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Görsel kaynaklar tarih araştırmalarında ve öğretiminde büyük bir öneme sahiptir. Tarih eğitiminde görsel kaynaklar doğası gereği soyut olan tarihi bilgiyi somutlaştırarak onu yeni kuşaklar için daha anlaşılır bir hale getirmekte aynı zamanda öğrencilerin yaratıcı düşünce ve hayal gücünün gelişmesinde yardımcı olmaktadır (Smirnova ve Romanov, 2007: 1). Öğrencilerin görsel analiz becerilerini geliştirmek sadece tarih derslerindeki kavrama ve başarı düzeyleri açısından değil aynı zamanda yaşam boyu öğrenme becerilerinin gelişimi açısından da önemlidir. Çünkü bu alanda iyi olan bir kişi, çevresinde gördüğü eylemlerin, objelerin ve sembollerin farklılığını anlayabilmekte ve onları daha doğru yorumlayabilmektedir (Alpan, 2008: 76-77). Öğrencilerin görsel analiz becerilerinin gelişiminde en önemli unsur tabi öğretmenlerdir. Görsellerin öğretmenler tarafından tarih derslerinde doğru kullanımı öğrencilerin görsel analiz ve görsel okuryazarlık becerilerini olumlu yönde etkileyecektir. Bu araştırmanın amacı tarih ve sosyal bilgiler öğretmen adaylarının görsel analiz düzeylerini tespit etmektir. Çalışmada nitel durum araştırması yöntemi ve iç içe geçmiş tek durum deseni kullanılmıştır. Çalışma grubuna Atatürk Üniversitesi Kazım Karabekir Eğitim Fakültesi Tarih Eğitimi ve Sosyal Bilgiler Eğitimi son sınıf öğrencileri dâhil edilmiştir. Veri toplama aracı olarak araştırmacılar tarafından hazırlanmış “Görsel Analiz Düzeyi” çalışma kâğıdı kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda öğretmen adaylarının büyük çoğunluğunun tarihsel görselleri analiz ederken tanımlama düzeyindeki görevlerde dahi zorlandıkları, görseller hakkında derinlemesine ve detaylı analizler yapamadıkları, genellikle kısa ifadeler ve açıklamalar kullandıkları, akademik bir tavır sergileyemeyerek kaynağa duygusal bir bakış açısı ile taraflı bir şekilde yaklaştıkları dolayısıyla sergiledikleri görsel analiz becerilerinin aldıkları eğitime kıyasla yeterli olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Abstract: Visual resources has a great importance in historical research and teaching. Visual resources makes historical knowledge, which is abstract by nature, more understandable for new generations by making it concrete at the same time help students develop creative thinking and imagination (Smirnova ve Romanov, 2007: 1). Helping students develop visual analysis skills is necessary not only in terms of comprehension and achievement levels, but also important for the development of lifelong learning skills. A person who is good in visual analysis can easily understand the diversity of actions, objects and symbols he/she witnesses in daily life and interpret them more correctly (Alpan, 2008: 76-77). The most important element in the development of visual analysis skills of students are the teachers. The proper usage of the visuals in history lessons by teachers will have a positive impact on students’ visual analysis and visual literacy skills. The aim of this research is to determine History and Social Studies teacher candidates’ level of visual analysis skills. An embedded single-case design was used in this qualitative case study. The senior students from two departments, History Education and Social Studies Education, at Atatürk University, Kazım Karabekir Education Faculty were set as study population for his research. Required data for this study were gathered by “visual analysis level worksheet” prepared by the researchers. The results show that while analyzing historical images the majority of teacher candidates had hard time seven at identification level tasks, unable to perform in-depth and detailed analysis, use short phrases and explanations, approach resources with an non-academic, emotional and biased perspective therefor their analysis skills are inadequate compared to their level of education. Keywords: Historical Images, Visual Analysis, Visual Literacy, Visual Interpretation

The purpose of the present article is to generalize and unify the approaches to improvement of the institutional environment that ensures optimal functioning and sustainable development of the Russian academic sphere. The following conclusions and results have been obtained through presentation of the materials in the article: (1) Improvement of the institutionalization of science and education must be reviewed in the context of evolutionary transitions that advance new demands for academic and human resourcing of state administration, financial and economic activities, and social development; (2) Russian (just as Soviet) academic sphere is described by structural imbalances, which can be regarded both as a consequence of the shocking transition to market relations and as a consequence of imperfect institutionalization; (3) Solutions proposed in the article are primarily aimed to unify the goals, tasks and results of interaction of the actors integrated into the institutional environment of the Russian academic sphere; and (4) Formalization of the structural model of development of the Russian education and science on the basis of the institutional approach (using the triple helix mechanism of H. Etzkowitz) can serve as a basis for the development of practice-focused concepts (as targeted programs, roadmaps), which will detail the specific measures; Realization of these measures will ensure the structural balance of the national academic sphere, which in turn can be regarded as a cognitive and intellectual potential of the transition from industrial to post-industrial economic formation of society.

