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1. EUREC4A

Author

Stevens, B, Bony, S, Farrell, D, Ament, F, Blyth, A, Fairall, C, Karstensen, J, Quinn, P, Speich, S, Acquistapace, C, Aemisegger, F, Albright, A, Bellenger, H, Bodenschatz, E, Caesar, K, Chewitt-Lucas, R, De Boer, G, Delanoe, J, Denby, L, Ewald, F, Fildier, B, Forde, M, George, G, Gross, S, Hagen, M, Hausold, A, Heywood, K, Hirsch, L, Jacob, M, Jansen, F, Kinne, S, Klocke, D, Kolling, T, Konow, H, Lothon, M, Mohr, W, Naumann, A, Nuijens, L, Olivier, L, Pincus, R, Pohlker, M, Reverdin, G, Roberts, G, Schnitt, S, Schulz, H, Pier Siebesma, A, Stephan, C, Sullivan, P, Touze-Peiffer, L, Vial, J, Vogel, R, Zuidema, P, Alexander, N, Alves, L, Arixi, S, Asmath, H, Bagheri, G, Baier, K, Bailey, A, Baranowski, D, Baron, A, Barrau, S, Barrett, P, Batier, F, Behrendt, A, Bendinger, A, Beucher, F, Bigorre, S, Blades, E, Blossey, P, Bock, O, Boing, S, Bosser, P, Bourras, D, Bouruet-Aubertot, P, Bower, K, Branellec, P, Branger, H, Brennek, M, Brewer, A, Brilouet, P, Brugmann, B, Buehler, S, Burke, E, Burton, R, Calmer, R, Canonici, J, Carton, X, Cato, G, Charles, J, Chazette, P, Chen, Y, Chilinski, M, Choularton, T, Chuang, P, Clarke, S, Coe, H, Cornet, C, Coutris, P, Couvreux, F, Crewell, S, Cronin, T, Cui, Z, Cuypers, Y, Daley, A, Damerell, G, Dauhut, T, Deneke, H, Desbios, J, Dorner, S, Donner, S, Douet, V, Drushka, K, Dutsch, M, Ehrlich, A, Emanuel, K, Emmanouilidis, A, Etienne, J, Etienne-Leblanc, S, Faure, G, Feingold, G, Ferrero, L, Fix, A, Flamant, C, Flatau, P, Foltz, G, Forster, L, Furtuna, I, Gadian, A, Galewsky, J, Gallagher, M, Gallimore, P, Gaston, C, Gentemann, C, Geyskens, N, Giez, A, Gollop, J, Gouirand, I, Gourbeyre, C, De Graaf, D, De Groot, G, Grosz, R, Guttler, J, Gutleben, M, Hall, K, Harris, G, Helfer, K, Henze, D, Herbert, C, Holanda, B, Ibanez-Landeta, A, Intrieri, J, Iyer, S, Julien, F, Kalesse, H, Kazil, J, Kellman, A, Kidane, A, Kirchner, U, Klingebiel, M, Korner, M, Kremper, L, Kretzschmar, J, Kruger, O, Kumala, W, Kurz, A, L'Hegaret, P, Labaste, M, Lachlan-Cope, T, Laing, A, Landschutzer, P, Lang, T, Lange, D, Lange, I, Laplace, C, Lavik, G, Laxenaire, R, Lebihan, C, Leandro, M, Lefevre, N, Lena, M, Lenschow, D, Li, Q, Lloyd, G, Los, S, Losi, N, Lovell, O, Luneau, C, Makuch, P, Malinowski, S, Manta, G, Marinou, E, Marsden, N, Masson, S, Maury, N, Mayer, B, Mayers-Als, M, Mazel, C, Mcgeary, W, Mcwilliams, J, Mech, M, Mehlmann, M, Meroni, A, Mieslinger, T, Minikin, A, Minnett, P, Moller, G, Avalos, Y, Muller, C, Musat, I, Napoli, A, Neuberger, A, Noisel, C, Noone, D, Nordsiek, F, Nowak, J, Oswald, L, Parker, D, Peck, C, Person, R, Philippi, M, Plueddemann, A, Pohlker, C, Portge, V, Poschl, U, Pologne, L, Posyniak, M, Prange, M, Melendez, E, Radtke, J, Ramage, K, Reimann, J, Renault, L, Reus, K, Reyes, A, Ribbe, J, Ringel, M, Ritschel, M, Rocha, C, Rochetin, N, Rottenbacher, J, Rollo, C, Royer, H, Sadoulet, P, Saffin, L, Sandiford, S, Sandu, I, Schafer, M, Schemann, V, Schirmacher, I, Schlenczek, O, Schmidt, J, Schroder, M, Schwarzenboeck, A, Sealy, A, Senff, C, Serikov, I, Shohan, S, Siddle, E, Smirnov, A, Spath, F, Spooner, B, Katharina Stolla, M, Szkolka, W, De Szoeke, S, Tarot, S, Tetoni, E, Thompson, E, Thomson, J, Tomassini, L, Totems, J, Ubele, A, Villiger, L, Von Arx, J, Wagner, T, Walther, A, Webber, B, Wendisch, M, Whitehall, S, Wiltshire, A, Wing, A, Wirth, M, Wiskandt, J, Wolf, K, Worbes, L, Wright, E, Wulfmeyer, V, Young, S, Zhang, C, Zhang, D, Ziemen, F, Zinner, T, Zoger, M, Stevens B., Bony S., Farrell D., Ament F., Blyth A., Fairall C., Karstensen J., Quinn P. K., Speich S., Acquistapace C., Aemisegger F., Albright A. L., Bellenger H., Bodenschatz E., Caesar K. -A., Chewitt-Lucas R., De Boer G., Delanoe J., Denby L., Ewald F., Fildier B., Forde M., George G., Gross S., Hagen M., Hausold A., Heywood K. J., Hirsch L., Jacob M., Jansen F., Kinne S., Klocke D., Kolling T., Konow H., Lothon M., Mohr W., Naumann A. K., Nuijens L., Olivier L., Pincus R., Pohlker M., Reverdin G., Roberts G., Schnitt S., Schulz H., Pier Siebesma A., Stephan C. C., Sullivan P., Touze-Peiffer L., Vial J., Vogel R., Zuidema P., Alexander N., Alves L., Arixi S., Asmath H., Bagheri G., Baier K., Bailey A., Baranowski D., Baron A., Barrau S., Barrett P. A., Batier F., Behrendt A., Bendinger A., Beucher F., Bigorre S., Blades E., Blossey P., Bock O., Boing S., Bosser P., Bourras D., Bouruet-Aubertot P., Bower K., Branellec P., Branger H., Brennek M., Brewer A., Brilouet P. -E., Brugmann B., Buehler S. A., Burke E., Burton R., Calmer R., Canonici J. -C., Carton X., Cato G., Charles J. A., Chazette P., Chen Y., Chilinski M. T., Choularton T., Chuang P., Clarke