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В статье актуализируется системный научный подход, отражающий процессы взаимодействия в системах «преподаватель ‒ студент», «студент ‒ студент». Авторы анализируют интегративные и динамические характеристики такой социальной системы межличностных отношений в условиях вуза, выявляют психолого-педагогические условия раскрытия потенциала академических занятий в вузе, предлагают рассматривать компоненты структуры управления педагогическим творчеством преподавателя в комплексе, показывают взаимосвязь воспитания и сотрудничества с педагогической ситуацией и учебно-профессиональной деятельностью студентов-психологов.

Поведінка керівника впливає на робочий клімат та ефективність досягнення співробітниками визначених завдань. При цьому токсична поведінка менеджменту та нехтуванням відповідними заходами щодо формування позитивного клімату у колективі можуть негативно впливати на розвиток компанії. Авторами зазначено, що формування сприятливого організаційного клімату в компанії повинно базуватись на постулатах стратегії взаємовідносин «лідер-послідовник», яка спрямована на покращення робочого середовища, відносин між керівництвом та підлеглими, а також лояльності персоналу. Актуальність даного дослідження полягає у необхідності аналізі особливостей організаційного клімату як цінності, що сприяє підвищенню якості взаємовідносин між керівництвом та співробітниками, а також якості робочого середовища. Головною метою дослідження є оцінювання впливу опосередкованої ролі організаційного клімату у взаємовідносинах між керівництвом та співробітниками на лояльність співробітників. Обʼєктом дослідження є банки, які зацікавлені у формуванні високоякісних взаємовідносин між керівництвом та співробітниками. Теоретичною основою дослідження є результати аналізу основних теорій, які ґрунтуються на базових концепціях, теоретичних передумовах та сучасних дослідженнях. Детерміновану вибірку даних сформовано на основі результатів опитування 384 респондентів, які працюють у комерційних банках Куала-Лумпура (Малайзія). Для аналізу даних авторами застосовано методи описової статистики, кореляційного аналізу та моделювання структурних рівнянь з використанням інструментарію програмного забезпечення IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) та SMART PLS 3. У ході дослідження встановлено статистично значущий звʼязок між організаційним кліматом та взаємовідносинах між керівництвом і підлеглими, а також лояльністю персоналу. Враховуючи отримані результати, доцільним є подальше дослідження лояльності працівників на прикладі організацій Азії та Заходу. Результати дослідження мають практичне значення для низки організацій та можуть бути прийняті до впровадження при формуванні стратегії управління людськими ресурсами при відборі та збереженні високолояльних працівників. Supervisory behaviour has influenced a better working climate, which has led to the employees' desire to achieve a favourable outcome for the business involved. If the leaders do not contribute constructive behaviour, the staff may desire a poor outcome. Banks were chosen because they participate in a high-quality endeavour to build leader-member exchange relationships among workers. By examining employees' citizenship behaviour, the findings of this study could be used to improve the quality of leader-member exchange and the work environment. An effective organizational climate must incorporate the leader-member exchange strategy to improve employees' working environments, leaders-followers relationships, and employees' citizenship behaviour. The importance of this study is to determine that organizational climate is a visible value that has been in existent within the employee's behaviour and action. This study aims to assess the mediating role of the organizational climate on the relationship between leader-member exchanges on organizational citizenship behaviour. Reviewing underpinning theories based on underlying concepts, theoretical background, current definitions, and various types of collaborative writing gathered from the educational setting resulted in a theoretical framework. The quantitative and purposive sampling methods have been used to achieve the research questions and hypothesis. Samples were taken that amounted to 384 respondents in the commercial banks, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Descriptive statistics analysed the variables, correlation and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and SMART PLS 3. Findings of this study reveal that organizational climate has a positive relationship with significant levels on the leader-member exchange and organizational citizenship behaviour. This study suggests that it be pursued further in the Asian and Western contexts due to the development of organizational citizenship behaviour. Because it is fundamental for many organizations to develop their company profile to achieve good changes so that human resource management is strategized in the hiring and retaining system for highly committed employees to organizations.

Статтю присвячено аналізу маркетингових підходів промоціїкосметологічної продукції під час COVID-19 з погляду теорії утилітаризму і кантіанства. Встановлено, що однією з причин поширення негативних наслідків впливу COVID-19 є нехтування населенням країн питань етики та рівноправності. Неспроможність виявити етичні проблеми впровадження відповідних заходів попередження COVID-19 спричинила масову втрату людських життів. У роботі висунута гіпотеза про необхідність врахування етичних та моральних особливостей залучення людей до споживання продуктів, що є корисними для здоров’я з при формуванні плану заходів з зменшення негативного впливу COVID-19. Встановлено, що утилітаризм та кантіанство є найбільш популярними етичними теоріями, в яких викладені чіткі та дієві принципи поведінки споживачів. Обґрунтовано напрями промоції косметологічної продукції з теорії з погляду теорії утилітаризму, які можуть сприяти підвищенню споживання косметичних засобів та зниженню негативного впливу на здоров’я населення COVID-19. На прикладі реклами косметичних товарів країн Європи та Азії, встановлено, що теорії утилітаризму та кантіанства мали позитивний вплив на споживачів під час COVID-19. У ході дослідження авторами доведено, що досліджувані теорії найбільш ефективно сприяли визначенню цінності та вартості косметичних товарів суспільством. Однак, авторами зазначено, що перш, ніш прийняти теорію утилітаризму чи кантіанства, суспільство повинно мати чітке розуміння, якими є переваги означених теорій в промоції товарів. Результати дослідження дають підстави стверджувати, що для забезпечення дотримання етичних стандартів при розробленні нових та інноваційних маркетингових стратегій, тактик та практик в умовах пандемії COVID-19, необхідно застосовувати етичні теорії у всіх сферах. Крім цього, маркетингові агенції повинні використовувати аристотелівські етичні цінності при формуванні рекламних кампаній. In a pandemic, there are no egalitarians because all citizens cannot treat equally, and a failure to consider ethical concerns before taking action led to a massive and preventable loss of life. As a result of the pandemic, there is a strong ethical or moral imperative to consider how to help the most generous people usage healthy products. Utilitarianism and Kantian have become popular ethical theories that state the right actions that layout clear and actionable principles. This paper reviews (1) how Utilitarianism and Kantianism theories could produce benefit arguments on ethical purchases of cosmetic products from an advertising context, (2) how these theories contributed in the context of COVID-19 to help reduce any harmful health issues via advertising, and (3) Utilitarianism and Kantian theories have proven useful during the COVID-19 pandemic, according to case studies of cosmetics products and advertising in Western and Asian contexts. In addition to these two ethical theories, this paper discussed other issues. The purpose is not to argue which theory is the only relevant ethical theory but to contend with pure utilitarianism. Kantian's finding was similar to the topic argument in other ways. However, both theories reviewed as the most effective way to help societies identify and perceive the necessary costs of goods values. Before adopting utilitarian or Kantian theories, the community must clearly understand these two theories' merit values in product advertising. In such a crisis, ethical theories practices should implement in all areas because ethical challenges would determine whether or not advertisers around the world adhered to ethical standards in devising new and innovative marketing strategies, practices, or tactics for the transition to this new norm.

