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Background: Ambulation is important after surgery to make the patient walk freely. A patient may probably need help before being able to walk freely and reach their ambulation objective. It is critical to get the patient moving as soon as possible after surgery. Objective: To find out the association between early ambulation and duration of hospital stay in neurological indoor patients. Methods: Data was collected from 191 stroke patients aged between 30 to 60 years, both genders. It was a cross-sectional survey in which data was collected from the University of Lahore teaching hospital and the Ganga Ram hospital in Lahore. Pulse, temperature and body mass index were measured. Patients with severe cognitive impairment and cardiovascular disease were excluded from the study. Non-probability convenient sampling was used to collect the data. The data were analyzed by using the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 25.0 to provide descriptive statistics. For categorical variables, percentages and frequencies were calculated. For quantitative variables, means and standard deviations were estimated. Results: The results regarding the length of stay day showed that the mean and standard deviation were found to be 22.54±1.679 while the curve was normally distributed. The results regarding pre-hospital activity level showed that there were 19.4% of patients were in the general ward, 56.0% were indoors, 16.2% were outdoor, 4.2% were on steps and stairs and 4.2% fell. The results regarding the reason for hospitalization showed that 30.9% of patients were due to high blood pressure, 23.6% were due to ischemic, 20.4% were due to transient ischemic attack and 25.1% were due to pain. Conclusion: The findings of the study concluded that early ambulation has a direct impact on the early discharge of patients from the hospital. Moreover, the more distance patients were being ambulated, the speedier and better outcomes were coming in terms of patient’s stamina, respiratory rate, heart rate and early discharge.

Salah satu permasalahan yang ada di masyarakat Desa Pongkai Istiqomah KecamatanXIII Koto Kampar, Kabupaten Kampar yaitu ketidakefektifan kegiatan pendidikan danbelum optimalnya usaha masyarakat untuk peningkatan kesehatan. Salah satu programyang diterapkan di Desa Pongkai Istiqomah adalah bantuan bimbingan belajar danpenanaman TOGA. Bantuan bimbingan belajar ini bertujuan untuk membantu guruPAUD, murid TK dan SDN di Desa Pongkai Istiqomah dalam proses belajar mengajardan meningkatkan pengetahuan. Semntra tujuan diadakannya program PenanamanTOGA bertujuan untuk menciptakan lingkungan dan masyarakat yang sehat,memudahkan masyarakat Desa Pongkai Istiqomah untuk mendapatkan obat, serta sebagaialternatif bagi warga Desa Pongkai Istiqomah jika ada yang membutuhkan obat herbal.

Cervico-Dorsal junction is a transitional zone of spinal column. 360-degree fixation of cervico-dorsal region in a single posterior approach is a difficult and challenging procedure accounting the spinal cord decompression, posterior vertebral body replacement and then posterior instrumentation. Here we have described a patient who presented with features of spastic paraparesis and lower motor palsy of right upper limb due to anexpansile bone mass on Rt side of cervico-dorsal region. He underwent neuronal decompression and 360-stabilisation in a single posterior approach. We review clinical and radiographic features of the patient; the procedureunderwent as well as current other treatment options with reference to the relevant literatures. Bang. J Neurosurgery 2022; 11(2): 122-127

Telah dilakukan penentuan konsentrasi radionuklida 137Cs pada susu sapi di Nagari Sungai Kamuyang, Sumatera Barat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan konsentrasi radionuklida buatan 137Cs pada susu sapi yang ditinjau berdasarkan PERMENKES RI No. 1031 tahun 2011, serta menentukan konsentrasi radionuklida buatan 137Cs pada rumput dan tanah yang ditinjau berdasarkan PERKA BAPETEN No. 16 tahun 2012. Sampel yang diukur terdiri dari sampel susu sapi sebanyak 3 liter, rumput sebanyak 2 kg, dan tanah pada kedalaman 0-15 cm sebanyak 2 kg. Penelitian diawali dengan preparasi sampel, kemudian diukur selama 17 jam menggunakan spektrometer gamma yang sudah dikalibrasi. Hasil pengukuran menunjukkan bahwa radionuklida 137Cs hanya terdeteksi pada sampel tanah dengan konsentrasi 0,42 ± 0,19 Bq/kg. Konsentrasi radionuklida 137Cs pada sampel tanah dan rumput berada di bawah batas maksimum yang ditetapkan PERKA BAPETEN No. 16 tahun 2012 sedangkan jika ditinjau berdasarkan PERMENKES RI No. 1031 tahun 2011 maka hasil pengukuran konsentrasi radionuklida 137Cs dalam susu sapi di Nagari Sungai Kamuyang berada di bawah batas maksimum konsentrasi 137Cs.