S., Coe H., Cornet C., Coutris P., Couvreux F., Crewell S., Cronin T., Cui Z., Cuypers Y., Daley A., Damerell G. M., Dauhut T., Deneke H., Desbios J. -P., Dorner S., Donner S., Douet V., Drushka K., Dutsch M., Ehrlich A., Emanuel K., Emmanouilidis A., Etienne J. -C., Etienne-Leblanc S., Faure G., Feingold G., Ferrero L., Fix A., Flamant C., Flatau P. J., Foltz G. R., Forster L., Furtuna I., Gadian A., Galewsky J., Gallagher M., Gallimore P., Gaston C., Gentemann C., Geyskens N., Giez A., Gollop J., Gouirand I., Gourbeyre C., De Graaf D., De Groot G. E., Grosz R., Guttler J., Gutleben M., Hall K., Harris G., Helfer K. C., Henze D., Herbert C., Holanda B., Ibanez-Landeta A., Intrieri J., Iyer S., Julien F., Kalesse H., Kazil J., Kellman A., Kidane A. T., Kirchner U., Klingebiel M., Korner M., Kremper L. A., Kretzschmar J., Kruger O., Kumala W., Kurz A., L'Hegaret P., Labaste M., Lachlan-Cope T., Laing A., Landschutzer P., Lang T., Lange D., Lange I., Laplace C., Lavik G., Laxenaire R., LeBihan C., Leandro M., Lefevre N., Lena M., Lenschow D., Li Q., Lloyd G., Los S., Losi N., Lovell O., Luneau C., Makuch P., Malinowski S., Manta G., Marinou E., Marsden N., Masson S., Maury N., Mayer B., Mayers-Als M., Mazel C., McGeary W., McWilliams J. C., Mech M., Mehlmann M., Meroni A. N., Mieslinger T., Minikin A., Minnett P., Moller G., Avalos Y. M., Muller C., Musat I., Napoli A., Neuberger A., Noisel C., Noone D., Nordsiek F., Nowak J. L., Oswald L., Parker D. J., Peck C., Person R., Philippi M., Plueddemann A., Pohlker C., Portge V., Poschl U., Pologne L., Posyniak M., Prange M., Melendez E. Q., Radtke J., Ramage K., Reimann J., Renault L., Reus K., Reyes A., Ribbe J., Ringel M., Ritschel M., Rocha C. B., Rochetin N., Rottenbacher J., Rollo C., Royer H., Sadoulet P., Saffin L., Sandiford S., Sandu I., Schafer M., Schemann V., Schirmacher I., Schlenczek O., Schmidt J., Schroder M., Schwarzenboeck A., Sealy A., Senff C. J., Serikov I., Shohan S., Siddle E., Smirnov A., Spath F., Spooner B., Katharina Stolla M., Szkolka W., De Szoeke S. P., Tarot S., Tetoni E., Thompson E., Thomson J., Tomassini L., Totems J., Ubele A. A., Villiger L., Von Arx J., Wagner T., Walther A., Webber B., Wendisch M., Whitehall S., Wiltshire A., Wing A. A., Wirth M., Wiskandt J., Wolf K., Worbes L., Wright E., Wulfmeyer V., Young S., Zhang C., Zhang D., Ziemen F., Zinner T., Zoger M., Stevens, B, Bony, S, Farrell, D, Ament, F, Blyth, A, Fairall, C, Karstensen, J, Quinn, P, Speich, S, Acquistapace, C, Aemisegger, F, Albright, A, Bellenger, H, Bodenschatz, E, Caesar, K, Chewitt-Lucas, R, De Boer, G, Delanoe, J, Denby, L, Ewald, F, Fildier, B, Forde, M, George, G, Gross, S, Hagen, M, Hausold, A, Heywood, K, Hirsch, L, Jacob, M, Jansen, F, Kinne, S, Klocke, D, Kolling, T, Konow, H, Lothon, M, Mohr, W, Naumann, A, Nuijens, L, Olivier, L, Pincus, R, Pohlker, M, Reverdin, G, Roberts, G, Schnitt, S, Schulz, H, Pier Siebesma, A, Stephan, C, Sullivan, P, Touze-Peiffer, L, Vial, J, Vogel, R, Zuidema, P, Alexander, N, Alves, L, Arixi, S, Asmath, H, Bagheri, G, Baier, K, Bailey, A, Baranowski, D, Baron, A, Barrau, S, Barrett, P, Batier, F, Behrendt, A, Bendinger, A, Beucher, F, Bigorre, S, Blades, E, Blossey, P, Bock, O, Boing, S, Bosser, P, Bourras, D, Bouruet-Aubertot, P, Bower, K, Branellec, P, Branger, H, Brennek, M, Brewer, A, Brilouet, P, Brugmann, B, Buehler, S, Burke, E, Burton, R, Calmer, R, Canonici, J, Carton, X, Cato, G, Charles, J, Chazette, P, Chen, Y, Chilinski, M, Choularton, T, Chuang, P, Clarke, S, Coe, H, Cornet, C, Coutris, P, Couvreux, F, Crewell, S, Cronin, T, Cui, Z, Cuypers, Y, Daley, A, Damerell, G, Dauhut, T, Deneke, H, Desbios, J, Dorner, S, Donner, S, Douet, V, Drushka, K, Dutsch, M, Ehrlich, A, Emanuel, K, Emmanouilidis, A, Etienne, J, Etienne-Leblanc, S, Faure, G, Feingold, G, Ferrero, L, Fix, A, Flamant, C, Flatau, P, Foltz, G, Forster, L, Furtuna, I, Gadian, A, Galewsky, J, Gallagher, M, Gallimore, P, Gaston, C, Gentemann, C, Geyskens, N, Giez, A, Gollop, J, Gouirand, I, Gourbeyre, C, De Graaf, D, De