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In this paper, we are studying the "incubation" practices of the Ancient Age and Byzantine Period in the "religious tourism" scope based on literature reviews. In its broadest sense, the term incubation can be explained as a treatment by means of dreams. Being treated and healing during and under the influence of a dream can be achieved with the effect of power that is derived from faith. The place of sleep to dream ought to be a sacred space, and the interpreter of a dream must be a minister. People are expecting relieve their pain, which they suffer in the physical world, with the help of spiritualism. In this context, Asclepieia of the Ancient world and churches in the Byzantium are the buildings that serve this purpose. The consideration of certain practices that are conducted according to certain rituals are preferred by people in every century in the context of the religious tourism provides us with significant hints in tracing them back and understanding their similarities and differences, along with their common parts. This study, where you will find specific examples for the religious applicability of the incubation and the spatial insights of this practice, aims at bringing a different perspective to the causality of religious tourism., Çalışmada, Antik çağ ve Bizans dünyasındaki "inkubasyon" uygulamaları, literatürdeki tanımlamalara dayanarak "inanç turizmi" kapsamında değerlendirilmiştir. İnkubasyon, en genel tanımla, rüya ile tedavi olarak açıklanabilir. Rüya sırasında veya rüyanın etkisiyle tedavi olmak, iyileşmek; inancın sağladığı gücün tesiriyle mümkün olabilir. Rüyaya yatılacak yerin kutsal mekan; rüyayı yorumlayan kişinin din görevlisi olması gerekir. İnsanlar, maddi dünyada çektikleri acıları maneviyat ile gidermeyi umarlar. Bu doğrultuda Antik dünyada Asklepieionlar, Bizans’ta da kiliseler bu amaca hizmet eden yapılar olarak karşımıza çıkar. Belirli ritüellere göre yapılan uygulamaların insanlar tarafından her yüzyılda tercih ediliyor olması inanç turizmi içerisinde değerlendirildiğinde; geçmişin izlerini sürmek, benzerlik ve farklılıklarıyla buluştukları ortaklığı anlamak açısından önemlidir. İnkubasyon’un dinsel geçerliliği ve uygulamanın mekânsal açılımı öznelinde örnekler bulacağınız bu çalışma, inanç turizminin nedenselliğine başka bir açıdan bakabilmeyi amaçlar.

This thesis examines the water resource management in two Greek colonies in Magna Graecia, Akragas and Metaponto, and the relationship between resource management and political regimes. It asks how similar ancient urban theory was to the practical reality, and if different forms of government made different provisions for water management. Chapter 1 outlines urban and health theories found in the works of ancient theorists. It debunks the idea that Hippodamos was the inventor of grid planning, while introducing the concept of ‘total’ city planning. The focus of Classical scholarship on Athens necessitates discussions of several Athenian water systems and how resource management changed (or continued) through different governments in Athens as a point of comparison for Akragas and Metaponto. This chapter focuses on literary analysis and introduces the controversial Southeast Fountain House, with an in-depth consideration of the fountain’s naming and dating problems. Chapter 2 contains the case studies of Akragas and Metaponto and an exploration of the hydrogeology at the two sites, with an introduction to the hydrological phenomenon of karst activity. A discussion of their unique water features—the kolymbethra at Akragas and the canals in the chora of Metaponto—connects the deliberate planning that occurred in both cities to Hippodamos and the urban theorists. Chapter 3 more fully explores the role of tyrants and democracies in water management. Regardless of authorship, water resource management and water systems are necessary for any city, and so most tyrannical water infrastructure continued to be used and expanded and improved upon even under different governments. Even under tyranny water management is a provision of the state and is engaged with and managed by the citizens of the city. Water management is an essential part of siting and establishing a city, so that it is inseparable from urban planning. Thesis Master of Arts (MA)