This study aims to analyze the bibliometric mapping the mathematics' role in everyday life. This study uses a qualitative method by comparing the information obtained from a Google Scholer search. This method is entirely based on the hunt for journal articles developed through bibliometric analysis. Data was collected using Publish or Perish (PoP) and visualized using VOSviewer. In this study, researchers obtained metadata from as many as 995 articles of applied mathematics in everyday life published on April 15, 2022, using a database of 1000 articles from 1926 to 2022. The results and discussion of the bibliometric analysis that has been carried out show that this research topic is still possible. Other researchers for the next period because the data that has been analyzed is still categorized as feasible, and there are still few studies related to bibliometric mapping of the role of mathematics in everyday life. Then suggestions for further research if researchers are interested in choosing a research topic on bibliometric mapping of the role of mathematics in everyday life, namely by connecting various other activities in society and combining it with the progress that developed during the research period so that the data obtained is always up-to-date to evaluate the effectiveness of mathematics in daily life

In this study, the overall objective used is to identify the factors that contribute to air pollution in Malaysia. The objective chosen was to study further the factors that cause this pollution. The theory used in this study is conceptual. Not only that, the independent variables in this study are divided into 5 which are the open burning activities, industrial fuel burning and processes, transportation emissions, agriculture activities, and cigarettes smoke. While the dependent variable is the factor of air pollution. The type of sample used in this study is non-probability convenience sampling. This study was conducted in Klang Valley, Malaysia, the area that is often associated with this pollution. The total sample in the study was 55 respondents. In addition, the instrument used is a questionnaire to 55 respondents, consisting of 39 women and 16 men through the results of the questionnaire. The questionnaire was given in the form of Google Form which asked the respondents to give their responses or views on the causes of this air pollution. Not only that, the analysis method used in this study is a quantitative method and the findings of the study from the results of the questionnaire of 55 respondents showed that the main cause of air pollution is open burning in large forest areas. While the problem that causes less pollution is that cigarette smoke has nothing to do with the occurrence of air pollution through questionnaires.

The current study was aimed to evaluate the antioxidative effect of L-Carnitine at post thawing following cryopreservation of Nili-Ravi buffalo sperm. For this purpose, semen from three buffalo bulls were collected for 3 weeks using an artificial vagina (N=18; replicates). The qualified ejaculates were diluted employing tris-citric acid extender i.e., control did not receive any L-Carnitine and experimental groups having 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 ng/mL of L-carnitine at 37 C with approximately 50 x 106 sperm/mL. The semen was cooled at 4 C and then equilibrated (4 hours), filled in straws (0.5 mL) at4 C, placed on LN2 vapours for 10 min, and kept into an LN2 container. The thawed semen was evaluated for post-thaw quality. The integrity of the sperm plasma membrane and motility (P?0.05) was highest in the extenders having 1.0 ng/mL of L-carnitine as compared to the control(received no L-Carnitine). However, sperm chromatin integrity and viability(live sperm with intact acrosome) remained similar. It was concluded that supplementing 1.0 ng/mL L-Carnitine of extender can improve the post-thaw quality of cryopreserved sperm. Based on the results of the current experiments it is recommended to include L-carnitine extender to improve post-thaw quality of buffalo sperm in terms of its motility and integrity ofits plasma membrane. Keywords: Buffalo, Sperm, Cryopreservation, Extender, L-Carnitine, Artificial insemination.