Groot, G, Grosz, R, Guttler, J, Gutleben, M, Hall, K, Harris, G, Helfer, K, Henze, D, Herbert, C, Holanda, B, Ibanez-Landeta, A, Intrieri, J, Iyer, S, Julien, F, Kalesse, H, Kazil, J, Kellman, A, Kidane, A, Kirchner, U, Klingebiel, M, Korner, M, Kremper, L, Kretzschmar, J, Kruger, O, Kumala, W, Kurz, A, L'Hegaret, P, Labaste, M, Lachlan-Cope, T, Laing, A, Landschutzer, P, Lang, T, Lange, D, Lange, I, Laplace, C, Lavik, G, Laxenaire, R, Lebihan, C, Leandro, M, Lefevre, N, Lena, M, Lenschow, D, Li, Q, Lloyd, G, Los, S, Losi, N, Lovell, O, Luneau, C, Makuch, P, Malinowski, S, Manta, G, Marinou, E, Marsden, N, Masson, S, Maury, N, Mayer, B, Mayers-Als, M, Mazel, C, Mcgeary, W, Mcwilliams, J, Mech, M, Mehlmann, M, Meroni, A, Mieslinger, T, Minikin, A, Minnett, P, Moller, G, Avalos, Y, Muller, C, Musat, I, Napoli, A, Neuberger, A, Noisel, C, Noone, D, Nordsiek, F, Nowak, J, Oswald, L, Parker, D, Peck, C, Person, R, Philippi, M, Plueddemann, A, Pohlker, C, Portge, V, Poschl, U, Pologne, L, Posyniak, M, Prange, M, Melendez, E, Radtke, J, Ramage, K, Reimann, J, Renault, L, Reus, K, Reyes, A, Ribbe, J, Ringel, M, Ritschel, M, Rocha, C, Rochetin, N, Rottenbacher, J, Rollo, C, Royer, H, Sadoulet, P, Saffin, L, Sandiford, S, Sandu, I, Schafer, M, Schemann, V, Schirmacher, I, Schlenczek, O, Schmidt, J, Schroder, M, Schwarzenboeck, A, Sealy, A, Senff, C, Serikov, I, Shohan, S, Siddle, E, Smirnov, A, Spath, F, Spooner, B, Katharina Stolla, M, Szkolka, W, De Szoeke, S, Tarot, S, Tetoni, E, Thompson, E, Thomson, J, Tomassini, L, Totems, J, Ubele, A, Villiger, L, Von Arx, J, Wagner, T, Walther, A, Webber, B, Wendisch, M, Whitehall, S, Wiltshire, A, Wing, A, Wirth, M, Wiskandt, J, Wolf, K, Worbes, L, Wright, E, Wulfmeyer, V, Young, S, Zhang, C, Zhang, D, Ziemen, F, Zinner, T, Zoger, M, Stevens B., Bony S., Farrell D., Ament F., Blyth A., Fairall C., Karstensen J., Quinn P. K., Speich S., Acquistapace C., Aemisegger F., Albright A. L., Bellenger H., Bodenschatz E., Caesar K. -A., Chewitt-Lucas R., De Boer G., Delanoe J., Denby L., Ewald F., Fildier B., Forde M., George G., Gross S., Hagen M., Hausold A., Heywood K. J., Hirsch L., Jacob M., Jansen F., Kinne S., Klocke D., Kolling T., Konow H., Lothon M., Mohr W., Naumann A. K., Nuijens L., Olivier L., Pincus R., Pohlker M., Reverdin G., Roberts G., Schnitt S., Schulz H., Pier Siebesma A., Stephan C. C., Sullivan P., Touze-Peiffer L., Vial J., Vogel R., Zuidema P., Alexander N., Alves L., Arixi S., Asmath H., Bagheri G., Baier K., Bailey A., Baranowski D., Baron A., Barrau S., Barrett P. A., Batier F., Behrendt A., Bendinger A., Beucher F., Bigorre S., Blades E., Blossey P., Bock O., Boing S., Bosser P., Bourras D., Bouruet-Aubertot P., Bower K., Branellec P., Branger H., Brennek M., Brewer A., Brilouet P. -E., Brugmann B., Buehler S. A., Burke E., Burton R., Calmer R., Canonici J. -C., Carton X., Cato G., Charles J. A., Chazette P., Chen Y., Chilinski M. T., Choularton T., Chuang P., Clarke S., Coe H., Cornet C., Coutris P., Couvreux F., Crewell S., Cronin T., Cui Z., Cuypers Y., Daley A., Damerell G. M., Dauhut T., Deneke H., Desbios J. -P., Dorner S., Donner S., Douet V., Drushka K., Dutsch M., Ehrlich A., Emanuel K., Emmanouilidis A., Etienne J. -C., Etienne-Leblanc S., Faure G., Feingold G., Ferrero L., Fix A., Flamant C., Flatau P. J., Foltz G. R., Forster L., Furtuna I., Gadian A., Galewsky J., Gallagher M., Gallimore P., Gaston C., Gentemann C., Geyskens N., Giez A., Gollop J., Gouirand I., Gourbeyre C., De Graaf D., De Groot G. E., Grosz R., Guttler J., Gutleben M., Hall K., Harris G., Helfer K. C., Henze D., Herbert C., Holanda B., Ibanez-Landeta A., Intrieri J., Iyer S., Julien F., Kalesse H., Kazil J., Kellman A., Kidane A. T., Kirchner U., Klingebiel M., Korner M., Kremper L. A., Kretzschmar J., Kruger O., Kumala W., Kurz A., L'Hegaret P., Labaste M., Lachlan-Cope T., Laing A., Landschutzer P., Lang T., Lange D., Lange I., Laplace C., Lavik G., Laxenaire R., LeBihan C., Leandro M., Lefevre N., Lena M., Lenschow D., Li Q., Lloyd G., Los S., Losi N., Lovell O., Luneau C., Makuch P., Malinowski S., Manta G., Marinou E., Marsden N., Masson S., Maury N., Mayer B., Mayers-Als M., Mazel C., McGeary W., McWilliams J. C., Mech M., Mehlmann M., Meroni A. N., Mieslinger T., Minikin A., Minnett P., Moller G., Avalos Y. M., Muller C., Musat I., Napoli A., Neuberger A., Noisel C., Noone D., Nordsiek F., Nowak J. L., Oswald L., Parker D. J., Peck C., Person R., Philippi M., Plueddemann A., Pohlker C., Portge V., Poschl U., Pologne L., Posyniak M., Prange M., Melendez E. Q., Radtke J., Ramage K., Reimann J., Renault L., Reus K., Reyes A., Ribbe J., Ringel M., Ritschel M., Rocha C. B., Rochetin N., Rottenbacher J., Rollo C., Royer H., Sadoulet P., Saffin L., Sandiford S., Sandu I., Schafer M., Schemann V., Schirmacher I., Schlenczek O., Schmidt J., Schroder M., Schwarzenboeck A., Sealy A., Senff C. J., Serikov I., Shohan S., Siddle E., Smirnov A., Spath F., Spooner B., Katharina Stolla M., Szkolka W., De Szoeke S. P., Tarot S., Tetoni E., Thompson E., Thomson J., Tomassini L., Totems J., Ubele A. A., Villiger L., Von Arx J., Wagner T., Walther A., Webber B., Wendisch M., Whitehall S., Wiltshire A., Wing A. A., Wirth M., Wiskandt J., Wolf K., Worbes L., Wright E., Wulfmeyer V., Young S., Zhang C., Zhang D., Ziemen F., Zinner T., and Zoger M.