Background and Design: The objective of this study was to investigate the wound healing activity of different concentrations of liposomal trans-resveratrol formulations on incisional and excisional wounds in rats. Materials and Methods: The wound healing effect was tested by an excisional and incisional wound model. Wound closure was measured for 12 days. On the 12th day of the study, maximal load, maximum stress, stress, and % of elongation values were evaluated in the incisional wound. In addition, angiogenesis, granulation tissue thickness, epidermal and dermal regeneration values, and macroscopic photographic analyses were evaluated in the excisional wound. Results: When the wound tissue surface healing rates were evaluated, similar effects were observed at the end of the 10th and 12th days between the 5% Res group and the commercial product containing 1% Centella asiatica extract used as the reference molecule. Histological evaluation showed that 1% Res and 5% Res groups induced significant wound healing activity compared to the control group. Furthermore, 1% Res and 5% Res groups increased wound healing rates by promoting granulation tissue, epidermal, and dermal regeneration as well as angiogenesis. Conclusion: Liposomal formulations containing 1% and 5% resveratrol were found to have positive effects on the healing process, both on excisional and incisional wound tissues. © Copyright 2019 by Turkish Society of Dermatology and Venereology

The interaction between various cultivar candidates were developed by breeding programs and different environmental conditions are important. This criterion that demonstrates the real performance ofgenotypes. It can be revealed that which genotypes are better to adapt good environmental conditions, where genotypes are better to adapt unsuitable environmental conditions or which genotypes are showing good or poor stability in all locations by means of genotype × environment interaction. In this study, it is aimed to determine the performances of some fruit quality characteristics and yield components of local promising winter squash cultivar candidates (55ÇA15, 55ÇA06and 57Sİ21) which are developed by selection breeding methods from Black Sea Region winter squash populations in three different ecological conditions (Bafra, Tekkeköy and Sal?pazar?) of Samsun province. It was determined that there were significant differences wintersquash genotypes and locations in terms of fruit dimensions and fruit rind thickness values. However, fruit flesh color and total soluble solid content (TSS %) values were not statistically significant. In comparison with the yield values of the pumpkin cultivar candidates, 57Sİ21 (21 t ha-1) showed the best performance. This genotype was followed by 55ÇA15 (17 t ha-1) and 55BA03 (17 t ha-1). In terms of average fruit weight, 57Sİ21 genotype was found to be more stable than the other genotypes due to below 1 regression coefficient, positiveregression constant, Sd2 value close to 0 and 0.86 r2 value. Similarly, 57Sİ21 was found to be more stable than Ar?can-97 cultivar in fruit flesh hardness. As a consequence; 57S?21 genotype compared toother genotypes; yield and fruit number values were higher and fruit weight, and fruit flesh firmness values were found to be more stable.It was determined the most promising genotype for Samsun ecological conditions.In the next years, cultivar registration procedure for this genotype will be initiated. Thus, a new winter squash cultivar will be released into production for Turkey. © 2019, Centenary University. All rights reserved.