Background Forests are very important for sequestering atmospheric carbon, and mangroves are amongst the most efficient carbon-sequestering ecosystems. In Bangladesh, several plantations of Sonneratia apetala have been raised, with large-scale plantations along the coastal belt. An individual-based model (KiWi model) was developed in order to analyze demographic processes in mangrove forests according to abiotic environmental factors, individual tree spacing, local tree-to-tree interactions, and intra-specific competition. In this study, we selected several silvicultural approaches (with or without thinning and with or without recruitment) to compare the development of planted forests in terms of forest management. Data obtained from the field monitors the output and parameterization of the model. Thinning normally avails more space and thus resources for growth, which leads to enhanced biomass increment. The objectives of this study were to identify the short-and long-term effects of thinning on carbon stocks in a mangrove plantation. Simulation experiments, tuned to observe the configurations of the study sites, provided a forecast of the stand development to be expected in the future. Results In this study, two thinnings were done at 15 and 20 years with a 0.5 m to 4.5 m radius while the annual sapling recruitment rate was kept at zero during thinning. Among the different thinning radii, 3.5 m radius thinning shows maximum aboveground carbon stocks in Sonneratia apetala, which is comparable to the 1.8 m stick radius thinning practised in Matang Mangrove, Malaysia for Rhizophora apiculata. In the case of Bangladesh coastal plantation, 2.5 m and 3.0 m thinning radius are perfect because 2.5 m and 3.0 m thinning radius contain an adequate number of trees and also produce above-ground carbon as much as 3.5 m thinning radius. Conclusions This experiment strongly supports that the KiWi model can mimic real dynamic growth patterns and thinning has an effect on carbon stock Simulation experiments, tuned to observe configurations of the study sites, provided a forecast of the stand development to be expected in the future.

Speaking English skills is a frightening thing for some English for Foreign Language Learners (EFL), including students at one of the universities in Jakarta. Even though they live and stay in Jakarta and its surroundings, which is the capital city of Indonesia with high job competition, there are still many students who have a low level of English speaking skills. This study aims to determine the relationship between English speaking skills and their closeness to English as seen from the 5 levels of students' proficiency in speaking English. This research uses the descriptive qualitative method. The subjects of this study were 2 classes with a total of 60 students at a university in Jakarta in the 2019-2020 school year. Researchers used tests, questionnaires, interviews, and literature studies as data collection techniques. While the data analysis technique used by researchers is using data triangulation. The results of this study indicate that the closer they are to English in their daily lives, both by frequently reading English articles, frequently watching English films, often listening to English music, the better the students' level of English speaking skills.

Lav is an autotransporter protein found in pathogenic Haemophilus and Neisseria species. Lav in nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is phase-variable: the gene reversibly switches ON-OFF via changes in length of a locus-located GCAA (n) simple DNA sequence repeat tract. The expression status of lav was examined in carriage and invasive collections of NTHi, where it was predominantly not expressed (OFF). Phenotypic study showed lav expression (ON) results in increased adherence to human lung cells and denser biofilm formation.

This study attempted to find out the determinants of shrimp production and to assess the effects of income from shrimp production on family income inequality in Khulna district of Bangladesh. Forty-five farmers were selected from the Bhanderkote union of Batiaghata Upazila under Khulna District. Among them 15 were small farmers, 22 were medium farmers and 8 were large farmers. Data were collected from May to July 2014 through face to face interview. Ordinary Least Square had been used to find out the determinants of shrimp production. Gini coefficient was measured to see the effects of family income inequality. Expenditure on shrimp fingerling, feed, lime, education, and hired labor were the important determinants and had significant effects on shrimp production. Shrimp farm incomes were equal among all categories of farmers (small, medium and large) and all farmers bear the value of Gini0.31, 0.24, 0.12 and 0.36 respectively. In the case of nonfarm incomes small, large and all farmers were relatively equal (G=0.49, G=0.42, and G=0.44 respectively) where the medium farmers (G=0.55) were relatively unequal. Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.7(1): 153-163, April 2020