Abstract

The science guiding the EUREC4A campaign and its measurements is presented. EUREC4A comprised roughly 5 weeks of measurements in the downstream winter trades of the North Atlantic - eastward and southeastward of Barbados. Through its ability to characterize processes operating across a wide range of scales, EUREC4A marked a turning point in our ability to observationally study factors influencing clouds in the trades, how they will respond to warming, and their link to other components of the earth system, such as upper-ocean processes or the life cycle of particulate matter. This characterization was made possible by thousands (2500) of sondes distributed to measure circulations on meso- (200 km) and larger (500 km) scales, roughly 400 h of flight time by four heavily instrumented research aircraft; four global-class research vessels; an advanced ground-based cloud observatory; scores of autonomous observing platforms operating in the upper ocean (nearly 10 000 profiles), lower atmosphere (continuous profiling), and along the air-sea interface; a network of water stable isotopologue measurements; targeted tasking of satellite remote sensing; and modeling with a new generation of weather and climate models. In addition to providing an outline of the novel measurements and their composition into a unified and coordinated campaign, the six distinct scientific facets that EUREC4A explored - from North Brazil Current rings to turbulence-induced clustering of cloud droplets and its influence on warm-rain formation - are presented along with an overview of EUREC4A's outreach activities, environmental impact, and guidelines for scientific practice. Track data for all platforms are standardized and accessible at 10.25326/165 , and a film documenting the campaign is provided as a video supplement.

