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The impact test is a test to measure the material's durabilityagainst shock loads. The impact test simulates the operating conditions of that materialoften found where the load does not always occur slowly but rathercame suddenly. The impact test instrument to be designed in this studyis a Drop Weight Tester (DWT) tool. This impact test apparatus utilizes massobjects and gravitational forces. Design of Drop Weight Tester (DWT) tool, designthe design refers to the ASTM D-5420-04 standard. In this study the designthe impact test apparatus analyzed the strength of the connection as well as the construction deflection forensure design results can be made. On testing Drop Weight Tester, objectsthe test is given a shock load with certain criteria such as altitude, load, dimensionpunch component striker as well as specimen thickness. At the same time it is doneobservation and data collection of the energy absorbed during the test.Specimen used is SPCC and Zincalume material with thicknessdifferent.

Stainless steel is widely used where corrosion resistance is importance. Stainless steel has its origin excellent corrosion resistance due to the nature of presence Cr as alloying element to form stable passive layer that protects the steel. Due to its inherent austenitic structure, this material has relatively low hardness as well as poor wear resistance which hinders a wider applicability of the material and may cause problems in existing applications. The gaseous thermochemical treatments to improve surface properties of material are typically carried out in carbon and/or nitrogen bearing gases and usually associated with temperature above 500 °C.

All electrical motor or generator bearings can potential suffers from electric erosion. Unfortunately, problems can start after just a few months of running a new electric motor or generator. From visual inspection, it was found that the failure happened on the raceway surface in equal spacing. There may be many reasons for this – heavier loading than has been anticipated, inadequate or unsuitable lubrication, careless handling, ineffective sealing, or fits that are too tight, with resultant insufficient internal bearing clearance. Each of these factors produces its own particular type of damage and leaves its own special imprint on the bearing. Consequently, by examining a damaged bearing such as visual inspection, it is possible, in the majority of cases, to form an opinion on the cause of the damage and to take the requisite action to prevent a recurrence.

Low temperature Thermochemical treatments in fluidized bed furnace involving nitriding, carburizing, and hybrid treating,sequential carburizing-nitriding, have been conducted in the present work with the aim to improve surface properties of AISI 316L. The resulting layer is expanded austenite which is responsible to the higher hardness and better wears properties. Characterization of this expanded austenite layers were performed including XRD analysis, SEM and SPM and microhardness indentation were used to reveal the characters of the produced thin layers. The study demonstrates that hybrid treating produced a thicker layer and higher surface hardness with gentle-drop hardness profile compared to the other treatments. This is caused by the presence of dual expanded austenite γC and γN compared to individual nitriding and carburizing which only produces a single layer. XRD patterns of treated surfaces showing the absence of nitride and carbide precipitates. SPM-c haracterization reveals that expanded austenite has densely packed morphology which is responsible to the hardness improvement as well as high wear resistant surfaces. Services

This paper describes the results of four thermochemical surface treatments of austenitic stainless steels carried out at 450oC in a fluidised bed furnace and they are nitriding, carburizing and the newly developed hybrid process involving the simultaneous and sequential incorporation of nitrogen and carbon to form a dual layer structure in order to achieve much enhanced surface hardness and wear resistance without compromising the corrosion resistance of the steel. In all these treatments there formed alloyed layers with a common feature of being precipitation-free and supersaturated with nitrogen, or carbon or both in the austenite lattice which is known as S Phase or expanded austenite. However the layer thickness was not uniform in any of these treatments and an effective layer was produced after 8h treatment duration. The nitriding treatment produced thicker and harder layer compared to other treatments; the maximum hardness was over 1500 Hv for nitriding and the minimum hardness of 500 Hv for carburizing treatment. The nitriding treatment sample gave high wear resistance which corresponded to high hardness values.

This investigation proposed the low temperature thermochemical treatments in conventional tube furnace of hybrid treating which introduces nitrogen and carbon simultaneously with the aim to improve surface properties of AISI 316L. The outcome of the work showed the formation expanded austenite structured which is supersaturated with nitrogen and carbon. This structure is responsible to the higher hardness as well as better wear property without impairing its corrosion resistance. Characterization of this expanded austenite layers were performed including FESEM, USPM and elemental analysis to reveal the characters of the produced thin layers. Elemental profile of nitrogen and carbon across the hybrid treated layer were obtained by EDS-SEM. The results also demonstrate that hybrid treatment produces a thicker and unique layer on higher temperature treatments for 450°C without impairing its corrosion resistance according to the absence of nitride and carbide of treated layers.

This chapter measures surface mechanical properties of hybrid-treated layers at low temperature using nanoindentation method. The tools to characterize the treated layers including its roughness were performed by FESEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope) and USPM (Universal Scanning Probe Microscope). These hybrid-treated samples have shown an increase in hardness and elastic modulus compared to the untreated sample. Moreover, all treated samples have improvement on E/H ratio which shows a decrement to plastic deformation and degrade the disparity of properties, while maintaining the elastic range of deformation.