In Bangladesh, 36% of children under the age of 5 are moderately or severely stunted, impeding the country’s overall public health outcomes. Some differences have been found in the associations of risk factors and two forms of stunting; therefore, investigating why these differences exist is necessary. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors for moderate and severe stunting in Bangladeshi children < 5 years old. Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2014 (BDHS 2014) data were analyzed in this study; the information of 7131 mother-child pairs was available. Height-for-age z-scores (HFAz) according to the World Health Organization (WHO) 2006 growth standards were used to define moderate (HFAz

The antimicrobial properties of honey have stimulated interest in evaluating it as an alternative to antibiotics for cryopreserved buffalo semen. Acacia nilotica, Brassica campestris and Ziziphus j...

Present study aimed to evaluate field fertility rate and calf sex ratio of Nili Ravi buffalo semen sexed through modified swim-up method (Animal Reproduction Science, 182, 2017, 69). For this purpose, five mature Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls kept at semen production unit, Qadirabad, Pakistan, were selected. Two consecutive ejaculates per week were collected with artificial vaginą for 3 weeks. Qualified semen ejaculates were pooled and divided into two aliquots. The first aliquot was processed by routine procedure (control), whereas the second was processed by modified swim-up technique. After separation, semen was diluted in tris-citric acid extender and cryopreserved using standard techniques. Sexed semen was evaluated for fertility trials during peak breeding season. Artificially inseminated animals were examined for pregnancy rate through rectal palpation at least 3 months after insemination under field conditions. Calving ratio of female and male calves were recoded after Parturition. The fertility rate was higher (p .05) in X-sorted sperm (70%) as compared with control (47%). The female calf ratio was higher (p .05) in X-sorted sperm (78.58%) compared with control (53.3%). In Conclusion, conception rate and production of female calf were significantly higher with sexed semen separated through modified swim-up method compared with unsexed control.

Lav is an autotransporter protein found in pathogenicHaemophilusandNeisseriaspecies. Lav in non-typeableHaemophilus influenzae(NTHi) is phase-variable: the gene reversibly switches ON-OFF via changes in length of a locus-located GCAA(n)simple DNA sequence repeat tract. The expression status oflavwas examined in carriage and invasive collections of NTHi, where it was predominantly not expressed (OFF). Phenotypic study showedlavexpression (ON) results in increased adherence to host cells, and denser biofilm formation. A survey ofHaemophilusspp. genome sequences showedlavis present in ∼60% of NTHi strains, butlavis not present in most typeableH. influenzae. Sequence analysis revealed a total of five distinct variants of the Lav passenger domain present inHaemophilusspp., with these five variants showing a distinct lineage distribution. Determining the role of Lav in NTHi will help understand the role of this protein during distinct pathologies.

Key physiological differences between bacterial and mammalian metabolism provide opportunities for the development of novel antimicrobials. We examined the role of the multifunctional enzyme S-adenosylhomocysteine/Methylthioadenosine (SAH/MTA) nucleosidase (Pfs) in the virulence of S. enterica var Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) in mice, using a defined Pfs deletion mutant (i.e. Δpfs). Pfs was essential for growth of S. Typhimurium in M9 minimal medium, in tissue cultured cells, and in mice. Studies to resolve which of the three known functions of Pfs were key to murine virulence suggested that downstream production of autoinducer-2, spermidine and methylthioribose were non-essential for Salmonella virulence in a highly sensitive murine model. Mass spectrometry revealed the accumulation of SAH in S. Typhimurium Δpfs and complementation of the Pfs mutant with the specific SAH hydrolase from Legionella pneumophila reduced SAH levels, fully restored growth ex vivo and the virulence of S. Typhimurium Δpfs for mice. The data suggest that Pfs may be a legitimate target for antimicrobial development, and that the key role of Pfs in bacterial virulence may be in reducing the toxic accumulation of SAH which, in turn, suppresses an undefined methyltransferase.