Published
2021

3. EUREC4A

Author

B. Stevens, S. Bony, D. Farrell, F. Ament, A. Blyth, C. Fairall, J. Karstensen, P. K. Quinn, S. Speich, C. Acquistapace, F. Aemisegger, A. L. Albright, H. Bellenger, E. Bodenschatz, K.-A. Caesar, R. Chewitt-Lucas, G. de Boer, J. Delanoë, L. Denby, F. Ewald, B. Fildier, M. Forde, G. George, S. Gross, M. Hagen, A. Hausold, K. J. Heywood, L. Hirsch, M. Jacob, F. Jansen, S. Kinne, D. Klocke, T. Kölling, H. Konow, M. Lothon, W. Mohr, A. K. Naumann, L. Nuijens, L. Olivier, R. Pincus, M. Pöhlker, G. Reverdin, G. Roberts, S. Schnitt, H. Schulz, A. P. Siebesma, C. C. Stephan, P. Sullivan, L. Touzé-Peiffer, J. Vial, R. Vogel, P. Zuidema, N. Alexander, L. Alves, S. Arixi, H. Asmath, G. Bagheri, K. Baier, A. Bailey, D. Baranowski, A. Baron, S. Barrau, P. A. Barrett, F. Batier, A. Behrendt, A. Bendinger, F. Beucher, S. Bigorre, E. Blades, P. Blossey, O. Bock, S. Böing, P. Bosser, D. Bourras, P. Bouruet-Aubertot, K. Bower, P. Branellec, H. Branger, M. Brennek, A. Brewer, P.-E. Brilouet, B. Brügmann, S. A. Buehler, E. Burke, R. Burton, R. Calmer, J.-C. Canonici, X. Carton, G. Cato Jr., J. A. Charles, P. Chazette, Y. Chen, M. T. Chilinski, T. Choularton, P. Chuang, S. Clarke, H. Coe, C. Cornet, P. Coutris, F. Couvreux, S. Crewell, T. Cronin, Z. Cui, Y. Cuypers, A. Daley, G. M. Damerell, T. Dauhut, H. Deneke, J.-P. Desbios, S. Dörner, S. Donner, V. Douet, K. Drushka, M. Dütsch, A. Ehrlich, K. Emanuel, A. Emmanouilidis, J.-C. Etienne, S. Etienne-Leblanc, G. Faure, G. Feingold, L. Ferrero, A. Fix, C. Flamant, P. J. Flatau, G. R. Foltz, L. Forster, I. Furtuna, A. Gadian, J. Galewsky, M. Gallagher, P. Gallimore, C. Gaston, C. Gentemann, N. Geyskens, A. Giez, J. Gollop, I. Gouirand, C. Gourbeyre, D. de Graaf, G. E. de Groot, R. Grosz, J. Güttler, M. Gutleben, K. Hall, G. Harris, K. C. Helfer, D. Henze, C. Herbert, B. Holanda, A. Ibanez-Landeta, J. Intrieri, S. Iyer, F. Julien, H. Kalesse, J. Kazil, A. Kellman, A. T. Kidane, U. Kirchner, M. Klingebiel, M. Körner, L. A. Kremper, J. Kretzschmar, O. Krüger, W. Kumala, A. Kurz, P. L'Hégaret, M. Labaste, T. Lachlan-Cope, A. Laing, P. Landschützer, T. Lang, D. Lange, I. Lange, C. Laplace, G. Lavik, R. Laxenaire, C. Le Bihan, M. Leandro, N. Lefevre, M. Lena, D. Lenschow, Q. Li, G. Lloyd, S. Los, N. Losi, O. Lovell, C. Luneau, P. Makuch, S. Malinowski, G. Manta, E. Marinou, N. Marsden, S. Masson, N. Maury, B. Mayer, M. Mayers-Als, C. Mazel, W. McGeary, J. C. McWilliams, M. Mech, M. Mehlmann, A. N. Meroni, T. Mieslinger, A. Minikin, P. Minnett, G. Möller, Y. Morfa Avalos, C. Muller, I. Musat, A. Napoli, A. Neuberger, C. Noisel, D. Noone, F. Nordsiek, J. L. Nowak, L. Oswald, D. J. Parker, C. Peck, R. Person, M. Philippi, A. Plueddemann, C. Pöhlker, V. Pörtge, U. Pöschl, L. Pologne, M. Posyniak, M. Prange, E. Quiñones Meléndez, J. Radtke, K. Ramage, J. Reimann, L. Renault, K. Reus, A. Reyes, J. Ribbe, M. Ringel, M. Ritschel, C. B. Rocha, N. Rochetin, J. Röttenbacher, C. Rollo, H. Royer, P. Sadoulet, L. Saffin, S. Sandiford, I. Sandu, M. Schäfer, V. Schemann, I. Schirmacher, O. Schlenczek, J. Schmidt, M. Schröder, A. Schwarzenboeck, A. Sealy, C. J. Senff, I. Serikov, S. Shohan, E. Siddle, A. Smirnov, F. Späth, B. Spooner, M. K. Stolla, W. Szkółka, S. P. de Szoeke, S. Tarot, E. Tetoni, E. Thompson, J. Thomson, L. Tomassini, J. Totems, A. A. Ubele, L. Villiger, J. von Arx, T. Wagner, A. Walther, B. Webber, M. Wendisch, S. Whitehall, A. Wiltshire, A. A. Wing, M. Wirth, J. Wiskandt, K. Wolf, L. Worbes, E. Wright, V. Wulfmeyer, S. Young, C. Zhang, D. Zhang, F. Ziemen, T. Zinner, M. Zöger, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology (CIMH), Meteorological Institute [Hamburg], University of Hamburg, National Centre for Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (NCAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory [Seattle] (PMEL), Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology [Köln] (IGM), University of Cologne, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL), SPACE - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Leeds, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Hamburg (UHH), Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie (MPIC), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Universität zu Köln = University of Cologne, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Hydrometeorological Service [Georgetown], Ministry of Agriculture [Guyana], Institute of Marine Affairs (IMA), Institute of Geophysics [Warsaw], Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Institute of Physics and Meteorology [Stuttgart] (IPM), University of Hohenheim, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Queen Elizabeth Hospital [Bridgetown, St. Michael, Barbados] (QEH), Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Seattle], University of Washington [Seattle], École nationale des sciences géographiques (ENSG), Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière [IGN] (IGN)-Université Gustave Eiffel, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Equipe Marine Mapping & Metrology (Lab-STICC_M3), Laboratoire des sciences et techniques de l'information, de la communication et de la connaissance (Lab-STICC), École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne), University of Manchester [Manchester], Institut de Recherche sur les Phénomènes Hors Equilibre (IRPHE), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Warsaw (UW), NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M), St. Christopher Air and Sea Port (SCASPA), Service des Avions Français Instrumentés pour la Recherche en Environnement (SAFIRE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Meteorological Services, Grenada Meteorological Services, Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), University of California [Santa Cruz] (UC Santa Cruz), University of California (UC), Cayman Islands National Weather Service, Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 (LOA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences [Norwich] (COAS), School of Environmental Sciences [Norwich], University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA)-University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences [Corvallis] (CEOAS), Oregon State University (OSU), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Department of Meteorology and Geophysics [Vienna], Universität Wien, Leipziger Institut für Meteorologie (LIM), Universität Leipzig, Meteorological Department (St. Maarten), Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca = University of Milano-Bicocca (UNIMIB), TROPO - LATMOS, NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Albuquerque] (EPS), The University of New Mexico [Albuquerque], University of Miami [Coral Gables], Farallon Institute, Division technique INSU/SDU (DTI), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Regional Security System [Barbados], Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC), Applied Physics Laboratory [Seattle] (APL-UW), Barbados Coast Guard, Développement Instrumental et Techniques Marines (DITM), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Austral, Boréal et Carbone (ABC), Institut Pythéas (OSU PYTHEAS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean (NEMO R&D ), Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), European Project: 694768,EUREC4A, European Project: 820829,CONSTRAIN H2020, European Project: 741120,COMPASS, European Project: 817578,TRIATLAS(2019), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California-University of California, Universität zu Köln, Queen Elizabeth Hospital [Bridgetown, St. Michael, Barbados], Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo France-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), University of California [Santa Cruz] (UCSC), University of California, Universität Leipzig [Leipzig], Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca [Milano] (UNIMIB), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Stevens, B, Bony, S, Farrell, D, Ament, F, Blyth, A, Fairall, C, Karstensen, J, Quinn, P, Speich, S, Acquistapace, C, Aemisegger, F, Albright, A, Bellenger, H, Bodenschatz, E, Caesar, K, Chewitt-Lucas, R, De Boer, G, Delanoe, J, Denby, L, Ewald, F, Fildier, B, Forde, M, George, G, Gross, S, Hagen, M, Hausold, A, Heywood, K, Hirsch, L, Jacob, M, Jansen, F, Kinne, S, Klocke, D, Kolling, T, Konow, H, Lothon, M, Mohr, W, Naumann, A, Nuijens, L, Olivier, L, Pincus, R, Pohlker, M, Reverdin, G, Roberts, G, Schnitt, S, Schulz, H, Pier Siebesma, A, Stephan, C, Sullivan, P, Touze-Peiffer, L, Vial, J, Vogel, R, Zuidema, P, Alexander, N, Alves, L, Arixi, S, Asmath, H, Bagheri, G, Baier, K, Bailey, A, Baranowski, D, Baron, A, Barrau, S, Barrett, P, Batier, F, Behrendt, A, Bendinger, A, Beucher, F, Bigorre, S, Blades, E, Blossey, P, Bock, O, Boing, S, Bosser, P, Bourras, D, Bouruet-Aubertot, P, Bower, K, Branellec, P, Branger, H, Brennek, M, Brewer, A, Brilouet, P, Brugmann, B, Buehler, S, Burke, E, Burton, R, Calmer, R, Canonici, J, Carton, X, Cato, G, Charles, J, Chazette, P, Chen, Y, Chilinski, M, Choularton, T, Chuang, P, Clarke, S, Coe, H, Cornet, C, Coutris, P, Couvreux, F, Crewell, S, Cronin, T, Cui, Z, Cuypers, Y, Daley, A, Damerell, G, Dauhut, T, Deneke, H, Desbios, J, Dorner, S, Donner, S, Douet, V, Drushka, K, Dutsch, M, Ehrlich, A, Emanuel, K, Emmanouilidis, A, Etienne, J, Etienne-Leblanc, S, Faure, G, Feingold, G, Ferrero, L, Fix, A, Flamant, C, Flatau, P, Foltz, G, Forster, L, Furtuna, I, Gadian, A, Galewsky, J, Gallagher, M, Gallimore, P, Gaston, C, Gentemann, C, Geyskens, N, Giez, A, Gollop, J, Gouirand, I, Gourbeyre, C, De Graaf, D, De Groot, G, Grosz, R, Guttler, J, Gutleben, M, Hall, K, Harris, G, Helfer, K, Henze, D, Herbert, C, Holanda, B, Ibanez-Landeta, A, Intrieri, J, Iyer, S, Julien, F, Kalesse, H, Kazil, J, Kellman, A, Kidane, A, Kirchner, U, Klingebiel, M, Korner, M, Kremper, L, Kretzschmar, J, Kruger, O, Kumala, W, Kurz, A, L'Hegaret, P, Labaste, M, Lachlan-Cope, T, Laing, A, Landschutzer, P, Lang, T, Lange, D, Lange, I, Laplace, C, Lavik, G, Laxenaire, R, Lebihan, C, Leandro, M, Lefevre, N, Lena, M, Lenschow, D, Li, Q, Lloyd, G, Los, S, Losi, N, Lovell, O, Luneau, C, Makuch, P, Malinowski, S, Manta, G, Marinou, E, Marsden, N, Masson, S, Maury, N, Mayer, B, Mayers-Als, M, Mazel, C, Mcgeary, W, Mcwilliams, J, Mech, M, Mehlmann, M, Meroni, A, Mieslinger, T, Minikin, A, Minnett, P, Moller, G, Avalos, Y, Muller, C, Musat, I, Napoli, A, Neuberger, A, Noisel, C, Noone, D, Nordsiek, F, Nowak, J, Oswald, L, Parker, D, Peck, C, Person, R, Philippi, M, Plueddemann, A, Pohlker, C, Portge, V, Poschl, U, Pologne, L, Posyniak, M, Prange, M, Melendez, E, Radtke, J, Ramage, K, Reimann, J, Renault, L, Reus, K, Reyes, A, Ribbe, J, Ringel, M, Ritschel, M, Rocha, C, Rochetin, N, Rottenbacher, J, Rollo, C, Royer, H, Sadoulet, P, Saffin, L, Sandiford, S, Sandu, I, Schafer, M, Schemann, V, Schirmacher, I, Schlenczek, O, Schmidt, J, Schroder, M, Schwarzenboeck, A, Sealy, A, Senff, C, Serikov, I, Shohan, S, Siddle, E, Smirnov, A, Spath, F, Spooner, B, Katharina Stolla, M, Szkolka, W, De Szoeke, S, Tarot, S, Tetoni, E, Thompson, E, Thomson, J, Tomassini, L, Totems, J, Ubele, A, Villiger, L, Von Arx, J, Wagner, T, Walther, A, Webber, B, Wendisch, M, Whitehall, S, Wiltshire, A, Wing, A, Wirth, M, Wiskandt, J, Wolf, K, Worbes, L, Wright, E, Wulfmeyer, V, Young, S, Zhang, C, Zhang, D, Ziemen, F, Zinner, T, Zoger, M, and Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, QE1-996.5, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Cloud Feedback, Geology, [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, Environmental sciences, Atmospheric circulation, Trade-wind cumulus, Field campaign, Aerosol, clouds, sea, sub-tropic, CHIM/12 - CHIMICA DELL'AMBIENTE E DEI BENI CULTURALI, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, GE1-350, Shallow convection, [SDU.OTHER]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Other, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