Background: Obesity is the main obstacle for metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Turkey has the highest prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes in Europe. The effect of obesity on the metabolic control, and the macro-and microvascular complications of patients are not apparent. Objectives: This nationwide survey aimed to investigate the prevalence of overweight and obesity among patients with type 2 diabetes and to search for the impact of obesity on the metabolic control of these patients. We also investigated the independent associates of obesity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: We consecutively enrolled patients who were under follow-up for at least 1 year in 69 tertiary healthcare units in 37 cities. The demographic, anthropometric, and clinical data including medications were recorded. Patients were excluded if they were pregnant, younger than 18 years, had decompensated liver disease, psychiatric disorders interfering with cognition or compliance, had bariatric surgery, or were undergoing renal replacement therapy. Results: Only 10% of patients with type 2 diabetes (n = 4,648) had normal body mass indexes (BMI), while the others were affected by overweight (31%) or obesity (59%). Women had a significantly higher prevalence of obesity (53.4 vs. 40%) and severe obesity (16.6 vs. 3.3%). Significant associations were present between high BMI levels and lower education levels, intake of insulin, antihypertensives and statins, poor metabolic control, or the presence of microvascular complications. Age, gender, level of education, smoking, and physical inactivity were the independent associates of obesity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Conclusion: The TEMD Obesity Study shows that obesity is a major determinant of the poor metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. These results underline the importance of prevention and management of obesity to improve health care in patients with type 2 diabetes. Also, the results point out the independent sociodemographic and clinical associates of obesity, which should be the prior targets to overcome, in the national fight with obesity. (c) 2019 The Author(s) Published by S. Karger AG, Basel C1 [Sonmez, Alper; Haymana, Cem; Demirci, Ibrahim] Univ Hlth Sci, Gulhane Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, TR-06018 Ankara, Turkey. [Yumuk, Volkan] Istanbul Univ, Cerrahpasa Med Fac, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Istanbul, Turkey. [Barcin, Cem] Univ Hlth Sci, Gulhane Sch Med, Dept Cardiol, Ankara, Turkey. [Kiyici, Sinem] Univ Hlth Sci, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training & Res Hosp, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Bursa, Turkey. [Guldiken, Sibel] Trakya Univ, Med Fac, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Edirne, Turkey. [Oruk, Gonca] Izmir Katip Celebi Univ, Ataturk Educ & Res Hosp, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Izmir, Turkey. [Saydam, Basak Ozgen] Dokuz Eylul Univ, Med Fac, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Izmir, Turkey. [Baldane, Suleyman] Selcuk Univ, Med Fac, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Konya, Turkey. [Kutluturk, Faruk] Gaziosmanpasa Univ, Med Fac, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Tokat, Turkey. [Kucukler, Ferit Kerim] Hitit Univ, Med Fac, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Corum, Turkey. [Deyneli, Oguzhan] Marmara Univ, Med Fac, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Istanbul, Turkey. [Cetinarslan, Berrin] Kocaeli Univ, Med Fac, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Kocaeli, Turkey. [Sabuncu, Tevfik] Harran Univ, Med Fac, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Urfa, Turkey. [Bayram, Fahri] Erciyes Univ, Med Fac, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Kayseri, Turkey. [Satman, Ilhan] Istanbul Univ, Med Fac, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Istanbul, Turkey. [Ayturk, Semra] Trakya Univ, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Edirne, Turkey. [Yilmaz, Murat] Corlu REYAP Private Hosp, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Corlu, Turkey. [Asik, Mehmet] Canakkale 18 March Univ, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Canakkale, Turkey. [Dinccag, Nevin; Cakmak, Ramazan; Turker, Fulya; Idiz, Cemile; Hacisahinogullari, Hulya; Bagdemir, Elif; Yildiz, Busra; Haliloglu, Ozlem] Istanbul Univ, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Cerrahpasa, Turkey. [Sancak, Seda] Univ Hlth Sci, Sch Med, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training & Res Hosp, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Istanbul, Turkey. [Ozsari, Levent; Cagiltay, Eylem] Univ Hlth Sci, Sch Med, Sultanabdulhamit Training & Res Hosp, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Istanbul, Turkey. [Imre, Eren] Marmara Univ, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Istanbul, Turkey. [Sait Gonen; Boysan, S. Nur] Istanbul Sci Univ, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Istanbul, Turkey. [Altuntas, Yuksel; Ozturk, Feyza Yener] Univ Hlth Sci, Sch Med, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training & Res Hosp, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Istanbul, Turkey. [Mert, Meral; Piskinpasa, Hamide] Univ Hlth Sci, Istanbul Bakirkoy Dr Sadi Konuk Training & Res Ho, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Istanbul, Turkey. [Aydin, Hasan] Yeditepe Univ, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Istanbul, Turkey. [Ersoy, Canan; Oz Gul, Ozen] Uludag Univ, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Bursa, Turkey. [Selek, Alev] Kocaeli Univ, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Kocaeli, Turkey. [Dogru, Teoman; Kirik, Ali] Balikesir Univ, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med, Balikesir, Turkey. [Kebapci, Nur; Efe, Belgin] Eskisehir Osmangazi Univ, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Odunpazari Eskisehir, Turkey. [Kaya, Ahmet; Cordan, Ilker] Necmettin Erbakan Univ, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Konya, Turkey. [Kirac, Cem Onur] Selcuk Univ, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Konya, Turkey. [Capa, Zehra] Univ Hlth Sci, Gulhane Sch Med, Ankara, Turkey. [Capa, Zehra] Gulhane Training & Res Hosp, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Ankara, Turkey. [Cesur, Mustafa] Private Guven Hosp, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Ankara, Turkey. [Yetkin, Ilhan] Gazi Univ, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Ankara, Turkey. [Corapcioglu, Demet; Canlar, Sule] Ankara Univ, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Ankara, Turkey. [Yildiz, Okan Bulent; Sendur, Suleyman Nahit] Hacettepe Univ, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Ankara, Turkey. [Cakir, Bekir; Ozdemir, Didem] Yildirim Beyazit Univ, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Ankara, Turkey. [Corakci, Ahmet] Ufuk Univ, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Ankara, Turkey. [Kutlu, Mustafa] Private Bayindir Hosp, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Ankara, Turkey. [Bascil Tutuncu, Neslihan; Bozkus, Yusuf] Baskent Univ, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Ankara, Turkey. [Cakal, Erman] Univ Hlth Sci, Sch Med, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training & Res Hosp, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Ankara, Turkey. [Demirbas, Berrin] TOBB Univ, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Ankara, Turkey. [Ertek, Sibel] Private Mem Hosp, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Ankara, Turkey. [Altay, Mustafa; Dagdeviren, Murat] Univ Hlth Sci, Sch Med, Kecioren Training & Res Hosp, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Ankara, Turkey. [Abedi, Amir Hassein] Erciyes Univ, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Kayseri, Turkey. [Cetinkalp, Sevki; Ozisik, Hatice] Ege Univ, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Izmir, Turkey. [Yener, Serkan] Dokuz Eylul Univ, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Izmir, Turkey. [Guney, Engin; Unubol, Mustafa] Adnan Menderes Univ, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Aydin, Turkey. [Yaylali, Guzin Fidan; Topsakal, Senay] Pamukkale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Denizli, Turkey. [Hekimsoy, Zeliha] Celal Bayar Univ, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Manisa, Turkey. [Akbaba, Gulhan] Mugla Univ, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Mugla, Turkey. [Aslan, Ibrahim] Univ Hlth Sci, Antalya Training & Res Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Antalya, Turkey. [Balci, Mustafa Kemal; Dalkiran, Sefika] Akdeniz Univ, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Antalya, Turkey. [Akbay, Esen] Mersin Univ, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Mersin, Turkey. [Gul, Kamile] Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Kahramanmaras, Turkey. [Agbaht, Kemal] Private Defne Hosp, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Antalya, Turkey. [Yilmaz, Muge Ozsan] Mustafa Kemal Univ, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Antakya, Turkey. [Bozkirli, Emre] Baskent Univ, Adana Training Hosp, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Ankara, Turkey. [Tetiker, B. Tamer; Cetinkaya Altuntas, Seher] Cukurova Univ, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Adana, Turkey. [Atmaca, Aysegul; Durmus, Elif Tutku] 19 Mayis Univ, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Samsun, Turkey. [Mete, Turkan] Univ Hlth Sci, Sch Med, Samsun Training & Res Hosp, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Samsun, Turkey. [Dikbas, Oguz] Giresun Univ, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Giresun, Turkey. [Akin, Safak] Recep Tayyip Erdogan Univ, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Rize, Turkey. [Nuhoglu, Irfan; Ersoz, Halil Onder] Karadeniz Tech Univ, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Trabzon, Turkey. [Bayraktaroglu, Taner] Bulent Ecevit Univ, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Zonguldak, Turkey. [Sisman, Pinar] Kars Harakani State Hosp, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Kars, Turkey. [Sahin, Ibrahim; Cetin, Sedat] Inonu Univ, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Malatya, Turkey. [Capoglu, Ilyas; Akbas, Emin Murat] Erzincan Univ, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Erzincan, Turkey. [Ucler, Rifki] Yuzuncu Yil Univ, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Van, Turkey. [Eren, Mehmet Ali] Harran Univ, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Sanliurfa, Turkey. [Tuzcu, Alpaslan Kemal; Pekkolay, Zafer] Dicle Univ, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Diyarbakir, Turkey. [Ozkaya, Mesut] Univ Hlth Sci, Sch Med, Gaziantep Ersin Arslan Res & Training Hosp, Gaziantep, Turkey. [Araz, Mustafa] Gaziantep Univ, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Gaziantep, Turkey. [Salman, Serpil] Liv Hosp Ulus, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Istanbul, Turkey. [Dizdar, Oguzhan Sitki] Kayseri Educ & Res Hosp, Dept Internal Med, Kayseri, Turkey. [Gurkan, Eren] Mustafa Kemal Univ, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Antakya, Turkey. [Kargili Carlioglu, Ayse] Erzurum Reg Educ & Res Hosp, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Erzurum, Turkey.

The interaction between various cultivar candidates were developed by breeding programs and different environmental conditions are important. This criterion that demonstrates the real performance ofgenotypes. It can be revealed that which genotypes are better to adapt good environmental conditions, where genotypes are better to adapt unsuitable environmental conditions or which genotypes are showing good or poor stability in all locations by means of genotype × environment interaction. In this study, it is aimed to determine the performances of some fruit quality characteristics and yield components of local promising winter squash cultivar candidates (55ÇA15, 55ÇA06and 57Sİ21) which are developed by selection breeding methods from Black Sea Region winter squash populations in three different ecological conditions (Bafra, Tekkeköy and Sal?pazar?) of Samsun province. It was determined that there were significant differences wintersquash genotypes and locations in terms of fruit dimensions and fruit rind thickness values. However, fruit flesh color and total soluble solid content (TSS %) values were not statistically significant. In comparison with the yield values of the pumpkin cultivar candidates, 57Sİ21 (21 t ha-1) showed the best performance. This genotype was followed by 55ÇA15 (17 t ha-1) and 55BA03 (17 t ha-1). In terms of average fruit weight, 57Sİ21 genotype was found to be more stable than the other genotypes due to below 1 regression coefficient, positiveregression constant, Sd2 value close to 0 and 0.86 r2 value. Similarly, 57Sİ21 was found to be more stable than Ar?can-97 cultivar in fruit flesh hardness. As a consequence; 57S?21 genotype compared toother genotypes; yield and fruit number values were higher and fruit weight, and fruit flesh firmness values were found to be more stable.It was determined the most promising genotype for Samsun ecological conditions.In the next years, cultivar registration procedure for this genotype will be initiated. Thus, a new winter squash cultivar will be released into production for Turkey. © 2019, Centenary University. All rights reserved.

