hannachi, Rodrigo Jiménez-Saiz, Cristina Boccabella, Robin O'Hehir, Daniela Carvalho, Pasquale Comberiati, Liam O'Mahony, Ibon Eguiluz-Gracia, Marek Sanak, Stefanie Eyerich, Willem van de Veen, Cezmi A. Akdis, and Alessandra Arcolaci

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Context (language use), Disease, medicine.disease, Clinical trial, Pneumonia, Clinical research, Pandemic, Epidemiology, medicine, Intensive care medicine, business, Cytokine storm
Abstract

In December 2019, China reported the first cases of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This disease, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has developed into a pandemic. To date it has resulted in ~5.6 million confirmed cases and caused 353,334 related deaths worldwide. Unequivocally, the COVID-19 pandemic is the gravest health and socio-economic crisis of our time. In this context, numerous questions have emerged in demand of basic scientific information and evidence-based medical advice on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Although the majority of the patients show a very mild, self-limiting viral respiratory disease, many clinical manifestations in severe patients are unique to COVID-19, such as severe lymphopenia and eosinopenia, extensive pneumonia, a “cytokine storm” leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome, endothelitis, thrombo-embolic complications and multiorgan failure. The epidemiologic features of COVID-19 are distinctive and have changed throughout the pandemic. Vaccine and drug development studies and clinical trials are rapidly growing at an unprecedented speed. However, basic and clinical research on COVID-19-related topics should be based on more coordinated high-quality studies. This paper answers pressing questions, formulated by young clinicians and scientists, on SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and allergy, focusing on the following topics: virology, immunology, diagnosis, management of patients with allergic disease and asthma, treatment, clinical trials, drug discovery, vaccine development and epidemiology. Over 140 questions were answered by experts in the field providing a comprehensive and practical overview of COVID-19 and allergic disease.

Published
2020
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6. A compendium answering 150 questions on COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2

Author

Sebastian L. Johnston, Thomas Eiwegger, Ahmet Kursat Azkur, Jürgen Schwarze, Carmen Riggioni, Zuzana Diamant, Ioana Agache, Willem van de Veen, Milena Sokolowska, Mübeccel Akdis, Cezmi A. Akdis, Heimo Breiteneder, Luo Zhang, Josep M. Antó, María José Torres, Jean Bousquet, Rodrigo Jiménez-Saiz, Mattia Giovannini, Cristina Boccabella, Alessandra Arcolaci, Aspasia Karavelia, Menno C. van Zelm, Oliver Pfaar, Burcin Beken, Marek Sanak, Liam O'Mahony, Daniela Carvalho, Wytske Fokkens, Pasquale Comberiati, Marek Jutel, Kari C. Nadeau, Leticia De las Vecillas, Magna Alves-Correia, Ibon Eguiluz-Gracia, Farah Hannachi, Stefanie Eyerich, Robyn E O'Hehir, Ya dong Gao, Dilek Azkur, Beatriz Moya, De Yun Wang, Ludger Klimek, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Riggioni, Carmen [0000-0002-8745-0228], Comberiat, Pasquale [0000-0001-5209-9733], Giovannini, Mattia [0000-0001-9568-6882], Agache, Ioana [0000-0001-7994-364X], Akdis, Mubeccel [0000-0003-0554-9943], Alves-Correia, Magna [0000-0002-7676-5558], Antó, Josep M. [0000-0002-4736-8529], Azkur, Ahmet Kursat [0000-0002-5597-8917], Azkur, Dilek [0000-0002-4396-9087], Boccabella, Cristina [0000-0003-1942-8886], Breiteneder, Heimo [0000-0003-2022-8689], Carvalho, Daniela [0000-0002-0432-3339], Vecillas, Leticia de las [0000-0003-4969-5678], Diamant, Zuzana [0000-0003-0133-0100], Eguiluz-Gracia, Ibon [0000-0002-3774-931X], Eiwegger, Thomas [0000-0002-2914-7829], Fokkens, Wytske [0000-0003-4852-229X], Gao, Ya-dong [0000-0003-1251-7608], Nadeau, Kari C. [0000-0002-2146-2955], O'Mahony, Liam [0000-0003-4705-3583], Pfaar, Oliver [0000-0003-4374-9639], Sanak, Marek [0000-0001-7635-8103], Schwarze, Jürgen [0000-0002-6899-748X], Sokolowska, Milena [0000-0001-9710-6685], Torres Jaén, María José [0000-0001-5228-471X], Veen, Willem van de [0000-0001-9951-6688], Zelm, Menno C. van [0000-0003-4161-1919], Wang, De Yun [0000-0002-0909-2963], Zhang, Luo [0000-0002-0910-9884], Jiménez Saiz, Rodrigo [0000-0002-0606-3251], Akdis, Cezmi A. [0000-0001-8020-019X], Riggioni, Carmen, Comberiat, Pasquale, Giovannini, Mattia, Agache, Ioana, Akdis, Mubeccel, Alves-Correia, Magna, Antó, Josep M., Azkur, Ahmet Kursat, Azkur, Dilek, Boccabella, Cristina, Breiteneder, Heimo, Carvalho, Daniela, Vecillas, Leticia de las, Diamant, Zuzana, Eguiluz-Gracia, Ibon, Eiwegger, Thomas, Fokkens, Wytske, Gao, Ya-dong, Nadeau, Kari C., O'Mahony, Liam, Pfaar, Oliver, Sanak, Marek, Schwarze, Jürgen, Sokolowska, Milena, Torres Jaén, María José, Veen, Willem van de, Zelm, Menno C. van, Wang, De Yun, Zhang, Luo, Jiménez Saiz, Rodrigo, and Akdis, Cezmi A.