The science guiding the EUREC4A campaign and its measurements is presented. EUREC4A comprised roughly 5 weeks of measurements in the downstream winter trades of the North Atlantic – eastward and southeastward of Barbados. Through its ability to characterize processes operating across a wide range of scales, EUREC4A marked a turning point in our ability to observationally study factors influencing clouds in the trades, how they will respond to warming, and their link to other components of the earth system, such as upper-ocean processes or the life cycle of particulate matter. This characterization was made possible by thousands (2500) of sondes distributed to measure circulations on meso- (200 km) and larger (500 km) scales, roughly 400 h of flight time by four heavily instrumented research aircraft; four global-class research vessels; an advanced ground-based cloud observatory; scores of autonomous observing platforms operating in the upper ocean (nearly 10 000 profiles), lower atmosphere (continuous profiling), and along the air–sea interface; a network of water stable isotopologue measurements; targeted tasking of satellite remote sensing; and modeling with a new generation of weather and climate models. In addition to providing an outline of the novel measurements and their composition into a unified and coordinated campaign, the six distinct scientific facets that EUREC4A explored – from North Brazil Current rings to turbulence-induced clustering of cloud droplets and its influence on warm-rain formation – are presented along with an overview of EUREC4A's outreach activities, environmental impact, and guidelines for scientific practice. Track data for all platforms are standardized and accessible at https://doi.org/10.25326/165 (Stevens, 2021), and a film documenting the campaign is provided as a video supplement.