Archäologischer Anzeiger, 2. Halbband 2021, Die Pergamongrabung konzentrierte sich 2020 auf Arbeiten im Rahmen des neuen Forschungsprogramms »Die Transformation der Mikroregion Pergamon zwischen Hellenismus und römischer Kaiserzeit« (TransPergMikro). Die Ausgrabung eines hellenistischen Grabbezirks am Nordhang des Stadtbergs hat zahlreiche neue Einblicke in die Funeralkultur dieser Zeit erbracht. Erstmals ist nun auch in Pergamon ein Ausschnitt einer hellenistischen Gräberstraße bekannt. Die Untersuchungen der archäologischen Bauforschung wurden im Amphitheater fortgesetzt und auf das römische Theater am Musalla Mezarlığı ausgedehnt. Der Survey im Umfeld des Asklepieions und am westlichen Rand der antiken Stadt hat vor allem neue Informationen zur Nutzung des Geländes für Bestattungen und für den Steinabbau erbracht. Der archäologische Umlandsurvey konzentrierte sich auf ein Flusstal und eine angrenzende Hochebene nordöstlich von Dikili, wo zahlreiche neue Befunde zur antiken Landnutzung und zur römischen Thermalkultur dokumentiert werden konnten. Die Entdeckung eines antiken Höhlenheiligtums der Meter-Kybele mit älteren Nutzungsschichten bis in das Epipaläolithikum verspricht grundlegende neue Erkenntnisse für die Siedlungsgeschichte der Mikroregion und darüber hinaus. Die Arbeiten der Physischen Geographie haben sowohl im ländlichen Bereich als auch im unmittelbaren Umfeld der antiken Stadt neue Einblicke in die Morphodynamik der Bakırçay-Ebene und die Rolle anthropogener Faktoren eröffnet. Der intensive Survey in Pitane (Çandarlı) wurde abgeschlossen und lässt u. a. erste chronologische und funktionale Differenzierungen in der Nutzung des Areals zur Keramikproduktion erkennen. Die Auswertung der Pollen aus einem Bohrkern aus dem Kara Göl ergänzt und erweitert die Daten zur Umweltgeschichte der Mikroregion und zeigt zugleich zukünftige Potentiale auf. Die Maßnahmen der Baudenkmalpflege konzentrierten sich auf den Abschluss der Arbeiten in der Roten Halle, auf die ›Gotenmauer‹ am Stadtberg und auf den Unteren Rundbau im Asklepieion.

Healing in Motion introduces the concept of locotherapy in order to examine the relationship between Roman temple healing and architecture in the second century CE. Healing through movement was a new phenomenon that emerged in the Roman period involving collective and individual, formal and informal, ritual and non-ritual kinetic actions specific to therapeutic practices. A close reading of the Asklepieion at Pergamon, a prominent Greco-Roman healing center in Asia Minor, reveals the potent connection between locotherapy and architectural design. The analyses draws upon engaging urban phenomenological theory, the extensive literature on Greco-Roman healing, the meticulous archaeological reports on Pergamon, and first-hand data gathered during site visits. Applying an interdisciplinary approach, Healing in Motion emphasizes the embodied, kinetic aspects at play in the design of ancient healing centers, which had been missing from previous scholarship.By addressing the textual and numismatic evidence and tracing the history of temple healing, the project first substantiates that locotherapy is a direct consequence of the socio-cultural circumstances of the second century CE. The following chapters trace the architectural development of the Pergamon Asklepieion from its beginnings until the second century CE, followed by sections focusing on the architecture of the second century, a period when temple healing and secular healing practices begin to merge. At this point in time, the somatic movement regimen that belonged to the secular medical tradition began to manifest itself in the cures of Asklepieia. The analytical term locotherapy applies specifically to these changing practices and developing relations between medicine and architecture of the second century. In the final chapters, the dissertation demonstrates how the careful coordination of pathways, materials and calculated design choices facilitated and shaped the movements associated with healing. Overall, the project introduces a new kinetic reading, an alternative interpretation contributing to the art historical, archaeological and classical scholarship on the Pergamene Asklepieion.

Chiron, Bd. 48 (2018), Edition einer im Jahre 2009 zwischen der Stadt Kos und dem Asklepieion gefundenen opisthographen Stele, die auf der Vorderseite den Schluss des Sakralkalenders für den Kult der Göttin Rhea (Mitte des 3. Jh. v. Chr.), auf der Rückseite Opfervorschriften für eine unbekannte Gottheit (Anfang des 3. Jh. v. Chr.) enthält. – Edition eines neuen, aber nicht anpassenden Fragments zu IG XII 4, 289 mit Regelungen für das Asklepieion.