Aims: Turkey has the highest prevalence of diabetes in Europe. It is therefore essential to know the overall cardiovascular risk and reveal the predictors of metabolic control in Turkish adults with diabetes mellitus. Methods: A nationwide, multicenter survey consecutively enrolled patients who were under follow up for at least a year. Optimal control was defined as HbA1c < 7%, home arterial blood pressure (ABP) < 135/85 mmHg, or LDL-C < 100 mg/dL. Achieving all parameters indicated triple metabolic control. Results: HbA1c levels of patients (n = 5211) were 8.6 ± 1.9% (71 ± 22 mmol/mol) and 7.7 ± 1.7% (61 ± 19 mmol/mol), in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, respectively. Glycemic control was achieved in 15.3% and 40.2%, and triple metabolic control was achieved in 5.5% and 10.1%, respectively. Only 1.5% of patients met all the criteria of being non-obese, non-smoker, exercising, and under triple metabolic control. Low education level was a significant predictor of poor glycemic control in both groups. Conclusions: Few patients with Type 2, and even fewer with Type 1 diabetes have optimal metabolic control in Turkey. TEMD study will provide evidence-based information to policy makers to focus more on the quality and sustainability of diabetes care in order to reduce the national burden of the disease. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.

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The study, which is frequently discussed organizational attitude and behaviours in the literature, direct and indirect effects of organizational justice, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction, are studied through a holistic model. But this study is varied from other studies as carrying out Defense Industry. It is aimed to have all effects on the variables by choosing structural equations modeling. Research problem is whether job satisfaction of employees working in Defense Industry has an impact by organizational justice and organizational commitment. Data collected by surveys are analysed via SPSS and AMOS programs and some recommendations are made to manager and employees in both sector and general. When results are evaluated in the general sense, for the employees, who work in Defend Industry, the organizational justice affects job satisfaction partly. As a result, it is concluded that organizational justice partially affects job satisfaction, and the organizational commitment plays a mediator role in the relations.

The aim of this study was to describe our experience with benign parapharyngeal space tumours resected via a transcervical route without mandibulotomy and to investigate associated postoperative sequelae and complications. The study investigated and analysed the retrospective charts of 44 patients who underwent surgery for benign parapharyngeal space tumours over a 10-year period. The diagnosis was reached in all patients with clinical and radiologic findings; preoperative fine-needle aspiration biopsy was not performed in any case. The preferred means of accessing the parapharyngeal space in all patients was a transcervical route. In 5 of these patients, transparotid extension was performed due to the position of the tumour. Tumours were classified radiologically as poststyloid in 27 cases and prestyloid in 17 cases. The final histopathologic diagnosis was vagal paraganglioma in 16 cases, pleomorphic adenoma in 13 cases, schwannoma in 10 cases and comparatively rarer tumours in the remaining 5 cases. In three patients, cranial nerve paralysis was observed during preoperative evaluation. Permanent cranial nerve paralysis occurred in 19 cases (43.2%) in the postoperative period, the majority of which were neurogenic tumours such as vagal paraganglioma (n = 16) and schwannoma (n = 2), and one case of non-neurogenic parapharyngeal tumour. The median duration of follow-up was 61 ± 33 months. There was no local recurrence in any patient during the follow-up period. A transcervical approach should be the first choice for excision of parapharyngeal space tumours, except for recurrent or malignant tumours, considering its advantages of providing direct access to the neoplasm, adequate control of neurovascular structures from the neck and optimal aesthetic outcomes due to preservation of mandibular continuity with minimal morbidity and hospitalisation time.Scopo del presente studio è di descrivere la nostra esperienza riguardo i tumori benigni della regione parafaringea sottoposti a resezione chirurgica per via transcervicale senza mandibulotomia e valutarne le complicanze post-operatorie. Questo studio analizza retrospettivamente una serie di 44 pazienti sottoposti ad intervento chirurgico per tumori benigni della regione parafaringea nell'arco temporale di 10 anni. La diagnosi è stata formulata in tutti i pazienti sulla base dei dati clinici e radiologici; in nessun caso è stato utilizzato lo studio citologico su agoaspirato (FNAB). In tutti i casi l'approccio di scelta alla neoformazione è stato quello transcervicale. In 5 pazienti è stato necessario un allargamento alla regione parotidea per via della localizzazione anatomica della lesione. I tumori sono stati classificati radiologicamente in post-stiloidei in 27 casi e in prestiloidei in 17 casi. La diagnosi istopatologica definitiva è risultata in 16 casi di paraganglioma vagale, in 13 casi di adenoma pleomorfo, in 10 casi di schwannoma e di tumori relativamente rari nei rimanenti 5 casi. In tre pazienti è stata osservata paralisi di nervi cranici nel pre-operatorio. Paralisi permanente di nervi cranici è stata osservata in 19 casi (43.2%) nel post-operatorio, nella maggioranza di casi si trattava di tumori neurogenici quali paragangliomi del vago (n:16) e schwannoma (n:2) e in un caso di tumore non-neurogenico della regione parafaringea. Il periodo medio di follow up è stato di 61 mesi (SD +/- 33.10) e in questo lasso di tempo non sono state osservate recidive locali di malattia in nessun paziente. L'approccio per via transcervicale dovrebbe costituire il trattamento chirurgico di prima scelta nei tumori della regione parafaringea eccezion fatta per le forme ricorrenti o maligne. I vantaggi sono legati all'accesso diretto alla regione parafaringea, adeguata esposizione chirurgica delle strutture neurovascolari del collo, miglior risultato estetico associato al mantenimento della continuità della mandibola e ridotte morbidità ed ospedalizzazione.

Bu çalışma, 21-23 Nisan 2016 tarihlerinde Antalya[Türkiye]’düzenlenen International Conference on Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences (ICANAS) Kongresi‘nde bildiri olarak sunulmuştur. In this note, some new Simpson-type inequalities for functions whose derivatives of absolute value are quasi-convex functions with the help of Riemann-Liouville fractional integrals are obtained. Also by special selections of n and alpha we give some reduced results. Ordu Üniversitesi British Association for Psychopharmacology

In the present investigation, bacterial isolates from infected apricot trees grown in the vicinity of Erzurum (Turkey) were studied. A total of 104 bacterial isolates were obtained from diseased apricot samples and identified as Pseudomonas spp. Most of these strains (75 of 104) proved to belong to the genus Pseudomonas upon further identification. The results of the HR (hypersensitive reaction) and pathogenicity tests showed that 67 of the strains belonged to P. syringae pv. syringae, whereas the others were HR negative and non-pathogenic on apricot. Data of resistance studies suggested that none of the tested apricot cultivars were resistant to P. syringae pv. syringae. It was determined that the most susceptible cultivar was Hacihaliloglu and the tolerant cultivars were Sekerpare, Roxana and Hasanbey., Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) [TOVAG-107 O 181]; Ataturk University Research Foundation [BAP: 2007/67], This study was supported by The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) under the project TOVAG-107 O 181 and Ataturk University Research Foundation (BAP: 2007/67). This work was presented at IV. Bitki Koruma Kongresi, Kahramanmaras, Turkey.