Published
2021

4. The status of marine debris/litter and plastic pollution in the Caribbean Large Marine Ecosystem (CLME): 1980-2020.

Author

Kanhai DK, Asmath H, and Gobin JF

Subjects
Caribbean Region, Environmental Monitoring, Rivers, Waste Products analysis, Ecosystem, Plastics
Abstract

Plastic pollution is one of several anthropogenic stressors putting pressure on ecosystems of the Caribbean Large Marine Ecosystem (CLME). A 'Clean Ocean' is one of the ambitious goals of the United Nations (UN) Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development. If this is to be realized, it is imperative to build upon the work of the previous decades (1980-2020). The objectives of the present study were to assess the state of knowledge about: (i) the distribution, quantification, sources, transport and fate of marine debris/litter and microplastics in the coastal/marine environment of the CLME and, (ii) the effects of plastics on biodiversity. Snapshots, i.e., peer-reviewed studies and multi-year (1991-2020) marine debris data from International Coastal Cleanup (ICC) events, indicated that plastic debris was a persistent issue in multiple ecosystems and environmental compartments of the CLME. Collectively, a suite of approaches (debris categorization, remote sensing, particle tracking) indicated that plastic debris originated from a combination of land and marine-based sources, with the former more significant than the latter. Rivers were identified as an important means of transporting mismanaged land-based waste to the marine environment. Oceanic currents were important to the transport of plastic debris into, within and out of the region. Plastic debris posed a threat to the biodiversity of the CLME, with specific biological, physical, ecological and chemical effects being identified. Existing data can be used to inform interventions to mitigate the leakage of plastic waste to the marine environment. Given the persistent and transboundary nature of the issue, further elucidation of the problem, its causes and effects must be prioritized, while simultaneously harmonizing regional and international approaches., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2022
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5. The influence of fluvial dynamics and North Atlantic swells on the beach habitat of leatherback turtles at Grande Riviere Trinidad.

Author

Darsan J, Jehu A, Asmath H, Singh A, and Wilson M

Subjects
Animals, Conservation of Natural Resources, Environmental Monitoring, Geography, Trinidad and Tobago, Ecosystem, Oceans and Seas, Turtles, Water Movements
Abstract

Grande Riviere beach, located on the north coast of Trinidad, West Indies, is internationally recognised as a critical habitat/nesting ground for the endangered leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea). Episodic extreme flooding of the Grande Riviere River led to the shifting of the river mouth and resulted in backshore beach erosion, with the most recent recorded event occurring in 2012. Following this event, the construction of a sand dam to arrest further erosion which threatened coastal infrastructure, precipitated a host of new problems ranging from beach instability to public health threats. In January 2013, high energy swell waves naturally in-filled the erosion channel, and the beach recovery continued over the successive months, thereby rendering the intervention in the previous year questionable. This paper presents a geomorphological analysis of beach dynamics for Grande Riviere, within the context of this erosion event. Data on beach profiles, sediment and coastal processes were collected using standard geomorphological techniques. Beach topographic analysis and water quality tests on impounded water in the erosion channel were conducted. Results indicate that the event created an erosion channel of 4843.42 m(3) over a contiguous area of 2794.25 m(2). While swell waves were able to naturally infill the channel, they also eroded 17,762 m(3) of sand overall across the beach. Water quality tests revealed that the impounded water was classified as a pollutant, and created challenges for remediation. Hydrologic and coastal geomorphologic interplay is responsible for the existence and sustainability of this coastal system. It is also evident that the beach system is able to recover naturally following extreme events. Our results demonstrate that effective and integrated management of such critical habitats remains dependent upon continuous monitoring data which should be used to inform policy and decision making., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2016
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6. Potential oil spill risk from shipping and the implications for management in the Caribbean Sea.

Author

Singh A, Asmath H, Chee CL, and Darsan J

Subjects
Caribbean Region, Chemical Hazard Release prevention & control, Chemical Hazard Release statistics & numerical data, Conservation of Natural Resources, Ecosystem, Oil and Gas Industry, Petroleum Pollution prevention & control, Risk Assessment, Environmental Monitoring methods, Petroleum Pollution statistics & numerical data, Ships
Abstract

The semi enclosed Caribbean Sea is ranked as having one of the most intense maritime traffic in the world. These maritime activities have led to significant oil pollution. Simultaneously, this sea supports many critical habitats functioning as a Large Marine Ecosystem (LME). While the impacts of oil pollution are recognised, a number of management challenges remain. This study applies spatial modelling to identify critical areas potentially at risk from oil spills in the form of a potential oil spill risk (POSR) model. The model indicates that approximately 83% of the sea could be potentially impacted by oil spills due to shipping. The results from this study collectively support a management framework for minimising ship generated oil pollution in the Caribbean Sea. Among the recommended components are a common policy, surveillance and monitoring controls, standards, monitoring programmes, data collection and greater rates of convention ratifications., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2015
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