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2D carbides and nitrides-based nanomaterials because of their unusual physical and chemical properties and a vast range of energy-storage applications have attracted tremendous attention. However, 2D carbides and nitrides-based nanomaterials and their corresponding composites have many intrinsic constraints in terms of energy-storage applications. The nano-engineering of these 2D materials is widely investigated, to improve their performance for practical application. In this Review article, the current progress and research on 2D carbides and nitrides-based nanostructures are presented and debated, concentrating on their methods of preparation, and energy conservation applications for example Lithium-ion-battery, supercapacitors, and Sodium-ion-battery. In conclusion, the problems, and recommendations essential to be discussed for the progress of these 2D nanomaterials for energy-storage applications based on carbides and nitrides are displayed.

The consumption and depletion of energy and a rapid increase in its demand has led scientists to find new ways of energy resources. Hydrogen being abundant in nature has great potential to meet thi...

For several decades air pollution has been recognized to hit drastically the skin of human body. Air pollutants predominantly accountable for aging, oxidative damage, and inflammatory allergic reactions led to psoriasis, dermatitis, acne, and skin cancer owing to the impaired functions of DNA, proteins, and lipid biomolecules. Elevated air pollution and its detrimental effects along with variations in physiological parameters of the skin are verily the scaffold for anti-pollution assertions and could be recognized as markers. The present article encompasses the salient features of air pollution and UV radiations besides dreadful effects on human skin physiological parameters and some anti-pollution approaches.

Current Feedback plays a highly significant role in enhancing students’ learning. Feedback provision helps students grow and learn from their mistakes. Feedback also informs students about their strengths, weaknesses, and helps them in determining their level of success. It is, therefore, important to supply students enough information, useful for them to future their learning. In this context, the quantity of feedback provision is also important in addition to the quality of feedback as provides base. The researchers observed that this basic component of quantity of feedback provision is also in question in universities of Pakistan before moving to the most useful component of quality of feedback. This research was, therefore, conducted to examine the quantity of feedback practices in three universities of Multan city. The study further examines quantity of feedback provisions to students from the perspective of their gender and its association with their achievement. The study was descriptive in nature, so a questionnaire based on five-point Likert scale was used to collect data from the students. The population of the study included students from three selected universities of Multan city i.e., the largest one Bahauddin Zakariya University, and medium size Women University and Multan campus of the University of Education, Lahore. Population included of all students from three selected universities of Multan and a sample of 871 students was selected using the multistage cluster sampling method. Data were analyzed by using mean and standard deviation from descriptive statistics, along with independent sample t-test and correlation from inferential statistics. The key findings showed that the quantity of feedback provisions to students is not enough. It was also found that female students perceive that they get more quantity of feedback as compared to male students. Furthermore, results also revealed that quantity of feedback provisions and quantity of feedback provisions to students are positively associated with each other.

Breast cancer remains the leading cause of cancer related death in females worldwide. Metastatsis from breast primary are usually seen in lungs, bones and liver. Uncommon sites include adrenals, thyroid, spleen, pancreas and urinary bladder. Retroperitoneal metastasis are considered most unsual among breast cancer. We present the case of a treated breast cancer patient with a large reteroperitoneal lesion suggesting other aetiologies on imaging but proved to be metastasis on histopathology.

Aim: To determine the incidence of celiac disease (CD) in short-stature children reported to the Services Hospital, Lahore. Study design: A Descriptive cross-sectional study. Place and Duration: In the Pediatric Unit-II of Services Hospital, Lahore for one-year duration from November 2019 to November 2020. Methods: Children of short stature (height ≤ - 2 SD for mean or below the 3rd percentile due to age and gender) attending the Pediatric department were included after obtaining informed consent. A detailed interview and physical examination have been recorded. Appropriate studies were performed, including an antibody against tissue transglutaminase (IgA and IgG) by ELISA as a CD marker. The reasons for the short stature were recorded on the previously prepared proforma for the final analysis. Results: Of the 288 short stature patients, 151 (52.43%) were male with a male to female ratio of 1.1: 1. Nineteen (6.6%) patients had CD, 43 (14.9%) had hypothyroidism. and 28 (9.72%) with growth hormone deficiency (GHD). One of the GHD patients also suffered from CD. Similarly, among diagnosed cases of hypothyroidism, one was related to coexisting CD and diabetes. Of the 19 patients with CD, 11 were male and 8 were female, all were anemic (Hb Conclusion: CD should be considered in a child with short stature, especially if height is ≤ -2 SD below the mean for age and gender, even in the absence of gastrointestinal symptoms. In conclusion, the measurement of anti-tTG antibodies should be included in the diagnostic evaluation of a child with short stature.