Die Pergamongrabung konzentrierte sich 2019 auf Arbeiten im Rahmen des neuen Forschungsprogramms »Die Transformation der Mikroregion Pergamon zwischen Hellenismus und römischer Kaiserzeit« (TransPergMikro). Der Abschluss der Ausgrabungen des sog. Banketthauses am Osthang des Stadtberges hat wichtige neue Ergebnisse zum Aufbau, zur Ausstattung und zur Nutzung der ungewöhnlichen Anlage erbracht. Bei den ersten systematischen Ausgrabungen im Amphitheater von Pergamon wurden eine Nischenwand als Abschluss der Arena, ihr Boden sowie eine Konstruktion zur Anstauung von Wasser in ihrem Inneren nachgewiesen. Die Untersuchungen der archäologischen Bauforschung wurden im Amphitheater ebenso fortgesetzt wie im extraurbanen Thermalbad. Die archäologischen und geophysikalischen Nachuntersuchungen an den Tumuli Yığma Tepe und X-Tepe konnten abgeschlossen werden. Ein neues Projekt im Umfeld des Asklepieions hat erste Einblicke in Landnutzung und Bebauungsstruktur erbracht und konnte eine bislang unbekannte Bauterrasse oberhalb des Heiligtums nachweisen. Die Arbeiten im Umland von Pergamon durch Archäologie und Physische Geographie konzentrierten sich auf exemplarische Ausschnitte der Landschaft sowie auf einzelne herausragende Anlagen und deren naturräumlichen Kontext am südwestlichen Rand der Ebene des Kaikos (Bakırçay). Besonders eindrucksvoll ist ein Komplex mit reicher Marmorarchitektur und Hinweisen auf die Produktion von Baukeramik. Die erste Kampagne eines intensiven Surveys in Pitane (Çandarlı) diente vor allem der Erforschung von Art, Umfang und Dauer der dortigen Keramikproduktion. Die Maßnahmen der Baudenkmalpflege konzentrierten sich wiederum auf das Gymnasion und die Rote Halle, wo die mehrjährigen Konservierungsarbeiten an der Außenschale der südöstlichen Temenosmauer abgeschlossen wurden. Mit der Durchführung eines ›Capacity Building‹-Projektes im Wohnviertel unterhalb des Grabungshauses hat die Pergamongrabung Neuland betreten., In 2019, the Pergamon Excavation concentrated on projects of the new research programme ›The transformation of the Pergamon micro-region between the Hellenistic and the Roman imperial period‹ (TransPergMikro). Completion of the excavation of the so-called banqueting house on the east slope of the acropolis hill produced important new findings on the construction, furnishings, amenities, and use of the unusual structure. The first systematic excavations in the amphitheatre of Pergamon attested a niche-wall as the termination of the arena, its floor and also a construction for damming up water in its interior. Building archaeology investigations were continued in the amphitheatre as well as in the extraurban thermal bath. Archaeological and geophysical follow-up investigations on the tumuli Yığma Tepe and X-Tepe were concluded. A new project in the vicinity of the Asklepieion yielded initial findings on land use and settlement structure and also discovered a previously unknown construction terrace above the sanctuary. Investigations in the surroundings of Pergamon using archaeology and physical geography concentrated on selected sections of the landscape and on certain exceptional structures and their immediate surroundings at the southwest edge of the Kaikos (Bakırçay) plain. Of particular note is a complex with rich marble architecture and evidence of the production of architectural terracotta. The first campaign of an intensive survey in Pitane (Çandarlı) was primarily aimed at ascertaining the type, scope and duration of pottery production there. Monument conservation measures again focused on the gymnasium and the Red Hall, where conservation work lasting several years on the cladding of the southeast temenos wall was concluded. The Pergamon Excavation broke new ground with a capacity building project in the excavated residential area below the expedition house., Archäologischer Anzeiger, 2. Halbband (2020)

Arch��ologischer Anzeiger, 2. Halbband 2013, Die Arbeiten der Pergamongrabung im Jahr 2012 konzentrierten sich auf die Erforschung der hellenistischen Residenzstadt und ihres Umlandes im Rahmen des aktuellen Forschungsprogramms. Gem���� der Vorgaben der Generaldirektion f��r Kulturg��ter und Museen wurden keine Ausgrabungen durchgef��hrt. Im Zuge der Restaurierungsarbeiten an der Roten Halle wurden die Arbeiten am s��dlichen Gew��lbekeller und die Wiederherstellung einer der gro��en St��tzfiguren im S��dhof bis zu einer ersten provisorischen Aufstellung fortgesetzt. Im Gymnasion konnten der Parodosbogen des Odeions wieder aufgestellt und verschiedene Ma��nahmen an der S��dostseite der Anlage durchgef��hrt werden, darunter die Verlagerung einer gro��en Grabungsschutthalde. Konservierungarbeiten wurden auch an verschiedenen weiteren Stellen des Stadtberges und im Asklepieion durchgef��hrt. Der arch��ologische Survey am Westhang konnte bis auf wenige Restfl��chen abgeschlossen werden. Es zeichnet sich eine ganz an der Morphologie des Gel��ndes orientierte, kleinteilige Wohnbebauung ab, die sich der Gliederung durch ein ordnendes Stra��ensystem entzieht. Jedoch ist die Grundstruktur der Wegef��hrung, die sich aus mehreren befahrbaren Traversen und diese kreuzenden, hangaufw��rts verlaufenden Treppenstra��en zusammensetzt, dem Osthang des Stadtberges vergleichbar. Reste mehrerer Gro��bauten sprechen f��r die Attraktivit��t des Westhangs bis in die r��mische Kaiserzeit hinein. Der pr��historische Survey konzentrierte sich auf das G��m����-Tal, wo nicht nur die Siedlungsstruktur des 3.���2. Jts. v. Chr. mit einem Zentralort deutlich wurde, sondern auch Hinweise auf eine Besiedlung des 6.���5. Jts. v. Chr. ausgemacht werden konnten, bei denen es sich um die bislang ��ltesten Zeugnisse f��r menschliche Pr��senz im Kaikostal handelt. Geoarch��ologische Untersuchungen in Elaia und Umgebung konnten die Verlandungsgeschichte der Bucht weiter pr��zisieren, w��hrend bei einer Notgrabung im suburbanen Bereich der Stadt eine zweite Nekropole entdeckt wurde. Einer weiteren Notgrabung auf dem Molla Mustafa Tepe verdanken wir neue Einblicke in die Gestaltung und das Inventar eines l��ndlichen Meter-Heiligtums.