Austenitic stainless steel (ASS) is used applied widely owing to its very good corrosion resistance. However, the application of this material as a bearing surface is severely limited by very poor wear and friction behaviour. Consequently, Surface Engineering treatments for austenitic stainless steel are an interesting alternative way to increase the surface hardness and improve the wear resistance. For the purpose of this works, the Surface Engineering design will be classified, very broadly, into three groups : (a) those which coat the substrate: PVD, CVD, etc, (b) those which modify only the structure of the substrate, (c) those which modify the chemical composition and the structure of the substrate: thermochemical, ion implantation, plasma, etc. It is nowadays widely accepted that hard, wear and corrosion resistant surface layers can be produced on ASS by means low temperature nitriding and/or carburizing in a number of different media (salt bath,gas or plasma), each medium having its own strengths and weaknesses. In order to retain the corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steel, these processes are typically conducted at temperatures below 450oC and 500oC, for nitriding and carburizing respectively. The result is a layer of precipitation free austenite, supersaturated with nitrogen and/or carbon, which is usually referred to as Sphase or expanded austenite.

This paper investigates the low temperature thermochemical treatments in conventional tube furnace of hybrid treating which introduce nitrogen and carbon simultaneously with the aim to improve surface properties of austenitic AISI 316L and Duplex 2205 stainless steels. The expected resulting layer is a structure termed expanded austenite which is supersaturated with nitrogen and carbon and this structure are responsible to the higher hardness and better wear properties without impairing its corrosion resistance. Characterization of this expanded austenite layers have performed including Line scan elemental analysis, SEM and SPM were used to reveal the characters of the produced thin layers. Elemental profile of nitrogen and carbon across the hybrid treated layer were obtained by line scan mode EDS-SEM.

In this study, the feasibility of using an industrial fluidized bed furnace to perform low-temperature thermochemical treatments of austenitic stainless steels has been studied, with the aim to produce expanded austenite layers with combined wear and corrosion resistance, similar to those achievable by plasma and gaseous processes. Several low-temperature thermochemical treatments were studied, including nitriding, carburizing, combined nitriding-carburizing (hybrid treatment), and sequential carburizing and nitriding. The results demonstrate that it is feasible to produce expanded austenite layers on the investigated austenitic stainless steel by the fluidized bed heat treatment technique, thus widening the application window for the novel low-temperature processes. The results also demonstrate that the fluidized bed furnace is the most effective for performing the hybrid treatment, which involves the simultaneous incorporation of nitrogen and carbon together into the surface region of the component in nitrogen- and carbon-containing atmospheres. Such hybrid treatment produces a thicker and harder layer than the other three processes investigated.

In this work, the feasibility of using an industrial fluidized bed furnace to perform low temperature thermochemical treatments of austenitic stainless steels has been studied, with the aim to produce expanded austenite layers with combined wear and corrosion resistance, similar to those achievable by plasma and gaseous processes. Several low temperature thermochemical treatments were studied,including nitriding, carburizing, combined nitriding carburizing (hybrid treatment), and sequential carburizing and nitriding. The results demonstrate that it is feasible to produce expanded austenite layers on the investigated austenitic stainless steel by the fluidized bed heat treatment technique, thus widening the application window for the novel low temperature processes. The results also demonstrate that the fluidized bed furnace is the most effective for performing the hybrid treatment, which involves the simultaneous incorporation of nitrogen and carbon together into the surface region of the component in nitrogen and carbon containing atmospheres. Such hybrid treatment produces a thicker and harder layer than the other three processes investigated.

This paper presents the characterisation of hybrid treated layer on austenitic AISI 316L stainless steels using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), universal scanning probe microscope (USPM) and nanoindentation after low temperature thermochemical treatments. By using these methods, the improvement of its mechanical properties due to the diffusion of carbon and nitrogen at low temperature treatments were confirmed. The hybrid treated layer has shown increment of hardness and elastic modulus compared to untreated sample. Based on the investigation, it is shown that all treated samples have enhanced E/H ratio which demonstrated the decreasing tendency to plastic deformation and reduced the disparity of properties, while keeping deformation within the elastic range.

In this work, the hybrid treated layer on austenitic AISI 316L stainless steels were characterized to investigate the improvement on its surface properties. Characterization of this resulting layer was performed by FESEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope), USPM (Universal Scanning Probe Microscope) and nanoindentation. By using these methods, changes in the mechanical properties due to the diffusion of carbon and nitrogen at low temperature treatments have been traced. This hybrid treated sample has confirmed a considerable increase in hardness and a small rise in the elastic modulus compared to the untreated sample. It is found that all treated samples have enhance E/H ratio which exhibited the decreasing tendency to plastic deformation and reduced the mismatch of properties, while keeping deformation within the elastic range.