Purpose: To determine the types of infections in primary nephrotic syndrome. Study design: A case series. Place and duration of study: In the Pediatric Department of Services Hospital, Lahore for one-year duration from November 2019 to November 2020. Subjects and methods: The study included 100 patients with infections in primary nephrotic syndrome admitted to both departments. Children 1-15 years old, first developing nephrotic syndrome and meeting the criteria of the International Study of Kidney Diseases of Children (ISKDC) (generalized edema, severe proteinuria> 40 mg / m2 / h, Hypoalbuminemia 250 mg / dL) were recorded in this study. Separate pro-forma was completed for each patient, which included an appropriate clinical history and examination, basic research, especially for case diagnosis and screening for signs of infection. Results: Of the 100 patients with primary nephrotic syndrome infections, 56% were male and 44% female, most of the patients younger than 5 years of age. The most common infections in this study were acute respiratory infections and urinary tract infections, occurring in 47% and 25%, respectively. Diarrhea was responsible for 12%, skin infections 5%, peritonitis 3%, and other infections (sepsis, pulmonary tuberculosis, intestinal fever, meningitis, chickenpox) 8%. Edema was found in all patients, fever in 86 patients, cough in 47 patients, dysuria in 20, vomiting in 13, diarrhea in 12, abdominal pain in 06, skin infection in 05, dehydration in 03 and seizures in 02 patients. Conclusion: Respiratory tract infection and urinary tract infection were two common infections in primary nephrotic syndrome. Key words: primary nephrotic syndrome, acute respiratory infection, urinary tract infection

Despite substantial progress made in the development of wound dressings, wound management remains a great challenge, which compels significant burden to the patient and healthcare system. Owing to its intricate pathophysiology particularly, wounds with bacterial burden impose substantial challenges to the conventional wound dressings, and hence, demands development of novel and more efficient wound healing modalities. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to design a novel thermosensitive hydrogel membrane composed of sodium alginate, poloxamer 407, pluronic F-127, and polyvinyl alcohol for accelerated wound healing. The developed hydrogel membranes were evaluated using 1HNMR, FTIR, SEM, XRD, TGA and DSC for sufficient cross-linking, surface morphology, tensile strength, mechanical properties, thermos-sensitivity and thermal stability. Moreover, the swelling properties, drug release behavior, gel fraction, water vapor transmission rate, and antibacterial proficiency of the developed hydrogel membrane were also investigated. The resulting analysis revealed that developed hydrogel membranes exhibited good mechanical properties and tensile strength to withstand the external frictional stress while covering the wound, exceptional swelling properties and surface porosity for sustained release of encapsulated drug (amikacin). Antibacterial results showed that amikacin-loaded hydrogel membranes exhibited significantly higher zone of inhibition against S. aureus and P. aregnosa. In accordance with our hypothesis, excisional animal model showed significantly higher wound healing efficacy of hydrogel membranes in terms of faster wound closure, greater re-epithelization, and granulation tissue formation compared with positive and negative control groups. Conclusively, the extensive evaluations clearly evidenced a promising wound healing potential of our novel alginate-based hydrogel membrane as an efficient wound healer for faster wound healing.