The purpose of the paper is to analyze the design of the Asklepieion at ancient Messene in Greece. The sanctuary consists of the Doric temple and surrounding Corinthian stoas, and dates from the late 3rd century BC. Our proportional analysis of the buildings gave the following conclusion. At the initial stage, the temple width was given as 40ft, and the axial intercolumniation of the temple - the module (U)-was calculated by the simple ratio to the temple width. The authors discuss that the main dimensions of the temple and stoas were calculated based on this module. Then, detailed dimensions were decided according to the simple proportional relationship and rounding of dimensions. Thus, whole process of the dimensional decision was logically explained.

O santuário de Asclépio em Pérgamo, na Ásia Menor, foi, no século II E.C., destino de viajantes das mais diversas regiões do Império Romano e que, ali, desfrutavam de práticas que iam além das necessidades e objetivos devocionais e medicinais. A partir de uma ampla reforma ocorrida após uma visita de Adriano à cidade, as estruturas arquitetônicas, os modelos estéticos e as representações figurativas no interior do Asclepeion inspiram uma profunda identificação entre as tradições pergamenas e Roma. Mais ainda, a variedade de experiências vividas no santuário promovia oportunidades à reconstrução das identidades e relações dos próprios visitantes. Neste artigo, discutimos como os usos do Asclepeion no século II E.C. o distinguiam como um lugar que excedia identidades, espacialidades e temporalidades. The Pergamene Asklepieion in Asia Minor was in the Second Century C.E. a destination to travellers from all over the Roman Empire. There, they enjoyed many practices that went beyond devotional and medical needs. After the visiting of Hadrian to the city, a broad rebuilding of the sanctuary took place, in which the architectural structures, aesthetic models, and figurative representations within the sanctuary inspired a profound identification between Pergamene traditions and Rome. At the same time, the variety of experiences in the Asklepieion gave the visitors opportunity to the reconstruction of identities and relationships. In this paper, we shall discuss how the uses of the sanctuary in the Second Century C.E. distinguished it as a place that surpassed identities, spatialities and temporalities.

Bergama Asklepieionu antik dönem tapınak tıbbının önemli uygulanma alanlarından birisi olmuştur. Asklepieion'da tedavi edilen hastalar gelir durumlarına göre ya hediyeler almış ya da pişmiş topraktan teşekkür yazıtları bırakmışlardır.Asklepieion'un mimari yapısı ve orada sürdürülen sosyal yaşam, uygulanan telkin tedavileri ayrıntıları ile incelenmiş olmasına rağmen, hastaların bıraktıkları teşekkür yazıtları şimdiye kadar tıbbi bakış açısı ile incelenmemiştir.Bu tezin amacı Asklepieionlar konusundaki bu eksikliği gidermek ve antik dönem tapınak tıbbındaki hastalık anlayışını ve bu anlayış çerçevesinde uygulanan tedavi yöntemlerini günümüz tıbbının bakış açısı ile incelemektir. Böylece bir döneme ait hastalık algıları-tanımları ve bunlara yönelik mistik tıp yaklaşımı konusunda bilgi üretilerek literatüre katkıda bulunulmuştur.Çalışma çerçevesinde öncelikle tapınak tıbbı zamanında yazılmış veya o zaman hakkında geç dönemde oluşturulmuş kaynaklara ulaşılmıştır. Daha sonra Bergama ziyaret edilerek Asklepieion'daki ve müzedeki teşekkür yazıtları incelenmiş ve fotoğraflanmıştır. Teşekkür yazıtları Türkçe'ye çevrilmiş ve elde edilen bilgilerin ışığında tapınak tıbbına özgü anlayış ve yaklaşım tarzı günümüz tıbbının gözü ile değerlendirilmiştir. The Asklepieion of Bergama has been one of the major application areas of medicine in the ancient temple. Patients treated in the Asklepieion according to their income status either brought gifts or left thanks inscriptions made of baked clay. Although Asklepieion?s architectural structure and ongoing social life and details of suggested treatments examined with details, the thanks inscriptions that has been left by patients examined with medical point of view so far.The aim of this thesis is to overcome this deficiency on topic of Asklepieions and with today?s point of view examine disease concept in the medicine of the ancient temple and the existing treatment methods within the framework of this approach. Thus, contributed to the literature by producing information about perceptions-definitions of illness for a period and mystical medicine approach for them.Working within the framework, primarily reached resources written in the temple medicine period or created in the late period about that time. Subsequently, by visiting Bergama thanks inscriptions in the Asklepieion and museum were examined and photographed. The thanks inscriptions were translated into Turkish and with obtained information specific to the temple medicine understanding and approach manners were evaluated by present-day medicine view. 126