Purpose The purpose of this review was to provide a summary of the current agriculture determinants of economically important traits, and solutions for challenges in water buffalo production to maximize benefits for both producers and consumers. Sources A comprehensive literature search was conducted on the current state of knowledge of water buffalo published in high-quality peer-reviewed journals. The search revealed important progress in generation of knowledge about uses, economically important traits, challenges, and science-based solutions of water buffalo. Molecular determinants of key economically important traits such as longevity, disease resistance, milk production and quality, meat production and quality, growth and development, heat stress, and fertility are deciphered. Synthesis Water buffalo are important sources of food and fiber for the ever-increasing global human population. Drought-adapted water buffalo provide meat, and highly nutritious milk used to make cream, butter, yogurt, and cheese. Despite valuable contributions to agriculture and human well-being, there are current and emerging challenges and opportunities. High resolution sequencing of breeds and comprehensive annotation of the genomes are not yet available. In addition, there is a lack of fundamental knowledge about economically important traits including longevity, disease resistance, milk production and quality, meat production and quality, growth and development, heat tolerance, and fertility. With the advances in both basic science and technology, the gaps in the knowledge in these areas can be tackled with innovative research and systems biology approaches. In addition, the power of comparative animal and functional genomics can be harnessed to fill in the gaps. The core elements of sustainable solutions include education, innovative, transformative and translational research, and technology transfer. Conclusions and Applications Knowledge about the fundamental biology of water buffalo gives the power to improve sustainable, efficient, and profitable production. Although a considerable amount of information is available, providing new knowledge about the economically important traits will enable precision farming in water buffalo agriculture. New data and knowledge generated through the genome to phenome will uncover essential molecular, cellular, and physiological markers for marker-assisted selection and breeding to enhance the efficiency of reproduction and production as well as product quality. Future studies using systems physiology approaches will advance the science and technology for water buffalo. These new frontiers are important for empowering the next generation of animal scientists and the public as well as for food security on the global scale.

Streptococcus suis is a causative agent of meningitis, polyarthritis, and polyserositis in swine, and it is a major cause of zoonotic meningitis in humans. Here, we investigate epigenetic gene regulation in S. suis by multiple phasevarions controlled by the phase-variable type III DNA methyltransferase ModS., Streptococcus suis is a significant cause of bacterial meningitis in humans, particularly in Southeast Asia, and is a leading cause of respiratory and invasive disease in pigs. Phase-variable DNA methyltransferases, associated with restriction-modification (R-M) systems, are a source of epigenetic gene regulation, controlling the expression of multiple genes. These systems are known as phasevarions (phase-variable regulons) and have been characterized in many host-adapted bacterial pathogens. We recently described the presence of a Type III DNA methyltransferase in S. suis, ModS, which contains a simple sequence repeat (SSR) tract within the open reading frame of the modS gene and which differed in length between individual strains. We also observed that multiple allelic variants of the modS gene were present in a population of S. suis isolates. Here, we demonstrate that a biphasic ON-OFF switching of expression occurs in the two most common ModS alleles, ModS1 and ModS2, and that switching is dependent on SSR tract length. Furthermore, we show using single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing that ModS1 and ModS2 are active methyltransferases in S. suis. ON-OFF switching of each ModS allele results in the regulation of distinct phasevarions, with the ModS2 phasevarion impacting growth patterns and antibiotic resistance. This is the first demonstration of a phase-variable Type III DNA methyltransferase in a Gram-positive organism that controls a phasevarion. Characterizing the phenotypic effects of phasevarions in S. suis is key to understanding pathogenesis and the development of future vaccines. IMPORTANCE Streptococcus suis is a causative agent of meningitis, polyarthritis, and polyserositis in swine, and it is a major cause of zoonotic meningitis in humans. Here, we investigate epigenetic gene regulation in S. suis by multiple phasevarions controlled by the phase-variable Type III DNA methyltransferase ModS. This is the first characterized example of a Type III R-M system regulating a phasevarion in a Gram-positive organism. We demonstrate that biphasic ON-OFF switching of ModS expression results in differences in bacterial growth and antibiotic resistance. Understanding the effects of ModS phase variation is required to determine the stably expressed antigenic repertoire of S. suis, which will direct and inform the development of antimicrobial treatments and vaccines against this important pathogen.