This investigation examines the influence of variable viscosity on peristaltic transport of tangent hyperbolic fluid with heat and mass transfer. Viscous dissipation and Joule heating have been taken. Temperature dependent viscosity is considered. An electrically conducting fluid is taken in symmetric inclined channel. Effect of heat and mass transfer are outlined. Channel inclination dominates gravitational effects such that the mixed convection is not ignored. Soret and Dufour effects are highlighted. The mathematical expressions are subject to lubrication approach. Decline in velocity is noticed with an increase in magnetic field and gravitational effects. Whereas larger values of Soret and Dufour number raise the temperature and heat transfer rate. The graphs in present communication have been sketched directly using NDSolve built in routine of Mathematica.

To look into the factors responsible for delay in presentation of Iimb ischemia patients to a vascular surgeon.The prospective cohort study was conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from October 01, 2016, to August 10, 2018. Patients coming with delayed presentation of both acute and chronic limb ischemia were included. All the patients were assessed by qualified vascular surgeons. SPSS 23 was used for data analysis.Of the 55 patients, 33(60%) had acute and 22(40%) had chronic limb ischaemia. Mean age of acute cases was 44±23.72 years and it was 60±12.49 years for chronic cases. Overall, the commonest reason behind delay was non-referral by primary physician which was the case with 11(33.3%) patients in the acute group, and 13(59%) in the chronic group. The limb loss in the acute group was 20(60%) and 8(36%) in the chronic group..Delayed presentation of patients with limb ischaemia is mainly due to non-referral. A robust campaign needs to be launched to reduce the rate of limb loss.

The prevalence of eating disorders among University students has been on rise throughout the world. The present descriptive cross sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of eating disorders among the female students of pharmacy department at University of Sargodha, Pakistan using well established EAT-26 questionnaire. The study included 177 female undergraduate pharmacy students from all five years of Pharm D. An EAT-26 score over 20 was indicator of disturbed eating behavior. Out of the total 177 students who participated the study, 47 (26.6%) students had disturbed eating behavior. The mean EAT-26 score was 14.7. According to BMI calculations, 31.64% of total individuals were underweight, 59.32% normal, 6.78% overweight and 2.26% belonged to obese category. The prevalence of eating disorders was found to be much higher than the studies conducted at developed countries. There is an urgent need of an effort to increase awareness of such disorders among students and general public. Conduction of such study at other institutes and at larger scale is recommended.

Background: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is associated with highest mortality rates of all the genitourinary tumors with increased incidence in the past few decades. It is heterogenous tumor with several histological types. Main diagnostic approach is radiological imaging followed by histopathology.Methods: It is a retrospective study conducted at a tertiary care cancer hospital in Pakistan. We reviewed the record of all the RCC patients in terms of age, gender, radiological manifestation of tumor size, polarity, laterality, stage including nodal status, metastasis and histological type.Results: Our study included 149 patients of RCC. Mean age of presentation was 57 years with a male predominance. The most common stage of presentation was stage 3 seen in 41% patients followed by stage 1 in 37% patients. nodal metastasis was observed in around 13% patients and distant metastasis in 8% patients. Also, majority of the patient had histological subtype of clear cell CA (63%) followed by papillary CA (33%).Conclusions: Epidemiological features of renal cell CA are observed over a period of 5 years representing our population. The current trends show variation from those observed in developed countries depicting the struggle of healthcare awareness in developing countries.

Unemployment is a major issue all over the world in both developed and under developed countries. This study analyzes those factors which determine unemployment in Pakistan. The data is taken from1990-2015 to see the empirical relationship between GDP, Population, Technical & Vocational education, degree colleges and universities enrollment. ARDL (Auto Regressive Distributed Lag) approach is used to check the determinants of unemployment in Pakistan. Long run results show that there is a negative relationship between GDP and unemployment. Population has positive and significant relation and technical & vocational education has positive and insignificant relation with unemployment in Pakistan. The results of Short run ECM-1(Error correction model) show that the negative and significant relationship with unemployment. The CUSUM and CUSUMQ (Graph) are represent that model is structurally stable within critical bound at 5% level of significance.