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Allergy, AZITHROMYCIN, allergy, coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus 2, Betacoronavirus, Coronavirus Infections, Humans, Hypersensitivity, Pandemics, Pneumonia, Viral, Disease, Review, SARS‐CoV‐2, 0302 clinical medicine, prevention, Pandemic, Epidemiology, Medicine, Immunology and Allergy, Viral, Coronavirus disease 2019, IMMUNE-RESPONSES, cytokine storm syndrome, severe acute respiratory syndrome‐related coronavirus 2, 1107 Immunology, epidemiology, SPIKE GLYCOPROTEIN, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, SARS-CORONAVIRUS, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME, medicine.medical_specialty, TRANSMISSION, Immunology, Reviews, Context (language use), 03 medical and health sciences, Severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus 2, EPIDEMIC, COVID‐19, LONGITUDINAL PROFILE, severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2, Intensive care medicine, Science & Technology, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, allergen immunotherapy, allergy, asthma, coronavirus disease 2019, cytokine storm syndrome, epidemiology, pandemic, prevention, severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2, business.industry, pandemic, Pneumonia, asthma, medicine.disease, KAWASAKI-LIKE DISEASE, Clinical trial, 030104 developmental biology, Clinical research, 030228 respiratory system, Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2, allergen immunotherapy, business, Cytokine storm, ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME
Abstract

In December 2019, China reported the first cases of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). This disease, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), has developed into a pandemic. To date, it has resulted in ~9 million confirmed cases and caused almost 500 000 related deaths worldwide. Unequivocally, the COVID‐19 pandemic is the gravest health and socioeconomic crisis of our time. In this context, numerous questions have emerged in demand of basic scientific information and evidence‐based medical advice on SARS‐CoV‐2 and COVID‐19. Although the majority of the patients show a very mild, self‐limiting viral respiratory disease, many clinical manifestations in severe patients are unique to COVID‐19, such as severe lymphopenia and eosinopenia, extensive pneumonia, a “cytokine storm” leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome, endothelitis, thromboembolic complications, and multiorgan failure. The epidemiologic features of COVID‐19 are distinctive and have changed throughout the pandemic. Vaccine and drug development studies and clinical trials are rapidly growing at an unprecedented speed. However, basic and clinical research on COVID‐19–related topics should be based on more coordinated high‐quality studies. This paper answers pressing questions, formulated by young clinicians and scientists, on SARS‐CoV‐2, COVID‐19, and allergy, focusing on the following topics: virology, immunology, diagnosis, management of patients with allergic disease and asthma, treatment, clinical trials, drug discovery, vaccine development, and epidemiology. A total of 150 questions were answered by experts in the field providing a comprehensive and practical overview of COVID‐19 and allergic disease., NHMRC Senior Research Fellowship, Grant/ Award Number: GNT1117687; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Grant/Award Number: IJCI-2016-27619; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Grant/Award Number: JR19/0029

Published
2020
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