Learning Media has a very important role in the lecture process. Currently, the State Polytechnic of Creative Media (Polymedia) is not maximal in Digitizing Learning Media, lecturers still use the lecture method in explaining Advertising Communication material, Polymedia should have multimedia and animate interesting lectures for students. The State Polytechnic of Creative Media, Jakarta campus, is the object of research. The specific objective of this research is the digitization of Learning Media in the Multimedia Animation-Based Advertising Communication course. The urgency of the research is the importance of computer-based multimedia in learning so that real efforts need to be made in order to improve the quality of learning so that learning objectives can be effectively achieved. This study uses the Multimedia Development Life Cycle (MDLC) method with six stages, namely: Design, Material Collecting, Assembly, Testing, and Distribution

Sperm sexing through flow-sorting technology is relatively expensive, requires considerable technical support and is actually not practicable in many developing countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of producing enriched pools of X or Y chromosome-bearing sperm by a modified swim-up method. For this purpose semen was collected from five mature Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls for a period of six weeks. The qualifying ejaculates were divided into two aliquots for further processing through modified swim-up or control (untreated). After processing, semen was cryopreserved in tris citric acid extender using standard techniques. Semen quality was assessed at pre dilution, post dilution and post thawing. Validation of technique was done by using SYBR® green real time PCR using two sets of primers, PLP and SRY for X and Y chromosome of buffalo genes, respectively. Sperm recovery rates, pre freeze and post thaw sperm quality were found significantly higher in X chromosome bearing sperm fraction than Y chromosome bearing fraction and control. Mean fold relative expression of X bearing sperm was significantly higher (4-5 fold) in X chromosome bearing fraction of supernatant than Y chromosome bearing fraction (0.06 fold), similarly mean fold relative expression of Y chromosome bearing sperm was significantly higher in Y chromosome bearing fraction (4 fold) of supernatant than X chromosome bearing fraction (0.15 fold) compared to control (1.00). In conclusion, a modified swim up method proved to be an effective method for Nili-Ravi buffalo sperm sexing as validated by real time PCR.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of omega-3 poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3 n-3) on the in vitro maturation (IVM) of buffalo oocytes and subsequent embryonic development. Buffalo cumulusoocyte complexes (COCs; n = 2282) were in vitro matured in TCM-199 (0.6% fatty acid free bovine serum albumin, 0.02 Units/ml FSH, 1 µg/ml 17-β-estradiol, 10 µg/ml epidermal growth factor, 50 µg/ml gentamicin) supplemented with 0 (control), 25, 50, 100, 150 or 300 µm ALA under an atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air at 38.5oC for 22-24 h. The matured oocytes were then fertilized in Tyrode’s Albumin Lactate Pyruvate (TALP) medium and cultured in synthetic oviductal fluid (SOF) medium. Concentrations up to 100 μm ALA improves (P ≤ 0.05) the cumulus expansion compared to control. Higher percentage of oocytes reaching MII stage was observed at 50 μm and 100 μm of ALA compared to control (P ≤ 0.05). Concentrations of 150 and 300 µm ALA were detrimental both for cumulus expansion and nuclear maturation rate of buffalo oocytes. Moreover, supplementation with 100 μm ALA improved (P ≤ 0.05) cleavage rate compared to control and treatment with 50 and 100 μm ALA yielded significantly higher morulae compared to control. The results of present study indicate that the supplementation with 100 μm ALA to the IVM medium improves nuclear maturation rate of buffalo oocytes and subsequent early embryonic development.