It is accepted that globalization, frequently confused with internationalization in higher education and science is inevitable wave of the future but is in fact something totally different. Modem technology, the internet the increasing ease of communication and the flow of students and highly educated personnel across borders enhances globalization. Therefore, from this respects almost all of the academic systems have to change their strategies in 21st century. Awaraness and acceptance of the inequlities in science and education is so important and is the starting point for the internationalization. Another one is the amelioration of such negative situations and integration with the other education units. In this study, globalization, internationalization, localization and the strategies based on these facts of Agri Ibrahim Cecen University is discussed. © Medwell Journals, 2014.

Essential oil vapours from Thymus spicata, Thymbra spicata var. spicata, Mentha spicata var. formosa and Mentha spicata subsp. tomentosa were tested for their toxicity against the adults of Sitophilus granarius (L.). Essential oils were applied at the doses of 2, 3 and 4 ?1 in desiccators with 4 1 capacity, corresponding to 0.5, 0.75 and 1 ?1/l air. Although desirable insecticidal activities against the pest were achieved with all the essential oils tested, the oil of M. spicata subsp. tomentosa was found the most effective at a dose of 0.5 ?l/l air and an exposure period of 48 h. On the other hand, the oils from M. spicata subsp. tomentosa and M. spicata var. formasa had similar effects at the doses of 0.75 and 1 ?1/1 air and the exposure periods of 24, 36 and 48 h. For each of the plant essential oils tested, the toxicity against adult S. granarius was dose- and exposure time-dependent. A 100% mortality rate in adult S. granarius was achieved only with M. spicata subsp. tomentosa and M. spicata var. formasa essential oils at the dose of 1 ?1/1 air and the exposure periods of 36 and 48 h. It can thus be concluded that essential oils from M. spicata subsp. tomentosa and M. spicata var. formasa may be potential control agents against S. granarius in storage facilities.

Idiopathic Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (ITHS) is a very rare cause of painful ophthalmoplegia characterized by unilateral orbital pain, ipsilateral oculomotor paralysis and prompt response to steroids. In this paper we report 4 additional cases of ITHS. This rare cause of painful ophthalmoplegia effects the cranial nerves due to a granulomatous lesion of unknown etiology in the cavernous sinus or superior orbital fissure. The International Headache Society redefined the diagnostic criteria for ITHS but it is still mostly a diagnosis of exclusion. Careful evaluation and follow-up is essential for diagnosis. Optimal therapy duration and dosage and prophylactic treatment in recurrent cases needs further research.

Acetone extract of Sideritis trojana and ent-kaurene diterpenoids 7-epicandicandiol, and 18-acetylsideroxol showed toxicity against Acanthoscelides obtectus and Sitophilus granarius while 7-epicandicandiol diacetate showed toxicity against Ephestia kuehniella. The P-values' tests were carried in order to show statistical significance of dose and time against insects. Insecticidal activity increased with amount of doses for A. obtectus, however it did not increase with time. The similar results were observed for Sitophilus granarius while the mortality percentages of E. kuehniella increased with both amount of doses and time, however, after 96th hour, toxicity of compounds almost did not change oil the latter insect. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

WOS: 000231928600006 Characteristic features of Nosema phyllotretae infecting Phyllotreta atra collected in Gumushane, Turkey are given in this paper. Fixed and stained spores are oval, 4.08 +/- 0.56 (range, 2.90 similar to 5.20) mu m in length and 2.53 +/- 0.33 (range, 1.80 similar to 2.90) mu m in width (n = 50) with 14 coils of the polar filament. The spore wall is 110 to 175 nm thick and made up of a clear endospore (90 to 125 nm) and a uniform exospore (50 to 64 nm). The anterior region of the polaroplast is thinly lamellar. The ultrastructural features of Nosema phyllotretae differ from those of other chrysomelid parasitic microsporidia.

Altica oleracea and Altica deserticola are different flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) feeding on different host plants. Morphological variation was studied within both males and females of ten populations of A. oleracea and A. deserticola. 12 out of 15 variables were found to be significant in the model to discriminate between two species. Morphological differences were detected between the sexes, species and populations collected from different localities.

