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The effectiveness of regulations regarding elections that are able to provide fair and appropriate sanctions in any election violations that have been committed based on the applicable legal system can determine the success of organizing transparent and accountable elections. Lawrence M. Friedman explains the elements of the legal system consist of legal structure, legal substance, and legal culture. This research is a normative legal research that uses a conceptual research approach using primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and non-legal materials. The result of this research is that the legal structure related to general elections still has obstacles related to the efforts to process the handling of alleged election criminal violations. In terms of legal substance, Law Number 7 Year 2017 needs to explain in more detail about election crimes and the qualifications of actions taken are offenses or crimes. As well as in terms of legal culture, both election organizers, election participants and the public as voters have not fully realized the nature or purpose of general elections. So that law enforcement in general elections based on Law Number 17 of 2017 concerning General Elections has not been effective based on a review of the legal system according to Lawrence M. Friedman.

This study focuses on analyzing the role and challenges faced by the Constitutional Court in upholding political and civil rights in Indonesia and Austria. This research explores various conceptual and comparative aspects of law through normative research methods and delves deeper into how these institutions operate in practice. Analysis shows that the Constitutional Courts in both countries serve as the primary guardians of justice and human rights. However, it must also operate in a complex environment, dealing with social, political, and international challenges. The study found that changes in laws and regulations have significant potential to strengthen the authority and effectiveness of the Constitutional Court. This is reflected in the constitutional evolution in both countries, where legal and regulatory reforms have played an important role in shaping and defining the authority of the Constitutional Court. This study confirms the importance of increasing the capacity and legal knowledge of members of the Constitutional Court, as well as the need for greater understanding and appreciation from the public of this institution's vital role and function. This research contributes to understanding how constitutional institutions can adapt and evolve to meet challenges in enforcing political and civil rights.

This research focuses on analyzing the construction of the parliamentary inquiry right (hak angket) within the context of the controversial Constitutional Court (Mahkamah Konstitusi, MK) Decision No. 90/PUU-XXI/2023 in Indonesia. The decision, which interprets the age requirement for presidential and vice-presidential candidates, has sparked debates about the potential misuse of MK's authority. The study aims to understand the legal construction of the DPR’s parliamentary inquiry in light of the 1945 Constitution and relevant legislations, and to assess its implications on the oversight function of representative institutions. Employing a normative legal research methodology, the study analyzed legislation, legal concepts, and conducted expert interviews and content analysis. The findings reveal that the parliamentary inquiry, as a constitutional right of the DPR stipulated in Article 20A paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution, is utilized to assess the impact of MK Decision No. 90/PUU-XXI/2023 on Indonesia’s democracy and electoral system. The study highlights the need for DPR to observe legal provisions and ensure transparency and accountability in its inquiry process, emphasizing the significance of balancing democratic principles, transparency, and protection of citizens’ political rights in the oversight mechanism. Highlights: • Parliamentary Inquiry and Democracy: Exploration of the DPR's inquiry right in relation to MK's decision, emphasizing its importance for democratic accountability. • Legal and Democratic Implications: Focus on the legal boundaries and democratic significance of applying the inquiry to a judicial decision. • Transparency and Accountability: Highlighting the need for transparency and accountability in the parliamentary inquiry process. Keywords: Parliamentary Inquiry, Constitutional Court Decision, Legal Analysis, Indonesian Democracy, Oversight Function

This study aims to identify and analyze the effectiveness of law enforcement against unlicensed sand miners by the Pangkep Resort Police, and to identify and analyze the factors that impede the effectiveness of law enforcement against illegal sand miners by the Pangkep Resort Police. This type of research is empirical juridical. The research results show that the effectiveness of law enforcement against the perpetrators of sand mining without a permit by the Pangkep Resort Police is not running effectively. This is due to the understanding of the Satreskrim investigators of the Pangkep Resort Police in determining and finding the elements of crime from the perpetrator's actions, so that the investigation requires and/or presents expert witnesses to clarify the actions of the perpetrators. Factors hindering the effectiveness of law enforcement against illegal sand mining by the Pangkep Resort Police, namely; substance, structure, and legal culture. The three factors that most influence the criminal act of sand mining without a permit is the legal substance.