Background: Reducing pod shatter is crucial for achieving high yields in lentils, a vital plant for dry lands. The selection of the right lentil variety is key to achieving this goal. While some varieties are highly productive, they may also suffer from shattering losses, which can significantly reduce profitability. Methods: This study investigates the reduction of pod dehiscence in lentil pods through the foliar application of increasing rates of iron and zinc. A split-split-plot experiment was conducted with three lentil varieties (‘Firat-87’, ‘Cagil’ and ‘Sanlibey’), two fertilizer types (zinc and iron sulphate) and three application rates (0-200-400 mg kg-1 and Zn rates are 0-150-250 mg kg-1) as triplicates. Result: The statistical analysis revealed that the fertilizer type had a significant effect (P<0.05) on pod shatter amounts, with iron sulphate being more effective than zinc in reducing pod shatter. The experiment found statistically significant (P<0.05) effects of foliar fertilizer rates on pod shatter. Increased Fe and Zn application rates resulted in the decreased pod shatter loss. The zinc and iron content of the leaf, pod and seed of lentils also increased with application rates for the two foliar fertilizers. The results indicate that foliar Fe and Zn application not only decreased pod shatter but also increased the mineral content (Fe and Zn) of the leaf, seed and pod of lentil varieties. The study revealed that Fe and Zn nutrient application to lentil plants increased the mineral Fe and Zn content of plant parts and decreaed the pod shatter loss in the semi-arid region of Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights the main steps in the formation of compulsory licensing mechanism before the establishment of the World Trade Organization, and analyzes the main provisions of this mechanism implementation under the TRIPS Agreement and the Doha Declaration. Based on the analysis of examples from different regions of the world, the article determines the main advantages of using compulsory licensing with regard to expand of access to medicines, possible impact on quality of the medicinal products being produced and the investment attractiveness of the countries applying this mechanism are assessed. The purpose of this article is to analyze the main approaches to the implementation of compulsory licensing in order to determine the most effective strategy for using this mechanism in the Russian Federation in order to expand the availability of drug therapy for the treatment of life-threatening diseases. Based on the impact of compulsory licensing implementation, the author concludes that it does not correspond to the objectives of the Russian pharmaceutical industry development identified as a priority by Russian Government. Despite a possibility of using compulsory licensing under regulation of many countries, this mechanism is implemented rarely. A possibility of issuing a compulsory licensing is a strong argument in price negotiations with producers. According to the authors position, implementation of compulsory licensing has to be preceded by cost containment mechanism, primarily based on negotiations with producers.

The article refers to international legal problems connected with the institution of diplomatic protection of States. It deals with the concept of diplomatic protection, conditions of its provision, and offers an analysis of the UN International Law Commission activities on the study of the topic, of the state practice, jurisprudence and international legal literature devoted to the subject. Special attention is paid to the problem of providing of diplomatic protection to a person who has the citizenship of more than one State.

The pharmaceutical sector plays an important role in ensuring the right to health by creating conditions for access to medicines. However, the policy and practice of a number of big pharmaceutical companies creates additional problems for the States in realisation of citizens’ rights to the highest attainable standard of health and as a result interferes with their efforts to ensure access to medicines. In contemporary international law there are virtually no provisions allowing making pharmaceutical companies accountable for human rights violations. However, in a growing number of human rights violations on the part of pharmaceutical companies and the lack of effective national legal remedies, the need of an effective international mechanism, which will take into account the national experience acquired in this fi eld and make pharmaceutical companies accountable for violations of human rights, becomes increasingly apparent.

OBJECTIVE: Pulmonary embolism as a potential complication that may occur late in the course of COVID-19 cases. The aim of our study is to evaluate the frequency of pulmonary embolism in patients with new or ongoing dyspnea after a COVID-19 infection. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a single-center, prospective observational study to evaluate the clinical and radiological outcomes of consecutive patients presenting outpatient clinic diseases to the chest and a new or ongoing dyspnea after a COVID-19 infection. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were collected. Dyspnea was evaluated according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification. RESULTS: Pulmonary embolism was detected in 23.8% (25/105) of patients with new or ongoing dyspnea after a COVID-19 infection. Proportion of pulmonary embolism in patients with NYHA classes I, II, III and IV were respectively 8.7%, 20.0%, 30.0% and 35.3% (p for trend=0.02). Compared to NYHA class I and II patients with dyspnea, those in NYHA classes III and IV showed a higher rate of pulmonary embolism [31.6% vs. 14.6%, OR: 2.7 (1.0 to 7.1), p=0.04, respectively]. In Logistic Procedures, NYHA classes of dyspnea (OR: 4.3, 95% CI: 1.2 to 16.6, p=0.03) (NYHA class III and IV vs. NYHA class I and II) determine the likelihood of pulmonary embolism after COVID-19 infection. CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary embolism is common in patients with new or ongoing shortness of breath after a COVID-19 infection. Pulmonary embolism is more likely to develop in patients with higher NYHA classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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