HARİCİ YUK TAŞIMANIN TRANSONIK SÜRAT BÖLGESİNDE HESAPLAMALI ANALİZİ ÖZET Harici yüklerin aerodinamik karakteristiklerinin doğru belirlenmesi dizayn mühendislerinin üzerinde önemle durduğu bir konudur. Serbest uçuş veya karmaşık akış alanlarında arzu edilen aerodinamik niteliklere sahip etkili bir harici yük tasarımının başarılması tamamen mühendisin yeteneğine bağlıdır. Karmaşık akış bölgesinde bu gibi harici yüklerin bir veya birkaçı tarafından yaratılan aerodinamik kuvvetler modem jet uçaklarının sürat, menzil ve maksimum havada kalışlarını önemli ölçüde etkiler. Harici yük taşıma ve ayrılma ile ilgili problemler mevcut uçaklar serviste kaldıkça veya yeni harici yükler servise girdiği sürece önemini sürdürecektir. Harici yüklerin taşınması ve bu yüklerin uçaktan ayrılması tamamen yükün uçak gövdesi veya kanadı ile olan aerodinamik ilişkisine bağlıdır. Harici yük ile uçak arasındaki karşılıklı etkileşim geometriler arasındaki akış alanını daima etkiler. Bu ilişki veya karşılıklı etkileşim modern jet uçaklarının sıklıkla kullandıkları transonik sürat bölgesinde daha bir önem kazanır. Çünkü akış alanındaki bu karmaşıklık, uçağın sürati arttıkça daha da artar. Dolayısıyla, harici yük taşıma ve bu yükün ayrılması konusunda en karmaşık akış alanlarından biri de harici yük ve uçak transonik sürat bölgesinde iken oluşur. Transonik sürat bölgesi çok karmaşıktır çünkü bu bölge matematiksel anlamda tabii nonlineer olup zamana bağlı olmayan çözüm akış alanının matematiksel karakteristiğini değiştirir; ses altı bölgede eliptik ses üstü bölgede ise hiperboliktir. Transonik sürat bölgesinde şok dalgalan oluşur ve oluşan şok dalgaları birbirleri ile etkileşir. Bununla beraber, hücum açısının etkisi veya şok-sınır tabaka etkileşimi nedeniyle akış alanında ayrılmalar da görülebilir. Kısaca, transonik sürat bölgesindeki karmaşık akış alanları ve bu alanların geometrilere olan aerodinamik etkisi bu çalışmanın ana konusudur. Transonik sürat bölgesinde NACA64A010 kanadı ile bu kanadın altına harici yük olarak yerleştirilen, ön ve arka kısmı `ogive` olarak tabir edilen bir şekle sahip, kısaca OCO (Ogive Cylinder Ogive) olarak adlandırılan bir silindirle oluşturulan geometrideki akış alanı, çeşitli hücum açılarında ve farklı OCO pozisyonlarında incelenmiştir. Bu problemin analizinde diğer pek çok analiz metodları arasından hesaplamalı akışkanlar dinamiği (CFD- Computational Fluid Dynamics) kullanılmıştır. Bilgisayar donanım ve çözüm algoritmalanndaki hızlı ilerlemeler karmaşık akış problemlerini CFD'yi kullanarak çözmeyi mümkün kılmaktadır. CFD, havacılık sektöründe önemli bir rol oynar çünkü etkili bir dizayn aracı olarak deneysel testlerin çok daha önüne geçmeyi başarmıştır. Bununla beraber, CFD deneysel rüzgar tüneli çalışmaları ve bu çalışmalarda kullanılacak modellerin üretilmesi ile karşılaştırıldığında oldukça ucuz ve ekonomiktir. Buna rağmen yinede bir takım xıvmaliyetler vardır ve bu tip karmaşık akış alanlarının çözümlenmesi uzmaklık gerektirmektedir. Son yirmi yılda CFD alanındaki hızlı gelişmeler nedeniyle, akışkanlar mekaniğinde kullanılan kısmi diferansiyel denklemlerin çözümünde kullanılan etkili kodlar ortaya çıkmıştır. Gün be gün, CFD ile karmaşık akışların analizi ve çözümü çok daha pratik hale gelmektedir. CFD'nın amacı çeşitli metodları kullanarak akış alanını temsil eden bir takım kısmi diferansiyel denklem sistemlerini çözmektir. CFD çözümlerinde gerekli olan esas eleman ise akış denklemlerinin üzerinde çözüldüğü gridin diğer bir deyimle meshin oluşturulmasıdır. CFD ile ilgili en temel sınırlama üç boyutlu kompleks geometriler için uygun gridin oluşturulmasıdır. Kanat ve gövde, kanat ve harici yük, kanat ve yük taşıma sistemlerinin oluşturduğu geometriler kompleks geometriler olarak adlandırılır. Kompleks geometriler düzgün olmayan, birleşik olan veya olmayan çoklu bileşenlerden oluşabilir. Uygun bir grid geometrilerin sınırlarını doğru bir şekilde temsil etmeli ve hesaplanacak akış şartlarına uygun olmalıdır. Dolayısıyla, kompleks geometriler için tek bir grid üretmek oldukça zor bir görevdir yada oluşturulmuş düzgün olmayan bir grid hatalı sonuçların elde edilmesine neden olacaktır. Diğer zorluklar, akışm ve akışla ilgili değerlerin ani değiştiği bölgelerde grid noktalarının uygun dağılımı söz konusu olduğunda açığa çıkar. Bu gibi problemleri azaltmak ve gridin oluşturulmasını kolaylaştırmak için araştırmacılar tarafından çeşitli yaklaşımlar kullanılmıştır. Bunlar, `unstructured grid`, `grid adaptation` ve `domain decomposition` teknikleridir. Bir `domain decomposition` tekniği alt dalı olan `grid overlapping` metodu bu çalışmada kompleks geometriler arasındaki karmaşık akışın incelenmesinde kullanılmıştır. `Domain decomposition` tekniği, kısaca DDT, kompleks geometriler için grid oluşturma elastikiyetini arttırır ve buna bağlı olarak karmaşık özellikleri olan akış alanının analiz ve simüle edilebilmesini sağlar. DDT, akış alanını uygun düzenlemeler ile kolaylıkla grid oluşturulabilecek daha basit alt alanlara böler. Benzer olmayan grid yapıları birbirinden bağımsız olarak oluşturulabilir ve grid uyumsuzluklarının ortadan kaldırılmasında kullanılır. DDT, farklı alt alanlar için farklı çözüm metodlarının kullanılmasına da olanak sağlar. Ayrıca bu teknik, çok çeşitli şekillerdeki geometrilerin etrafındaki akışların çözümlerini mümkün kılar ve bu geometriler ana gövde veya harici yük olarak da temsil edilebilir. Bundan başka, bu tekniğin yardımı ile basit bir şekilde oluşturulan grid, akış alanındaki kritik bölgelerin temsil edilmesine müsade eder. Bu tekniğin en büyük katkısı çoklu kompleks geometriler arasındaki karmaşık akışın analizini ve çözümlenmesini mümkün kılmasıdır. Deneysel tekniklerde mümkün olmayan bu tip akışların analizlerini mümkün kılması açısından çok önemlidir. Örneğin, Schlieren fotoğrafları her zaman mümkün değildir ve buhar püskürtülerek elde edilen fotoğraflar yeterli bilgi sağlama açısından oldukça sınırlıdır. Temelde üç çeşit `domain decomposition` tekniği mevcuttur. Bunlar, `multiblock`, `zonal veya patched` ve `overlapped` methodlarıdır. Dördüncü bir metod olarak `degenerate zonal method` söylenebilir. Bu metod `multiblock`, `zonal veya patched` metodlarının bir takım özelliklerini taşır. `Overlapping method`u akış alanını üst üste çakıştıran veya ortak fiziksel ve hesaplama alanını paylaşan bir metod şeklinde ortaya çıkar. Bu metodla oluşturulan bölgede, grid smır noktaları arasında gerçekleştirilen interpolasyon sayesinde gerekli xvbilgi transferi yapılarak gridler arası haberleşme sağlanır. Bu metod akış bölgesinde kullanılan ikincil yada basit alt gridlerin bir biri ile bitişik olmasını gerektirmez, böylece bir grid kısmen veya tamamen diğer bir grid ile birleştirilebilir. Bu metod gridlerin sınırlan etrafında devamlı grid çizgileri gerektirmeden bağımsız bir şekilde oluşturulmasına olanak sağlar. Çünkü her alt veya ikincil grid birbirinden bağımsızdır ve bu sayede karmaşık akış bölgelerinde grid oluşturulması oldukça kolaylaşır. Her alt grid oluşturulacak özel birleştirilmiş gride uygun olmak şartıyla farklı grid üretme teknikleri kullanılarak üretilebilir. Bu özellikle farklı bölgelerde yoğun olması istenen gridlerin üretilmesinde oldukça yararlıdır. Bu çalışmada N AC A64 AO 10 kanadı ve OCO ile oluşturulan kompleks geometriye ait grid, `grid overlapping` methodu ile elde edilmiş olup, bu geometri arasında ve etrafındaki akış 0.95 Mach'da incelenmiştir, iki boyutlu çözümler farklı hücum açıları ve farklı harici yük pozisyonlarında hesaplanmıştır. Kanat ve OCO için `C` tipinde ve `structured` gridler birbirlerinden bağımsız olarak elde edilmiştir. Daha sonra, MaGGiE adlı bir kod sayesinde bu iki gridden iki boyutlu kompozıt bir grid elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca MaGGiE kodu, gridler arası haberleşme için gerekli düzenlemeyi sağlamıştır. Bu alt gridler kompozit bir grid oluştururken birbirleri içinde üst üste çakıştıkları bölgelerde delikler oluştururlar. Bu gridler arasında oluşturulan deliklerde üzerine çakıştıkları gride ait noktalar çözümden çıkarılıp sadece o geometriye ait gridin çözümde kullanılmasına olanak sağlanır. Sonuçlar göz önüne alınarak denilebilir ki MaGGiE kodu, CFL3D için oldukça uygun bir kompozit grid üretmektedir ve bu çalışmada çok etkin bir şekilde kullanılmıştır. Çözümü düşünülen akışın karakteristiğine ve geometrilerin çeşitliliğine rağmen karmaşık akış problemlerini çözen ve doğru bir şekilde