Salmonella isolates should be distinguished as it may assist in tracing the source of an outbreak and monitoring trends in antimicrobial resistance associated with a particular type. The specific detection of these Salmonella serotypes is therefore extremely important in order to attribute an isolate to a previously known epidemic outbreak. The present investigation was to isolate and identify S. Gallinarum, to study variation in the profile of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) and to determine in vitro antibiogram of S. Gallinarum in poultry. A total of 228 faecal samples and 22 visceral samples suspected for Salmonellosis were collected, of these 15 samples (6.0%) were found positive for S. Gallinarum. In the present study, rfbS gene sequence was helpful in the serotype-specific detection of S. Gallinarum giving a 187 bp product. Salmonella Gallinarum crude protein extracts determined by SDSPAGE showed migration of OMPs as several bands at approximate moleculer weights of appx. 45 kDa, 55 kDa, 64 kDa, 65 kDa, 74 kDa, 110 kDa, 120 kDa, 135 kDa, 150 kDa,155 kDa, 200 kDa and above 200 kDa. The study indicated a definite variation in the profile of OMPs of various Salmonella Gallinarum strains with major OMPs in the range of appx 80-100 kDa which could be the target for vaccine production. All the isolates tested against 14 antimicrobial agents showed variable susceptibility pattern with highest resistance to nalidixic acid, ampicillin and sulphadiazine and sensitivity to chloramphenicol, gentamicin and enrofloxacin.

Phase-variable DNA methyltransferases control the expression of multiple genes via epigenetic mechanisms in a wide variety of bacterial species. These systems are called phasevarions, for phase-variable regulons. Phasevarions regulate genes involved in pathogenesis, host adaptation and antibiotic resistance. Many human-adapted bacterial pathogens contain phasevarions. These include leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, such as non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae , Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria spp. Phase-variable methyltransferases and phasevarions have also been discovered in environmental organisms and veterinary pathogens. The existence of many different examples suggests that phasevarions have evolved multiple times as a contingency strategy in the bacterial domain, controlling phenotypes that are important in adapting to environmental change. Many of the organisms that contain phasevarions have existing or emerging drug resistance. Vaccines may therefore represent the best and most cost-effective tool to prevent disease caused by these organisms. However, many phasevarions also control the expression of current and putative vaccine candidates; variable expression of antigens could lead to immune evasion, meaning that vaccines designed using these targets become ineffective. It is therefore essential to characterize phasevarions in order to determine an organism’s stably expressed antigenic repertoire, and rationally design broadly effective vaccines.

Polymer concretehave been made based sand, pumice, epoxy resin, and singkut leaf fiber as fillers. The manufacture of polymer concrete uses block-shaped molds with a size of 100 mm x 20 mm x 10 mm with the press molding method using a hotpress. Variations in the composition polymer concrete of sand, pumice stone, singkut leaf fiber, and epoxy resin, namely 60:20:0:20 g, 60:18:2:20 g, 60:16:4:20 g, 60:14:6:20 g, 60:12:8:20 g, and 60:10:10:20 g. The variation in the composition was made into 2 groups of variations based on the concentration of NaOH used to singkut the leaves, namely the leaves with immersion of 5% NaOH and 13% NaOH. The polymer concrete then characterizes its physical properties (density and water absorption), mechanical properties (flexural strength, compressive strength, tensile strength), and SEM-EDX. The results of characterization carried out on concrete samples, show that the best composition is (60:18:2:20) g (5% NaOH content) with a density value of 1.74 g/cm3, water absorption of 0.34%, flexural strength. amounted to 37.07 MPa, compressive strength of 60.18 MPa, tensile strength of 8.33 MPa. The results of microstructure testing showed that the polymer concrete samples with a mixture of sand, pumice, epoxy resin, and singkut leaf fiber were mostly dominated by the element C (carbon).