vÖZETAntik Kilikya Sikkelerinde Asklepios KültüBirçok tanrı ve tanrıçalar antik sikkelerin temel konuları olmuştur.Sağlık Tanrısı Asklepios, ailesinin üyeleri ve tanrının sembolleri antikKilikya sikkelerinin sık karşılaşılan konularındandır.Numismatik geleneklere göre eski çağlarda bir sikke konusuolarak Asklepios / Hygieia tasvirleri, eğer şehirde bir salgın veya sağlıkproblemi yoksa, herhangi bir özel önem taşımamaktadır. Bununlaberaber bünyesinde bir Asklepieion veya sağlık tanrısı tapınımınaayrılmış bir tapınak bulunan birçok şehir vardır ve antik çağlarda birödeme aracı olmanın yanında bir broşür görevi de üstlenensikkelerden anlaşıldığı kadarıyla bu şehirler sağlık tanrısı vetapınakları konularını sikkelerinde sıkça kullanarak şehirlerininreklamını yapmaktaydılar. Bu çerçeveden bakıldığında, diğer arkeolojikverilerle birlikte numismatik materyaller antik Kilikya'daki Aigeai veIrenopolis şehirlerinin önemli birer kült merkezi olduğunu işaretetmektedir.Bu çalışmada tıp tarihi ve sağlık tanrısı inancı ile ilgili 78 sikkebelirlenmiştir. Bunlardan 41 tanesi Aigeai, 16 tanesi Irenopolis ve 21tanesi de diğer Kilikya şehirlerine aittir. Burada incelediğimiz kimikonular ve sikkelerin bazıları, Kilikya'daki Asklepios inancı hakkındadaha önce bilinmeyen veya yeterince açık olmayan konulara ışıktutabilecektir.Anahtar Sözcükler: Aigeai, Asklepieion, Asklepios, Irenopolis, Sikke.v viABSTRACTAsklepios Cult in Ancient Cilician CoinageVarious gods and goddesses were the primary subjects ofancient coins. The healing God Asklepios and the members of hisfamily and his attributes were among the frequent coin subjects inancient Cilicia.As a coin type most of the time, Asklepios/Hygieiarepresentations for many cities didn?t have a particular importanceunless they had some kind of an epidemic in their cities. However,there were some cities with an Asklepieion or an Asklepios templewhere the cult of the Healing God was particularly important. Togetherwith others, ancient numismatic materials prove that Aigeai andIrenopolis in Cilicia were two cities that owned significant cult places.Some of the coins that we study in this paper shed light to someimportant aspects of the Asklepios cult in Cilicia that were eitherobscure or unknown before. We believe that this paper will add to ourknowledge on the worship of the Healing God and his cult in ancientCilicia.Key Words: Aigeai, Asklepieion, Asklepios, Coin, Irenopolis.vi 94

Chiron, Bd. 39 (2009), Ver��ffentlicht werden sechs Inschriften aus dem Asklepieion von Pergamon sowie ein Textfund aus dem Umland der Stadt. Es handelt sich um Fragmente von Bauinschriften und um Weihungen, die neue Beitr��ge zur Onomastik, Toponymie und Prosopographie von Pergamon und Ephesos in der r��mischen Kaiserzeit leisten. Neben einem neuen Cognomen und weiteren kaiserlichen Freigelassenen sind nun insbesondere eine bislang unbekannte Landgemeinde sowie ein zweiter Bankier aus Ephesos namentlich belegt.