simüle eden sayısal algoritma kullanılmalıdır. Bu algoritma mevcut bilgisayar kaynaklarına daha fazla yük olmadan herhangi bir rastgele kompleks geometriye ait akış problemini çözebilecek elastikiyet ve yeteneğe sahip olmalıdır. Çözülecek denklem sistemi ve bu denklem sistemlerinin bilgisayar kodu tarafından çözülebilecek uygun bir forma sokulması söz konusu çözüm algoritması için mutlaka gereklidir. Algoritmanın etkinliği arzu edilen bir diğer özelliktir. Sonlu hacim metodunu (Finite Volume Method) ve `structured` gridleri kullanan ve 1980'li yıllarda geliştirilen CFL3D kodu yukarıda sıralanan tüm özelliklere sahip olup son versiyonu, versiyon 6.0 bu çalışmada kullanılmıştır. CFL3D (Computational Fluids Laboratory 3 -Dimensional) kodu ilk başta harici akışların aerodinamik analizler için geliştirilmiştir. Bu kod, zamana bağımlı ince tabaka Navier Stokes denklemlerini çözebilecek kapasitededir. Yaklaşım olarak `semi discrete finite volume` yaklaşımı kullanılmaktadır. Konvektif ve basınç terimleri için `upwind` metodu kullanılmaktadır. Zaman adımı `implicit` olup zamana bağlı veya zamana bağlı olmayan akışları çözebilmektedir. Bundan başka, pek çok türbülans modeli sağlanmış olup ayrıca çoklu gridlerin kullanımını mümkün kılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada `Inviscid Euler` denklemleri zamana bağımlı olmayan, ve bir önceki paragrafta bahsedilen `implicit` ve `upwind` teknikleri kullanılarak çözülmüştür. `Euler` denklemleri viskoz etkilerin az olduğu ve ısı transferinin ihmal edilebildiği durumlarda kullanılabilir. Inviscid akışlarda ise çok güçlü ve çeşitli şoklar meydana gelir ki bu son zamanların en kapsamlı CFD araştırmasını oluşturmaktadır. `Implicit` şeması şekli itibari ile oldukça düzensiz olan grid bölgelerindeki zaman xvıadımı sınırlamalarını hafifletir. ''Upwind7' metodu ise Roe'ya ait FDS (Flux Difference Splitting) şeması olup yüksek sürat değişimlerinin gerçekleştiği şok bölgesinde uygun sonuçların elde edilmesini ve bu bölgelerde osilasyonların ve stabilitesizliklerin üstesinden gelinmesine katkı sağlar. Sonlu hacimler yöntemini kullanmak da oldukça yarar sağlamaktadır. Bu yöntemin formülasyonu integral haldeki korunum kanunlarını sağlayan denklemlerle başlar. Ayrıca bu metod geometriye bağlı kalmadan oldukça etkili bir elastikiyet sağlar ve gridlerın oluşumunda karşılaşılan bir takım zorlukların üstesinden gelinmesinde oldukça faydalıdır. Karmaşık akış alanlarının incelenmesi, kompleks geometriye ait çeşitli hücum açıları ve harici yük pozisyonlarında elde edilen sonuçlara ait Mach ve basınç kontürlerinin çizilip sunulması ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Zamana bağımlı olmayan bu çözümlerde, her bir geometri üzerindeki basınç katsayısı değişimi de çizilerek tartışılmıştır. Ayrıca her çözüme ait yakınsama grafiklerine de yer verilmiştir. Bunun yanında konuyu daha iyi anlayabilmek için taşıma, sürükleme ve moment katsayılarındaki değişimlerle birlikte hesaplama zamanları da karşılaştırma yapılarak sunulmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlar oldukça gerçekçidir ve elde edilen sonuçların ışığında CFL3D'nin bu çalışmanın ana konusu olan karmaşık akış probleminin analizinde çok etkili olduğu görülmüştür. Buna rağmen, elde edilen sonuçlar iki boyutlu olup üç boyutlu çözümlere nazaran üçüncü boyutun yatay etkisinden yoksundur. Yinede, bu iki boyutlu sonuçlar, mevcut problemi anlama ve analiz etmede yeterlidir ve elde edilen bu zamana bağımlı olmayan sonuçlar zamana bağımlı yük ayrılma problemleri için bir başlangıç şartı olarak kullanılabilir. Bundan başka, elde edilen sonuçlan karşılaştırabilecek bir deneysel veri bulunmamaktadır fakat bu çalışmada sunulan ilk çözüm literatürde mevcut bir problem ile aynı niteliklere sahip karşılaştırma yapılmak için seçilmiştir. Yinede, her türlü problemin analizi için sadece bir CFD çalışması yeterli değildir, elde edilen sonuçların deneysel verilerle karşılaştırılması ve desteklenmesi gerekmektedir. Yeni harici yüklerin kullanıma sunulması ve envanterdeki uçakların bu yükler ile uygunluğunun araştırılması her zaman önemli bir konu olmaya devam edecektir. Harici yük taşıma ile ilgili veya harici yük taşımanın devamı niteliğindeki en önemli problemlerden biride bu harici yüklerin paylon veya silah taşımayı sağlayan uçak üzerindeki yuvalardan emniyetle ayrılmasıdır. Gelecekteki araştırmalarda manevra yapan bir uçaktan bırakılacak harici yükler probleme ekstra bir fiziksel karmaşıklık katacaktır ve dolayısıyla bu tip problemlerin önemi sürekli gündemde kalacaktır. xvıı COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF EXTERNAL STORE CARRIAGE IN TRANSONIC SPEED REGIME SUMMARY Accurate prediction of aerodynamic characteristics of store shapes is of paramount importance to the airframe designer. The accomplishment of the mission is highly dependent on engineers' ability to design an effective store shape with desirable aerodynamic qualities, both in free flight and interference flowfield. The interference flowfield, in which aerodynamic forces are generated by one or more of these external stores have a great influence on the speed, range and endurance of modern fighters. Problems related to external store carriage and separation will continue to be important since existing aircraft remain in sendee or new stores are put in service. The carriage and release of the store from the parent aircraft is highly dependent on its aerodynamic relationship with the wing or the body. This relationship, or mutual interference, is mostly pronounced in the transonic speed regime where modern tactical fighters often operate. The mutual interference between the external store and aircraft always affects the flowfield between the bodies. These interference effects increase with the increase in the aircraft's speed. Consequently, one of the most complex flows encountered in a store carriage and separation scenario may be the one in which the airplane/store is in transonic speed regime. The transonic speed regime is very complicated because it is inherently nonlinear, and steady solution changes mathematical types, being elliptic in the subsonic portion of the flow and hyperbolic in the supersonic part of the flow. In the transonic speed regime, shock waves will exist and interact. In addition to this, the airflow may separate due to angle of attack effects or shock and boundary layer interaction. These interference flowfields in transonic speed regime are the primary concern of this study. The interference flowfield between NACA64A010 airfoil and Ogive Cylinder Ogive (OCO) combination at various angles of attack and different OCO locations is investigated in transonic speed regime. Among the many other methods to analyze this phenomenon, Computational Fluid Dynamics is used. Rapid advances in computer hardware and architecture have made it possible to solve complex flow problems using Computational Fluid Dynamics, commonly known as CFD. CFD plays a dominant role in the aerospace field because of the realization that CFD is an effective design tool that complements and goes beyond experimental tests. Additionally, CFD is relatively inexpensive as compared with the fabrication and the testing of experimental wind tunnel models. However, there are costs involved and expertise is needed to calculate flowfields over such complex geometries. Due to the rapid development of CFD in the last twenty years, efficient solvers capable of solving the partial differential equations of fluid flow by finite difference, finite element and finite volume techniques have evolved. On an everyday basis, it has become very practical to solve and analyze complex flows by means of CFD.The objective of CFD is to solve the system of partial differential equations that govern the fluid flow using discrete methods. An essential element of CFD solutions is the construction of a grid or in other words mesh on which the flow equations are solved in a finite form. A major limitation in CFD is the generation of a suitable grid for three-dimensional complex configurations. Configurations, such as a wing and a fuselage, a wing and a store and a wing and a nacelle, are recognized as complex configurations. These complex configurations may consist of multiple bodies with nonsmooth, joint or disjoint components. A suitable grid must accurately represent the boundaries of the configuration and conform to the expected flow