Methionine (Met) is an amino acid essential for many important cellular and biosynthetic functions, including the initiation of protein synthesis and S-adenosylmethionine-mediated methylation of proteins, RNA, and DNA. The de novo biosynthetic pathway of Met is well conserved across prokaryotes but absent from vertebrates, making it a plausible antimicrobial target. Using a systematic approach, we examined the essentiality of de novo methionine biosynthesis in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, a bacterial pathogen causing significant gastrointestinal and systemic diseases in humans and agricultural animals. Our data demonstrate that Met biosynthesis is essential for S. Typhimurium to grow in synthetic medium and within cultured epithelial cells where Met is depleted in the environment. During systemic infection of mice, the virulence of S. Typhimurium was not affected when either de novo Met biosynthesis or high-affinity Met transport was disrupted alone, but combined disruption in both led to severe in vivo growth attenuation, demonstrating a functional redundancy between de novo biosynthesis and acquisition as a mechanism of sourcing Met to support growth and virulence for S. Typhimurium during infection. In addition, our LC-MS analysis revealed global changes in the metabolome of S. Typhimurium mutants lacking Met biosynthesis and also uncovered unexpected interactions between Met and peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Together, this study highlights the complexity of the interactions between a single amino acid, Met, and other bacterial processes leading to virulence in the host and indicates that disrupting the de novo biosynthetic pathway alone is likely to be ineffective as an antimicrobial therapy against S. Typhimurium.

Methionine (Met) is an amino acid essential for many important cellular and biosynthetic functions, including the initiation of protein synthesis and

Metabolomics is the sophisticated and high-throughput technology based on the entire set of metabolites which is known as the connector between genotypes and phenotypes. So, metabolomics clustering is important for metabolomics analysis. Hierarchical clustering algorithms are widely used successful unsupervised technique for analyzing Metabolomics data. Metabolomics data are collected using high-throughput technology that provides high dimensional data matrix which may contaminated by cell-wise and case-wise outliers. Traditional hierarchical clustering algorithms are highly sensitive to outliers and misleading clustering results in presence of those outliers. In this paper, an attempt is made to robustify hierarchical clustering algorithm using covariance matrix of Two Stage Generalized S-estimator (TSGS). Simulation study clearly indicates that the proposed method significantly improves the performance over the traditional hierarchical clustering approach in presence of those outliers; and almost same in absence of outliers.

Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) is the major cause of diarrhoea in neonatal animals. This study determined the prevalence, serological diversity, virulence gene profile and in-vitro antibiogram of ETEC isolates from diarrhoeic faeces of calves and lambs. The prevalence rate of ETEC in lambs was recorded 18.46 % with O8 as predominant serotype. However, in calves the prevalence rate was recorded 8.57 % with O15 and O26 as predominant serotypes. The antibiogram screening showed differential susceptibility pattern among ETEC isolates with highest resistance to ampicillin and highest sensitivity to enrofloxacin. In the present study, for the first time it was reported that the diarrhoea in calves and lambs occur due to virulent gene est not due to elt gene, which was absent in all the isolates.

The Red Jungle Fowl ( Gallus gallus murghi), a native species of Southern Asia is threatened by habitat destruction, egg collection, predation and genetic hybridisation. Semen banking is one of the reproductive techniques used for the conservation of endangered species. To develop a semen bank for Red Jungle Fowl, the impact of semen collection frequencies on spermatozoa must be known. The study evaluated the impact of four ejaculate collection frequencies (once in 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours) on semen quality parameters (volume, motility, concentration, live/dead ratio, acrosomal integrity and plasma membrane integrity) of Red Jungle Fowl semen. Sperm motility and concentration was higher ( P < 0.05) at 24, 48 and 72 hours of collection period compared to 12 hours. Semen volume increased ( P < 0.05) at 48 and 72 hours of collection compared to 12 and 24 hours of collection frequency. The sperm acrosomal integrity was higher ( P < 0.05) at 72 hours of collection compared to 12, 24 and 72 hours of collection frequency. The plasma membrane integrity was not affected by the frequency of collection ( P > 0.05). The number of live sperm were observed to be higher ( P > 0.05) at 12 hours of collection compared to 24, 48 and 72 hours. The overall semen output of all cocks was theoretically similar at a collection frequency of once in 48 hours and 72 hours in all of the semen quality parameters evaluated in this study. It is concluded that semen of optimum quality may be collected at 48 and 72 hours of interval for captive breeding programs of Red Jungle Fowl.