conditions. Consequently, constructing a single grid for a complex configuration is either a difficult task or it may result in a skewed grid that in turn results in an erroneous solution. Other difficulties may also arise when clustering the grid for the regions where the flow variables and their gradients change rapidly. Several different approaches have been used by researchers to reduce this complexity and ease the grid generation efforts. They are unstructured grids, grid adaptation and domain decomposition techniques. A domain decomposition method called grid overlapping is used in this study. The domain decomposition technique, which is commonly known as DDT, increases the flexibility of grid generation for complex configurations and in turn enhances the ability to simulate and analyze the flowfield with complicated features. DDT subdivides the flow domain into simpler sub-domains that accept easily constructed grids with appropriate grid refinement. Nonsimilar grid topologies, generally independent of each other, can be generated and used to improve grid deficiencies. DDT allows employment of different solution methods for different subdomains. The domain decomposition technique makes it possible to solve the flow around various shapes and models can be considered for the external store and the parent body. Furthermore, the simplicity of grid generation by using this technique allows representing the critical regions of a flowfield with very fine grids. The biggest contribution of domain decomposition technique may be the possibility of analyzing and understanding the interference flowfield that exist between multiple complex configurations. This is very important since these types of flows pose enormous challenges for experimental techniques. For example, Schlieren photographs are not always available and vapor screen photographs are limited in providing information. There are three basic types of domain decomposition technique: multiblock, zonal or patched methods and overlapped methods. A fourth method, the degenerate zonal method, can be derived to have some of the features of the multiblock and some of those of zonal methods. The overlapping method entails dividing the flow domain into regions that overlap or share common physical and computational space. Within the overlapped region, the grids communicate through data transference by an interpolation procedure. This method allows the subdomains to be disjointed so that one mesh may be embedded completely or partially within another. This procedure permits each subdomain to be meshed independently with no requirements of continuous grid lines across boundaries. Because each subdomain grid is independent of another, the grid generation task is greatly reduced for complicated flow regions. Each subdomain grid can be created using different grid generation techniques suitable for that particular domain. This is especially beneficial for subdomains that require high grid densities. XIThe grid overlapping method of DDT is used in this study in order to examine the interference flowfield between NACA64A010 airfoil and OCO combination at 0.95 Mach. The two-dimensional results are obtained at different angles of attack and various store locations. The C type, structured grids for airfoil and OCO are obtained independently. Then, a two-dimensional composite overlapped grid is created from these individual subdomain grids by means of the code MaGGiE, which provides the necessary information for intergrid communication. The subdomain grids create holes in each other in which they are overlapped. In the composite grid, the base grid in the holes is excluded from the solution and only overlapped grids are used in the holes. It can be said that the composite grid generator MaGGiE is very suitable for CFL3D and effectively used in this study. A numerical algorithm that accurately simulates and solves complex flow problems must be used with regard to types of geometries and characteristics of flows being considered. The algorithm must possess the ability and the flexibility to consider any arbitrary complex configurations without further burden on available computer resources. The governing equations being solved, the discretization and the difference methods of these equations are also essential elements of the solution algorithm Efficiency of the algorithm is another desirable feature that must be addressed. A finite volume solver for the structured grids, developed in the early 1980's and called CFL3D, has all of these features and its new version, 6.0, is used as the flow solver in this study. CFL3D, an acronym for the Computational Fluids Laboratory 3-Dimensional flow solver, has been developed primarily as a tool for external aerodynamics analysis. It can solve the time dependent conservation law form of the Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes equations. The spatial discretization involves a semi-discrete finite volume approach. Upwind biasing is used for the convective and pressure terms. Time advancement is implicit with the ability to solve steady or unsteady flows. Multigrid and mesh sequencing are available for convergence acceleration. Moreover, numerous turbulence models are provided and multiple block topologies are possible with the use of one to one blocking, patching, overlapping and embedding. In this study, the Inviscid Euler equations are solved by implementing a steady state, implicit, approximately factored, upwind biased method. Euler equations can be used when the viscous effects are small and the heat transfer can be neglected. Inviscid flows, where various types of shocks may exist in the flowfield, make up a large portion of the recent CFD research. The implicit scheme eases the restriction on the time step for highly stretched grids. The upwind method of flux difference splitting of Roe, which is used for the inviscid Euler equations, is useful in obtaining crisper resolution of the high flow gradients, such as shocks. In addition, it has the advantage of being naturally dissipative and separate spatial dissipation terms need not be used to overcome oscillations or instabilities arising in regions of high gradients. It is also beneficial to discretize Euler equations using a finite volume method. The finite volume formulation begins with the integral equations and satisfies the integral conservation laws. Thus, it remains valid in the presence of large gradients in the flowfield and satisfies the conservation laws. Also, the finite volume discretization allows more flexibility with regard to the geometry, and it is tolerant of grid singularities. xnThe demonstration of the interference fiowfield between an airfoil and OCO is accomplished by plotting the Mach and pressure contours obtained at various angle of attacks and different store locations in two-dimensional flows. The steady state Cp distributions of the bodies and convergence histories of cases are also presented. In order to understand the interference fiowfield of this complex configuration, the change in lift, drag and moment coefficients are discussed, and the computation rate and total run time for cases are presented. The results show that CFL3D is capable of analyzing the proposed problems. However, they are two-dimensional results, which do not allow the lateral relieving effect of axisymmetric or three-dimensional flows. These results are sufficient to understand interference fiowfield of such complex configurations, and they can be used in unsteady store separation problems as the initial cases. Moreover, there is no experimental data to validate these computational results, but the first case is chosen to make comparison with results in the literature. Nevertheless, there is no single method that has been verified for a complete range of complex geometry problems. As a result, development and verification of CFD methods always require experimental data. As new stores are put in service or investigations of aircraft and new store compatibility will continue to be important since existing aircraft remain in service. One of the most important problems associated with store carriage is the safe separation of stores from a pylon or weapon bays of aircraft. The release of stores from maneuvering aircraft with additional chances of physical interference also remains an important phenomenon for future investigation. xin 64